American Journal of Food Technology - Current Issue

The Yield Improvement of Resistant Starches from Africa Locust (Parkia biglobosa): The Influence of Heat-moisture, Autoclaving-cooling and Cross-linking Treatments

26 May, 2012

Native paprika starch was treated by heat-moisture treatment (HMT), autoclaving-cooling (Aut-cd) with and without anhydride acetic acid/adipic acid (Aut-acid) and sodium trimetaphosphate/sodium (STMP/STPP) tripolyphosphate cross-linking to produce Resistant Starch (RS). The resistant starch yield, crystalline structure, as well as other physicochemical properties of the modified starch was investigated. The yield of resistant starch was 36.33 and 50.16%, by HMT and Aut-col, respectively, whereas 48.56 and 50.16%, respectively were obtained by Aut-acid and STMP/STPP. The scanning electron microscopy images clearly illustrated that the granular structure of native parkia starch was disrupted and a continuous network with irregular shape was formed after HMT and autoclaving-cooling cycles. The subsequent chemical cross-linking appeared to make the network structure more compact and dense. X-ray diffraction patterns showed that B- and V types coexisted in all the modified parkia starches and the DSC results also showed that the formation of amylose double helices could contribute to the changes in the X-ray diffraction patterns. The RS-rich powder presented crystalline due to the process of heat moisture and autoclaving-cooling cycles with cross-linking treatment induced starch retrogradation. The procedure proposed might be used for production of a RS-rich powder from parkia starch with high resistant starch level and functional properties.

Quality Characteristics of Cookies Prepared from Unripe Plantain and Defatted Sesame Flour Blends

26 May, 2012

The cookie making potentials of unripe plantain and defatted sesame flours blended at different proportions were evaluated. The peak viscosity, trough, final viscosity and setback values of composite blends were higher than 100% wheat flour. The protein, fat, ash and crude fiber contents of unripe plantain-defatted sesame cookies were significantly (p≤0.05) higher than control while carbohydrate contents decreased. The composite cookies had low total sugar (11.59 to 12.97%) than control (14.35%), low in vitro starch digestibility (32.68 to 43.39%) than wheat cookie (53.42%) and high protein digestibility (70.28 to 80.11%) than control (72.05%). The iron and magnesium contents of composite cookies were significantly (p≤0.05) higher with low sodium content than control. The diameter and thickness of composite cookies were not significantly (p≥0.05) different from control while weight of former was significantly higher than latter. There were no significant (p≥0.05) differences in sensory properties between composite cookies and control.

Coagulation of Camel Milk using Dromedary Gastric Enzymes as a Substitute of the Commercial Rennet

26 May, 2012

Camel milk is recognised to furnish important components including vitamin C, niacin and riboflavin. It is also known to provide health protective functions such as anti-diabetic, anti-infectious, anti-stress and its effects against stomach-ache to name a few. However, its valorisation is still very limited. The particular composition of this milk makes its conservation and transformation very difficult. Investigation on the conservation possibilities of camel milk, thus, its transformation into derived products such as cheese so as the population gets the full benefits from its nutritional and therapeutic virtues, is hereby undertaken. However, previous reports showed its weak coagulation propriety, which is the key to its transformation into derived products. In order to remedy this obstacle, a variety of techniques have been proposed including the use of dromedary gastric enzymes. The data showed that the GEC from the older camels gave the best results significantly (p≤0.05) for both milk clotting activity and flocculation time of both bovine and camel milk compared with the other tested enzyme preparations. The optimum flocculation time was obtained at pH 5.8 and 42°C for the camel milk and at pH 6.0 and 37°C for bovine milk.

Effect of Full and Partial Substitution of Sesame Seeds with Bambara Groundnuts and Peanuts on the Quality of Sudanese Traditional Food (Khemiss-tweria)

26 May, 2012

In this study, de-hulled Bambara groundnuts and peanuts flours were used for full and partial substitution of sesame seeds in production of khemiss-tweria. The proximate analysis of de-hulled Bambara groundnuts flour, peanuts, sesame seeds and pearl millet flour were conducted. The chemical analysis of control and developed khemiss-tweria indicated that the contents of moisture and ash ranged between 4.00±0.03 to 4.28±0.04% and 2.50±0.01 and 4.86±0.04%, respectively, while the contents of protein, fat, crude fiber and carbohydrate ranged from (15.06±0.02 to 24.19±0.03%) (6.69±0.03 to 10.88±0.02%) (2.12±0.03 to 2.50±0.01%) and (62.27±0.02 to 68.40±0.01%), respectively. On the other hand, the in vitro protein digestibility ranged from (75.52±0.02 to 93.16±0.04%). The most significant effect of de-hulled Bambara groundnuts flour and peanuts addition, in production of khemiss-tweria was the improvement of protein quality. Khemiss-tweria made from millets bread and peanuts had the highest in vitro protein digestibility. The sensory analysis of the different types of khemiss-tweria revealed that there was a significant differences in colour while there were no significant differences between the various types of khemiss-tweria products. However, peanuts gave higher scores to the khemiss-tweria whereby peanuts fully replaced sesame seeds than the products made from other blends.

Proximate Composition of Three Commercially Available Marine Dry Fishes (Harpodon nehereus, Johnius dussumieri and Lepturacanthus savala)

26 May, 2012

Dry fish is very common and low cost food stuff among the South-east Asian people. The nutritional aspect of dry fish is higher than the fresh fish. Dry fish is not only consumed by human but also used in fish and poultry feed formulation. The general purpose of this study is to determine the proximate composition of three available marine dry fishes namely Bombay duck (Harpodon nehereus), Sin croaker (Johnius dussumieri) and Ribbonfish (Lepturacanthus savala). Major nutrient compositions like protein, lipid, carbohydrate, moisture and ash were estimated in two different season, winter and monsoon , respectively. The results of this study is revealed that the mean percentages of protein, lipid, carbohydrate, ash and moisture content of these species ranged between 52.44-71.32, 4.92-8.64, 0-3.71, 4.68-6.72 and 14.15-33.28%, respectively. The protein and lipid content were found relatively higher in amount from the dry fish samples collected in winter season compare with monsoon season. Negative correlations were found between moisture and protein content of most of the dry fish species collected in monsoon season (r = -0.98; r = -0.96, and r = -0.95, p<0.05 for Bombay duck, Sin croaker and Ribbonfish, respectively). However, the findings are showed that marine dry fishes are highly nutritive and could be a substitute of other protein sources such as fresh fish, chicken, beef etc.

Variability and Correlations Studies for Total Iron and Manganese Contents of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) High Yielding Mutants

26 May, 2012

Increased malnutrition and food insecurity for the past several years in countries, like India, is point of great concern. Present study was undertaken to reveal the potential role of mutagenesis to induce genetic variability of total seed Fe (μg g^-1) and Mn (μg g^-1) contents and their correlations to the yield/plant (g) in chickpea. Fe and Mn deficiencies are usually responsible for major malnutrition conditions, while lower yield of crops results to food insecurity. Seeds of chickpea were treated with ethylmethane sulphonate (EMS), gamma rays and their combinations and studied their effects on the components of variation for yield/plant, the total seed Fe and Mn contents. Six high yielding mutants were isolated in M₂ generation and their Fe and Mn contents were evaluated. Positive correlation was seen between total Fe and Mn contents to yield in the isolated mutants at lower doses of mutagen while the correlation between Fe to Mn contents was found to be negative.