समाहर्ता भव: - DEDICATED TO BE AN ADMINISTRATOR.

XINJIANG UYGHUR ISSUE: FOR UPSC, BPSC, UPPSC EXAM

2020-07-30T15:59:00.001+05:30

Historical Background: Xinjiang is a mandarin word which means New frontier. Xinjiang officially called as Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region is part of the people's Republic of China (PCR). The Aksai chin region, administered by china mostly as a part of Xinjiang, claimed by India which was illegally occupied by China during Indo-Sino war-1962. Xinjiang border with countries like Mongolia, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikstan, Afghanistan, Pakistan(POK), and India. most part of Xinjiang's is with Karakoram, Tian Shan, Kunlun Shan mountain ranges. Xinjiang is also bordering with Tibet Autonomous Region which again an illegal captured land by china claimed by the Tibet government in exile.
It is an abode to a number of ethnic groups, including the Turkic Uyghur, Kazakh and Kyrgyz, etc. The whole area is divided into two important segments as, DzungarianBasin in the north and the Tarim Basin in the south which contributes only about 9.7% of land area fit for human habitation.
In 1955, the proposed name of Xinjiang was Xinjiang Autonomous Region, but objection by Saifuddin Aziz, the 1st chairman of this region, the name was carved out as Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region.
Xinjiang was originally the habitat of Tocharian and Iranic Saka people who practice Buddhism, but nearly 10 century A.D., Kara-Khaind-Khanate, who captured Kashgar and from here Islamization of this province started.
In 1912, the Qing dynasty replaced by the Republic of China, Yang Zengxin controls Xinjiang until his assassination in 1928. till the 1949 majority of the land was under the control of the Republic of China Kuomintang, in 1949 Peoples Liberation Army entered into Xinjiang, and on 1st October 1955, this province was named as Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region.
In recent time, abundant oil and mineral reserves have been found in Xinjiang and currently china's largest natural gas-producing region.
Why was the Uyghur-China conflict?
This conflict aroused after 1950 when under the state-sponsored program by people Republic of china's, massive migration of Han Chinese take place. The government policies promoting Chinese culture and restraining the Uyghurs to follow their customs, as Uyghurs are in majority and contributing more than 70% of the population, this biased behaviour hurts the sentiments of Uyghur Muslims and lead to continued conflict.
Why this recent topic is trending?
Many media reports reveal that the Chinese government has reportedly detained more than a million Uyghur Muslims in reeducation camps. human rights organisations from every corner of the world, Un officials, and many countries are arguing china to stop the clampdown, but Chinese government avoids by saying their so-called vocational training centre does not infringe on Uyghur's human rights. The Chinese government made all efforts to prevent journalists and foreign investigators for examining their so-called vocational centre, and also they refused to share data and information about the detention centre.
Why are these massive detention?
Even though many of them do not have any type of criminal charges but they are detained because their crime is being Muslim by the religion. They are labelled as extremists simply for practising their religion.
But china's concerns are related to a variety of reasons-

In July 2014, some government departments in Xinjiang banned Muslim civil servants from fasting during the holy month of Ramzan.
Their religious connection with Turkey, Afghanistan and another central Asian country.
Attending services at Mosques.
Having more than the three children.
communicating the text containing Quranic verses.
They pursue extremist and separatist ideas.
Detained peoples are provided for forced labour by the Chinese authority, which is cheap labour for nearby industries.

Now, due to Chinese government non-transparent on detained information data and human rights violation to Uyghur Muslims in reeducation camps,
What is happening in the detention camps?

Detainees impelled to pledge loyalty to the Chinese authority.
Forced to repudiates Islam and their customs.
Praise communism and learn mandarin.
Women have faced sexual abuses and forced to adopt contraceptive devices implanted against their will.

In March 2017, the Xinjiang government passed an anti-extremism law that banned people from growing long beards and wearing veils in public. The Chinese have utterly blamed terrorist attack on the East Turkestan Islamic movements, a separatist group founded by militant Uyghurs in recent decades.
An economic point of view, it is the mainland through which Belt and Road Initiative passes, and government try to eradicate any possibility of separatist activity to continue its development of Xinjiang, which is the home of china's largest coal and natural gas resources.
What is Chinese officials statement about these detention camps?

In the earlier phase, the Chinee government refused to the existence of any such camps.
Now, the name as reeducation vocational camps that so-called aim is to provide job skills, teaching mandarin language, to aware of Chinese law, and prevent citizens from being influenced by extremist Islam.

To way forwards: Kashgar is a very famous city whose existence from ancient time had been recorded for their natural beauty, art and culture, sculpture, etc.
Mohammad Iqbal, a famous Urdu poet mention Kashgar city in his poetry- Neel Ke Sahil Se Lekar TabKhak-e- Kashgar.
Here in this poetry, he mentions the city Kashgar due to its ancient incredible culture preserved by their people. for such a thriving culture, to protect humanity and prevent the human rights violations, voices should be of great volume by each people around all corner of the world.

INDIA- IRAN TIES AND CHINA FACTOR: FOR UPSC, BPSC, UPPSC MAINS EXAM.

2020-07-30T07:51:00.000+05:30

Historical Background: Iran, a mountainous, arid, and ethnically diverse country of Asia. Much of its part consists of the central desert plateau. Iran has long played an important role in this region as an imperial power, and later- because of its geostrategic location with the Arabian sea and abundant natural resources, especially hydrocarbons became the rivalries for superpowers after the colonial rule.
The country's difficulties led to the ascent in 1925 of the Pahlavi line, whose ill-planned efforts to modernize Iran led to widespread dissatisfaction and the dynasty was subsequently overthrown in the Iranian revolution (1979), which set up the parliamentary democracy with Islamic Theocracy run by the country's clergy.
The geographical status of Iran is very important because it is bounded to the north by Azerbaijan, Armenia, Turkmenistan, and Caspian sea, to the east by Pakistan and Afghanistan, and to the south by the Gulf of Persia and Gulf of Oman, and to the west by Turkey and Iraq.
This country is consists of native speakers of Persian with an admix of Kurds, Balochs, Lurs, etc. the majority of Iranian are Muslims of the Ithna-Ashari or Shi-i' branch which is the official state religion.
Why this topic recently trending?
The Iranian government recently approved a 25-years road map with China as a Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action(JCPOA), the agreement comes at the time when China has dropped all restraint for new " wolf warrior diplomacy" looked for structuring its domain while rest of world is fighting against Covid-19 pandemic.
the present government preferred a fair policy of deepening Iran's ties with both east and west and tried to balance the synergies with various trans-continental connectivity projects fronted by India, China, and Russia.
There is both fear and hope in the context of the Belt and Road Initiative for Iran. It may be potentially fostering the stability of Iran but on the other hand, there is a fear of Chinese economic dominance put on debt trap.
India on many occasions conveyed its readiness to support the development of the railway's line between Chabahar and Zahedan along the Iranian-Afghan border, but in September last year, Iran took a remarkable measure of tapping into its own wealth fund to carry out the railway's project.
What was the past of Iran, after India's independence?
Iran's joining the Baghdad pact in 1954 and cold war politics separated New Delhi untill1990s. The Islamic revolution in Iran in 1979, followed by hostage of U.S. diplomats, Iran-Iraq war, and Iran support for Hizbollah and Hamas among others increasingly led to a range of political and economic sanctions, thereby isolating Iran at the global level.
After the end of the cold world war, liberalization, globalization, and privatization got momentum. During the period of 1990s, India adopted its liberalization policy, changing dynamism of the world order, India also opened its economy to usher the benefits and opportunities at the global platform.
In the 1990s, the interest of both India and Iran converged around energy, central Asia, and security mostly around the Pakistan-Afghanistan region, and after 2002 both entered into a defense cooperation agreement.
For India, Iran is not only geopolitically, geo-economically important but also it provides a connecting link between India and its extended neighborhood, gulf-region and central Asia.
As for china's concern, Belt and Road initiative and development of Gwadar port had pushed India to look at the development of the Chabahar port as the strategic location.
Even though India and Iran have committed to prosperity through greater connectivity but relation becomes volatile due to sanctions imposed by the USA as Iran wanted to develop nuclear weapons which are the major regional threat to Isreal and many a gulf country.
In Iran's points of view, its economy is considered as an economy with a large hydrocarbon sector. India's and Iran's economies ties run through the imports of crude oil and natural gas. From one report of Exim Bank India, India's imports from Iran are overlooked by crude oil, accounting for more than 85% of total India's imports.
In 2014, the USA puts sanctions on Iran, hence imports get fluctuated. one report suggests that India is one of the fast-growing economies in the world. in India there is a colossal demand for energy that is increasing day by day, energy is also a vital input all across the sectors of the economy. India's high growth in GDP and mounting in the output of goods and services results in the requirements of energy is ever increasing.
The challenge for India will be to set up long term supplies at rational prices to meet the growing demand for energy and sustained growth rate of the economy, India needs to plan the sources of the energy supply. India can manage ties with Iran because Iran is not only in proximity to India, but Iran has geopolitical and geostrategic significance for India.
After the end of the cold world war as the result of the collapse of erstwhile USSR in 1991, the changing world order had lead to the emergence of geographical location, and Asia is one of them. In Asia, India, and China are emerging simultaneously, their interests are conflicting at various levels in their immediate neighbor and through the India-Pacific region. China's expansionist policy and more latest China Pakistan Economic Corridors (CPEC), which connects China's Xinjian province to Pakistan's Gwadar port, passes through POK which is disputed territory between India and Pakistan. Without taking India into confidence, China builds this project which is a part of the Belt and Road Initiative.
As dynamics are changing both India and China wanted to influence Iran and the surrounding region. China is looking for the revival of ancient silk roots, while India on the other hand is pursuing connectivity projects like Chabahar port, and India's efforts to connect Central Asia and Afghanistan.
Afghanistan is a land lock country, India has only access to Afghanistan via Iran, basically, through Chabahar port of Iran that's development project is done by India.
After the 9/11 attack in the USA, Afghanistan becomes geostrategically important, this region came in limelight again after the clear withdrawal of the USA from Afghanistan is announced.
After the withdrawal of the USA from Afghanistan, clearly, a vacuum is created that is a security concern for India. It may be obvious that in future Taliban can take over the government of Afghanistan which is a radical Islamic militant group that was removed from power by the USA led invasion in 2001 has gradually regained its strength and now controls and influences more territory than at any point since that time. Pakistan's ISI used these Taliban militants against India for the terrorist attack and infiltration along with the border areas.
As India lack direct connectivity with Afghanistan and central Asia hence Iran becomes crucial for India to secure their interests in Afghanistan and Central Asia. Despite India has all these essential interests attached to Iran, external pressure (like the USA sanctions) and internal challenges have restricted India's relation with Iran. During the time of sanctions imposed on Iran, India faces the challenge of chasing aside with the USA or Iran.
under the threat of Us sanctions, India has zeroed out its oil imports from Iran impel central Asia to change focus to its leather and agriculture sectors to rescue its ailing economy. For India, the Chabahar port was viewed as crucial to the expansion of trade relations with Central Asian nations, offering a much begrudge alternative to Pakistan's Gwadar port.
But in view, despite several rounds of economic sanctions were placed over Iran by the USA, India had never stopped buying oil from Iran completely because as India's government policy, it never followed unilateral sanctions. but also to secure the close relation with the USA, India has gradually brought down the oil imports to zero, it may be noted that it was not sudden but gradual, because India has its own limitation and lack of hydrocarbon resources and heavy dependence on imports and reasonable prices of crude oil, etc.
The concept of Chabahar port in 2003, when tension between Afghanistan and Pakistan peaked, the Iranian government gave permission to Afghanistan to use it for transit purposes. for India, it become opportunities to more involve in Afghanistan and contributes towards the development of Afghanistan, while also addressing its long-standing plan to Bypass notorious neighbor Pakistan and secure safe transit access. In way forward, India has a professional skill to manage its relationship with its neighbors with peace and tranquility, and we are hoping in the future it attends its objective and helps their neighbors in constructive development programs.

JUDICIAL ACTIVISM: INDIA AND WORLD: FOR UPSC AND BPSC MAINS EXAM.

2020-07-29T02:13:00.001+05:30

NOTE: a source of discussion is based on sources available on the internet and Indian Polity by M. Laxmikanth.

In this article, we provide an analytical framework designed to access the phenomenon of judicial activism in national and international law, even though at national level judicial activism attracted fewer scholars compared to international level, but here we will try to offer a pragmatic definition of judicial activism which comprehensively cover both backgrounds.
Judicial activism, an approach to the exercise of judicial review, or a description of a judicial decision, in which a judge is generally willing to decide constitutional issues and to invalidate legislation or executive actions.
In the judicial branch in the domestic legal context, the domestic lawyer is interested in the power of the judge and gives extensive attention to the issue of judicial activism.
The law of international litigation is still governed by the founding principles, and one can settle their disputes either by mediation or any other kind of peace-loving settlement. It is true that the jurisdiction of some international tribunals is mandatory, but in other sense, it is equally true that these exceptions are treaty-based and as such do not alter the rudimentary scheme of the international legal order.
In the context of the international tribunals, it plays an important role in shaping and structuring the international law, the law of treaties, the law of human rights, the law of foreign investment and law of international trade, etc. but after that even defining the crucial role, modern dynamic conceptualization becomes inevitable.
According to Keenan D Kmiec, judicial activism may be looked as :

Invalidation of arguably constitutional actions of other branches.
Failure to adhere to precedent.
judicial legislator.
Departure from the accepted interpretative method
Result-oriented judging.

In the same way, Sterling Harwood tried to delineate judicial activism as adjudicative practices.

Breaking precedent.
Controversially construing constitutions, statutes, or precedents.
Refuse to take an attitude of judicial deference.

After the above discussion, we have to define two extensive phases of judicial activism which is pragmatic to explore the views of readers.
Formal judicial activism, in which judge deal with legal issues while in case of substantive judicial activism, being unsatisfied with existing law or lacunae in the existing law, a judge try to explore their knowledge which helps in reducing lacunae in existing law. hence substantive is an innovative procedure in existing law, gives the birth of modern concept called dynamic judicial activism.
In the context of judicial activism, Robert Howse says- It is a tendency to impose on states, a legal limitation not justified by the strict rule of international law.
Hence two close point i.e. judicial and political branches- A judge is activist when they lack deference to political branches and pass judgment on matters which are reserved to political branches.
Judicial activism consists of:

The judicial function- Here judge is considered as dispute settler.
View of determinacy in the system- It includes, what counts law in system and interpretation of the law.
The relation between judicial and political branches.
The mechanism of political control.
Nature of proceedings.

The concept of judicial activism originated and developed in the USA, In India, the doctrine of judicial activism was introduced in the mid-1970s. Justice V.R.Krishna Iyer, Justice P.N. Bhagwati, etc. laid the foundation of judicial activism in the country.
judicial activism denotes the proactive role played by the judiciary in the protection of the right of the citizens and in the promotion of the justice in the society, In other words, it implies the assertive role played by the judiciary to force the other two organs of the government (legislators and executive) to discharge their constitutional duties. Judicial activism is also known as Judicial Dynamism. it is the antithesis of judicial restraint which means the self-control exercised by the judiciary.
Judicial activism is the practice in the judiciary of protecting or expanding individual rights through decisions that depart from establishing precedence or independent of or in opposition to supposed constitutional or legislation.
In India, the concept of judicial activism is closely related to the concept of Public Interest Litigation (PIL).
Justification of Concept in the context of India:
According to Dr. B.L.Wadehra- there is near-collapse of responsible government when the legislature and executive fail to discharge their respective functions. this results in erosion of confidence in the constitution and democracy amongst the citizens.
The citizens of the country look up to the judiciary for the protection of their rights and freedoms. this leads to tremendous pressure on the judiciary to step in aid for the suffering masses.
judicial enthusiasm, that is, the judges like to participate in the social reforms that take place in the changing times. It encourages PIL and liberalizes the principle of Locus Standi.
Legislative vacuum, that is, there may be certain areas, which have not been legislated upon. It is, therefore, upon the court to indulge in judicial legislative and to meet the changing social needs.
The constitution of India has itself adopted certain provisions, which gives the judiciary enough scope to legislate or to play an active role.
Activators- Civil right activist, people right activists, Consumer rights groups, Bonded labor groups, Rights of child groups, etc.
Apprehensions- the facts entails invocation of a wide range of fears, the invocation is designed to bring into nervous rationality among India's most conscientious justice.
Type of fear- Ideological fear, epistemic fear...

Supreme Court Observation: While delivering a judgment in December 2007, the SC of India called for judicial restrain and asked courts not to take over the function of the legislature or the executive saying there is a broad separation of power under the constitution and each organ of the state must have respect for other and should not encroach on the others domain. In this context, the concerned bench of the court made the following observations.

The Bench said- we are repeatedly coming across cases where judges are unjustifiably trying to perform executive or legislative functions. This is clearly unconstitutional. In the name of judicial activism, judges can not cross their limits and try to take over the functions which belong to another organ of the state.
The bench said- judges must know their limits and must not try to run the government. They must have modesty and humility, and not behave like emperors.
Judicial activism must not become judicial adventurism, the bench warned the court's adjudications must be done within the system of historically validated restraints and conscious minimizations of judges' preferences.
If the legislature or executive was not functioning properly, it was for the people to correct the defects by exercising their franchise properly in the text of elections and voting for candidates who would fulfill their expectations or by other lawful methods i.e. peaceful demonstration.
The remedy is not in the judiciary taking over the legislative or executive functions, because that will not only violate the delicate balance of power enshrined in the constitution but also the judiciary has neither the expertise nor the resources to perform these functions.

NATION-BUILDING AND CONCEPT OF NATIONAL INTEGRATION: FOR UPSC AND BPSC MAINS EXAM.

2020-07-28T04:59:00.000+05:30

NOTE: The source of discussion is based on the sources available on the internet, Indian polity by M. Laxmikanth, and An Introduction to Political Theory by O. P. Gauba.

In India, the first essential is the maintenance of the unity of the country, not merely a political unity but a unity of mind and heart, which precludes the narrow urges that make for disunity- J.L. Nehru 1952.

The concept of nation-building is closely related to the concept of political development, and are particularly important for the new Asian countries. most of them have to face the problem of political integration so that people of the country consider themselves a packet of a single nation and owe their loyalty to a single center of power. hence nation-building means an individual to a group of people transfer their commitment to the larger central political system. It gives them a national identity cutting across their group loyalties based on religion, race, caste, language, region, culture, etc.
According to Rajni Kothari- The concept of nation-building represents the political aspect of a country's development whereas modernization is concerned with its economic, technological, and administrative aspects.
The process through which the individual identifies himself to be an integral part of his community while retaining his personal identity in his personality.

India, the abode of vast diversities, there are many chaotic elements that are present which are the main obstacles in national integration like- communalism, casteism, regionalism, linguism, and narrow-mindedness, and to formulate definite conclusions in order to give a lead to the country.
The foundation of our national life is common citizenship, unity in diversity, freedom of religion, secularism, equality, justice-social-economic-political, and fraternity among all communities.
It is necessary that being a responsible citizen of India condemns tendencies that strike at the root of national solidarity and calls upon all political parties, voluntary organizations, other groups, the press, and indeed all men of goodwill to bring them a halt.

Nationalism and Regionalism do not go together, hence the problem of national integration is equipped with the universal character and it involves the reunion of all diversities to build up national solidarity.if one would try to delineate nationalism as the forces of unity and it becomes obvious that regionalism becomes the symbol of particularistic identity. Hence to achieve national integration, we have to beautifully carved-out the force of national unity, solidarity, and regional identity in a single piece.

According to Myron Weiner (Politics and Social Integration):

Integrative behavior involves the capacity of the people in a society to organized for some common purpose.
Evolving a minimum value consensus necessary to maintain social order.
The process of establishing a national authority over subordinate political units or regions, with distinct cultural and social groups.
The process of bringing together culturally and socially discreet groups into a single territorial unit and establishing of national identity.

Thus for national integration, it is required:

Common citizenship.
Unity in diversity.
A feeling of loyalty to the nation.
Social-economic and Political justice.
Freedom of religion and Secularism.

The dimension of National Integration:

Political, Economic, Social, Cultural, etc.
Political integration involves territorial unity and integration which firmly bind together a national identity.
Economic integration is fighting against obsequious absolute poverty, hunger, unemployment, etc.

In the time of the British rule, the following were unite India:

Administrative singleness of the British rule.
uniform civil code and criminal laws all over the country.
Introduction of modern communication and transportation link- Railways, Telegraph, and Postal services.
Expansion of English as the medium of education in India.

Causes behind disintegration:

Divide and Rule policy of the British.
Social issues like- Economic exploitation, child labor, linguistic fanaticism.
Caste and communal violence, atrocities on Dalits.

India is a land of widespread diversities in the term of religion, language, caste, tribe, race, region, and so on. hence, the achievement of national integration becomes very essential for the all-around development and prosperity of the country.
national integration implies avoidance of divisive movements that would balkanize the nation and presence of attitudes throughout the society that give preference to the national and public interest as distinct from parochial interest.
The obstacles of National Integration:

Regionalism: regionalism refers to sub-nationalism and sub-territorialism loyalty. It implies the love for a particular region or state in preference to the country as a whole. There is also sub-regionalism, that is, love for a particular region in preference to the state of which the region forms a part.
regionalism is a countrywide phenomenon that manifests itself in the following forms.
the demand of the people of certain states from secession from the Indian union like Khalistan, Dravid Nad, MIzoa, Nagas, etc.
The demand of the people of certain areas for separate statehood like Telangana, Bodoland, Uttarakhand, Vidharbha, etc.
The demand of people of certain union territories for full-fledged statehood like- Manipur, Tripura, Delhi, Puducherry, etc.
Interstate boundary disputes like Chandigarh and Belgaum, and water disputes like Cauvery, Krishna, Ravi-Beas, etc.
Sons of soil theory- which advocates preference to local people in government jobs, private jobs, permits, and so on. Their slogan will be like - Assam for Assamese, Maharastra for Maharashtrians, etc.
Communalism: Means love for one's religious community in preference to the national and a tendency to promote the communal interest at the coat of the interest of other religious communities. It has roots in the British rule where 1909, 1919, and 1935 Acts has introduced communal representation for the Muslims, Sikhs, and others.
The communalism got accentuated with the politicization of religion, Its various manifestations are-
Formation of political parties based on religion- like Akali dal, Muslim league.
communal riots between Hindu and Muslims.
The emergence of pressure groups.
Casteism: implies love for one's own caste-group in preference to the general national interest
formation of political parties on caste line.
violent disputes and agitations over the reservation policy.
Linguism: love for one's one language and hatred towards other language speaking people.
The reorganization of state based on language.

National Foundation for communal harmony (NFCH), was set up in 1992, it is an autonomous body under the administrative control of the Union Home Ministry. It promotes communal harmony, fraternity, and national integration.
Vision: India free from communal and all other forms of violence where all citizens especially children and youth live together in peace and harmony.
Mission: Promoting communal harmony, strengthening national integration, and fostering unity in diversity through collaborative social action, awareness programs.
Some Activities have taken by NFCH:

To provide financial assistance to the child victims of societal violence for their care, education, and training, aimed at their effective rehabilitation.
To provide information services, publish monographs and books, etc. on the subjects.
To conduct studies and grant scholarships to institutions for conducting studies.
to confer awards for outstanding contribution to communal harmony and national integration.
To promote communal harmony and national integration by organization variety of activities either independently or in association with educational institutions, NGOs, etc.

PRESSURE GROUPS IN INDIA: FOR UPSC AND BPSC MAINS EXAM.

2020-07-28T01:06:00.000+05:30

NOTE: Source of discussion is based on sources available on the internet and Indian Polity by M. Laxmikanth.

In this article, we will try to cover comprehensively the concept of the Pressure Groups. For this, we have to focus on some basic concepts of Democracy and Thereafter a comprehensive study on Pressure groups because these both are related to each other.

The concept, Democracy is a form of government in which the people have the authority to choose their governing legislation. The notion of Democracy has existed in the tradition of Western political thought since ancient times, and in the 5th century B.C. it was the sense of "ruling by the people".
Democracy is government by people relies heavily on the wisdom of the people, hence Democracy would be more conducive to social development. the success of Democracy depends on many factors, and it is necessary that each factor must cooperate to achieve the objective of Democracy.
In a liberal democracy, groups of people who organized themselves for pursuing their specific, collective interest. They try to serve their interest through obtaining the support of public opinion by publicizing their viewpoint widely and pleading to the government to mold its policy to suit their interest. These interest groups are widely pronounced as Pressure Groups.
People who are dissatisfied with the current conditions in society represent their viewpoint with help of Pressure Groups, hence by forming Pressure Groups, people seek to express their shared beliefs and values and try to influence the change within the community.
Pressure Groups are different from political parties, in the term that Political Parties seeks to create change by being elected to public office, while Pressure Groups by influencing political parties.
Pressure Groups are legitimate as potentially beneficial to a democratic society. Individual Pressure Groups can form larger coalitions to advance their cause more effectively.

Do all pressure groups have familiarity? the common aim of all pressure groups is to influence power politics to achieve their goal and for this they try to affect politics by protest or countryside march or within a locality. For example- Mothers against Drink and Drive in America.
can pressure groups influence the laws? To influence lawmaking, there are many tools by which pressure groups can influence the laws to achieve their goals.

It can help the election campaign by providing money and time to a particular party from whom they are willing to target their goals.
Its member may threaten, to vote as a bloc and hence exclusively can influence the political party.
they put pressure on the government to speed up legislation by making progressive agreements.
Pressure Groups may attempt to influence members of the executive who have some lawmaking inputs and who can decide to some extent, the strength and effectiveness of law enforcement.
Pressure groups have to target government bureaucracy and to gain influence, they target them by their researched methodology.
Pressure groups go for a part of the bureaucratic process in that bureaucrats need information on many issues and they can, therefore, direct the question to those who would be responsible for answering.
and hence these groups have close relation with government's bureaucracy which play an important dimension of a Pressure Group's work.

In the above, we have tried to generate a confluence between democracy and Pressure Groups. Onwards we will try to add some features which will accordance with the mains writing point of view.

The term Pressure Group originated in the USA. A pressure group is a group of people who are organized activities for promoting and defending their common interests. It is so-called as it attempts to bring a change in the public policy by exerting pressure on the government. It acts as a liaison between the government and its members. The pressure groups are also called as interest groups or vested groups. They are different from the political parties in that they neither contest election nor try to capture political power. They are concerned with specific programs and issues and their activities are confined to the protection and promotion of the interest of their members by influencing the government.
The pressure groups influence the policymaking and policy implementation in the government through legal and legitimate methods like lobbying, correspondence, publicity, propagandizing, petitioning, public debating, maintaining contacts with their legislators, and so forth. however, some times they resort to illegitimate and illegal methods like strikes, violent activities, and corruption which damages public interest and administrative integrity.

According to Peter H. Odegard- pressure groups resort to three different techniques in securing their purposes.

Electioneering: they can try to place in public office, a person who are favorably disposed towards the interests they seek to promote.
Lobbying: they can try to persuade public officers, whether they are initially favorably disposed towards them or not, to adopt and enforce the policies that they think will prove most beneficial to their interests.
Propagandizing: they can try to influence public opinion and thereby gain an indirect influence over the government. since the government in a democracy is substantially affected by public opinion.

Pressure groups in India:

Business groups: FICCI, ASSOCHAM, FAIFDA, AIMO.
Trade unions: AITUC, INTUC, HMS, CITU, BMS.
Agrarian groups: Bhartiya Kisan Union, All India Kisan Sabha, Bhartiya Kisan Sangh.
Professional Associations: Indian medical Associations (IMA), Bar Council of India.
Student Organization: ABVP, AISF, NSUI.
Religious Organisation: RSS, Vishwa Hindu Parishad, Shiromani Akali Dal.
Cast Group: Harijan Sevak Sangh, Kshatriya Mahasabha.
Linguistic Groups: Tamil Sangh, Andhra Mahasabha, Hindi Sahitya Sammelan.
Tribal organization: National socialist council of Nagaland, United Mezo Federation Organisation.
Ideology Based groups: Environmental protection Group - Narmada Bachao Andolan, Chipko movements.
Anomic Groups: According to Almond and Powell observed- By anomic pressure groups we mean more or less a spontaneous breakthrough into the political system from the society such as riots, demonstration, assassinations and like--- All India Sikh Student's Federation, Nava Nirman Samiti of Gujarat, Naxal groups, Dal Khalsa, United Liberation Front of Assam (ULFA).

bloc- a group of people with a common interest, come together to make a certain changes in society or a group of countries or political parties with common interests who have formed an alliance.

INDIA AND ITS FOREIGN POLICY: FOR UPSC AND BPSC MAINS EXAM.

2020-07-27T00:28:00.000+05:30

Note: the source of discussion is based on various sources available on the internet, and some books.

India is a very large country either compared with the area or its large population. India is called the symbol of unity in diversities because it is an abode of so many religions, sects, castes, etc. To manage the affair of the country with foreign nationals one separate department in India is established called the ministry of external affairs of India is the government agency responsible for conduct the foreign relation. At the time of the cold war, India adopted the foreign policy of non-alignment, but manages close relations with erstwhile USSR, after the end of the cold war India needs to revive its foreign policy.
The objective of Indian Foreign Policy:

To protect India's core national interests and concerns in a rapidly changing international environment by fostering support and understanding in the international community.
To preserve the autonomy of the decision-making process and to play a pioneering role in the establishment of a stable, prosperous, and secure global order.
To strengthen the international campaign against terrorism which is a global threat.
To build an international environment that is supportive of India's rapid economic growth including higher investments, trade, access to the technology, and strengthening India's energy security.
To work closely with P-5 countries and to build strategic ties with the major powers such as the US, UK, EU, Japan, Germany.
To intensifying and strengthening ties with neighbors through mutually beneficial cooperation and by an acknowledgment of each other's legitimate concerns.
To work for the realization of SAARC as an economically integrated region at peace with itself and engaged with the world.
To ensure the cross-border terrorism is brought to an end and the entire infrastructure of terrorism operating from Pakistan is dismantled.
To further gains from India's ACT EAST POLICY and aspire from substantive progress in several areas of common interest to India and ASEAN.
To strengthen our ties with the countries of the Gulf-region that has become home to over 4 million Indians and is a major source of supply of oil and gas.
To leverage economic growth through support to the activities of regional organizations like BIMSTEC, Mekong-Ganga, IOR-ARC, etc.
To continue to work closely with regional groups like the EU and G-20 for further India's interests in the international arena.
To reform and restructure the UN security council and espouse multi-polarity in the world order that respects the principles of sovereignty and non-intervention.
To promote more equitable equations between the developed and the developing worlds in the political, economic, and technological domains.
To work towards the goal of global nuclear disarmament within a time-bound framework.
To closely interact with the Indian diaspora on a continuing basis in order to strengthen their bonds with India and to recognized their pivotal role in India's international relations.
GUJRAL DOCTRINE OF INDIA: The Gujral doctrine is a milestone in India's foreign policy. It was propounded and initiated in 1996 by I.K. Gujral, the then foreign minister in Dev Gowda government. The doctrine advocates that India being the biggest country in South Asia, should extend unilateral concessions to the smaller neighbors. In other words, the doctrine is formulated on India's accommodating approach towards its smaller neighbors on the basis of the principle of non-reciprocity. It recognizes the supreme importance of friendly and cordial relations with India's neighbor. The doctrine is a five-point road map to guide the conduct of India's foreign relations with its immediate neighbors.

With neighbors like Bangladesh, Bhutan, Maldives, Nepal, Srilanka- India should not ask for reciprocity, but give to them what it can in good faith.
No South-Asian country should allow its territory to be used against the interest of another country of the region.
No country should interfere in the internal affairs of another country.
All South-Asian countries should settle all their disputes through peaceful bilateral negotiations.
Gujral himself explained- The logic behind the Gujral doctrine was that since we had to face two hostile neighbors in the North and West, we had to be at "total peace" with all other immediate neighbors in order to contain Pakistan's and China's influence in the region.

Connect the central Asia policy of India: India launched the "connect central Asia policy''. The policy is aimed at strengthening and expanding India's relations with the central Asian countries.

These countries include Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, etc. India's connect central Asia policy is a broad-based approach including political, security, economic, and cultural connections, its features are as follows:

India will continue to build on its strong political relations through the exchange of high-level visits. India's leaders will continue to interact closely both in bilateral and multilateral fora.
India will strengthen its strategic and security cooperation. India already has strategic partnerships with some central Asian countries. The focus will be on military training, joint research, counter-terrorism, coordination, and close consultation on Afghanistan.
India will set-up multilateral engagement with central Asian partners using the synergy of joint efforts through existing fora SCO, EEC.
India looks to Central Asia as a long-term partner in energy and natural resources. The medical field is another area that offers huge potential for cooperation.
Connection to people to people is the most vital linkages to sustain deep engagement.

ACT EAST POLICY: In 2014, the Modi government upgraded India's -LOOK EAST POLICY and renamed it as the- ACT EAST POLICY. The LOOK EAST POLICY was first initiated in 1992 by the then PM PV Narasimha Rao.while addressing the India ASEAN summit 2014, the PM Modi said - A new era of economic development, industrialization and trade have begun in India.

The features of ACT EAST POLICY:

india's Act East Policy focusses on the extended neighborhood in the Asia-Pacific region. The policy which was originally conceived as an economic initiative has gained political, strategic, and cultural dimensions including establishment of institutional mechanisms for dialogue and cooperation.
India has upgraded its relations to the strategic partnership with Japan, Indonesia, Vietnam, Malaysia, Australia, Singapore, etc.
Further apart from ASEAN, ASEAN Regional Forum and East Asia summit, India has also been actively engaged in regional fora such as BIMSETEC, Asian Cooperation dialogue, Mekong Ganga cooperation, etc.
Act East Policy has placed emphasis on India- ASEAN cooperation in our domestic agenda on infrastructure, manufacturing, trade, skills, urban renewal, smart city, make in India, and other initiatives. connectivity projects, cooperation in space, people to people exchanges could become a springboard for regional integration and prosperity.
The objective is to promote economic cooperation, cultural ties and develop strategic relationships with countries in the Asia-Pacific region through continuous engagement at bilateral, regional, and multilateral levels thereby providing enhanced connectivity to the states of NORTH-EASTERN Region including Arunachal Pradesh with other countries in our neighborhood.
On strategic issues, India has increased convergence on security interests with key partners both in bilateral and multilateral formats.

REVOLT OF 1857: ANALYSING THE CAUSES OF REVOLT: FOR UPSC, BPSC MAINS EXAM.

2020-07-26T02:48:00.000+05:30

The Brithish rule now started to show interest in governing india, instead of ruling india, was the most important achievement of 1857 revolt.

The revolt of 1857, has been hailed as the watershed in the colonial history of British India. Battle of Plassey in 1757 marked the beginning of the political influence of the England east India company, an influence which ended in 1858 when the crown rule was established in British India. A decade short of a century later in 1947, India gained independence. It is also regarded as a historical landmark for its suppression was followed by some fundamental changes in the administration of India.

The revolt of 1857 was fundamentally different from earlier rebellions by the soldiers, peasants, and tribals of the nineteenth century. Prior to this, the mutinies and rebellions has remained sporadic, or local affairs. however, unlike these, the scale and spread of the revolt of 1857 was larger, sepoys at many centres mutinied and this was accompanied by civil disturbances.
what differentiates the revolt of 1857 from earlier uprisings was that unlike the preceding mutinies and revolts which were limited to a relatively smaller area, within a town or at the most a few districts, the 1857 revolt escalated to an unprecedented degree and the participation was wider areas affected by the revolt of 1857. In Bengal, it was primarily the Bengal army which was recruited from North-West provinces and especially from Awadh, that rose up in mutiny. The sepoys were joined by the civilians from the North, Central and Western India.
Areas that did not participate in Revolt: the Punjab, Bengal, most of the central provinces, the coast and south remained largely unaffected by it, while the Bombay and Madras regiments did not participate in the revolt, the Gorkha and Punjabi soldiers fought on the behalf of the English to put down the rebels.
CAUSES OF REVOLT:

ECONOMIC CAUSE: The colonial policies of the East India Company destroyed the traditional economic fabric of Indian society. The peasantry was never really to recover from disabilities imposed by the new and a highly unpopular revenue settlement. impoverished by heavy taxations, the Peasantry resorted to loans from moneylenders/traders at a usurious rate, the latter often evicting the former on nom-payments of debt dues.
the British rule also means misery to the artesian and handicraftsmen.
The annexation of Indian states by company cut-off their major sources of patronage. Added to this, The British policy of discouraging Indian handicrafts and prompted British goods. The highly skilled Indian craftsmen were forced to look for an alternative source of employment that hardly exists.
Karl marks remarked in 1853- It was British intruders who broke up the Indian handloom and destroyed the spinning wheel, England began with depriving the Indian cotton of the European Market.
Zamindars, the traditional landed aristocracy, often saw their land rights forfeited with frequent use of a quo warranto by the administration. This resulted in the loss of status for them in the village The ruination of Indian industry increased pressure on agriculture and land, the lopsided development in which resulted in pauperization of country in general.
POLITICAL CAUSE: The East India Company's greedy policy of aggrandizement accompanied by broken pledges and oaths resulted in the loss of political prestige. on the other hand, and caused suspicion in the mind of almost all ruling princes in India, through such policies as "effective control" subsidiary alliance, the doctrine of lapse.
The annexation of Awadh in 1856 was blown to the prestige of the ruling classes, the local population and the Sepoy. Apart from Delhi, Awadh was 2nd most important centre of the revolt.
The annexation of Awadh in 1856 on the pretext of maladministration become an important cause for many of those who participated and led to disbanding Nawab's army and severely affected the economy of the region.
ADMINISTRATIVE CAUSE: Rampant corruption in the company's administration especially among, petty officials and lower law courts.
SOCIAL RELIGIOUS CAUSE: Racial overtones and superiority complex characterised the British administrative attitude towards the native Indian population. Attempts to religious reforms, such as Sati Pratha, support to widow remarriage and women's education were seen by a large section of the population as interference in the social and religious domains of Indian society by outsiders. Religious disability Act 1856 which modify Hindu customs, for instance declaring that a change of religion did not debar a don from inheriting the property of his heathen father.
INFLUENCE OF OUTSIDE EVENTS: The revolt of 1857 coincided with certain outside events in which the British suffered serious losses- 1st Afghan was 1838-42, Punjab war 1845-49, Crimea war 1854-56, Santhal rebellion 1855-56.
Discontent among Sepoys: to the religious Hindu of that time, crossing the sea means loss of caste. In 1856 Lord Canning's government passed the General Service Enlistment Act which decree that all further recruits to BenaglArmy would have to give the undertaking to serve anywhere their service might be required by the government. this caused resentment. Indian sepoys were equally unhappy with his emoluments compared to his British counterparts.
REASON OF FAILURE:
Weak leadership and was hardly organised with any coordination or central leadership.
Indian soldiers were poorly equipped materially, fighting generally with swords and spears and very few with a gun.
The revolt failed to extend to all parts of the country and a large section of the population did not support it.
a different group of rebels fought for different reasons and served their respective leaders.
Punjab did not rise in revolt, Gorkhas soldier sided with the British.

TRIBAL REVOLTS IN INDIA: FOR UPSC AND BPSC MAINS EXAM.

2020-07-26T01:14:00.001+05:30

After the battle of Plassey in 1757, the political control of the East India Company increased and by the end of the eighteenth century, the British emerged as the main power in India. As the company gained the political sphere it becomes imperative to introduce and implement policies in the fields of land revenue, law and order and set up an administration. The implementation of such policies created turmoil in Indian society and led to changes. moreover, the company's main aim was to utilize the resource of India for the development of England.
The changes led to dislocation in the socio-culture, economic, and political life of people. The subsequent turmoil led to the outlook of rebellion in different parts of the country. The rebellion was not confined to the later period of the British Empire but was a constant feature of it from its very beginning, culminated into the revolt of 1857.
Erosion of traditional forms of authority and increased economic pressure were two basic reasons for these uprising. The establishment of the British empire in India was a prolonged process of piecemeal conquest and consolidation and the colonization of the economy and society. This process produced discontent, resentment, and resistance at every stage.
SOCIAL BASE OF REBELLION: At a time when the newly created class of urban intelligentsia was reaping of the benefits of the British rule, it was the traditional sections of society whose lives had been almost completely changed for the worse, who rebelled.
CAUSES OF INSURRECTION: The major causes of the insurrection taken as a whole was the rapid changes the British introduced in the economy, administration, land revenue system. These changes led to the disruption of agrarian society, causing prolonged and widespread suffering among its constituents.
Above all colonial policy of intensifying demands for land revenue and extracting as large amount as possible produced as veritable upheavals in Indian villages.
for example- In West Bengal, in less than 13-year land revenue collection was raised to nearly double the amount collected under Mughals.
The pattern was repeated in other parts of the country as the British rule spread, and aggravating the unhappiness of the farmers was the fact that not even a part of the enhanced revenue was spent on the development of agriculture or welfare of the cultivators.
Thousands of zamindars and Poligars lost control over their land and its revenue either due to the extinction of their right by the colonial state or by the forced sale of their rights over land because of their inability to meet the exorbitant land revenue demanded.
Peasants and Artesian, as inducted earlier, had their own reason to rise up in arms and side with the traditional elite, increasing demands for land revenue were forcing a large number of peasants into growing indebtedness or into selling their lands. The new landlords, bereft of any traditional paternalism towards their tenants, pushed up rents, to ruinous heights and evicted them in case of non-payment. The economic decline of the peasantry was reflected in 12 major and numerous minor famines from 1770-1857.
The new courts and legal system gave a further fillip to the dispossesses of land and encouraged the rich to oppress the poor. flogging, torture, and jailing of the cultivators for arrears of the rent or land revenue or interest on debt were quite common. The ordinary people were also hard hit by the prevalence of corruption at the lower levels of the police, judiciary, and general administration. The British official, William Edwards wrote in 1859 that police were "a scourage to the people" and that their oppression and exaction from one of the chief grounds of dissatisfaction with our governments.
The ruins of the Indian handicraft industry, as a result of the imposition of the free trade in India and levy discriminatory tariffs against Indian goods in Britain, pauperized million of artesian. The misery of artesian was further compounded by the disappearance of their traditional patrons and buyers, the princes, chieftains, and zamindars.
Scholarly and Priestly were also active in inciting hatred and rebellion against foreign rule. The traditional rulers and ruling elite had financially supported scholars, religious preachers, priests, pundits, and maulvis and men of arts and literature.
CLASSIFICATION OF UPRISING;

Political religious movements- Fakir uprising, sanyasi uprising, Pagal panties, Wahabis movements, Faraizi movements, Kuka movements, Mopalah movements.
movement by disposed of Rulers and Zamindars: Velu Thampi, Poligars rebellion.
movements by the dependents of the disposed of Rulers: Ramosai uprising, Gadkari revolt, Sawantwadi revolt.
Tribal movements:
first phase 1795-1860: Santhal uprising and Khond uprising.
second phase 1860-1920: Munda uprising and Koya uprising.
Third phase 1920-1947: Rampa uprising and Chenchu tribal uprising.
Frontier tribal movements: Khansi uprising, Singphos uprising, and Rani Gaidiniliu's Naga movements.

Status of tribal in relation to mainstream society: Tribal are located on the fringe of the mainstream society and constitute the lower stratum. The social, economic differentiation amongst them in comparison to the mainstream society was significantly less . the tribes were politically autonomous and had their own system of justice.
The economic base of the tribal population- shifting cultivation, hunting, fishing, and forest produce from the mainstay of their economic base. the use of forest products and shifting agriculture were very important parts of the tribal economy.
CAUSES OF TRIBAL REVOLT:

The imposition of land revenue settlement- expansion of agriculture by the non-tribals in tribal areas or over forest coverlet to the erosion of tribal tradition of joint ownership and increased the socio-economic differentiation in the egalitarian structure of the tribal society.
Work of Christian Missionaries: Brought about the further changes in the socio-economic and cultural equation of the tribal and the mainstream society plus in the turbulent time, the tendency of the missionaries to refuse to take up arms or in discouraging people from rising against the government made the missionaries to be viewed as an extension of colonialism and were often attacked by the rebels.
increasing demand for goods from the early nineteenth century- first for the Royal Navy and railways, led to increasing control of the government over forest land. The establishment of the forest department in 1864, the government Forest Act 1865, and the Indian Forest Act in 1878 together established a complete government monopoly over Indian Forest. Shifting agriculture, a widespread practice amongst the various tribal community was banned from 1864 onwards on the reversed forest. Restrictions were imposed on the previously sanctioned timer and grazing facilities.
Extension of settled agriculture led to the influx of non-tribals in tribal areas. These outsiders exploited them and extension of settled agriculture led to the loss of land by the tribals which reduced them to agricultural laborers.
Some of the tribal uprisings took place in reaction to the effect of the landlords to impose taxes on the customary use of timber and grazing facilities, police exaction, new exercise regulation, exploitation by low country traders and moneylenders and restrictions on shifting cultivation in the forest.
The rebellion by tribal were usually reactions against outsiders (Dikus), local landlords, and rulers, the support provided to the later by British administration and intervention by them in the life of tribals.
introduction of the notion of private property land could be brought, sold, mortgaged, which led to the loss of the land by the tribal.

Nature of Tribal Revolt: the colonial intrusion and triumvirate of trader, moneylender, and revenue farmer in sum disrupted the tribal identity to a lesser or greater degree. In fact, ethnic ties were a basic feature of tribal rebellions. The rebels saw themselves not as a discreet class but as having a tribal identity. At this level, the solidarity shown was of a very high order. Fellow tribal were never attacked unless they had collaborated with the enemy.
SANTHAL UPRISINGS:- Among the numerous tribal revolt, the Santhal Hool or uprisings was the most massive one. With the introduction of PERMANENT SETTLEMENT IN BENGAL IN 1793, the Santhal were employed as laborers with the promise of wages or rent-free lands. however, they were forced to become agricultural surfs, exploited at will, the first rebellion of messianic character erupted in 1854 under Birsingh of Sasan in Lakhimpur. The second Santhal Hool of 1855-56was marked by some of the worse features of elemental tribal passion and open denunciation of the British rule. The Santhal, who lived in the area between Bhagalpur and Rajmahal. known as "Daman-i-Kohi" rose revolt, made a determined attempt to expel the outsiders- The Dikus, and proclaimed the complete annihilation of the alien regime. The rebellion covering the district of Birbhum, Singhbhum, Bankura, etc. that was precipitated mainly by economic causes. The social conditions which drove them to insurrection were described by a contemporary in Calcutta review as follows.

Zamindars, police, revenue, and the court have exercised a combined system of extortion, oppressive exactions, forcible dispossession of property, abuses and personal violence, and a variety of petty tyrannies upon the timid and yielding Santhals. usurious interest on loans of money ranging from 50% to 500%, false measure at Haut and Market, willful and uncharitable trespass by the rich by means of their untethered cattle, tattoos, ponies and even elephants, on growing crops of the poorer race, and such like illegalities have been prevalent. The company's government too protected the oppressors rather than redressing the grievances which turned them against the British.
Under the leadership of two brothers "Siddhu and Khanu" more than a thousand Santhals assembled in June 1855, when a divine order was issued asking Santhals to break the control of their oppressors and take possession of the country and set up a government of their own.
Within a month a rebellion has assumed a formidable shape. The rebels cut-off the postal and railways communication between Bhagalpur and Rajmahal proclaimed the end of the company's rule and commencement of the Santhals regime. They attacked the house of moneylenders, Zamindars, white planters, railways engineers, and the British Officials. the open war with the British continued till 1856 when the rebel leaders were finally captured and the movement was brutally suppressed.

CHARACTERISTICS OF SANTHAL REBEL:

Backward in nature- These areas were cut-off from the mainstream.
Lack of vision- the uprisings was clearly showing a lack of vision of leaders.
Traditional warfare- they fought with an axe, arrow, etc.
non-progressive, unique culture. and against Dikus.
REASON OF FAILURE:
The weak military organization of Santhals against well-armed British forces.
They suffered from lack of national leaders.
no popular support and use of primitive weapons.
lack of planning and scattered army.

INDIAN NATIONALISM: FOR UPSC AND BPSC MAINS EXAM.

2020-07-25T03:57:00.000+05:30

Since the time immemorial India has been the abode of various caste and religion. There was no reason for the development of nationalism here, the spirit of nationalism emerged in India owing to the impact of British rule. R. Coupland remarks "Indian nationalism was the child of British Raj, and the British authority blesses its cradle ".
This opinion was not justified because, in spite of a range of diversities, there was a deep-seated unity in India for which its people always felt proud of being Indians. As a result of there living together for a long time, a feeling of synthesis developed between them. But the British regime created various differences among them as a result of which there emerged a spirit of nationalism in India. The 1st revolt of Indian independence, the rebellion 1857, was mercilessly crushed by the English, however, it shook the country from the slumber and she began to make some dummy reforms to pacify the Indians and also started taking cooperation and support of the Indians in the administration of the country, but this was not enough. The reality was that the speed of reforms was too slow to satisfy the sentiments of nationalism. after the establishment of All India National Congress1885, various regional political organizations were established and these together contributed a lot to the national awakening in India.
The term nationalism is essentially a sentiment of unity arising among a number of people usually of the same territory, sharing a common language, similar history or tradition, common interest with common political associations, and common ideals of political unity.
The presence or absence of any one or more factor does not necessarily imply the presence or absence of a spirit of nationalism. What is important is will of people to live together free from all external control.
Indian nationalism is aroused due to many factors and forces. Basically, it rose to meet the challenges of foreign domination. The very nature of the British rule facilitated the growth of the national sentiments among the Indian people. It was the British rule and its consequences, direct or indirect, which supplied the necessary condition, material, moral and intellectual for the rise of a national movement in India.
The British bought India under their political control chiefly to promote their own interests and they ruled it mainly with that end in view. Naturally, the British interests were given precedences over Indian welfare. British rule over India was held responsible for the cultural and intellectual stagnation of India. This feeling came to be shared by an increasing layer number of Indians.
In the context of world history, the rise of nationalism is reflected in the spirit of the renaissance in Europe, when freedom from religious restriction led to the enhancement of national identity, intensified by French revolution 1789, and their slogan, liberty, equality, fraternity, inspired the whole world, likewise American revolution strengthens the idea of nationalism.
These roots hailed from ancient India from the period of Ashoka, Samudragupta, Harshvardhan to Maharana Pratap. But it was half 19 century that the concept of national identity and national consciousness emerged to a large extent which was ultimately connected to the Anti-colonial movement.
Indian nationalism passed through various phases of development. As it advances from one phase to another, its social basis broadened. Its objective becomes more clearly defined and bold and its forms of expression were more varied. As a result of the impact of world development, the Indian people evolved a national consciousness and outlook and were drawn into the orbit of the nationalist movement. This national awakening found expression in varied spheres of national life, social, political, and economic.
In the first phase of Indian nationalism in the early 19th century, was directed by those who come in contact with western education in Calcutta and Bombay. The intelligentsia who were the products of the modern education imparted in the new educational institution greatly assimilated its democratic and nationalist ideas, formed the first stratum of the Indian society to develop a national consciousness and aspirations. We can say, Raja Ram Mohan Roy and his group of enlighted Indians were pioneering of Indian nationalism.
They were the exponents of the Indian nation and tried to define the sphere of nationalism through socio-religious reform movements.
They made endeavors to restructure Indian society and religion in the spirit of the new principle of democracy, rationalism, and nationalism. In fact, these movements were the expression of the rising national democratic consciousness among a section of Indian people. They also spoke for the freedom of the press, India for Indian, etc.
At the beginning of the 19th century, India came into close contact with Europe and England that was experiencing varied forms of nationalism. It is commonly assumed that nationalism in India is a product of English education and the impact of the West, but few scholars are also of this view that Indian nationalism is not mere offspring of modern education but it was the outcome of the new social conditions created in India.

the establishment of the British rule brought about political and administrative unification in India. The establishment of political unity, uniform system of administration, uniform reign of law, and a uniform currency system generated the ideals of India as a nation.
Prior to the revolt of 1857, the British treated India as ONe nation as this outlook satisfied the demands of the colonial government.
they were attempting to conquer India, therefore, they pleaded that the conquest of the entire subcontinent would alone provide administrative and political unity in India.
According to A.R.Desai-Indian nationalism was the outcome of the new material condition created in India and the new social forces which emerged as a result of the British conquest. It was the outcome of the objective conflict of interests, the interests of Britain to keep India politically, economically, subjected to her, and the interest of the Indian people for a free political, economic, and cultural evolution of the Indian society, which was intruded by the British rule.
The existence of the number of primary forces in Indian political, socio-religious, and economical infrastructure that was responsible for the rise of the national identity in later half of the 19th century. India has united politically and administratively again under the British rule and remained the same for a long period than it had ever been before. Codified laws, integrated judiciary, administrative officers which were transferred from one place to another place all over India, etc. provided the basic concept of nationalism i.e., one nation among Indians.
B.B. Majumdar has rightly remarked that "western education and Indian press were the two of the most important agencies destined to infuse into the people of India, the spirit of national unity and to inspire them to achieve independence without bloodshed".
The development of means of communication and transportation led to the rapid progressive transformation of India. Administrative handiness, military defense, and intensive economic exploitation were the primary forces behind the development of the modern means of the transformation example- Railways, telegraph, wireless, postal services, all these brought them nearer to each other and provide the facility to organized the national movements. Even though the British started the railways for serving the need of Industrial revolution in England, but it become boon to India and vein to India's independence.
The establishment of the printing press helped in the wide circulation of ideas. A number of newspapers were published in the different regional languages of India. All the newspapers were mostly anti-British and gave the publicity to racial arrogance, economic exploitation, etc. of the British towards Indians. They created anti-British feelings among the common people of India and united them against a common oppressor.
The tenure of Governor Lord Lytton, Lord Rippon also considered as the milestone in the rise of nationalism in India. example- Delhi Darbar of 1877, Vernacular press Act 1878.
Conclusively rise of nationalism movement in the late the19th century was fundamentally the consequence of British rule but we can not ignore the cultural values of India which encourages fighting against oppressors. The impact of modern western culture and consciousness of defeat by a foreign power gives birth to a new awakening. thoughtful Indians began to look for the strength and weaknesses of their society and for ways and means of removing the weakness. They were impressed in a particular by modern science and the doctrines of reason and humanism. They also came to hold that elements of modern thought have to imbibe for the regeneration of India. The modern educational ideas of equality, liberty, and nationalism. They were exposed to the work of liberal writers and thinkers. The Indians who were studying in England found on their return to India that they were denied all the right which were taken for granted in Europe. These factors gave a new vision of nationalism in the 2nd half of the century.

Causes of nationalism:

Political and Administrative unity.
Development of transportation and means of communication.
The emergence of modern the press.
The emergence of the conscious middle class.
Responsive policy and rational arrogance.
English language and western education.
Social and religious reform.
Impact of international events.
The revival of glorious Indian heritage.
economic exploitation

The positive factor of Indian nationalism: It united Indian land into a single unit under social, political, economic, administrative. It gave India, her founding fathers, visions, and leadership.

The negative factor of Indian nationalism:

Produce jingoism where majority rule overshadows minority and democracy loses its relevance. revivalist movements such as Wahabi movements also drew their inspiration from nationalism.

They were non-progressive and backward-looking. it gives birth to communalism, which led to the division of India into Hindustan and Pakistan.

VEER KUNWAR SINGH OF BIHAR AND REVOLT OF 1857: BPSC MAINS EXAM.

2020-07-24T23:33:00.001+05:30

वीर कुंवर सिंह की जयंती पर कविता

कहते हैं एक उमर होती, जीवन में कुछ कर जाने की। गर बात वतन की आये तो, हर रुत होती है मरने की...... source: This poem is taken from the internet.

1st revolt in Bihar on 12th June 1857 in Rohini village, Deoghardistrict where the army revolted against their own establishment.
Kunwar Singh ( 177-26 April 1858) was a notable leader during the Indian Rebellion of 1857. He belonged to a royal house of Jagdishpur currently a part of the Bhojpur district of Bihar India. At the age of 80 years, he led a selected band of armed soldiers against the troops under the command of the British East India company. He was the chief organizer of the fight against the British in Bihar. He belongs to the Ujjainiya Rajpoot clan.

Role of Veer Kunwar Singh in Bihar Revolt:

Singh led the Indian rebellion of 1857 in Bihar. He was nearly 80 and in failing health when he was called upon to take up arms. He gave a good fight and harried forces for nearly a year and reminded invincible until the end. He was an expert in the art of guerilla warfare. His tactics left the British puzzled. Singh assumed command of the soldiers who had revolted at Danapur on 25 July.

two days later he occupied Arrah the district headquarters. Major Vincent Eyre relieved the town on 3 August, defeated Singh's forces, and destroyed Jagdishpur.

During the rebellion, his army had to cross the Ganga river. Douglas's army began to shoot at their boats. one of the bullets shattered Singh's left wrist. Singh felt that his hand had become useless and that there was an additional risk of infection due to the bullet shot. He drew his sword and cut off his left hand near the elbow and offered it to the river Ganga.

Singh left his ancestral village and reached Lucknow in December 1857. In march 1858 he occupied Azamgarh, however, he had to leave the place soon. Pursued by brigadier Douglas, he retreated towards his home in Arrah, Bihar.

On 23 April, Singh had a victory near Jagdishpur over the force led by captain Le Grand. On 26 April 1858, he died in his village.

Kunwar Singh adopted a unique method of attacking the weakest point of the English while keeping his men mobilized for any eventuality.
The mantle of old chief now fell on his brother Amar Singh ii, who despite heavy odds, continued the struggle and for a considerable time, running a parallel government in the district of Shahabad. In October 1859, Amar Singh joined the rebels in the Nepal Terrain.
A play of Jagdish Chandra Mathur titled as "Vijay ki vela" is based on the later part of Kunwar Singh"s life. He is also mentioned in the poem "Jhansi ki rani" by Subhadra Kumari Chauhan.

Significance of Revolt of 1857:

Modern nationalism was unknown in India yet the revolt of 1857 played an important role in bringing Indian people together and imparting to them the consciousness of belonging to one country. it had seeds of nationalisms and anti-imperialism but the concept of common nationality and nationhood was not inherent to the revolt of 1857. one may say that revolt of 1857 was the first great struggle of Indians to threw off British rule which was to pave the way for the modern national movements.
Hindu-Muslim unity factor- during the entire revolt, there was complete cooperation between Hindu Muslims at all levels- people, soldiers, leaders.
The revolt was written about and discussed not only within the confines of India but also in England, France, and Germany.
Benjamin Disraeli in the House of Commons on 27th July 1857 "is it a military revolt or is it a national revolt?'
According to Marxist historians, the 1857 revolt was the struggle of the soldiers, peasants democratic combine against foreign as well as feudal bondage.

Changes introduced after 1857 revolt:

After the revolt, the English East India company's rule comes to an end by Act of the government of India Act 1858, declaring Queen Victoria as the Sovereign of British India. The administration of India was taken over directly by the British crown.
The governor-general of India was given the title of Viceroy and was the representative of the crown. By the special Act both, the board of Directors and the Board of control were abolished. In their place, the office of the secretary of state for India was created. He was assisted by an Indian council of 15 members.
The army was thoroughly reorganized. it had higher proportion of Europe in it.
The policy of ruthless conquest in India was given up. The British realized the mistake of antagonizing the rules of the Indian states. Under the proclamation, also known as the "Magna Carta of Indian People."
Indian princes were given to right to adopt. It marked an end to the policy of annexation and establishment of almost feudal like relations between the crown and the native princes.
The proclamation declared that All Indians would be eligible to enter the Administrative services on the basis of their education and ability, irrespective of race and creed. These changes are also visible in executive, legislative and judicial through Indian council act 1861, Indian high court act 1861, Indian civil services act 1861.
The beginning of elective representation of Indians in politics, which created competition amongst the various communities, can be traced back to the post-revolt period.
Unconditional pardon except who involve in the murder of officials. In aftermath of the revolt, India was made to bear the entire financial burden of the outbreak and suppression of the revolt. The public debt of India increased by nearly 98miillion sterling which added 2 million sterling to annual interest charges.

During 1857 revolt and Bihar:

1st revolt in Bihar on 12th June 1857 in Rohini village. Deoghar district where Army revolted against their own establishment.

At Patna, there was an uprising led by Pir Ali (A bookseller) and His associates.

The Army mutiny at Danapur.

The revolt led by Vir Kunwar Singh - declared the supremacy of the English and Company is at an end, and it is now Kunwar Singh's reign.

Raja Arjun Singh of Singhbhum along with many local leaders was keen to fight against the British.

Area of Bihar under the influence, Danapur, Arrah. Singhbhum, Manbhoom, Chotanagpur, Palamau, etc.

GANDHIAN IDEOLOGY: FOR BPSC MAINS EXAM.

2020-07-24T21:05:00.000+05:30

“When I despair, I remember that all through history the way of truth and love have always won. There have been tyrants and murderers, and for a time, they can seem invincible, but in the end, they always fall. Think of it--always.”
― Mahatma Gandhi

Gandhian ideology is the set of religious and social ideas adopted and developed by M.K. Gandhi, first during his period in South Africa from 1893 to 1914 and later in India.
Gandhian philosophy is not only simultaneous political, moral, and religious, it is also traditional and modern, simple, and complex. It embodies numerous western influences to which Gandhi Ji was exposed, but is rooted in ancient Indian culture harnessing universal moral and religious principles.
The philosophy exists on several planes, the spiritual or religious, moral, political, economic, social, individual, and collective.
The spiritual or religious elements and God are at its core.
Human nature is regarded as fundamentally virtuous.
All individuals are believed to be capable of high moral development and reform.
Gandhian ideology emphasizes not on idealism but on practical idealism.
Gandhian philosophy is a double-edged weapon, its objective is to transform the individual and society simultaneously in accordance with the principles of Truth and non- violence
Gandhi Ji developed these ideologies from various inspirational sources vis Bhagvat Geeta, Jainism, Buddhism, Bible, and ideas from Gopal Krishna Gokhale, Tolstoy, John Ruskin among others.
Tolstoy's book, The Kingdom of God within You, had a deep influence on M.K. Gandhi.
Gandhi Ji paraphrased Ruskin's book, Unto this Last, as Sarvodaya.
These ideas have been further developed by later Gandhians most notably, in India by Vinoba Bhave and Jayaprakash Narayan, and outside India by Martin Luther King Jr. and others.
He said that he loves English people but abhorred their despicable way of governance, he justified non-voilence as "I do not believe that where there is only a choice between cowardice and violence I do opt violence".

Major Gandhian Ideologies:

Truth and non-violence: They are twin cardinal principles of Gandhian thoughts.
For Gandhi Ji, truth is the relative truth of truthfulness in word and deed, and the absolute truth - the ultimate reality.
The ultimate truth is God (as God is also the truth) and morality - the moral laws and code- its basis.
Non-violence: It is for from meaning, mere peacefulness, or the absence of overt violence, it is understood by M.K. Gandhi to denote active love- the pole opposite of violence in every sense. Non- violence or love is regarded as the highest law of humankind.
Satyagraha: It means the exercise of the purest soul force against all injustices, oppression, and exploitation.
It is the method of securing the rights by personal suffering and not inflicting injury on others.
The origin of satyagraha can be found in Upanishads, and in the teachings of the Buddha, Mahavira's, and a number of other greats including Tolstoy and Ruskin.
Sarvodaya: It is a term meaning "universal uplift" or progress of all, The term was first coined by Gandhi Ji as the title of his translation of John Ruskin's political economy "unto this last".
Swaraj: Although the word swaraj means self- rule, Gandhi Ji gave it the content of an integral revolution that encompasses all spheres of life.
For Gandhi Ji, swaraj of people means, the sum total of swaraj of individuals and so he clarified that for him swaraj meant freedom for the meanest of his countrymen and in its fullest sense, swaraj is much more than freedom from all restraints, and it is self- rule, self- restraint and could be equated with Moksha or salvation.
Trusteeship: It is a socio-economic philosophy that was propounded by Gandhi Ji.
It provides a means by which the wealthy people could be the trustees of trusts that looked after the welfare of people in general.
This principle reflects Gandhi Ji's spiritual development, which he owed partly to his deep involvement with and the study of the theosophical literature and the Bhagavad Geeta.
Swadeshi: The word swadeshi derives from Sanskrit and is a conjunction of two Sanskrit words " Swa means self and deshi means the country ".
So swadeshi means one's own country, swadeshi is the focus on acting within and from one's own community, both politically and economically.
It is the interdependence of the community and self-sufficient.
Gandhi Ji believed this would lead to independence, as British control of India was rooted in the control of her indigenous industries.
Swadeshi was the key to the independence of India and was represented by the charkha or the spinning wheel. The centre of the solar system, of Mahatma Gandhi constructive program.

Relevance in Today's context:

His ideals of truth and non-violence, which underpin the whole philosophy are relevant to all humankind and are considered as universal by the Gandhians. More than ever, before, M.K. Gandhi's teachings are valid today, when people are trying to find solutions to the rampant greed, widespread violence, and runaway consumptive style of living. The Gandhian technique of mobilising people has been successfully employed by many oppressed societies around the world under the leadership of people like.

Martin Luther King in the united states, Nelson Mandela in South Africa, and Aung San SUU in Myanmar, which is an eloquent testimony to the continuing relevance of Mahatma Gandhi.

Dalai Lama said- we have a big war going on today between world peace and world war between the force of mind and force of materialism, between democracy and totalitarianism, it is precisely to fight these big wars that the Gandhian philosophy needed in contemporary times.

Gandhian ideology shaped the creation of institutions and practices where the voice and perspective of everyone can be articulated, tested, and transformed. According to him, democracy provided the weak with the same chances as the strong.

Functioning on the basis of voluntary cooperation and dignified and peaceful co-existence was replicated in several other modern democracies, also his emphasis on political tolerance and religious pluralism holds relevance in contemporary Indian politics.

Truth and non-violence, Sarvodaya, Satyagraha, and their significance constitute Gandhian philosophy and are the four pillars of Gandhian thought.

Before the Champaran movement:

Moderate-extremist conflicts.
Congress was not a mass organization.
Economic exploitation merely mentions on paper.
No connection with farmers or villages.
It contributed to the development of nationalism.

After the Champaran movement:

The advent of Gandhi Ji.
Use of non-violence, satyagraha, etc.
Civil disobedience.
Recognition of peasants' problems.
Welfare works.
Mass movements.
Capable leadership like- Rajendra Prasad, JB kripalani< Brijkishore Prasad as a national leader, etc.

Pt. JAWAHAR LAL NEHRU AND MODERN INDIA: FOR BPSC MAINS EXAM

2020-07-24T05:00:00.001+05:30

PT. NEHRU IS AN INDIAN TO CORE BUT, HE BEING ALSO AN INTERNATIONALIST, HAS MADE US USED TO LOOKING AT EVERYTHING IN THE INTERNATIONAL LIGHT, INSTEAD OF PAROCHIAL....AND HE IS A HUMANITARIAN IN THE SENSE THAT HE REACTS TO EVERY WRONG NO MATTER WHERE PERPETRATED........ WHEN I AM NO MORE, HE WILL KNOW, HOW TO CARRY ON WORK.----------M.K. GANDHI.

WHY WAS PT. NEHRU CALLED AS THE ARCHITECT OF MODERN INDIA?

Pt. Nehru was the sole architect of the modern india. the centenary year of pt. nehru has been instrumental in focusing our attention on his towering, multi dem ensional personality and has prompted a reassessment of the exact nature and measure of his splendid greatness and immortal fame and invaluable services rendered by him to the modern india. As Michael breacher pointed out, he was - the philosopher, the architect, the engineer and voice of the country's policy towards the outside world. To speak the truth, he planted the seed of parliamentary democracy in the modern india, which in course of time become a full fledged tree. that is why pt. nehru may be regarded and rightly indeed, as the FATHER OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY.

he wanted to built a socialist society - equitable, egalitarian, just, humane with democratic and civil libertarian polity.he tried to link his dual commitment to nationalism and socialism. under his leadership india had an independent foreign policy which was't inclined towards either of the the two block US & USSR. he was responsible for the economic policy of making the nation self reliant and self sustaining.

Pt. Nehru believed that independence , depended on economic strength of a country. the motto of unity in diversity was a good example of his ideology.

In Pt. Nehru vision india should mixed economy(both public and private body), india is liberal to combat communalism and hence promote social welfare politics and religious neutrality to ensure religious equality and liberty to all minorities living in india.

concept of secularism is dynamic and enlighted which play role in social welfare.

Pt. Nehru believed in the power of democracy . he pushed forward the system of parliamentary governance based on universal adult franchise and secret ballot. his firm commitment to democracy, civil liberties, free speech and press, independent judiciary are what made india into a vibrant democracy. his aim was to turn the country into self governing institution. he believed that people would realise their power and soon push reforms that would end social inequality. he favoured cooperative ownership of means of production rather than the capitalist view of profit making but he knew that equitable distribution can be of riches not poverty so a country should have tremendous economic growth.

he said, we can not have a welfare state in india will all the capitalism and communism in the world. what we need is high growth rate sustained over a long period of time to bring the poor out of poverty.

Pt. Nehru policy was to have public sector as the commander of the economy and private sector as subordinate to it. Public sector meant not only the state but also cooperatives in trade, industry and production. a good decision if opposed by majority in the society would lead to facism as the large section would start a counter revolution and over throw democracy itself. nehruvian era was criticised as a period of weak leadership and slow progress but this was to Nehru's style of concensus building rather than a confrontaational approach.
Pt. Nehru was keen that women play their part as equal citizen in nation unlike the west, women in india got the right to vote at the same time as men. he said in his speech- women of india must play a adequate role in the building of the country. without them the country can not make rapid progress. the state of progress of the country can be known by the condition of its women because they are the makers of the people of the country.
Pt. Nehru's policy of non -alignment did not mean equidistance or isolationism. it meant independence of judgment and action. it was not a passive but pro- active and dynamic policy in which india was strongly committed to the goals of UN and would do its best for peace in the world. pt. nehru did not want to involve india in the conflict which the great powers were waging or become a camp follower of any group.
India emerged from colonial rule a mostly agrarian country. agriculture had been virtually staganate for half a century and the average rate of economic growth was less than one percentage. against this dismal back drop, the 1st fifteen years saw an estimated GDP growth at 4% and nearly2% per capita. this was historic turning pointand india was on per with the best performing economies of its time, ahead of china , UK , Japan. congress president SUBASH CHANDRA BOSE in 1938 set up a NATIONAL PLANNING COMMITTEE with Pt. Nehru as its chairman. Pt. Nehru included in it not just as politician but scientist, economist, businessman and industrialist. planning was seen by Nehru as a vast national endeavour and not just the task of the planning commission. The mixed economy and welfare state emerged thereafter as important concepts. setting up planning- commission, emergence of public sector, of land reform, of regulation on industrial monopoly, of state trading were all the result of nehru multifaceted initiatives. the national development council has been described as an example of federalism in action.
Pt. Nehru oriented the country to the socialist path by including the directive principle of state policy in the constitution.
AVADI SESSION OF INC. IN 1955- coincided with the launched of 2nd five year plan, from the on ward, vigorous utilization of resources, rapid industrialization and achieving equitable distribution become the nation's priorities.
NON- ALIGNMENT: The word "non-alingment" is used for the foreign policy of those nation's which are not aligned to USA or USSR and independently frame and allow their foreign policies.
according to Pt. Nehru - Non Alignment means attempt by a nation to keep itself aloof from military blocks. it means trying to view the things as far as possible not from military point of view though that has to come in sometimes, but we must have independent view point and must have friendly relations with all countries.
Non alignment was formed during the cold wars as an organisation of states that did not seek to formally align themselves with either the united states or USSR but sought to remain independent or neutral. the basic concept for the group originated in 1955 during discussions that took place at the Asia- African-Bandung conference held in indonesia. the 1st NAM summit conference took place in belgrade, Yugoslavia in set 1961. Today it has 120 members, 17 countries and 10 international organisations that are observers at NAM.
The purpose of the organisation was enumerated in HAVANA DECLARATION of 1979 to ensure-- the national independence, sovereignty, territorial integrity and security of non - aligned country- in their struggle against imperialism, colonialism, neo colonism, racism, and all forms of foreign subjugation. During cold world war era NAM played vital role in stabilizing the world order and preserving peace and security. NAM does't means the neutrality of state on global issues, it was always a peaceful intervention in world politics.

THE PRINCIPLE OF NAM WAS LARGELY GUIDED BY PANCHSHEEL PRINCIPLES:

Respect for the principles enrished in UN charter and international law.
Respect for sovereignty, sovereign equality and territorial integrity of all states.
Peaceful settlement of all international conflicts in accordance with the charter of the UN.
Respect for the political , economic, social and cultural diversities of countries and peoples.
Defence and promotion of shared interests, justice and cooperation, regardless of the differences existing in the political, economic and social systems of the states on the basis of mutual respect and the equality of rights.
Non- interference in the internal affairs of states. no state or group of states has the right to intervene either directly or indirectly, whenever the motive, in the internal affairs of any other state.
NAM has sought to create an independent path in the world politics that would not result in member states becoming pawns in the struggles between major powers. it identified the right of the independent judgment, the struggle against imperialism and neo colonialism, and use of the moderation in relation with all big powers as the three basic elements have influenced its approach. at present , an additional goal is facilitating a restructuring of international economic order.
NAM in cold war era- against aparthied, disarmament, UNSC reforms, failed to resolve regional tension-indo-china-pak.

Relevance of NAM:

World peace, territorial integrity and sovereignty, third world nation- fighting against socio-economic problems since they have been exploited for a long time by other developed nations, NAM acts as protector for these small countries against the western hehemony., support of UN, equitable world order, interest of developing countries. cultural diversities and human rights, sustainable development, economic growth.

NAM as a concept can never be irrevelant, principally it provides a stronger base to foreign policy of its members.it should be seen as STRATEGIC AUTONOMY which is the need of the hours of the today's world . the principles of the NAM still can be guiding the nation towards it.

NAM is a platform where india can assert its soft power and provide an active leadership and by being a torch bearer for small countries at multilateral platforms.

it should be used as platform to raise global issues like terrorism, climate change and trade protectionism and others.

NAM platform can be used to garner support by South- East Asian countries assertion in south china sea and related island and border disputes.

PT. NEHRU'S FOREIGN POLICY:

Preservation of territorial integration and sovereignty- non interference in other's internal affairs example- panchsheel agreement between india and china.
Promotion of international peace.
Economic development of countries- 5year plant.
Protection of interest of people of indian origine abroad.
Freedom of dependent people and elimination of racial discrimination.
Anti- colonial and anti- imperialism.
Faith in peaceful co- existance and co- operation.
Faith in UN charter and resolution.
Support of disarmament .
Relation with common wealth.
Peaceful use of nuclear energy.

Criticism of Pt. Nehru foreign policy:

pak attack kashmir, Nehru was idealistic rather than realistic, ordered to ceasefire in 1948 and take the case to UN , which become bone of contention still today.

indi-china war and panchsheel theoty.

NAM and not aligned to either USA or USSR but after dissolution of USSR geo politics changed and NAM lost its relevance to some extent.

INDIA'S POSITION:

India being founder and largest member in NAM was an active participants in NAM meetings till 1970s but inaia's inclination towards erstwhile USSR created confusions in smaller members. it led to the weakening of NAM and small nations drifted towards either US or USSR.

Further disintegration of USSR led the unipolar world order dominated by US. india's new economic policy and inclination towards US raised question over india's seriousness over NAM.
NAM continued , losing relevance for india in a unipolar world, especially after the founding member failed to support India during crisis- for instance- during 1962 war with china, Ghana and indonesia adopted explicitly pro china positions. during 1965 war and 1971 war , indonesia and egypt took an anti indian stance and support pakistan.
India is the member of G20 and has declared itself as nuclear weapon power.
India has also engaged itself with new and old global power, India joining the quadrilateral security dialogue , sco etc.
India is striving hard for a multipolar world order and asserting itself as one of the player. multi polar world order is very much closed to NAM principles.

Emerging global order:

Escalating tension in indo- pacific region due to china and US.

Migration in europe and asia lead to ethinic conflict.

Global climate change and catastrophic disaster.

Changing US policy .

Formation of multilateral economic groups like RECP, TTP etc.

BIOGRAPHY OF RABINDRANATH TAGORE: FOR BPSC MAINS EXAM.

2020-07-24T00:45:00.000+05:30

RABINDRANATH TAGORE:

The principle of art is the principle of unity, it is for the artist to remind the world that with the truth of expression we grow in the truth- Tagore.

Rabindranath tagore's contribution to Bengali literature and the indian modern art movement, as well as his philosophies and accomplishments as an artist , educator, and activist are widely known throughout india today. Tagore is globally recognised poet and philosopher and his ideas about cross cultured communication are relevant even today. In 1919 Tagore founded his international university, "VISVA-BHARTI" in Santiniketan in an attempt to unite the east and west through education and creative thought. in his essay "East and West" Tagore wrote- the west has come to us, not with the imagination and sympathy that create and unit, but with a shock passion for power and wealth.
There are four fundamental principles in Tagore's education technique philosophy- naturalism, humanism, internationalism, idealism.
Santiniketan and vishva bharti both are based on there very principles.

Introduction of Tagore:

Tagore born on 7th may 1861, his brother and sister were poets, musician, playwriter etc. Tagore home was full of musical , literary and dramatic pursuits. Important changes that take place during this time was Isawar Chandra Vidyasagar had been attempting to reform the position of women in society. schools using english as the language of teaching were being established in the society alongside the traditional sanskrit schools. Pt. vidhysagar had established Bengali- medium schools at different places in bengal with little or limited support of govt. Tagore attended this schools, and as he says himself, owed his love of bengali language and literature to it. the manner of his early schooling was to leave a deep impression on him.his sandhya geet (evening song), a volume of bengali verse, came out in 1882. it was at about this time that the has a kind of mystical experience that led him to appreciate the unity of all that exists and himself as an integral part of it. in the same year, he wrote his famous poem NIRJHERER SWAPNA BHANGA- the awakening of fountain, he become aware of his unusual talent as a poet. between 1884 and 1890 various volumes of his poem appeared together with a profuse output of prose articles, criticism, plays and novels.

His precious literary work had been primarily based on imagination, he now come to acquire a direct and intimate experience of the wretched life led by the poor bengali farmers. this new experiences led to the composition of GALPAGUCCHA- a bunch of stories, and many letters he wrote to his niece, published as CHINNAPATRA- torn letters, considered to be landmarks in the writing of bengali prose and in describing the countryside of bengal. Tagore was overwhelmed by the economic, social and political misery in which the peasants lived. he gave a description of them at a later date-

Our so called responsible classes live in comfort because the common man has not yet understood his situation. that is why the landlords beats him. the money lenders holds him in his clutches, the foreman abuses him, the policeman fleeces him, priests exploits him, magistrate picks his pockets,

These conditions, he thought, could not changed by appealing to the religious sentiments of the landlords, policeman or money lender. In human society, necessity is a greater force than charity. the first requirements therefore is that people should discover the bond that holds them together as a society. if there is one path likely to achieve this, it is education. Tagore realised from his own experience of fammer's attitude and their social behaviours that strenght can be generated only in a self reliant village society developing its own locus of power and its own momentum of growth.
This could be the basis for reorganising india's fragmented rural society and could serve as an instrument of welfare. Tagore realised that education and village panchayats were the only available instruments of economic and social changes as he say "poverty springs from disunity and wealth from co-operation" from all point of view this is a fundamental truth of human civilization.

As a young landlord managing his family's rural estates, Tagore come to realised that the possibility of introducing education and cooperation to transform rural life. thus he gegan to turn his thoughts towards problems of educations. he spoke publicly on "THE VACISSITUDE OF EDUCATION" in which he made a strong plea for use of mother tongue. he also started organising cooperatives , schools and hospitals in village of his estates and tried to improved forming methods. All these efforts for rural reconstruction went on while he pursued his creative writing.
Tagore called this the period of his sadhana- preparation, reflection, auterity and self- education for an active social life.

Life at Santiniketan left its impression on the poet's literary work. He wrote about india's past and present and , and stories of noble self- sacrifice. he published more realistic novels such as CHOKER BALI- EYESORE, NAUKADUBLI-WRECK, gora. he was trying to discover the eternal india that succeeds in achieving unity amidst a bewildering diversity of races, cultures and religions. He was awarded nobel prize in 1913. this international experience gave him a new idea(visiting uk, usa, japan) that he must bring his country into contact with the world at large. he felt that overemphasis on narrow nationalist led men and country into paths of conflict. there should be an institution that emphasised the unity of the world's cultures and streams of knowledge.

Tagore's educational and other writings of the period reflects this nationalist trend . his concern with educational reforms grew in intensity after 1901, and move so after 1905. dissatisfaction with the existing system of education led to a general concern with educational reform.

1st- PHASE(1892-1901):

Tagore considered lack of education to be the main obstacle in the way of india's progress and at the root of all its problems. the basic objectives of any worthwhile national education system, such as promoting creating, freedom and awarness of a country's cultural heritage , were completely ignored. the educational offered was not even modern, science it was unreleted to any developments going on the field of education outside india. Irrespective of the content, the medium of education was english a foreign language so that learning this language was an additional burden for young indian students. Particularly, the educational process failed to develop scientific attitudes and the spirit of inquiring. on other hand, it divided the indian people into two classes, those who recieved this education and those who did not.

2nd- PHASE(1901-1918):

Tagore's preoccupation during this second phase was with developing an appropriate system of national education for india. each nation was different and this fact should be reflected, he thought in its system of education. the use of english in education hindered assimilation of what was tought, and kept education confined to urban centres and the upper classes. thus, if the vast rural masses were to benefit, it was absolutely essential to switch over the use of bengali. in the india should try to discover the characteristic truths of its civilization those truths are not commercialism, imperialism or nationalism but rather universalism. Tagore was against any conspicuous emphasis on materials, buildings, furniture or books that imitated western educational institutions in india. he to through that this would make education too expensive for comman people. he was against bookish learning.

3rd-PHASE(1918-1941):

Visva- bharti, Tagore's conception of the world university was founded at the end of the 1st world war with a determination to go beyond aggresive nationalism and to build freindship with all nations. he come also to known a large number of intellectuals in the countries he visited. this in turn led him to emphasised cooperation between east, west , nort, south an alternative form of education. while nations sought primarily to give their citizens a means of livelihood through education, Tagore believed that there was a more important aim - that of personal fulfilment and self improvement. it was important to borrow knowledge and experience from abroad, but not to use them as the foundation for indian education. science and its applications in the form of technology have led to the power and proserity of western countries. unless india acquired knowledge of science and technology through its universities and schools , poverty and powerlessness would continue. to transform life and made it richer, healthier and more educated, it was imperative to resort to technology and science, tha is why both spiritual and scientific knowledge are considered by the Tagore are equally important.

In tagore's view, the higher aim of the education was the same as that of a person's life, that is , to achieve fulfilment and completeness. it was necessary, Tagore felt to make the younger generation aware of their national culture heritage and to grasp its significance for them. at the same time education should bring children face to face cultures of other countries and persude them to learn from them. tagore put great emphasis on the use of the national language as the vehicle of education at all stages of education. he wanted indian universities to integrate themselves with society and make an effort to educate people living in the country side. he did not wanted education to remain confined to the cities and to particular classes of the society. he wanted his students to think in term of the whole of mankid, he wanted them becobe universal men and women to over come feelings of narrow nationalism in order that the world could live and grow in peace and felloship.

Role of rabindranath Tagore in national movement:

reforming education system.

universal huminist.

swadeshi samaj.

promotion of universal brotherhood.

This conferred from Gatanjali-

when the mind is without fear.

and the heart is held high

where the world is not broken up in fragments
by narrow domestic walls..........................

PALA ART AND ARCHITECTURE FOR BPSC MAINS SPECIAL.

2020-07-23T18:03:00.000+05:30

PALA ART AND ARCHITECTURE.

The Pala dynasty ruled from 8th century to 12th century CE in the region of bihar and bengal. The development of art had been in a full fledged manner during the mauryas and Guptas which was further carried by the Pala rulers. Distinctive achievements of the Palas are seen in the arts and architecture, sculpture, terracotta, painting and wall paintings. the pala art came to sudden end after the destruction of the buddhist monastries by the muslim invaders in the first half of the 13th century. some of the monks and artists escaped and fled to nepal and some other places, which helped in the reinforcing the existing art tradition there.

ARCHITECTURE:

Most of the architecture were religious, various mahaviharas, stupas, chaitya, temples, forts were constructed. The 1st two hundred years of the Pala period art were dominated by buddhist art, and the later two hundred years by the hindu arts.

Among various mahaviharas , nalanda, vikramshila, triakutas, devikota, pandita viharas are notable.

Dharmpal build the vikramshila mahavihara(at pathargarh in bhagalpur district of bihar) and Odantpuri vihar in bihar. Somapura and vikramshila vihar were the important learning centre of buddhism. odantpuri mahavihara was so magnificant that it served as the model for first monestry built in Tibet.

ROCK CUT cave temple at kahalgaon dating from 9th century shows the gabled vaulted roof characteristics of the south indian architecture.

somepura mahavihar at paharpur, built by dharmpala shows the excellence of architectural art achievement in the pala period. it is the one of the longest buddhist vihara in the indian sub continent and in the Nalanda inscription of the VIPULASRIMITRA it has been described as "jagatam netraikavishramabhu" i.e. pleasing to the eyes of the world.

The brick shiva temple at konch in gaya district is famous for its curvelinear shikhra and carbelled lancet window.

TERACOTA : artestic and beautiful forms of the terracotta were developed during the pala period for the purpose of decoration. the statues were made on the wall depicting the scenes from religious and general life. for example terracotta plaque records from paharpur recognised as the unique creation of bengal artistics, amply demonstrated the excellence of the art.

SCULPTURE: the guptas tradition of sculptural art attained a new height under the patronage of the pala rulers and it came to be designated as "pala school of sculptural art". the art incorporated lot of local characteristics in bengal under the palas and it continued right up to the end of the 12th century. the sculpture of the stone and bronze were constructed mostly in monestic site of the nalanda, bihar sarif, rajgir, bodhgaya etc.

most of the sculpture of this period drew their inspiration from buddhism apart from buddha, sculpture of god andgoddess of hindu religion like vishnu, ganesh , shiva were also constructed. some of the finest sculpture of this school include a female bust, two standing avalokiteshwara images from nalanda. buddhist sculpture is characterised by a prominent and elaborately carved black slab and lotus seat, frequently supported by lions.

Bronze sculptures are casted in dies. bronze casting was an important feature of the pala art, such sculptures founded from nalanda and kukrihar(near gaya). bronze figures were usually casted by the free flowing movements, almost all figures are of similar size.

PAINTINGS: The earliest examples of miniature painting in india exist in the form of the illustration to the relioious text on buddhism executed under palas of the eaatern india. there are two form paintings - manuscript and wall paintings.

manuscript were written on palm leaves. in the paintings scenes of the buddha and several god and goddess of mahayan sects are depicted . the impact of the "TANTRICISM" on these paintings are easily visible.

decorative paintings could be seen on the manuscripts depending on the subjects matter. the palas paintings were characterised by sinuous line, delicate and nervous line, sensuous elegance, linear and decorative accent and subdued tones of colour. it is naturalistic style which resembles the ideal forms of contemporary bronze and stone sculpture and reflect some feeling of the classical art of ajanta with sensuous bias of the art of eastern india.

wall paintings has been found in saradh and sarai sthal in nalanda district. we can find flowers of geometric shapes, images of animals and humans. the images have faded now , yet certain images like elephant, horses, dancers, bodhisativas etc. can be noted.

PATNA KALAM: BPSC MAINS SPECIAL

2020-07-21T22:33:00.000+05:30

PATNA KALAM: FOLK ART OF BIHAR.

The way of executing a work of art or customs of expression, depiction of characteristic feature of distinguished people based on some geographical condition called "KALAM" or style. regional language also influences the kalam or style.
Mughal ruler in india has influenced the social, cultural , political and economic life of indian people, but the area was mostly influenced was art and architecture. As for as painting is concerned, Jahangir's period was the golden period of mughal painting, combining the persian style with indian traditional style, they introduced a new way of painting.
many indian school of painting were flourished afterwards and they were heavly influenced by mughal paintings. Patna kalam was an offshoot of the mughal painting flourished during 18th to mid 20th centuary the principal centre were Patna, Danapur, Arrah. Patna kalam was world's 1st independent school of painting which dealt exclusively with the commoner and his life style also helped Patna kalam painting to gain in popularity.
after down fall of the mughal empire, artist migrated towards Murshidabad because at this time it was profitable business hub and attracted the painters, and after that due to down fall of Murshidabad painters moved towards Patna(1970) which was an other profitable option.
The glimpse of the european colony in the advent of 17th century proves that there was no favourable condition to settle but 18th century Patna established itself as the centre of the new administration.
Even though european abstained from indian society but admire indian art, indian landscape and indian culture.
patna kalam became an essential and profitable part of patna artistry and existed till 1830. these artists used to paint "sets of caste occupation" called "Firka", the contents of firka were based on common every day life ,like- washerman, butler returning from market, tailor, sweeper and slave struggling with dog, carpenter, bangle seller, hawker etc. they also depicted rural and urban life style in their paintings.
patna painters may have been consciously adapting their style to that of a european who greatly respected for his versatility and competence. patna painters were exploring the european market and trying to adopt their style to european fashion. miniarture portraits on paper, vellum, bone, ivory were the fashion with upper and middle classes.
In the history of patna kalam, the 1st artist who became popular was Ram sewak Ram(1770-1830), other painters were Hulaslal(1785-1875), shivlal, nisar mendi and last painter of patna kalam was Ishwari Prasad Verma.
nisar mendi was popular for portraits and landscapes used his naturalistic figures as the material for organic rythm.
all those paintings based on indian life, on the demand of european people, the way they used to paint his picture is known as "KAJLI SYAHI" - the picture directly painted by brush without using pencils to delineate the contours of the picture. shivlal was widely for his painting "Muslim wedding scene" . his miniarture portraits are marked by a delicate realism, a minute fidelity which borders on the photographic.
the main characteristic style are the brilliance and definition of colour combination, the area of colour are bounded by vigorous line which springs the move across the picture and other development was shading in solid form. patna kalam also give a sense of diginity of labour, its mechanical senerity. the influence of the two different style produce one unique style in the form of patna kalam incorporating great aesthetic beauty and exubarent consciousness.
patna kalam painting were based on the excessive imaginative subjects matters like landscape, background etc. were being expensive hence vanished in patna kalam , during their downfall it give new dimension to indian art i.e. freelance painting, even today patna kalam holds respectable position in world.

Feature: 1. miniature painting, light in colour , life like representation, development in shading in solidform, kajli shyahi technique, fusion of native and foreign elements, pointed nose, lean and gount face, heavy eyebrows, big moustaches, deepset starting eyes.
2. Art of finishing touch is marvellous - example flying birds painting.
3. lack of landscape, foreground and background because it increases the cost of the paiting.

INDIA- CHINA RELATIONSHIP: FOR UPSC AND BPSC MAINS WRITING.

2020-07-21T18:43:00.000+05:30

BACKGROUND: india and china are the two major colossus of asia in term of either population ,economy or land area. both country shares border which is more than 3488 km. both country established diplomatic relation on 1st april 1950, and in 1st april 2020 both completed their 70 year diplomatic relations. recently, india- china conflict has been seen along LOC, major one is Galwan valley standoff. India sought restoration of the status quo as it existed before the standoff began in May 2020.

SOME OF COMMON POINTS GIVEN BELOW.

Shares old civilization and cultiral ties.
Relationship is based on Pancheel Principles.
both the country have unresolved boundary disputes.
Both are major trade partner in asia.
both are member of BRICS, SCO, ASIAN and a many more.

TRADE WAR AND INDIA:

India has a high trade deficit with china.
recently india has managed to bring down its trde deficit with china by $10 billion to $ 53 billion in Financial year 2019.
the present trade war provides opportunities for india china trade relations.

OPPORTUNITIES AND INDIA:

Export from india to china is increasing.
more investments from china to india.
market access to pharma products and IT sector.
india can tap opportunities in area such as garments, agriculture, processed food product, gems, precious stone and metal ores.
business travel from india to china has been growing as more entrepreneures are keen to take advantages.

CHALLENGES:

global slowdown and policy of protectionsm.
huge trade deficit.
low chinese investments in india.

CONCERNS: CHINA'S BELT AND ROAD INITIATIVE.

WHAT IS IN CONTEXT:

due to straddle critism of BRI, chinese president said that china would fine tune the initiative with open consultation, clean governance and green projects.

according to china more than 110 countries joined the BRI.

BELT AND ROAD INITIATIVES:

Aim to revitalize ancient trade routes which will open up markets for china within and beyond.

china is planning to construct roads, railways, ports and other infrastructure in asia and world- like maritime silk road, and economic belt and road initiatives.

what is objective behind all this initiatives:

china try to influence asia, cental asia and world, through land and sea routes.

china try to export chinese surplus capacity such as raw material , finished goods, and try to explore the market in asia and europe.
what is perturb behind all this?
china is not trusted any more due to lack of transperancy in projects which they handle. security concerns related to string off pearl and threat to regional balance of power. example- china's economic dominance over srilanka and leased hambantota port for 99 year .

South- china sea perturb?

Semi enclosed sea links with indian ocean with pacific ocean. it encompasses an area from the singapore, mallaca strait to strait taiwan. nine dash line demarcation line used by china to show the extent of its chain. china has numerous territorial and maritime disputes with countries.

NATUNA ISLANDS: disputed with indonesia.

SPRATLY ISLANDS: disputed with vietnam, philippines, taiwan, brunei, malaysia.

PARCEL ISLAND: disputed with vietnam.

SCARBOROUGH SHOAL: disputed with philippines.

2020-07-21T14:31:00.000+05:30

ART OF MAURYAN PERIOD: A Comprehensive Discussion

For BPSC mains Writing.

New social and Religious movements in the form of buddhism and jainism which were part of "Shraman Tradition", both become popular due to, they opposed varna and jati system of Hindu religion.
Ashoka emerged as the most powerful king of MAURYAN DYNASTY who patronised the SHRAMAN TRADITION.
religious practices had many dimensions and were not confined to just one particular mode of worship.
mauryan art and architecture are divided into two parts.

state sponsored art. 2. folk art.

State sponsored art: this is the art which were patronised by kingship.

Pillars: the tradition of constructing pillar were very old and it may be observed that erection of pillars were prevalent in the Achamenian empire as well, but the mauryan pillars are different from the Achamaenian pillars. The Mauryan pillars are rock cut pillars thus displaying the carver's skills, where as archamenian pillars are constructed in piece by piece, by a mason. stone pillats were erected all over the mauryan empire with inscription engraved on them. the top portion of pillar was carved with capital figures like, THe Bull, THe lion, The elephant etc. All the capital figures are vigourous and carved standing on the square or circular abacus. Abacuses are decorated with stylish lotus which are inverted in shape. Exampli- basarah- bakhita, lauriyanandangarh, rampurva, sankisa, sarnath.

This capital symbolises "DHAMMA CHAKRA PRAVARTAN"- (first sermon by Buddha) has become a standard symbol of this great historical event in the life of buddha.

the loin capital originally consists of five components 1. the shaft, 2.a lotus bell in inverted shape, 3. a drum bell base with four animals proceeding clock- wise, 4. figure of four majestic lions, 5. crowning elements, dhammachakra, a large wheel.

the abacus has depction of the a wheel having 24 spokes in all four directions and abull, a hores, an elephant, a lion , between every chakra is finely carved.

circular abacus is supported by an inverted lotus capital. each petals of the lotus is sculpted keeping in mind its density.

2. Stupas and Viharas: due to popularity of buddhism and jainism, stupas and viharas were constructedd on a large scale. it is important to note that Stupas were constructed over the relics of buddha at rajgriha, vaishali, kapilavastu, allakappa, ramgram, vethadipa, pava, kushinagar and pippalivan. stupas, chaitya, viharas are the part od buddhism and jainism but largest one is belongs to buddhism. stupa of Bairat, rajasthan is one of the finest example.

3. Rock cut: depiction of monumental rock cut- elephant at Dhauli in oddissa, shows modelling in the round with linear rythm. the rock cut caves carved at Barabar hills near gaya known as lomus rishi cave. the facades of tne cave is decorated with the semicircular chaitya arc as the entrance. the interior hall of the cave ie rectangular with with circular chamber at back. the cave was patronised by Ashok for Ajivika sects.

FOLK ART: mainly patronised by local govt. and rich people.

examples are- 1. yakshini statue from didargang, patna.

2. jain torso from lohanipur 3. Terracotta of dancing girl from patliputra 4.laughing boy from Busear 5.laughing nati and natin statue.

https://samahartaiasacademy.blogspot.com/

Nepal's New Map: Part of constitution?? and India's concerns.

2020-07-20T23:17:00.001+05:30

Note: The source of discussion is based on sources available on internet, and various media reports covered.

Nepal's new map: India's concern.

The upper house of nepal parliament passed the second constitution amendment bill in the parliament, that claimed the indian territory in Pithoragarh district, which is the part of india as facts shown in British documents. The process of passing the bill which was cleares unanimously by lower house Pratinidhi sabha was fast tracked. President vidhya devi bhandari signed bill in her official resident, Shital Niwas.

May 8, India inaugurated the Darchula- Lipulekh link road, nepal immediately protested, saying the road violated the status quo of the region, which is, according to nepal's imagination, described as "unresolved".

What is dispute over?

The new map includes Lipulakh, Kalapani and Limpiyadhura, territories that india controls.
the territory dispute stems from the fact that nepal claims the land to the east of river kali, which forms its western border.
As per kathmandu's understanding, the river originates from Limpiyadhura in the higher himalays.
it is thus said to give nepal access to the some what triangular shaped land defined by limpiadhura- lipulekh and kalapani.
india opposes the notion and says the origin of the river is much further down(to the east), which reduces the nepal's territorial demands.

what is recent set off?

While the issue is old one, it isresurfaced in 2019.
In, 2019, new delhi published new political maps to reflect some changes.
this was following the decision on 5 august 2019 to reorganised the status of Jammu & kashmir.
nepal objected to this depection of disputed territory.

How are the rejoinder?

In 2000 and 2014, India and nepal agreed to hold talks about kalapani and susta, without much success.
susta is village near bihar on which both india & nepal stake claim.
matter became worse when india's defence minister inaugurated a surfaced road over the kalapani territory.
When nepal protested, India ARMy Chief, suggested it was at the "Behest" of china.
lack of diplomatic manoeuvring to allow a step back from the tensions is primarily widening the rift.
New delhi contends that it was willing to discuss matters "At a mutually convenient date".
The india MEA said kalapani talks could wait until both countries had dealt with the coronovirus pandemic first.
For India, the timng with India china border stand off further adds to the belief that oli is backed by Beijing.

How does future looks?

Regardless of the accusation's on who is more responsible for the downslide in the ties, nepals quick move on the amendment leaves little space for diplomacy now.
the fact that the vote was unanimous implies the futility on the india's part to portray Mr. Oli alone as wholly responsible.
the Oli's govt seeks to build its legacy by overturning wgat it calls "unequal" agreements made by the earlier monarchy.
In turn it could cause a security nightmare for india, if nepal opens up other parts of their long boundary.
Both sides should cooperate to the preserve the once celebrated "special" relationship between India and nepal.

INDIA–CHINA STAND OFF 2020 :-China’s False Claim of The Galwan Valley:

2020-06-27T00:14:00.001+05:30

PART- 1

INDIA–CHINA STAND OFF 2020 :-China’s False Claim of The Galwan Valley:

UNDERSTAND STEP BY STEP "CHINESE CRAFTY"

map source: yowangdu.com ::::: map by tibetantrekking.com
HISTORY :- Ghulam Rasool Galwan a kashmiri lineage and Ladakhi explorer, one who first explored the river and valley, named after it as GALWAN VALLEY AND GALWAN RIVER OR MORE PROUNANCED GALWAN NAALA. He was part of British expedition team in 1899.

TIBETAN SOVEREIGNTY :- The Tibet government in exile asserted that Tibet was an independent state until the PRC invaded Tibet in 1949- 1950. Many scholars views that Tibet was independent till 1950.

The British conquered Tibet in 1904 and signed a separate treaty with Tibet Governmentin Lhasa, historically evident that not with china.Tibetangovernment issued passports to the everest expedition in 1921. Due to brutality, 14^th DALAI LAMA fled Tibet and establish Government in Exile in Dharamshala in north india in 1959. This group claims sovereignty over various ethnically or historically Tibetan area, now illegally governed by china. TIBET AUTONOMOUS REGION (TAR) directly governed by Dalai Lama’s government until 1951.

The two main region AMDO(QINGHAI) and Eastern KHAM(SICHUAN) Claimed by tibetan government is also a major part of TAR. Tibet shares very long history and culture and had trade relation with ancient India, which is completely different from Chinese(PRC) history and culture. Hence Tibet is illegitimate occupation by PRC. Hence, Technically, India shares boundary with TAR not with china

INDO – CHINA WAR OF 1962 :- The main dispute was related to claim of ASKAI CHIN and ARUNACHAL PRADESH border region. China claimed that Askai chin is part of xinjian where as India claimed that it is a part of Kashmir. Jammu and Kashmir princely state was under Maharaja Hari singh during British rule. It includes KASHMIR VALLEY, JAMMU, LADAKH, GILGIT- BALTISTAN. The instrument of accession was signed on 26^th of October 1947 between Government of India and Maharaja Hari Singh and agreed to accede to the dominion of india . Hence, another china false claim seen on ASKAI CHIN , and in Indo- China war of 1962 , china illegally occupied Askai chin region and started illegal claim over Arunachal Pradesh.

NATHU LA SKIRMISH ON 1967 :- On 11 september 1967, Engineers and Indian Faujis (Jawans) started fencing from Nathu La to Sebu La along the Indian border. A Chinese officer asked Indian Colonel to stop laying the wire . Indian soldiers refused to stop because they were fencing in Indian territory, argument started and soon turned in scuffle. Chinese PLA moved into their bunkers and open fired machine gun over unarmed Indian Engineers and Soldiers , due to lack of cover and sudden fire Indian soldiers suffers heavy casuality. At same moment Chinese opened artillery against Indian soldiers .

After that, Indian troops bravely opened artillery from their side. Battle lasted day and night with next three days , with mortar, artillery, and machine gun. “Five day after ceasefire was arranged”. In a report 80 indian soldiers were became SHAHEED and more than 400 soldiers of Chinese PLA were killed. Indian jawans were able to destroyed many Chinese bunkers and brought china to knee, and after that many stand off take place but not or mere reported casuality or injuries.

Recently in2017 Doklam Stand- off , it said that

the border was delimited in 1890 and reaffirmed several times later.

The Border Peace and Tranquility Agreement of 1993 formalized the two sides’ commitment to maintaining status quo on the border until they arrived at a negotiated settlement.

INDIA – CHINA AGREEMENT ON 1996 :- These are following

Article I

The differences on the boundary question should not be allowed to affect the overall development of bilateral relations. The two sides will resolve the boundary question through peaceful and friendly consultations. Neither side shall use or threaten to use force against the other by any means. The final solution of the boundary question will significantly promote good neighbourly and friendly relations between India and China.

Article II

The two sides should, in accordance with the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence, seek a fair, reasonable and mutually acceptable solution to the boundary question through consultations on an equal footing, proceeding from the political perspective of overall bilateral relations.

Article III

Both sides should, in the spirit of mutual respect and mutual understanding, make meaningful and mutually acceptable adjustments to their respective positions on the boundary question, so as to arrive at a package settlement to the boundary question. The boundary settlement must be final, covering all sectors of the India-China boundary.

Article IV

The two sides will give due consideration to each other's strategic and reasonable interests, and the principle of mutual and equal security.

Article V

The two sides will take into account, inter alia, historical evidence, national sentiments, practical difficulties and reasonable concerns and sensitivities of both sides, and the actual state of border areas.

Article VI

The boundary should be along well-defined and easily identifiable natural geographical features to be mutually agreed upon between the two sides.

Article VII

In reaching a boundary settlement, the two sides shall safeguard due interests of their settled populations in the border areas.

Article VIII

Within the agreed framework of the final boundary settlement, the delineation of the boundary will be carried out utilising means such as modern cartographic and surveying practices and joint surveys.

Article IX

Pending an ultimate settlement of the boundary question, the two sides should strictly respect and observe the line of actual control and work together to maintain peace and tranquillity in the border areas. The India-China Joint Working Group and the India-China Diplomatic and Military Expert Group shall continue their work under the Agreements of 7 September 1993 and 29 November 1996, including the clarification of the line of actual control and the implementation of confidence building measures.

Article X

The Special Representatives on the boundary question shall continue their consultations in an earnest manner with the objective of arriving at an agreed framework for a boundary settlement, which will provide the basis for the delineation and demarcation of the India-China boundary to be subsequently undertaken by civil and military officials and surveyors of the two sides.

Article XI

This Agreement shall come into force as of the date of signature and is subject to amendment and addition by mutual agreement in writing between the two sides.

Consequence of agreement of (1954, 1993, 1996, 2005...........)

In the shadow of these agreement china pronounced its expansionist policy . Doklam stand off and Galwan valley stand off are two fresh example and many more with other countries , a major consequence of china’s aggression after 1962, 1967,1975 with india. During signing Panchsheel Agreement , Pt. Nehru visited to Beijing in October 1954 met with Mao. During this period a famous slogan given “HINDI CHINI BHAI BHAI” to show solidarity and peaceful co- existence with china. But Analysing the crafty nature of china since independence of india , it is more rightful to give the slogan “HINDI CHINI BYE-BYE”. And india should define border as “INDO- TIBET BORDER, NOT INDO- CHINA BORDER ,BECAUSE TIBET IS ILLEGALLY OCCUPIED BY CHINA” In the border negotiations, our strategy should be not merely to defend what we possess, but also lay claims to places like Kailash-Mansarovar that have been linked by faith to India over several millennia………………………………………………………….

map source: ThePrint

>>>>> AUTHOR >>>>>>>

R. AMRENDRA S.

>>> please read 2^nd part of this blog for complete understanding……………......

STATUS OF HONG-KONG:- FROM BRITISH ERA TO RECENT PROTEST AGAINST CHINA

2020-06-22T14:48:00.000+05:30

KNOW ALL ABOUT HONG-KONG PROTEST--------------------------------

pic source: agoda.com :::::

HISTORY:- HONG - KONG island occupied by humans during the NEOLITHIC period, However recent excavation at the WONG TEI TUNG archaeological site showed date between 35,000 to 39,000 year ago.

QIN DYNASTY included the Hong Kong area in china around 214 BCE, after annihilation of the indigenous BAIYUE. After the collapse of Qin Dynasty, region secured by Nanyue Kingdom and after that recaptured and consolidated by HANS.

BRITISH CONQUEST:- First opium war was triggered from 1839 to 1842. Britain occupied the Hong Kong island on 25 January 1841 and use it as military base. China was defeated by British and Hong Kong island ceded to British in the TREATY OF NAKING signed on 29 August 1842 and hence after Hong Kong become the colony of British empire.

LEASE OF KOWLOON AND NEW TERRITORY:- Hong Kong was an isolated land area, surrounded by those areas which were still under chinese control. hence British always worried about the security of Hong Kong. They decided to create buffer zone around Hong Kong that would make the island less vulnerable to invasion.

After the end of 2nd opium war in 1860 Britain gained lease over the chinese mainland which was Kowloon peninsula. This agreement was part of the Convention of Beijing.

In 1898, second convention of Peking, included 99 year of lease agreement for the surrounding island (kowloon) called as "NEW TERRITORY" . In return china had to get back that area after end of 99 year lease agreement which was ended in 1 July 1997 and UK treanfer it to china.

It was also evident from 2nd world war that JAPAN occupied it from 23 December 1941 to 15 August 1945.

LANGUAGE, CULTURE AND TOURISM:- Important language is CANTONESE, English influence is seen due to British colony, after handover by Britain, MANDARIN is promoted among people.

Religious population, traditionally opt three teaching of china, Buddhism, Confuciasim and Taoism. Culture is blend of East and West like western ideas of Economic liberty, rule of law due to influence of British Era.Hong Kong is situated at the bank of River Pearl Delta, It is famous for international trade and investment. Attracting place in Hong Kong are

1. victoria Peak 2. Man Mo Temple 3. Ten thousand buddhist monastery 4. Temple street night market 5. Star ferry.

1997 AND ONWARDS:-After British handover in 1997, Hong Kong maintains separate governing and economic system from the mainland of china(PRC) under the postulate of "ONE NATION, TWO SYSTEM".

WHAT REMAIN UNCHANGED AFTER 1997:-1 .The border with mainland of PRC continued to be petrolled as before.

2. It remains individual member of various organisation like WTO, IOC, APEC.

3. It runs and maintain its own aviation bilateral treaties with other countries for example--- the flight between Hong kong and PRC treated as international flight.

4. Hong Kong SAR passport holders have very simple and easy access to European country and North America.

5. It has more political freedom than mainland of PRC for example --- Freedom of Press.

6. It still uses the style of british date formate.

7. All statues of British monarch like Queen victoria and George remain.

WHY ARE THERE PROTESTS:- A CONCISE DISCUSSION------

The protest began in June 2019, demands for democratic reforms and against PRC police brutality . China's NEW SECURITY LAW , Could be used to crack down on rights and political activists. Hong Kong is extremely different from mainland of PRC, because it enjoys special status from british colony. Hong Kong enjoys freedom which is not possible in mainland of PRC. Some elected members of Hong Kong have even disbarred after Beijing issued a controversial legal ruling that effectively diqualified them. Hong Kong people see themselves as Hong Kong nationality not as chinese. Young Hong Kong people are diappointed by new secutity law introduced by china. People were worried because china could setup its own institutions, responsible for security. Under agreement of 1997, Hong Kong had to enact its own national security law. This was setup in article 23 of BASIC LAW called as ONE NATION, TWO SYSTEM . They are supposed to protect certain freedoms for Hong Kong like freedom of assembly and speech, an independent judiciary and some democratic rights, that freedom which is not in mainland of PRC........---------...........

map source: travelChinaGuide.com

>>>>>>>AUTHOR >>>>>>>>

R. AMRENDRA S.

STATUS OF HONG- KONG:- FROM BRITISH ERA TO RECENT PROTEST

2020-06-19T09:04:00.013+05:30

HISTORY:- HONG - KONG island occupied by humans during the NEOLITHIC period, However recent excavation at the WONG TEI TUNG archaeological site showed date between 35,000 to 39,000 year ago.

QIN DYNASTY included the Hong Kong area in china around 214 BCE, after annihilation of the indigenous BAIYUE. After the collapse of Qin Dynasty, region secured by Nanyue Kingdom and after that recaptured and consolidated by HANS.

BRITISH CONQUEST:- First opium war was triggered from 1839 to 1842. Britain occupied the Hong Kong island on 25 January 1841 and use it as military base. China was defeated by British and Hong Kong island ceded to British in the TREATY OF NAKING signed on 29 August 1842 and hence after Hong Kong become the colony of British empire.

LEASE OF KOWLOON AND NEW TERRITORY:- Hong Kong was an isolated land area, surrounded by those areas which were still under chinese control. hence British always worried about the security of Hong Kong. They decided to create buffer zone around Hong Kong that would make the island less vulnerable to invasion.

After the end of 2nd opium war in 1860 Britain gained lease over the chinese mainland which was Kowloon peninsula. This agreement was part of the Convention of Beijing.

In 1898, second convention of Peking, included 99 year of lease agreement for the surrounding island (kowloon) called as "NEW TERRITORY" . In return china had to get back that area after end of 99 year lease agreement which was ended in 1 July 1997 and UK treanfer it to china.

It was also evident from 2nd world war that JAPAN occupied it from 23 December 1941 to 15 August 1945.

LANGUAGE, CULTURE AND TOURISM:- Important language is CANTONESE, English influence is seen due to British colony, after handover by Britain, MANDARIN is promoted among people.

Religious population, traditionally opt three teaching of china, Buddhism, Confuciasim and Taoism. Culture is blend of East and West like western ideas of Economic liberty, rule of law due to influence of British Era.Hong Kong is situated at the bank of River Pearl Delta, It is famous for international trade and investment. Attracting place in Hong Kong are

1. victoria Peak 2. Man Mo Temple 3. Ten thousand buddhist monastery 4. Temple street night market 5. Star ferry.

1997 AND ONWARDS:-After British handover in 1997, Hong Kong maintains separate governing and economic system from the mainland of china(PRC) under the postulate of "ONE NATION, TWO SYSTEM".

WHAT REMAIN UNCHANGED AFTER 1997:-1 .The border with mainland of PRC continued to be petrolled as before.

2. It remains individual member of various organisation like WTO, IOC, APEC.

3. It runs and maintain its own aviation bilateral treaties with other countries for example--- the flight between Hong kong and PRC treated as international flight.

4. Hong Kong SAR passport holders have very simple and easy access to European country and North America.

5. It has more political freedom than mainland of PRC for example --- Freedom of Press.

6. It still uses the style of british date formate.

7. All statues of British monarch like Queen victoria and George remain.

WHY ARE THERE PROTESTS:- A CONCISE DISCUSSION------

The protest began in June 2019, demands for democratic reforms and against PRC police brutality . China's NEW SECURITY LAW , Could be used to crack down on rights and political activists. Hong Kong is extremely different from mainland of PRC, because it enjoys special status from british colony. Hong Kong enjoys freedom which is not possible in mainland of PRC. Some elected members of Hong Kong have even disbarred after Beijing issued a controversial legal ruling that effectively diqualified them. Hong Kong people see themselves as Hong Kong nationality not as chinese. Young Hong Kong people are diappointed by new secutity law introduced by china. People were worried because china could setup its own institutions, responsible for security. Under agreement of 1997, Hong Kong had to enact its own national security law. This was setup in article 23 of BASIC LAW called as ONE NATION, TWO SYSTEM . They are supposed to protect certain freedoms for Hong Kong like freedom of assembly and speech, an independent judiciary and some democratic rights, that freedom which is not in mainland of PRC........---------...........

>>>>>>>AUTHOR >>>>>>>>

R. AMRENDRA S.

CHAMPARAN SATYAGRAHA : IMPORTANT KEY FACTS FOR STATE PSC (UP/ BIHAR) /UPSC MAINS EXAM

2020-06-18T11:15:00.002+05:30

KNOW ALL IMPORTANT KEY FACTS ABOUT CHAMPARAN SATYAGRAHA

picture source: Times of India

Champaran is an important and prominent name of an administrative district situated in the north- west edge or corner of the Bihar and Orrisa province. Previously it was included in bengal and separated on 22 march 1912. on 1 April 1936 Bihar and Orrisa also separared from each other. Champaran has two kind of land 1- To the north of Sikrahana property of soil is hard and land is low laying. it is therefore, fit for paddy cultivation not for growing Indigo . This soil is called as BANGAR SOIL by local people. 2- To the South of Sikrahana the soil has a large mixture of sand in it. This type of soil is good for growing Indigo but harsh for growing paddy . This type of soil is called as BHEET by local people. here two town is important one is MOTIHARI which is headquarter and second is BETTIA known as trade centre.

💥 Due to emergence of british in bihar, within recent time some british factories have also purchased Zamindari rights in some villages but that is to a very small extent only. after some time more than half of the, district is in the possession of european lessees. In the beginning the planters used to cultivate sugarcane along with indigo, but from 1850 onward they diminished sugarcane plantation on account of large profit derived from Indigo. Ever since than the planters have carried on indigo cultivation under TWO System.....

1ZERAIT SYSTEM- It is the departmental cultivation under the direct supervision of British government.

2 ASAMIWAR SYSYEM- cultivation is done through cultivators or tenants, this used to done in several ways,but most prevalent method was "THIKATHIA SYSTEM" about this system it was said by the commissioner of Patna in 1885 " The Tinkathia lease is a new system of institution dating from a very few yaer back....there is a growing up in our midst and in spite of our efforts at beneficent legistation a system under which the Ryot mortgages his entire holding and the very site of his house for period probably extending beyond his own life time redemption being contingent on the repayment of loan, the Ryot to use the common expression is selling himself body and soul into hopless servitude."

About 1867 this area was reduced from 5 kathas to 3 kathas per bighas known as Tinkathia Pratha.

When they get lease, they would get indigo cultivation by the tenants for their own profit. They used to make much profit from indigo and the only losers were the poor tenants. It is thus apparent that whenever a factory got possession of a village, its first attempt would be bring as much as land under indigo cultivation and for that they used to chaet, cajole and coerce the poor simple tenants into agreeing to grow indigo on their lands.

💢 In 1909 the Planters association passed a resolution that this area should be reduced from 3 to 2 katha per bigha but it is not known if this resolution was given effect with factories .

💧With begning of 1907 sign of discontent began to manifest themselves in Bettia subdivision. Some tenants of SATHI FACTORY expressed their unwillingness to grow indigo on ground that it was unprofitable, and tried to persude other not to grow indigo. It is said above, that whenever the tenants of champaran have tried to free themselves from the miseries of indigo cultivation the planters have always laid the blame of the agitation among them on the shoulder of outsider.

About 25 years tenants grow indigo without any agreement or sattas. In 1908 British officer Mr. Gaurlay through enquiry submitted a report to govt. but it become saelded book for common public because it was not published.

💥 The oppression of planters continued as before and question was discussed from time to time in council and in press but all were worthless.

From 1911-13 the tenants submitted several memories to government but does not appear that any action taken by them.

💭Synthetic dyes of GERMAN had reduced the price of indigo and hence indigo cultivation was not profitable one , some places were in loss and factories were closed. The tenants saw that , what they had not been able to accomplish by their petitions to the goverment and occassional outbursts of violence was now going to happen itself.

💫Bihar which was formerly a part of Bengal, has a tenancy law called BENGAL TENANCY ACT. this lay down and define the rights and liabilities of landlords and tenants regarding agricultural lands.

According to this there are two classes of tenants one is having right of occupancy and other one having no such rights. The rent payable by the tenants having right of occupancy can be enhance in two ways, namely by contract between landlords and tenants or by order of court. According with the recommendation of the CHAMPARAN AGRARIAN COMMITTEE , the govt. ordered to refund (1/4) of "TAWAN" but tenants did not get any refund. In 1914 Bihar Provential conference held at Bankipur on 10th of April presided by Brijkishore Prasad , passed a resolution to appoint a enquiry committee ,but it become baised by british and many compromising situation introduced against tenants.

💂 31st session of INC meet at lucknow in dec. 1916. The tenants of champaran send Pt. RAJKUMAR SHUKLA as their representative to the congress and he supporting the resolution related the miserable plight of the champaran tenantry. It was desire of champaran delegates that GANDHI JI should visit champaran and see with his own eyes the pitiable condition of people and devise means for improving it. GANDHI accompnied by RAJKUMAR SHUKLA reached muzzafarpur on 10th April and stayed with J.B. KRIPALANI . on 15th april Gandhi ji reached champaran after many objection put by british officials. He met with people in champaran saw their misery and said "INDIA WOULD GET SWARAJ ONLY WHEN THE CONDITION OF THESE PEOPLE WOULD IMPROVE" .

💦On 13th june 1917 british govt. announcing the appointment of committee of enquiry, gandhi ji was one of its member and committee was to commence its work only on 15th june and after the publication of govt. resolution.

On 18th october 1917 following recommendation made............

1- The tinkathia system should be abolished.

2- if any agreement be executed for growing indigo it should be done on following condition.

a> agreement should be voluntary b> the term should not exceed 3 year c> The selection of field in which indigo is to be grown should rest with Ryots d> The price of indigo plants should be paid on weights e> The realization of AWAB is altogether illegal

💫 From his work in champaran he is titled as "CHAMPARAN KA UDDHARAK".

On 29th nov. 1917 "CHAMPARAN AGRARAIN ACT" was introduced in assembly. The bill contain provision that if ZAMINDAR realised AWAB ,the former could proceed against him. Reduction of SARAHBESHI by 20% and 26% in many factories happened.

👀 It was the opinion of GANDHI that the main reason of suffering of tenants of champaran was their ignorance. Gandhi new if the moral of tenants build up then only champaran satyagrah would successful, so at primary stage he build their confidence by interacting with them. Their volunteers work will be the most important and lasting and therefore it will be the final essential stage of the mission. If this welfare work has been continued for some time , then not only champaran but also all bihar would undergone a great change........

picture source: ajitvadkayil.blogspot.com

.. >>>> AUTHOR >>>>>

R. AMRENDRA S.

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CHAMPARAN SATYAGRAHA : IMPORTANT KEY FACTS FOR STATE PSC (UP/ BIHAR) /UPSC MAINS EXAM

reforming education system.

universal huminist.

swadeshi samaj.

promotion of universal brotherhood.

This conferred from Gatanjali-