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No One Can Do It Better -Akon with Lyrics full new song 2011

2011-12-08T21:51:00.000-08:00

No One Can Do It Better -Akon Lyrics
Oeo ooo ohoooh
Oeo ooo ohoooh

I showed up just to show you how we party tonight
So loosen up cause you in for the time of your life
We gotta perfect credit
The best never forget it
Never say no one ball like this before
I guarantee ya

No one can do it better
No one can do it better
No one can do it better
No one can do it better
No one can do it better

Oeo ooo ohoooh
Oeo ooo ohoooh

I'm about to break it down and show you why we the best now
We gotta step it up cause we ain't lame as the rest now
But why are you defended
I'll show you how to get it!
But first you have to show me side you're represented.

Left, right, side to side
Let me see which side is mine
Left, right, side to side
Let me see which side is mine
Left, right, side to side
Let me see which side is mine
Left, right, side to side
Let me see which side is mine

Oeo ooo ohoooh
Oeo ooo ohoooh

Now all the ladies in the place go ahead and wine up your ass now
All the ladies in the place go ahead and wine up your ass now
Now
Now
Now
I said all my ladies in the place go and wine up your ass
I said all my ladies in the place go and wine up your ass
Now

Oeo ooo ohoooh
Oeo ooo ohoooh

Virender Sehwag break sachin tendulker ODI record | Highest run scorer in ODI

2011-12-08T04:22:00.000-08:00

Virender Sehwag slams maiden double century in ODIs, scripts history

Swashbuckling batsman Virender Sehwag slammed maiden double century in ODIs as he became only second batsman after Sachin Tendulkar to reach the landmark.

Sehwag surpassed Sachin Tendulkar's score when, on 197, he cut Andre Russell to the point fence for his 23rd boundary during the fourth ODI between India and West Indies at the Holkar Stadium in Indore on Thursday.

It was Sehwag's 15th three-figure knock in one-day cricket and the first since making 175 against Bangladesh in the opening match of the World Cup in Dhaka in February this year.

Master blaster Sachin Tendulkar was the first to reach the milestone when he scored unbeaten 200 against South Africa in Gwalior on February 24, 2010.

Player	Country	Best	Opp	Venue	Year
Virender Sehwag	India	219	WI	Indore	2011
Sachin Tendulkar	India	200*	SA	Gwalior	2010
Charles Coventry	Zimbabwe	194*	Ban	Bulawayo	2009
Saeed Anwar	Pakistan	194	India	Chennai	1997
Viv Richards	West Indies	189*	England	Old Trafford	1984
Sanath Jayasuriya	Sri Lanka	189	India	Sharjah	2000
Gary Kirsten	SA	188*	UAE	Rawalpindi	1996
Sachin Tendulkar	India	186*	New Zealand	Hyderabad	1999
Shane Watson	Australia	185*	Bangladesh	Mirpur	2011
MS Dhoni	India	183*	Sri Lanka	Jaipur	2005

Earlier, Sehwag raced to his 150 in just 112 balls with the help of five sixes and 16 boundaries after completing his 15th ODI century off 69 balls.

Skipper Sehwag, who was struggling in the previous three ODIs, got his lost touch back as he scored his blazing ton in just 69 balls which included 10 fours and five sixes.

2011 Nobel Prize Winners

2011-11-15T05:06:00.000-08:00

Peace
Jointly to Ellen Johnson Sirleaf (Liberia), Leymah Gbowee (Liberia), and Tawakkul Karman (Yemen) "for their non-violent struggle for the safety of women and for women's rights to full participation in peace-building work."

Physiology or Medicine
One-half jointly to Bruce A. Beutler (U.S.) and Jules A. Hoffmann (Luxembourg) "for their discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity"; and one-half to Ralph M. Steinman (Canada) "for his discovery of the dendritic cell and its role in adaptive immunity"

Physics
One-half to Saul Perlmutter (U.S.) and one-half jointly to Brian P. Schmidt (Australia) and Adam G. Riess (U.S.) for "the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe through observations of distant supernovae"

Chemistry
Dan Shechtman (Israel) for "the discovery of quasicrystals"

Literature
Tomas Tranströmer (Sweden) "because, through his condensed, translucent images, he gives us fresh access to reality."

List of inventors and their inventions

2011-11-15T04:54:00.000-08:00

Inventors and their inventions

Adrenaline:

(isolation of) John Jacob Abel, U.S., 1897.

Aerosol can:

Erik Rotheim, Norway, 1926.

Air brake:

George Westinghouse, U.S., 1868.

Air conditioning:

Willis Carrier, U.S., 1911.

Airship:

(non-rigid) Henri Giffard, France, 1852; (rigid) Ferdinand von Zeppelin, Germany, 1900.

Aluminum manufacture:

(by electrolytic action) Charles M. Hall, U.S., 1866.

Anatomy, human:

(De fabrica corporis humani, an illustrated systematic study of the human body) Andreas Vesalius, Belgium, 1543; (comparative: parts of an organism are correlated to the functioning whole) Georges Cuvier, France, 1799–1805.

Anesthetic:

(first use of anesthetic—ether—on humans) Crawford W. Long, U.S., 1842.

Antibiotics:

(first demonstration of antibiotic effect) Louis Pasteur, Jules-François Joubert, France, 1887; (discovery of penicillin, first modern antibiotic) Alexander Fleming, Scotland, 1928; (penicillin's infection-fighting properties) Howard Florey, Ernst Chain, England, 1940.

Antiseptic:

(surgery) Joseph Lister, England, 1867.

Antitoxin, diphtheria:

Emil von Behring, Germany, 1890.

Appliances, electric:

(fan) Schuyler Wheeler, U.S., 1882; (flatiron) Henry W. Seely, U.S., 1882; (stove) Hadaway, U.S., 1896; (washing machine) Alva Fisher, U.S., 1906.

Aqualung:

Jacques-Yves Cousteau, Emile Gagnan, France, 1943.

Aspirin:

Dr. Felix Hoffman, Germany, 1899.

Astronomical calculator:

The Antikythera device, Greece, first century B.C.. Found off island of Antikythera in 1900.

Atom:

(nuclear model of) Ernest Rutherford, England, 1911.

Atomic structure:

(formulated nuclear model of atom, Rutherford model) Ernest Rutherford, England, 1911; (proposed current concept of atomic structure, the Bohr model) Niels Bohr, Denmark, 1913.

Atomic theory:

(ancient) Leucippus, Democritus, Greece, c. 500 B.C.; Lucretius, Rome c.100 B.C.; (modern) John Dalton, England, 1808.

Automobile:

(first with internal combustion engine, 250 rpm) Karl Benz, Germany, 1885; (first with practical high-speed internal combustion engine, 900 rpm) Gottlieb Daimler, Germany, 1885; (first true automobile, not carriage with motor) René Panhard, Emile Lavassor, France, 1891; (carburetor, spray) Charles E. Duryea, U.S., 1892.

Autopilot:

(for aircraft) Elmer A. Sperry, U.S., c.1910, first successful test, 1912, in a Curtiss flying boat.

Avogadro's law:

(equal volumes of all gases at the same temperature and pressure contain equal number of molecules) Amedeo Avogadro, Italy, 1811.

Bacteria:

Anton van Leeuwenhoek, The Netherlands, 1683.

Balloon, hot-air:

Joseph and Jacques Montgolfier, France, 1783.

Barbed wire:

(most popular) Joseph E. Glidden, U.S., 1873.

Bar codes (computer-scanned binary signal code):

(retail trade use) Monarch Marking, U.S. 1970; (industrial use) Plessey Telecommunications, England, 1970.

Barometer:

Evangelista Torricelli, Italy, 1643.

Bicycle:

Karl D. von Sauerbronn, Germany, 1816; (first modern model) James Starley, England, 1884.

Big Bang theory:

(the universe originated with a huge explosion) George LeMaitre, Belgium, 1927; (modified LeMaitre theory labeled “Big Bang”) George A. Gamow, U.S., 1948; (cosmic microwave background radiation discovered, confirms theory) Arno A. Penzias and Robert W. Wilson, U.S., 1965.

Blood, circulation of:

William Harvey, England, 1628.

Boyle's law:

(relation between pressure and volume in gases) Robert Boyle, Ireland, 1662.

Braille:

Louis Braille, France, 1829.

Bridges:

(suspension, iron chains) James Finley, Pa., 1800; (wire suspension) Marc Seguin, Lyons, 1825; (truss) Ithiel Town, U.S., 1820.

Bullet:

(conical) Claude Minié, France, 1849.

Calculating machine:

(logarithms: made multiplying easier and thus calculators practical) John Napier, Scotland, 1614; (slide rule) William Oughtred, England, 1632; (digital calculator) Blaise Pascal, 1642; (multiplication machine) Gottfried Leibniz, Germany, 1671; (important 19th-century contributors to modern machine) Frank S. Baldwin, Jay R. Monroe, Dorr E. Felt, W. T. Ohdner, William Burroughs, all U.S.; (“analytical engine” design, included concepts of programming, taping) Charles Babbage, England, 1835.

Calculus:

Isaac Newton, England, 1669; (differential calculus) Gottfried Leibniz, Germany, 1684.

Camera:

(hand-held) George Eastman, U.S., 1888; (Polaroid Land) Edwin Land, U.S., 1948.

“Canals” of Mars:

Giovanni Schiaparelli, Italy, 1877.

Carpet sweeper:

Melville R. Bissell, U.S., 1876.

Car radio:

William Lear, Elmer Wavering, U.S., 1929, manufactured by Galvin Manufacturing Co., “Motorola.”

Cells:

(word used to describe microscopic examination of cork) Robert Hooke, England, 1665; (theory: cells are common structural and functional unit of all living organisms) Theodor Schwann, Matthias Schleiden, 1838–1839.

Cement, Portland:

Joseph Aspdin, England, 1824.

Chewing gum:

(spruce-based) John Curtis, U.S., 1848; (chicle-based) Thomas Adams, U.S., 1870.

Cholera bacterium:

Robert Koch, Germany, 1883.

Circuit, integrated:

(theoretical) G.W.A. Dummer, England, 1952; (phase-shift oscillator) Jack S. Kilby, Texas Instruments, U.S., 1959.

Classification of plants:

(first modern, based on comparative study of forms) Andrea Cesalpino, Italy, 1583; (classification of plants and animals by genera and species) Carolus Linnaeus, Sweden, 1737–1753.

Clock, pendulum:

Christian Huygens, The Netherlands, 1656.

Coca-Cola:

John Pemberton, U.S., 1886.

Combustion:

(nature of) Antoine Lavoisier, France, 1777.

Compact disk:

RCA, U.S., 1972.

Computers:

(first design of analytical engine) Charles Babbage, 1830s; (ENIAC, Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator, first all-electronic, completed) John Presper Eckert, Jr., John Mauchly, U.S., 1945; (dedicated at University of Pennsylvania) 1946; (UNIVAC, Universal Automatic Computer, handled both numeric and alphabetic data) 1951; (personal computer) Steve Wozniak, U.S., 1976.

Concrete:

(reinforced) Joseph Monier, France, 1877.

Condensed milk:

Gail Borden, U.S., 1853.

Conditioned reflex:

Ivan Pavlov, Russia, c.1910.

Conservation of electric charge:

(the total electric charge of the universe or any closed system is constant) Benjamin Franklin, U.S., 1751–1754.

Contagion theory:

(infectious diseases caused by living agent transmitted from person to person) Girolamo Fracastoro, Italy, 1546.

Continental drift theory:

(geographer who pieced together continents into a single landmass on maps) Antonio Snider-Pellegrini, France, 1858; (first proposed in lecture) Frank Taylor, U.S. 1912; (first comprehensive detailed theory) Alfred Wegener, Germany, 1912.

Contraceptive, oral:

Gregory Pincus, Min Chuch Chang, John Rock, Carl Djerassi, U.S., 1951.

Converter, Bessemer:

William Kelly, U.S., 1851.

Cosmetics:

Egypt, c. 4000 B.C.

Cosmic string theory:

(first postulated) Thomas Kibble, UK, 1976.

Cotton gin:

Eli Whitney, U.S., 1793.

Crossbow:

China, c. 300 B.C.

Cyclotron:

Ernest O. Lawrence, U.S., 1931.

Defibrillator:

Dr. William Bennett Kouwenhoven, U.S., 1932; (implantable) M. Stephen Heilman, MD, Dr. Alois Langer, Morton Mower, MD, Michel Mirowski, MD, 1980.

Deuterium:

(heavy hydrogen) Harold Urey, U.S., 1931.

Disease:

(chemicals in treatment of) crusaded by Philippus Paracelsus, 1527–1541; (germ theory) Louis Pasteur, France, 1862–1877.

DNA:

(deoxyribonucleic acid) Friedrich Meischer, Germany, 1869; (determination of double-helical structure) F. H. Crick, England and James D. Watson, U.S., 1953.

Dye:

(aniline, start of synthetic dye industry) William H. Perkin, England, 1856.

Dynamite:

Alfred Nobel, Sweden, 1867.

Electric cooking utensil:

(first) patented by St. George Lane-Fox, England, 1874.

Electric generator (dynamo):

(laboratory model) Michael Faraday, England, 1832; Joseph Henry, U.S., c.1832; (hand-driven model) Hippolyte Pixii, France, 1833; (alternating-current generator) Nikola Tesla, U.S., 1892.

Electric lamp:

(arc lamp) Sir Humphrey Davy, England, 1801; (fluorescent lamp) A.E. Becquerel, France, 1867; (incandescent lamp) Sir Joseph Swann, England, Thomas A. Edison, U.S., contemporaneously, 1870s; (carbon arc street lamp) Charles F. Brush, U.S., 1879; (first widely marketed incandescent lamp) Thomas A. Edison, U.S., 1879; (mercury vapor lamp) Peter Cooper Hewitt, U.S., 1903; (neon lamp) Georges Claude, France, 1911; (tungsten filament) Irving Langmuir, U.S., 1915.

Thomas Alva Edison (1847–1931)
Library of Congress

Electrocardiography:

Demonstrated by Augustus Waller, Switzerland, 1887; (first practical device for recording activity of heart) Willem Einthoven, 1903, Netherlands.

Electromagnet:

William Sturgeon, England, 1823.

Electron:

Sir Joseph J. Thompson, England, 1897.

Electronic mail:

Ray Tomlinson, U.S., 1972.

Elevator, passenger:

(safety device permitting use by passengers) Elisha G. Otis, U.S., 1852; (elevator utilizing safety device) 1857.

E = mc²:

(equivalence of mass and energy) Albert Einstein, Switzerland, 1907.

Engine, internal combustion:

No single inventor. Fundamental theory established by Sadi Carnot, France, 1824; (two-stroke) Etienne Lenoir, France, 1860; (ideal operating cycle for four-stroke) Alphonse Beau de Roche, France, 1862; (operating four-stroke) Nikolaus Otto, Germany, 1876; (diesel) Rudolf Diesel, Germany, 1892; (rotary) Felix Wankel, Germany, 1956.

Evolution:

(organic) Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, France, 1809; (by natural selection) Charles Darwin, England, 1859.

Exclusion principle:

(no two electrons in an atom can occupy the same energy level) Wolfgang Pauli, Germany, 1925.

Expanding universe theory:

(first proposed) George LeMaitre, Belgium, 1927; (discovered first direct evidence that the universe is expanding) Edwin P. Hubble, U.S., 1929; (Hubble constant: a measure of the rate at which the universe is expanding) Edwin P. Hubble, U.S., 1929.

Falling bodies, law of:

Galileo Galilei, Italy, 1590.

Fermentation:

(microorganisms as cause of) Louis Pasteur, France, c.1860.

Fiber optics:

Narinder Kapany, England, 1955.

Fibers, man-made:

(nitrocellulose fibers treated to change flammable nitrocellulose to harmless cellulose, precursor of rayon) Sir Joseph Swann, England, 1883; (rayon) Count Hilaire de Chardonnet, France, 1889; (Celanese) Henry and Camille Dreyfuss, U.S., England, 1921; (research on polyesters and polyamides, basis for modern man-made fibers) U.S., England, Germany, 1930s; (nylon) Wallace H. Carothers, U.S., 1935.

Frozen food:

Clarence Birdseye, U.S., 1924.

Gene transfer:

(recombinant DNA organism) Herbert Boyer, Stanley Cohen, U.S., 1973; (human) Steven Rosenberg, R. Michael Blaese, W. French Anderson, U.S., 1989.

Geometry, elements of:

Euclid, Alexandria, Egypt, c. 300 B.C.; (analytic) René Descartes, France; and Pierre de Fermat, Switzerland, 1637.

Gravitation, law of:

Sir Isaac Newton, England, c.1665 (published 1687).

Gunpowder:

China, c.700.

Gyrocompass:

Elmer A. Sperry, U.S., 1905.

Gyroscope:

Jean Léon Foucault, France, 1852.

Halley's Comet:

Edmund Halley, England, 1705.

Heart implanted in human, permanent artificial:

Dr. Robert Jarvik, U.S., 1982.

Heart, temporary artificial:

Willem Kolff, Netherlands, U.S., 1957.

Helicopter:

(double rotor) Heinrich Focke, Germany, 1936; (single rotor) Igor Sikorsky, U.S., 1939.

Helium first observed on sun:

Sir Joseph Lockyer, England, 1868.

Heredity, laws of:

Gregor Mendel, Austria, 1865.

Holograph:

Dennis Gabor, England, 1947.

Home videotape systems (VCR):

(Betamax) Sony, Japan, 1975; (VHS) Matsushita, Japan, 1975.

Ice age theory:

Louis Agassiz, Swiss-American, 1840.

Induction, electric:

Joseph Henry, U.S., 1828.

Insulin:

(first isolated) Sir Frederick G. Banting and Charles H. Best, Canada, 1921; (discovery first published) Banting and Best, 1922; (Nobel Prize awarded for purification for use in humans) John Macleod and Banting, 1923; (first synthesized), China, 1966.

Intelligence testing:

Alfred Binet, Theodore Simon, France, 1905.

Interferon:

Alick Isaacs, England, Jean Lindemann, Switzerland, 1957.

Isotopes:

(concept of) Frederick Soddy, England, 1912; (stable isotopes) J. J. Thompson, England, 1913; (existence demonstrated by mass spectrography) Francis W. Aston, England, 1919.

Jet propulsion:

(engine) Sir Frank Whittle, England, Hans von Ohain, Germany, 1936; (aircraft) Heinkel He 178, 1939.

Kinetic theory of gases:

(molecules of a gas are in a state of rapid motion) Daniel Bernoulli, Switzerland, 1738.

Laser:

(theoretical work on) Charles H. Townes, Arthur L. Schawlow, U.S., N. Basov, A. Prokhorov, U.S.S.R., 1958; (first working model) T. H. Maiman, U.S., 1960.

Lawn mower:

Edwin Budding, John Ferrabee, England, 1830–1831.

LCD (liquid crystal display):

Hoffmann-La Roche, Switzerland, 1970.

Lens, bifocal:

Benjamin Franklin, U.S., c.1760.

Leyden jar:

(prototype electrical condenser) Canon E. G. von Kleist of Kamin, Pomerania, 1745; independently evolved by Cunaeus and P. van Musschenbroek, University of Leyden, Holland, 1746, from where name originated.

Light, nature of:

(wave theory) Christian Huygens, The Netherlands, 1678; (electromagnetic theory) James Clerk Maxwell, England, 1873.

Light, speed of:

(theory that light has finite velocity) Olaus Roemer, Denmark, 1675.

Lightning rod:

Benjamin Franklin, U.S., 1752.

Lock, cylinder:

Linus Yale, U.S., 1851.

Locomotive:

(steam powered) Richard Trevithick, England, 1804; (first practical, due to multiple-fire-tube boiler) George Stephenson, England, 1829; (largest steam-powered) Union Pacific's “Big Boy,” U.S., 1941.

Loom:

(horizontal, two-beamed) Egypt, c. 4400 B.C.; (Jacquard drawloom, pattern controlled by punch cards) Jacques de Vaucanson, France, 1745, Joseph-Marie Jacquard, 1801; (flying shuttle) John Kay, England, 1733; (power-driven loom) Edmund Cartwright, England, 1785.

Machine gun:

(hand-cranked multibarrel) Richard J. Gatling, U.S., 1862; (practical single barrel, belt-fed) Hiram S. Maxim, Anglo-American, 1884.

Magnet, Earth is:

William Gilbert, England, 1600.

Match:

(phosphorus) François Derosne, France, 1816; (friction) Charles Sauria, France, 1831; (safety) J. E. Lundstrom, Sweden, 1855.

Measles vaccine:

John F. Enders, Thomas Peebles, U.S., 1953.

Metric system:

revolutionary government of France, 1790–1801.

Microphone:

Charles Wheatstone, England, 1827.

Microscope:

(compound) Zacharias Janssen, The Netherlands, 1590; (electron) Vladimir Zworykin et al., U.S., Canada, Germany, 1932–1939.

Microwave oven:

Percy Spencer, U.S., 1947.

Motion, laws of:

Isaac Newton, England, 1687.

Motion pictures:

Thomas A. Edison, U.S., 1893.

Motion pictures, sound:

Product of various inventions. First picture with synchronized musical score: Don Juan, 1926; with spoken dialogue: The Jazz Singer, 1927; both Warner Bros.

Motor, electric:

Michael Faraday, England, 1822; (alternating-current) Nikola Tesla, U.S., 1892.

Motorcycle:

(motor tricycle) Edward Butler, England, 1884; (gasoline-engine motorcycle) Gottlieb Daimler, Germany, 1885.

Moving assembly line:

Henry Ford, U.S., 1913.

Neptune:

(discovery of) Johann Galle, Germany, 1846.

Neptunium:

(first transuranic element, synthesis of) Edward M. McMillan, Philip H. Abelson, U.S., 1940.

Neutron:

James Chadwick, England, 1932.

Neutron-induced radiation:

Enrico Fermi et al., Italy, 1934.

Nitroglycerin:

Ascanio Sobrero, Italy, 1846.

Nuclear fission:

Otto Hahn, Fritz Strassmann, Germany, 1938.

Nuclear reactor:

Enrico Fermi, Italy, et al., 1942.

Ohm's law:

(relationship between strength of electric current, electromotive force, and circuit resistance) Georg S. Ohm, Germany, 1827.

Oil well:

Edwin L. Drake, U.S., 1859.

Oxygen:

(isolation of) Joseph Priestley, England, 1774; Karl Scheele, Sweden, 1773.

Ozone:

Christian Schönbein, Germany, 1839.

Pacemaker:

(internal) Clarence W. Lillehie, Earl Bakk, U.S., 1957.

Paper:

China, c.100 A.D.

Parachute:

Louis S. Lenormand, France, 1783.

Pen:

(fountain) Lewis E. Waterman, U.S., 1884; (ball-point, for marking on rough surfaces) John H. Loud, U.S., 1888; (ball-point, for handwriting) Lazlo Biro, Argentina, 1944.

Periodic law:

(that properties of elements are functions of their atomic weights) Dmitri Mendeleev, Russia, 1869.

Periodic table:

(arrangement of chemical elements based on periodic law) Dmitri Mendeleev, Russia, 1869.

Phonograph:

Thomas A. Edison, U.S., 1877.

Photography:

(first paper negative, first photograph, on metal) Joseph Nicéphore Niepce, France, 1816–1827; (discovery of fixative powers of hyposulfite of soda) Sir John Herschel, England, 1819; (first direct positive image on silver plate, the daguerreotype) Louis Daguerre, based on work with Niepce, France, 1839; (first paper negative from which a number of positive prints could be made) William Talbot, England, 1841. Work of these four men, taken together, forms basis for all modern photography. (First color images) Alexandre Becquerel, Claude Niepce de Saint-Victor, France, 1848–1860; (commercial color film with three emulsion layers, Kodachrome) U.S., 1935.

Photovoltaic effect:

(light falling on certain materials can produce electricity) Edmund Becquerel, France, 1839.

Piano:

(Hammerklavier) Bartolommeo Cristofori, Italy, 1709; (pianoforte with sustaining and damper pedals) John Broadwood, England, 1873.

Planetary motion, laws of:

Johannes Kepler, Germany, 1609, 1619.

Plant respiration and photosynthesis:

Jan Ingenhousz, Holland, 1779.

Plastics:

(first material, nitrocellulose softened by vegetable oil, camphor, precursor to Celluloid) Alexander Parkes, England, 1855; (Celluloid, involving recognition of vital effect of camphor) John W. Hyatt, U.S., 1869; (Bakelite, first completely synthetic plastic) Leo H. Baekeland, U.S., 1910; (theoretical background of macromolecules and process of polymerization on which modern plastics industry rests) Hermann Staudinger, Germany, 1922; (polypropylene and low-pressure method for producing high-density polyethylene) Robert Banks, Paul Hogan, U.S., 1958.

Plate tectonics:

Alfred Wegener, Germany, 1912–1915.

Plow, forked:

Mesopotamia, before 3000 B.C.

Plutonium, synthesis of:

Glenn T. Seaborg, Edwin M. McMillan, Arthur C. Wahl, Joseph W. Kennedy, U.S., 1941.

Polio, vaccine:

(experimentally safe dead-virus vaccine) Jonas E. Salk, U.S., 1952; (effective large-scale field trials) 1954; (officially approved) 1955; (safe oral live-virus vaccine developed) Albert B. Sabin, U.S., 1954; (available in the U.S.) 1960.

Positron:

Carl D. Anderson, U.S., 1932.

Pressure cooker:

(early version) Denis Papin, France, 1679.

Printing:

(block) Japan, c.700; (movable type) Korea, c.1400, Johann Gutenberg, Germany, c.1450; (lithography, offset) Aloys Senefelder, Germany, 1796; (rotary press) Richard Hoe, U.S., 1844; (linotype) Ottmar Mergenthaler, U.S., 1884.

Johann Gutenberg
(c. 1400–1468)

Probability theory:

René Descartes, France, and Pierre de Fermat, Switzerland, 1654.

Proton:

Ernest Rutherford, England, 1919.

Prozac:

(antidepressant fluoxetine) Bryan B. Malloy, Scotland, and Klaus K. Schmiegel, U.S., 1972; (released for use in U.S.) Eli Lilly & Company, 1987.

Psychoanalysis:

Sigmund Freud, Austria, c.1904.

Pulsars:

Antony Hewish and Jocelyn Bell Burnel, England, 1967.

Quantum theory:

(general) Max Planck, Germany, 1900; (sub-atomic) Niels Bohr, Denmark, 1913; (quantum mechanics) Werner Heisenberg, Erwin Schrödinger, Germany, 1925.

Quarks:

Jerome Friedman, Henry Kendall, Richard Taylor, U.S., 1967.

Quasars:

Marten Schmidt, U.S., 1963.

Rabies immunization:

Louis Pasteur, France, 1885.

Radar:

(limited to one-mile range) Christian Hulsmeyer, Germany, 1904; (pulse modulation, used for measuring height of ionosphere) Gregory Breit, Merle Tuve, U.S., 1925; (first practical radar—radio detection and ranging) Sir Robert Watson-Watt, Scotland, 1934–1935.

Radio:

(electromagnetism, theory of) James Clerk Maxwell, England, 1873; (spark coil, generator of electromagnetic waves) Heinrich Hertz, Germany, 1886; (first practical system of wireless telegraphy) Guglielmo Marconi, Italy, 1895; (first long-distance telegraphic radio signal sent across the Atlantic) Marconi, 1901; (vacuum electron tube, basis for radio telephony) Sir John Fleming, England, 1904; (triode amplifying tube) Lee de Forest, U.S., 1906; (regenerative circuit, allowing long-distance sound reception) Edwin H. Armstrong, U.S., 1912; (frequency modulation—FM) Edwin H. Armstrong, U.S., 1933.

Radioactivity:

(X-rays) Wilhelm K. Roentgen, Germany, 1895; (radioactivity of uranium) Henri Becquerel, France, 1896; (radioactive elements, radium and polonium in uranium ore) Marie Sklodowska-Curie, Pierre Curie, France, 1898; (classification of alpha and beta particle radiation) Pierre Curie, France, 1900; (gamma radiation) Paul-Ulrich Villard, France, 1900.

Radiocarbon dating, carbon-14 method:

(discovered) Willard F. Libby, U.S., 1947; (first demonstrated) U.S., 1950.

Radio signals, extraterrestrial:

first known radio noise signals were received by U.S. engineer, Karl Jansky, originating from the Galactic Center, 1931.

Radio waves:

(cosmic sources, led to radio astronomy) Karl Jansky, U.S., 1932.

Razor:

(safety, successfully marketed) King Gillette, U.S., 1901; (electric) Jacob Schick, U.S., 1928, 1931.

Reaper:

Cyrus McCormick, U.S., 1834.

Refrigerator:

Alexander Twining, U.S., James Harrison, Australia, 1850; (first with a compressor device) the Domelse, Chicago, U.S., 1913.

Refrigerator ship:

(first) the Frigorifique, cooling unit designed by Charles Teller, France, 1877.

Relativity:

(special and general theories of) Albert Einstein, Switzerland, Germany, U.S., 1905–1953.

Revolver:

Samuel Colt, U.S., 1835.

Richter scale:

Charles F. Richter, U.S., 1935.

Rifle:

(muzzle-loaded) Italy, Germany, c.1475; (breech-loaded) England, France, Germany, U.S., c.1866; (bolt-action) Paul von Mauser, Germany, 1889; (automatic) John Browning, U.S., 1918.

Rocket:

(liquid-fueled) Robert Goddard, U.S., 1926.

Roller bearing:

(wooden for cartwheel) Germany or France, c.100 B.C.

Rotation of Earth:

Jean Bernard Foucault, France, 1851.

Royal Observatory, Greenwich:

established in 1675 by Charles II of England; John Flamsteed first Astronomer Royal.

Rubber:

(vulcanization process) Charles Goodyear, U.S., 1839.

Saccharin:

Constantine Fuhlberg, Ira Remsen, U.S., 1879.

Safety pin:

Walter Hunt, U.S., 1849.

Saturn, ring around:

Christian Huygens, The Netherlands, 1659.

“Scotch” tape:

Richard Drew, U.S., 1929.

Screw propeller:

Sir Francis P. Smith, England, 1836; John Ericsson, England, worked independently of and simultaneously with Smith, 1837.

Seat belt:

(three point) Nils Bohlin, Sweden, 1962.

Seismograph:

(first accurate) John Milne, England, 1880.

Sewing machine:

Elias Howe, U.S., 1846; (continuous stitch) Isaac Singer, U.S., 1851.

Solar energy:

First realistic application of solar energy using parabolic solar reflector to drive caloric engine on steam boiler, John Ericsson, U.S., 1860s.

Solar system, universe:

(Sun-centered universe) Nicolaus Copernicus, Warsaw, 1543; (establishment of planetary orbits as elliptical) Johannes Kepler, Germany, 1609; (infinity of universe) Giordano Bruno, Italian monk, 1584.

Spectrum:

(heterogeneity of light) Sir Isaac Newton, England, 1665–1666.

Spectrum analysis:

Gustav Kirchhoff, Robert Bunsen, Germany, 1859.

Spermatozoa:

Anton van Leeuwenhoek, The Netherlands, 1683.

Spinning:

(spinning wheel) India, introduced to Europe in Middle Ages; (Saxony wheel, continuous spinning of wool or cotton yarn) England, c.1500–1600; (spinning jenny) James Hargreaves, England, 1764; (spinning frame) Sir Richard Arkwright, England, 1769; (spinning mule, completed mechanization of spinning, permitting production of yarn to keep up with demands of modern looms) Samuel Crompton, England, 1779.

Star catalog:

(first modern) Tycho Brahe, Denmark, 1572.

Steam engine:

(first commercial version based on principles of French physicist Denis Papin) Thomas Savery, England, 1639; (atmospheric steam engine) Thomas Newcomen, England, 1705; (steam engine for pumping water from collieries) Savery, Newcomen, 1725; (modern condensing, double acting) James Watt, England, 1782; (high-pressure) Oliver Evans, U.S., 1804.

Steamship:

Claude de Jouffroy d'Abbans, France, 1783; James Rumsey, U.S., 1787; John Fitch, U.S., 1790; (high-pressure) Oliver Evans, U.S., 1804. All preceded Robert Fulton, U.S., 1807, credited with launching first commercially successful steamship.

Stethoscope:

René Laënnec, France, 1819.

Sulfa drugs:

(parent compound, para-aminobenzenesulfanomide) Paul Gelmo, Austria, 1908; (antibacterial activity) Gerhard Domagk, Germany, 1935.

Superconductivity:

(theory) John Bardeen, Leon Cooper, John Scheiffer, U.S., 1957.

Symbolic logic:

George Boule, 1854; (modern) Bertrand Russell, Alfred North Whitehead, England, 1910–1913.

Tank, military:

Sir Ernest Swinton, England, 1914.

Tape recorder:

(magnetic steel tape) Valdemar Poulsen, Denmark, 1899.

Teflon:

DuPont, U.S., 1943.

Telegraph:

Samuel F. B. Morse, U.S., 1837.

Samuel F. B. Morse (1791–1872) Library of Congress

Telephone:

Alexander Graham Bell, U.S., 1876.

Telescope:

Hans Lippershey, The Netherlands, 1608; (astronomical) Galileo Galilei, Italy, 1609; (reflecting) Isaac Newton, England, 1668.

Television:

(Iconoscope–T.V. camera table) Vladimir Zworykin, U.S., 1923, and also kinescope (cathode ray tube) 1928; (mechanical disk-scanning method) successfully demonstrated by J.L. Baird, Scotland, C.F. Jenkins, U.S., 1926; (first all-electric television image) Philo T. Farnsworth, U.S., 1927; (color, mechanical disk) Baird, 1928; (color, compatible with black and white) George Valensi, France, 1938; (color, sequential rotating filter) Peter Goldmark, U.S., first introduced, 1951; (color, compatible with black and white) commercially introduced in U.S., National Television Systems Committee, 1953.

Thermodynamics:

(first law: energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted from one form to another) Julius von Mayer, Germany, 1842; James Joule, England, 1843; (second law: heat cannot of itself pass from a colder to a warmer body) Rudolph Clausius, Germany, 1850; (third law: the entropy of ordered solids reaches zero at the absolute zero of temperature) Walter Nernst, Germany, 1918.

Thermometer:

(open-column) Galileo Galilei, c.1593; (clinical) Santorio Santorio, Padua, c.1615; (mercury, also Fahrenheit scale) Gabriel D. Fahrenheit, Germany, 1714; (centigrade scale) Anders Celsius, Sweden, 1742; (absolute-temperature, or Kelvin, scale) William Thompson, Lord Kelvin, England, 1848.

Tire, pneumatic:

Robert W. Thompson, England, 1845; (bicycle tire) John B. Dunlop, Northern Ireland, 1888.

Toilet, flush:

Product of Minoan civilization, Crete, c. 2000 B.C. Alleged invention by “Thomas Crapper” is untrue.

Tractor:

Benjamin Holt, U.S., 1900.

Transformer, electric:

William Stanley, U.S., 1885.

Transistor:

John Bardeen, Walter H. Brattain, William B. Shockley, U.S., 1947.

Tuberculosis bacterium:

Robert Koch, Germany, 1882.

Typewriter:

Christopher Sholes, Carlos Glidden, U.S., 1867.

Uncertainty principle:

(that position and velocity of an object cannot both be measured exactly, at the same time) Werner Heisenberg, Germany, 1927.

Uranus:

(first planet discovered in recorded history) William Herschel, England, 1781.

Vaccination:

Edward Jenner, England, 1796.

Vacuum cleaner:

(manually operated) Ives W. McGaffey, U.S., 1869; (electric) Hubert C. Booth, England, 1901; (upright) J. Murray Spangler, U.S., 1907.

Van Allen (radiation) Belt:

(around Earth) James Van Allen, U.S., 1958.

Video disk:

Philips Co., The Netherlands, 1972.

Vitamins:

(hypothesis of disease deficiency) Sir F. G. Hopkins, Casimir Funk, England, 1912; (vitamin A) Elmer V. McCollum, M. Davis, U.S., 1912–1914; (vitamin B) McCollum, U.S., 1915–1916; (thiamin, B₁) Casimir Funk, England, 1912; (riboflavin, B₂) D. T. Smith, E. G. Hendrick, U.S., 1926; (niacin) Conrad Elvehjem, U.S., 1937; (B₆) Paul Gyorgy, U.S., 1934; (vitamin C) C. A. Hoist, T. Froelich, Norway, 1912; (vitamin D) McCollum, U.S., 1922; (folic acid) Lucy Wills, England, 1933.

Voltaic pile:

(forerunner of modern battery, first source of continuous electric current) Alessandro Volta, Italy, 1800.

Wallpaper:

Europe, 16th and 17th century.

Wassermann test:

(for syphilis) August von Wassermann, Germany, 1906.

Wheel:

(cart, solid wood) Mesopotamia, c.3800–3600 B.C.

Windmill:

Persia, c.600.

World Wide Web:

(developed while working at CERN) Tim Berners-Lee, England, 1989; (development of Mosaic browser makes WWW available for general use) Marc Andreeson, U.S., 1993.

Xerography:

Chester Carlson, U.S., 1938.

Yellow Fever:

(transmission of) Walter Reed, U.S., 1900.

Zero:

India, c. 600; (absolute zero temperature, cessation of all molecular energy) William Thompson, Lord Kelvin, England, 1848.

Zipper:

W. L. Judson, U.S., 1891.

Source:http://www.infoplease.com/

Mechanical engineering

2011-11-15T04:36:00.000-08:00

Mechanical engineering is a discipline of engineering that applies the principles of physics and materials science for analysis, design, manufacturing, and maintenance of mechanical systems. It is the branch of engineering that involves the production and usage of heat and mechanical power for the design, production, and operation of machines and tools. It is one of the oldest and broadest engineering disciplines.
source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_engineering

A brief history of engineering | origin of word 'engineering' | what is engineering

2011-11-14T05:40:00.000-08:00

What is engineering?

Engineering is the application of scientific and technical knowledge to solve human problems. Engineers use imagination, judgment, reasoning and experience to apply science, technology, mathematics, and practical experience. The result is the design, production, and operation of useful objects or processes.

The history of engineering can be divided into four major areas of development: the pre-scientific revolution, the industrial revolution, the second industrial revolution, and the information age.

Coliseum

Pyramid

The pre-scientific revolution would include construction the pyramids of the Egyptians, the famous structures of the ancient Greek culture such as the Parthenon and Acropolis, and the ancient Roman structures such as the Coliseum, Circus Maximus, Hadrian’s Wall and aqueducts for water transportation. These structures were built using simple machines and tools. They also used a very important geometric formula a squared + b squared = c squared (Pythagorean theorem) developed by the Greek Pythagoras, as the basis for getting structures to be square and true. The ancient civilizations built these structures but did not understand the physics or scientific theory that allowed the structures to stand or for all of the equipment the used to build these structures.

The forerunners of engineers, practical artists and craftsmen, had to proceed mainly by trial and error. Yet tinkering combined with imagination produced many marvelous inventions of consequence. Many ancient monuments are something we should admire for the ability of ancient man to overcome and improvise to create the monuments we view today. The admiration is embodied in the name “engineer” itself. The term engineer began to be used in the eleventh century was derived from the Latin ingeniator, meaning one with ingenium, the ingenious one. Leonardo da Vinci bore the official title of Ingegnere Generale for the ideas he possessed His notebooks reveal that some Renaissance engineers had begun to ask the question about how to systematically evaluate what works and why.

Steam engine machine

Industrial revolution

“The first phase of modern engineering emerged in the Scientific Revolution. Galileo’s Two New Sciences, which seeks systematic explanations and adopts a scientific approach to practical problems, is a landmark regarded by many engineer historians as the beginning of structural analysis, the mathematical representation and design of building structures. This phase of engineering lasted through the First Industrial Revolution, when machines, increasingly powered by steam engines, started to replace muscles in most production. When Watt improved the steam, people knew what the engine could do, but no one really understood thermodynamic thrust or how it worked, just that it did work. The understanding of the principle would be at least fifty years behind the steam engines use. The skilled people who built these machines were artisans and their skills were paramount to creating the industrial

While pulling off the revolution, traditional artisans transformed themselves to modern professionals. The French, more rationalistic oriented, spearheaded the development of civil engineering with emphasis on mathematics and developed university engineering education under the sponsorship of their government. The British, more empirically oriented, pioneered mechanical engineering and autonomous professional societies under the laissez-faire attitude of their government. Gradually, practical thinking became scientific in addition to intuitive, as engineers developed mathematical analysis and controlled experiments. Technical training shifted from apprenticeship to university education. Information flowed more quickly in organized meetings and journal publications as professional engineering societies emerged.” http://www.creatingtechnology.org/history.htm

A factory

The military academy at West Point was a direct result of George Washington’s recommendation to Congress. The first schools in the United States to offer an engineering education were the United States Military Academy (West Point) in 1817, an institution now known as Norwich Univ. in 1819, and Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in 1825. An engineering education is based on a strong foundation in mathematics and science; this is followed by courses emphasizing the application of this knowledge to a specific field and studies in the social sciences and humanities to give the engineer a broader education. The broader based education helps the engineer to understand how what he does affects the world around him or her. http://www.answers.com/topic/engineering

Military engineers

Until the Industrial Revolution there were only two kinds of engineers. The military engineers built such things as fortifications, catapults, and, later, cannons. The civil engineers built bridges, harbors, aqueducts, buildings, and other structures. During the early 19th century in England mechanical engineering developed as a separate field to provide manufacturing machines and the engines to power them. The first British professional society of civil engineers was formed in 1818; that for mechanical engineers followed in 1847. In the United States, the order of growth of the different branches of engineering, measured by the date a professional society was formed, is civil engineering (1852), mining and metallurgical engineering (1871), mechanical engineering (1880), electrical engineering (1884), and chemical engineering (1908). Aeronautical engineering, industrial engineering, and genetic engineering are more modern developments having their development in the Twentieth Century.

The second industrial revolution occurred during the historical period from the 1840’s to the 1930’s when the science base engineering fields came into existence. The areas of chemical engineering, electrical engineering, and other science-based fields of engineering developed electricity, telecommunications, airplanes, and mass production causing many changes in the world as the engineer knew it. The changes also changed the product people used and the way technological advancement was perceived.

Modern electronics

Burj Khalif

The information age has produced many more changes in the fields of engineering. The field of engineering has matured as telecommunications, microelectronics and computers have caused us to forge ahead into the field of information technology. Today the field of engineering is second only in size to teaching. The field that in the 1700’s had two major fields today had listed on one website over eighty different majors for the field of engineering (http://www.answers.com/topic/fields-of-engineering). The fields ranged from the traditional civil and mechanical fields to nano-engineering and environmental engineering. The changes have occurred since the rapid changes in technology have caused a need for engineers to create products to handle a wide range of different problems in these new technologies. The fields of engineering are growing as the technology of society changes to meet the needs of society.