2embeddedrobotics

Designing of Low Power CNTFET Based D Flip-Flop using Forced Stack Technique

2015-05-01T09:44:00.000+05:30

Low Power devices in small packages is the need of present and future electronic devices. Electronics Industry is making devices which can be planted in human bodies. CMOS Technology won‟t be able to deliver such devices because it shows short channel effects in Nano scale. So, to overcome the problems of CMOS technology we use CNTs (Carbon Nano Tubes). In electronic devices, power is consumed by various elements like flip-flop, latches, clock sources. So in order to reduce power of a system we used to reduce power consumed by flip-flops.
In this paper we design an existing flip-flop “Low power clocked pass transistor flip-flop (LCPTFF)” on CNTFET using Stanford CNTFET model for reference. We propose a design of CNTFET based Forced Stack Low Power Clocked Pass Transistor Flip-Flop (CN-FS-LCPTFF) and observe 12% to 25% power reduction in various conditions like temperature change, CNTFET diameter change, and different voltage supply.

Download Full Research Paper

Vikas Sharma, Umesh Dutta, “Designing of Low Power CNTFET Based D Flip-Flop Using Forced Stack Technique”Vol. 5 – Issue 4 (April – 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

Designing of Low Power CNTFET based D Flip-Flop using Sleep Transistor Technique

2015-05-01T09:35:00.000+05:30

Digital designs in this era require small size and low power components. Scaling of CMOS technology results into various short and narrow geometry effects. One of those effects is subthreshold current (leakage current) which results into unnecessary power dissipation. CNTFET (Carbon Nanotube FET) is a novel approach to solve the problem of scaling. Leakage current power dissipation is reduced by sleep transistor configuration. Flip Flops are an essential part of digital designs. Reduction of power consumption in a Flip Flop is highly desirable. This paper is intended to accomplish a systematic analysis of low power consumption positive edge triggered D Flip Flop made using CNTFETs and in sleep transistor configuration. The proposed circuit has less power dissipation and can be used efficiently with low power circuitry. This proposed work is then compared with the performance analysis of conventional Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor and Carbon Nanotube FET circuit designs. The overall simulation and computation is performed using HSPICE.

Download Full Paper

Avichal Sahai, Vikas Sharma,”Design of Low Power CNTFET Based D Flip Flop using Sleep Transistor Technique”, volume -4 ,issue 4, IJERT.

Getting Started with INTEL EDISON

2015-03-01T20:28:00.000+05:30

INTEL EDISON

Edison is a SD Card sized computing module made by Intel® with the vision of making wearable devices more powerful and small enough. Edison is more powerful then it look in size its come with 32-bit Intel® Atom™ Processor clocked at 500MHz, 1GB RAM, 4 GB eMMC FLASH Memory, WiFi, Bluetooth, UARTS, I2C, SPI, 40 GPIO.

Intel Edison support Linux OS based on yocto and we can program the edison board on c,c++, nodejs, Python ,Arduino,etc.

INTERFACING WITH EDISON

Edison is very small in size because it is developed to use in wearable devices so a very tiny connector(hirose connector) is used which is the hard part of edison for us to interface with different modules. So while buying the edison also buy the breakout board for it. I buy the Edison with an Arduino break out board.

This Arduino expansion board is verygood to start working with Edison.

SETUP HARDWARE

For powering the edison externel adaptor is a good option because power from USB sometime not sufficient.

DOWNLOAD

1) FTDI Driver Download Here

2) Intel Edison Driver Download Here

3) PUTTY Terminal Emulator Download Here

4) INTEL ARDUINO Download Here

After downloading all the four file above please Install them.

TALKING WITH EDISON BOARD

After installation open the device manager and you can see the USB serial port note down the number of your serial port.

Now Open the putty terminal emulator

And go to category on the left side on the bottom chose Serial and at the top right of the Putty Configuration dialog box, specify the following: which shown in figure

a. For Connection type, select the Serial radio button.
b. In the Serial Line field, type the COM # (e.g. COM7) of your board.
c. In the Speed field, type 115200.
d. From the side menu, expand the Connection options and select Serial. Specify the following settings:
e. In the Serial line to connect to field, type the COM # (e.g. COM7) of your board.
f. In the Speed (baud) field, type 115200.
g. In the Data bits field, type 8.
h. In the Stop bits field, type 1.
i. From the Parity drop-down list, select None.
j. From the Flow control drop-down list, select XON/XOFF.

Now goto the Session on the left hand side . Type a name for the configuration in the Saved Sessions field, chose the comport and speed of 115200 and serial and click on SAVE.
as in figure.

Now Click Open to connect with Edison when you see black screen please enter two times
Now login screen will displayed
type root and press Enter

If asking for password then press enter again you will be seen the promt as in the below figure.

Now you finally Login with linux Youcto in Intel Edison here you can create c program and run it using GCC compiler and also nodejs. and many more platform.Use VI Edistor of linux to create files.

Ethernet(ENC28J60) Interfaced Arduino

2014-10-07T13:41:00.000+05:30

In this Artical we will see how to establish communication between computer/mobile to Arduino in a LAN or Wireless Network. We are interfacing the ENC28J60 Ethernet controller to Arduino so that our Arduino will be the one of member of that network. Once it will done the arduino can control things in that network or the arduino can be controlled by the other devices of that network it might be computer or mobile. Interfacing Arduino with the ENC28J60 will further gives us the freedom of using the internet on Arduino but before that we need to learn how to do all that networking stuff in a locan network.

Soon I will post about how to control the things in local network, how to send data on a local network, and how to interfaced with Android devices or how to make IOT Devices. IOT Devices are quite famous.

A simple block diagram of the data flow is in the image below.

Ethernet Module( ENC28J60): Microchip's ENC28J60 is a 28-pin, Ethernet Controller with on board MAC & PHY, 8 Kbytes of Buffer RAM and an SPI serial interface. With a small foot print package size the ENC28J60 minimizes complexity, board space and cost. It used in so many application like Industrial Automation, Building Automation, Home Control, Security and Instrumentation, IOT Devices.

You can build Your own circuit but I use the Module to save my time.

VIRTUAL SIMULATION: I first simulate my design on the Proteus ISIS to make sure I am working in right direction and also to save my time. In ISIS their is already a component named "ENC28J60 ethernet controller" so I picked it from the library. Now I picked up the Arduino and connect it with the ethernet controller.

* DOWNLOAD FULL PROJECT IN ZIP FILE CLICK HERE *

if the link dont work please comment

* Connections:

Now make these connection in the ISIS design tool.

SOFTWARE: Now we all done with the Virtual Hardware Design lets make the software. All you need is the Ethercard Library for this example. Download it from here EtherCard. Click here

Extract the ZIP file , copy and paste the folder in your Arduino1.xx/library/
once you place the folder in your arduino library folder restart your Arduino IDE
Now go to ethercard > Examples > backsoon

Compile the code : if facing any problem then go to : How To Simulate Arduino in ISIS

Make some changes in the program as given below
changes are in Red colour
Arduino code
/*#############################################################################
###############################################################################*/

// Present a "Will be back soon web page", as stand-in webserver.
// 2011-01-30 <jc@wippler.nl> http://opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php

#include <EtherCard.h>

#define STATIC 0 // set to 1 to disable DHCP (adjust myip/gwip values below)

#if STATIC
// ethernet interface ip address
static byte myip[] = { 192,168,1,200 };
// gateway ip address
static byte gwip[] = { 192,168,1,1 };
#endif

// ethernet mac address - must be unique on your network
static byte mymac[] = { 0x74,0x69,0x69,0x2D,0x30,0x31 };

byte Ethernet::buffer[500]; // tcp/ip send and receive buffer

// char page[] is the HTML page you are uploading ..
char page[] PROGMEM =
"HTTP/1.0 503 My Seriavice \r\n"
"Content-Type: text/html\r\n"
"Retry-After: 600\r\n"
"\r\n"
"<html>"
"<head><title>"
    "2embeddedrobotics "
"</title></head>"
"<body>"
    "<h3>Welcome to 2embeddedrobotics</h3>"
    "<p><em>"
      "The World of IOT Devices .<br />"
      "yipeee   Congrats...."
    "</em></p>"
   "</body>"
"</html>"
;

void setup(){
Serial.begin(9600);
Serial.println("\n[backSoon]");

if (ether.begin(sizeof Ethernet::buffer, mymac) == 0)
    Serial.println( "Failed to access Ethernet controller");
#if STATIC
ether.staticSetup(myip, gwip);
#else
if (!ether.dhcpSetup())
    Serial.println("DHCP failed");
#endif

ether.printIp("IP: ", ether.myip);
ether.printIp("GW: ", ether.gwip);
ether.printIp("DNS: ", ether.dnsip);
}

void loop(){
// wait for an incoming TCP packet, but ignore its contents
if (ether.packetLoop(ether.packetReceive())) {
    memcpy_P(ether.tcpOffset(), page, sizeof page);
    ether.httpServerReply(sizeof page - 1);
}
}
/*##############################################################################
###############################################################################*/

now compile the code with prefrence compile. in file option.. so that you will get the .HEX file for ISIS.

Now you have done every thing . Hit the Play Button and it will give you the assigned IP address in serial monitor now write it down on a paper.

open the web browser and write the IP address of your arduino in the browser.

Now you can watch this page on any device connected to that network As I show.

HARDWARE: We already did everything in virtual now we just need to connet each component as per the connection given in starting.

Now upload the program to your Arduino and turn on its Serial monitor so that u can get Your

"IP in Serial Monitor" and just open browser and put your IP and check the webpage.

Now you have done then note your IP from the serial monitor and Enjoy..
Wish you a very good Luck.

CNTFET Inverter "Design & Simulation using HSPICE"

2014-10-04T21:53:00.001+05:30

Carbon Nanotube Field Effect Transistor(CNTFET) is an promising alternative of an conventional CMOS technology in future. improvement in integration densities in past few years is remarkable but aggressive scaling of these MOS devices reaching to its limit. so the CNT replaces the isilicon so the CNTFET replaces the MOSFETs.

Stanford university made an CNTFET model which we are using here. The codes are same as for MOSFET but the parameters need to be change like here Dcnt (diameter) of the CNT plays a role like L in the MOSFET.

SETUP: First we need to setup the the tools for CNTFET.

Install the HSPICE in your system
download the library of CNTFET from standford university website. or CLICK HERE
make a directory with the name of project and paste all the file in the project from the package you downloaded from stanford university

WRITE THE CODE: Now write the code for the circuit in my case i am writing a code for an inverter.

***************************************************
***************************************************
*For optimal accuracy, convergence, and runtime
***************************************************
.options POST
.options AUTOSTOP
.options INGOLD=2     DCON=1
.options GSHUNT=1e-12 RMIN=1e-15
.options ABSTOL=1e-5 ABSVDC=1e-4
.options RELTOL=1e-2 RELVDC=1e-2
.options NUMDGT=4     PIVOT=13

.param   TEMP=27
***************************************************

***************************************************
*Include relevant model files
***************************************************
.lib 'CNFET.lib' CNFET
***************************************************
*Some CNFET parameters:

.param Ccsd=0      CoupleRatio=0
.param m_cnt=1     Efo=0.6
.param Wg=0        Cb=40e-12
.param Lg=32e-9    Lgef=100e-9
.param Vfn=0       Vfp=0
.param m=19        n=0
.param Hox=4e-9    Kox=16

***********************************************************************
* Define power supply
***********************************************************************

*Vdd     1     0     0.9

***********************************************************************
* Main Circuits
***********************************************************************
* nFET

X2 Out N_1 Gnd Gnd NCNFET Lch=Lg Lgeff='Lgef' Lss=32e-9 Ldd=32e-9
+ Kgate='Kox' Tox='Hox' Csub='Cb' Vfbn='Vfn' Dout=1 Sout=0 Pitch=20e-9 n1=m n2=n tubes=3

* pFET

X1 Out N_1 Vdd Vdd PCNFET Lch=Lg Lgeff='Lgef' Lss=32e-9 Ldd=32e-9
+ Kgate='Kox' Tox='Hox' Csub='Cb' Vfbp='Vfp' Dout=1 Sout=0 Pitch=20e-9 n1=m n2=n tubes=3

VVoltageSource_1 Vdd Gnd DC 0.9
VVoltageSource_2 N_1 Gnd PULSE(0 0.9 0n 5n 5n 50n 100n)

***********************************************************************

.tran 1n 500n

.MEASURE avg_pow AVG power FROM=1n TO=500n

.MEASURE TRAN t1 TRIG V(N_1) VAL = 0.45 TD = 0n RISE = 1
+ TARG V(Out) VAL = 0.45 FALL = 1

.MEASURE TRAN t2 TRIG V(N_1) VAL = 0.45 TD = 0n FALL = 1
+ TARG V(Out) VAL = 0.45 RISE = 1

.MEASURE TRAN tp PARAM='(t1+t2)/2.0'

.OPTION PROBE POST MEASOUT
.end
***********************************************************************
***********************************************************************
Now after writing the code save it with the extension "your_file_name.sp".

HSPICE : Now lets start to simulate your design with HSPICE.

1) Open the HSPICEpui

2) Click the OPEN Button to open the design file or the code file you wrote. Browse your design file in the design section and left rest of the thing.

3) Now click the Simulate button .

4) Now open the 'Avanwaves' to view your pulses or the output.

5) Now click the operating points you want to view like in my case i double click on vin and vout.

and see the wave form.

6) Now click on the Editll to view your result like Power , Propagation Delay , Hold Time etc.

As you can read that the average power(avg_power) is .17 microwatt and propagation delay(tp) is about .18 ps.

*********************************************************
Clean India
*********************************************************
Please share and comment if you see this tutorial informative
*********************************************************

Serial Devices Interfacing to Proteus Using VSPE

2014-03-24T22:44:00.000+05:30

Proteus (ISIS Design) tool is very popular platform for simulating an electronic design before making its real hardware but its hard to get every components and its functionality in proteus. So we interface hardware components with proteus design like RFID Module, GSM Module, Bluetooth Module, Finger Print Module etc. via virtual serial port emulation( VSPE) software.

Virtual Serial Port Emulation (VSPE): VSPE is use to help developers to create applications that use serial ports. It is able to create various virtual devices to transmit/receive data. One Serial port can be opened into many different applications and use their different functionality. With VSPE you are able to share physical serial port data for several applications, create virtual serial port device pairs and so on.

DOWNLOAD VSPE : Click Here

Configuring VSPE: Step by Step process to configure the VSPE shown below.

1) Open the VSPE from my program or by desktop icon.

2) Now go to the Device>Create after clicking the Create below window open.

3) Now specify device type and select splitter and click on Next button

4) Now Plug the USB2Serial into the USB Port and open the Device Manager and check for the Port number (ex: COM4).

5) Now check the VSPE window back and specify device characteristics. Now their are two blocks

Virtual Serial Port > specify the number you want to give the virtual port you want to make (ex com1)
Data Source Serial Port > In this field put your COM Port number which you get into the last step. COM4.

6) Now left Click on Settings.. and select 9600 in speed field.where 9600 is the baud rate of communication. Now left Click on Finish button.

7) After Clicking on Finish button the virtual device will initialized.

The Virtual Device finally Configured now we Need to configure the proteus (ISIS Design).

COMPIM: The COMPIM model is a Physical Interface Model of a serial port. Incoming serial data is buffered and presented to the circuit as a digital signal, whilst serial digital data generated by a CPU or UART model appears at the PC's physical COM port. The COMPIM model also provides for baud rate translation, and for optional hardware or software handshaking on both the physical and virtual sides of the device.

1) Add the COMPIM in ISIS from its component mode.

2) Now Add the Virtual Terminal from the Virtual instrument mode.

connect the RXD and TXD of virtual terminal to RXD/TXD to COMPIM.

3) Now right click on COMPIM and select the Edit Properties.

4) Change the Baud rate of physical port and virtual port to 9600 as shown in the fig below.

Do the same step for virtual terminal.

5) now press the Play button as in the fig below

6) Now punch the card and see the data at virtual terminal in the fig below as i mentioned already that i used the RFID Module for this tutorial as an example.

I hope the above post would help you. I really welcome your suggestions and queries.

****************

THANK YOU

****************

ARDUINO SIMULATION USING PROTEUS( ISIS )

2014-03-04T20:53:00.000+05:30

ISIS design environment helps an embedded system developer from the painful electronic verification of the circuits. It became the first choice for electronics engineer to verify its design and simulate it in real-time environment before making it real hardware. It reduces the design time and cost also.

In this article we will see how to simulate an Embedded System design with ARDUINO UNO Board having ATMEGA328 microcontroller. Engineers who are frequently using the Arduino for their application would know that how to blink LED in arduino.

ADDING LIBRARY TO ISIS:

Download the Library from here. click here
Now extract the ARDUINOLIBS,zip and open the folder copy ARDUINO.LIB and ARDUINO.IDX files
Now paste these 2 files into library folder which could be located at "C:\Program Files\LabcenterElectronics\LIBRARY\" in your system
once you paste your file its over for ISIS.

MAKING DESIGN IN ISIS:

Open ISIS software then goto component mode and click P(pick from library)
write arduino and select and click into the workspace and connect an LED to pin 13 of arduino

WRITING PROGRAM:

Open ArduinoIDE and open the blink project
Goto: file->prefrences->compilation check that box

step by step process in images>>

* Now click on verify button or go to sketch and verify

* Now note the address of the location of hex file generated by arduino. which is in blue color circle.

DUMPING HEX FILE INTO BOARD:

Now open the ISIS design again and double click on ARDUINO image in ISIS design.

Now give the path in the field shown below in orange color circle.

now press ok and hit the run button to play the simulation and enjoy :-)

Download Project: click to download project. click here

DANCING CHARACTER ON DOT MATRIX DISPLAY

2013-11-01T20:19:00.001+05:30

Led Dot Matrix Display are very famous for Displaying Messages in Metro and Buses everywhere and making of these boards are quite interesting. In this tutorial we will make some character frames and running them into a continuous loop then it will look like a dancing man as shown in the images.

*Note we are assuming that you already installed the Keil Uvision and ISIS(proteus) Software in your computer system.

LED MATRIX DISPLAY : In the Dot Matrix LED Display their are multiple leds connected in the row and column fashion just like its name 'matrix'. Assuming 8X8 matrix then the anodes of 8 LEDs are common and named as rowX : X(1 to 8). Similarly the cathodes of 8 LEDs are common and named as colY Y(1 to 8) as shown in the image below.

Lets turn on a LED shown in the below figure point by a blue circle.

The led pointed in a blue circle have cathode connected with col4 and anode is connected to row3 so if I connect these to pin with microcontroller. We have to set or high the row3 and clear or low the col4.

DISPLAY A CHARACTER: Now assume we want to make this character on the display as shown in the figure below.

we will first set the row and send the corresponding data to its column so we need to run a loop for sending data to 8 row one by one and send the corresponding 8 bit data to its column for each row. So in real the LEDs are blinking but the blinking is too fast or we realize that its still an image.

if Row are connected to the port 2 of 8051

if Col are connected to the port 3 of 8051

now for turning on 4,5 number LED in row1

we will write

/////////////////

P2 = 0b0000 0001; /// for selecting first row

P3 = 0b1110 0111; /// for turning on the leds in that row

By using the same method we create an table for whole image in the above figure.

CIRCUIT:

DOWNLOAD PROJECT

DOWNLOAD PROJECT

VIDEOS:

IMAGES:

Temperature Update on Twitter using Rapberry Pi

2013-10-06T22:09:00.000+05:30

Twitter is very famous website for short messaging. So many people tweeting and exchanging their idea's on twitter. So i made an small application for tweeting my current CPU temperature.

I am using the wheezy-raspbian OS in my raspberry pi and using the python language to write the code for tweeting the CPU temp.It is a very simple DIY project we just need to install Twython on the raspberry pi and small code for interfacing with twitter.

We also need to setup an twitter application to get an API so that we can talk to twitter server and make our application ready to talk with my status.

The raspbian is basically a LINUX based operating system. Most of the linux stuff worked on it.

Now some assumption

You are having a raspbian installed on your SD card.(CLICK HERE IF NOT)
You are connected with internet

Update the OS

Leave this step if you already updated with your OS.

**NOTE: sudo is used for root permession if You already login with root then there is no need of sudo

Type these commands in your terminal

sudo apt-get update

sudo apt-get upgrade

Update or Install the python dependencies or twython

These three commands below install the pip and twython in your raspbian.

sudo apt-get install python-setuptools

sudo easy_install pip

sudo pip install twython

Now register your Twitter App

For using the Twitter API to communicate our raspberry pi we need to register a new Twitter App on its site. CLICK HERE

After hitting the Click Here button you will be redirected to the developer zone of twitter.com

Now click on the My Application

Now click on the create new application

And provide the details below

Now give Application name, Description, website url

Leave the Callbackurl

Hit the create button

Now go into the settings

Click on read and write and give organization name or website

and Update the settings

Now go into the details and Click on "create my access token"

Now the final result will look like the image below

Now copy the four thingson the image above anywhere in your computer.

1. CONSUMER_KEY

2. CONSUMER_SECRET

3. ACCESS_TOKEN (some times ACCESS_KEY)

4. ACCESS_TOKEN_SECRET

Creating A project in Python to update the status of twitter

Your project files should be saved in a one directory so create directory first,then create your python file in that directory.

mkdir twitter_project

cd twitter_project

sudo leafpad twitter_temp.py

Now "leafpad twitter_temp.py" command will open the text editor ("like notepad in windows") with the extension named .py for python type file.

Now copy the below code(red color code) in your text editor and save it.

##################################################

#!/usr/bin/env python
import sys

from twython import Twython

CONSUMER_KEY = '***************YOUR DATA*****************'
CONSUMER_SECRET = '***************YOUR DATA*****************'
ACCESS_KEY = '***************YOUR DATA*****************'
ACCESS_SECRET = '***************YOUR DATA*****************'

api = Twython(CONSUMER_KEY,CONSUMER_SECRET,ACCESS_KEY,ACCESS_SECRET)

api.update_status(status='My first status from raspberry pi')

##################################################

In the above code change your data with the data you get from the Twitter account.

The above code will update your twitter status as in the last line" My first status from the raspberry pi"

The below command will make the file executable.

sudo chmod 777 twitter_temp.py

sudo ./twitter_temp.py --> This command will execute your project

Now the second part of the code is to get the Temperature of the CPU

Creating Python code for printing CPU temperature
Do the same procedure you do for twitter_temp.py #############################################

#!/usr/bin/env python
import sys

import os

cmd = '/opt/vc/bin/vcgencmd measure_temp'

line = os.popen(cmd).readline().strip()

temp = line.split('=')[1].split("'")[0]

print temp

#############################################

Creating Python code for CPU temperature on twitter

Finally add the above two program code and run the file will update your twitter status with the current CPU temperature as for twitter_temp.py

#############################################

#!/usr/bin/env python
import sys
import os

from twython import Twython

CONSUMER_KEY = '***************YOUR DATA*****************'
CONSUMER_SECRET = '***************YOUR DATA*****************'
ACCESS_KEY = '***************YOUR DATA*****************'
ACCESS_SECRET = '***************YOUR DATA*****************'

api = Twython(CONSUMER_KEY,CONSUMER_SECRET,ACCESS_KEY,ACCESS_SECRET)

while 1:
cmd = '/opt/vc/bin/vcgencmd measure_temp'
line = os.popen(cmd).readline().strip()
temp = line.split('=')[1].split("'")[0]
api.update_status(status='My current CPU temperature is '+temp+' C')
time.sleep(60)

#############################################

sudo ./twitter_temp.py -->this command will run the twitter_temp.py and update the status

Running the application in background and starting at the time of boot

Your application is already ready to run and working

But some people wants their application run at the time of booting the window and run in background for making this you just need to do a very small change in the file named " rc.local" which is located in the " /etc ".

sudo leafpad /etc/rc.local

Now the command above will open the file in text editor.

Now write the line just after the " #rc.local"

sudo /path_of_your_project/file_name.py &

1.Here sudo is for doing the task with root

2.path_of_the_project will be path of your project file which you want to execute

3.file_name.py give your file name which you want to execute

4. '&' symbol is use to execute the file in back ground

And save the file.

This file will execute at the time of boot.

Now you are done.

#### BEST OF LUCK FOR YOUR APPLICATION ####

########Thanx and Comment for any Help #####

Raspberry-Pi Getting Starting

2013-10-05T20:51:00.004+05:30

Raspberry Pi is a small microcomputer, with built in graphics processor. The graphics processor and the CPU share 256MB of RAM in its Model A and 512 in its model B version. There are two USB Port, one HDMI / RCA Video connector Ethernet controller ,SD Card(4GB ,Class4 Min) and general-purpose I/O Port. Figure shows a Raspberry Pi model B with an SD card inserted for scale. The Sd card is use to boot the operating system and work as our hardisk in computer system. In this tutorial we will mostly focuses on the basic setup to getting start with raspbery pi and preaparing the SD card with some tools.

Raspberry Pi can be interfaced with a USB keyboard and mouse and an HDMI monitor or RCA Video television port. The Ethernet gives us the power to connect with it internet. The SSH Server enables more options for networking and use the other keyboards to be interfaced. Internet can be connected using usb 3g adapter or wifi adapter.

BASIC REQUIREMENT :

Create the Folder with name Raspberry -pi

Save all these tools in this folder

1) Download the wheezy-raspbian OS.
Latest image of wheezy-raspbian image CLICK HERE
Latest torrent file of wheezy-raspbian CLICK HERE TORRENT

2) Download the SD Formatter CLICK HERE

Click on the I Accept

3) Download the win32diskimager CLICK HERE

Preparing The SD Card STEPS:

First Extract the the OS(wheezy-raspbian).
Now install the SDFormatterv4exe and run the application.

OPEN SDFormatter

Run SDFormatter

Finished SDFormatter

3. Now Run the Disk2imager and put your OS image on it and click on the write.

Run the win32diskimager ...

Browse your image of the OS(Raspbian-wheezy)...

After the browsing the image in win32diskimager and Click on the WRITE ...

Click the yes button it may corrupt the card but don't worry about it...

When your image is successfully written on the SD Card then its all done

Now put your SD Card on the raspberry-pi.

Plug your HDMI cable or else RCA video cable to your monitor/TV.

Put one Mouse and keyboard into USBport.

Plug microUSB cable with a 5v-1amp adapter.

Now power on the raspberry pi.

After powering up the raspberry pi red LED marked PWR will light, and if everything is fine green LED marked OK will blink to show whenever the PI reads from the SD-card.

Once the raspberry-pi finishes loading it will ask for USER_NAME & PASSWORD for wheezy-raspbian

USER_NAME = pi

PASSWORD = raspberry

After entering all these information raspberry pi presented the configuration menu

expand_rootfs to expad the partition to fill SD card
next is to configure_keyboard to change layout to US(keyboard style)
Behaviour change while booting select boot_behaviour to start the desktop at the time of boot.
Finish the config.

Now once you have done with configuration file then for starting in GUI Mode.

To get onto the GUI System type

startx

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HAVE FUN WITH THE RASPBERRY PI ... FOR ANY QUERY PLEASE COMMENT

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POWERPOINT CONTROL USING GESTURE

2013-05-31T13:58:00.000+05:30

MS PowerPoint is very important part of our professional and student life .we face several problems while giving the presentation or seminar on some topic like we need an operator to operate the slides and sometimes this will create problems if speaker and operator are not well prepared. To overcome this problem we made the gesture device which can be connected to the computer and operated by the speaker gesture.

The device basically have two part gesture transmitter and computer receiver.

In this device we first recognize the direction of right hand movement by placing ir sensor on left hand. Then the data is transmitted by the transmitter and the receiver receive the data and give to the computer and one application in the computer control the ppt. You can download that application here.DOWNLOAD APPLICATION.

HERE IS THE DEMO VIDEO OF THE APPLICATION...

GESTURE TRANSMITTER MODULE: The gesture transmitter Module consist of four different part.

1. IR Sensor Pair

2. LM324 OP-Amp IC.

3. HT12E Encoder IC.

4. RF Transmitter Module

IR sensor principle

As given in block diagram of Gesture transmitter module the IR sensor pair give the data to LM324 which compare the voltage of the IR pair output to the reference voltage and make it to digital. This digital data is further going into the HT12E encoded and transmitted by the Rf transmitter module.

SENSOR: Well I chose two IR sensor for sensing the hand movement on left or right side.on sensig data i can make the decision where to move my power point slide. IR sensor works on the reflection concept when an Infra-red beam is transmit towards an object it should get reflected by that object and that's how we can recognize the hand movement.

IR circuit

Now the circuit as we can see in the IR circuit that this circuit gives the high voltage output when the less Infra-red rays get reflected back and a low voltage when high reflection of rays occur. For transmitting we have an IR led which work in forward bias condition and at the reception point we use an IR receiver to accept the IR rays and changes the analog voltages according to that.

comparator

From the IR sensor we get the analog data so we have to change that in the digital format like when an object seen than it should return 0v or 4v or in other word's we can say that in high or low voltages because we kno that in digital high voltage = 1 and low voltage= 0.

comparator data

For the purpose to change the analog voltage into digital we use comparator which compare the analog voltage to a reference voltage and give a high or low voltage a desired for controller.

lm324 comparator ic

The figure shown here is a comparator IC the pin 1,7,8 and 14 are use to give out put to the micro controller. we should connect a reference voltage to the -ve terminal of this IC lm324 and the out put of the IR sensor to its +ve terminal's.

The circuit show below is for your sensor module this is nothing just the summer of what we discuss in sensor subtopic.

IR sensor with comparator circuit

HT12D

ENCODER(HT12E IC): The HT12E is an 4bit encoder which encode the input data applied on it .The pin description of the HT12E is shown in the figure .

pin (1 to 8) A0-A7 known as address bits so we do not need to consider them.
pin no (9 and 18) are use to bias the IC as pin-18 as VCC and pin-9 as GND.
pin - 17 is connected to the rf transmitter module Din.
pin-16 and pin-15 are connected by an Osc resistor known as Roscc(1.1 Mohm)
pin-14 is connected to ground to enable the transmitt.
pin-13 to pin-10 are known as AD0 to AD3 those having the 4bit data which is required to transmit.

RF TRANSMITTER MODULE(TX): .The transmitter module is working on the frequency of 433MHz and is easily available in the market at the cost of 250rs .

RF Transmitter module

The vcc pin is connected to the +terminal in the circuit.
The data pin is connected to the HT12E(pin no-17) that is transmitted or we can say that encoded data.
The next pin is shown in figure is GND that is connected to the ground terminal.
Now the last pin ANT this is connected to a small wire as an antenna.

Final circuit setup

COMPUTER RECEIVER MODULE: The Computer Receiver module consist different parts.

receier module

As shown in the block diagram RF receiver module get the transmitted signal sended by transmitter and then HT12D decodes that data in four bit digit and given to the ARDUINO board for making an decesion and send to computer via serially. One application is running in the computer which understand the signal sended by Arduino and control the PPT slides while presenting

Hardware Part: - 1.) Computer
2.) ARDUINO BOARD
3.) HT12D decoder IC
4.) RF Receiver module

1.) RF Receiver Module : The RF receiver module will receive the data which is transfered by the Transmitter module. It is also working as similar to the transmitter module-

Connect the +vcc pin to the 5volt terminal
Connect the ground pin to the ground terminal
The data pin is then connected to the HT12D (pin-14)
So that we can get the decoded 4 bit data

2.)Encoder(HT12E IC):- It decodes the data is received by the RF receiver module.The input data is decoded when no error or unmatched codes are found. A valid transmission in indicated by a high signal at VT pin that is pin no 17.

HT12D

pin 18 : It is use to give the +vcc or biasing to the IC HT12D this pin is connected with the +5 volt
Pin 17 : It is the valid transmission pin it will high when the transmission is ok so that we connected this pin to an led for indication.
Pin 16-15: we connect these two pin directly by a 51k resistor
Pin 14 : This pin is connected with the rf receiver module data pin to receiving the serial data.
Pin 10-13: These pins are data pin which is transferred by the Transmitter module.

3.)ARDUINO Board : Arduino is an open-source platform based on avr (atmega series). It’s a combination of easy to use software and hardware environment for electronics student, developer, hobbyists to create interactive devices and environments.

Arduino can be easily interfaced with sensors, controlling led’s , motor driving, relays. The on board microcontroller is programmed with help of arduino programming language, and arduino development environment.

4.)Computer : Finally the Computer get the data from the Arduino board and act according to the program one appliationis also need to connect the port to ppt.

Here is the full setup of receiver module.

Software Section:

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ARDUINO PROGRAM written in arduino ide.

*******************************************************************************

int left_sense=9; // left sensor pin
int right_sense=8; // right sensor pin

void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600);
pinMode(left_sense,INPUT);
pinMode(right_sense,INPUT);
}

void loop()
{
while(1)
{
int left_data = digitalRead(left_sense); //reading left sensor data
int right_data = digitalRead(right_sense); //reading right sensor data
while(left_data == 1) //hand on left sensor
{
left_data = digitalRead(left_sense);
right_data = digitalRead(right_sense);
if(right_data == 1) // passng through right sensor
{
Serial.println("D");
while(right_data == 1) // wait to over the swipe
{
right_data=digitalRead(right_sense);
}
}
}
while(right_data == 1)
{
left_data = digitalRead(left_sense);
right_data = digitalRead(right_sense);
if(left_data == 1)
{
Serial.println("B");
while(left_data == 1)
{
left_data = digitalRead(left_sensor);
}
}
}
}
}

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PC AAPLICATION TO CONTROL PPT.
For downloading the PC application to connect your hardware to PC please CLICK HERE

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ARDUINO GETTING STARTED

2013-05-06T14:28:00.000+05:30

Arduino is an open-source platform based on avr (atmega series). It’s a combination of easy to use software and hardware environment for electronics student, developer, hobbyists to create interactive devices and environments.

The arduino board can be build by your own or purchased online. The software of the arduino can be downloaded free.

Now setup your arduino environment.

Step1 : Purchase your arduino board.

Step2 : Download the arduino environment.

Step3 : Unzip the file.

Step4 : Now copy the arduino folder on your desktop.

Step5 : Open the folder and open the application of arduino

Now you are able to make programs

Step6 : Now goto file->eamples->basics->ledblink..

Now you are done with your Software part.
Now plug you arduino board to the computer.

Step7 : Install driver's....
open the device manager on your computer.
goto--> right click on my computer > click manage > device manager

right_clik on ft232 and click update driver

click browse and show the address of arduino folder and driver's..
now the next step is to update the second driver

repeat the last step again.

Now you are ready to flash your program into the arduino board and can be used for further applications.
step1> Select the board in arduino software goto: tools > Boards > Arduino pro atmega328.

step2> Select the port which you are connected goto: tools> ports >select port

step3> Nowgo into the file>upload ... and check the board led connected to pin 13...

*****************************THANK YOU ********************************
***************************FOR WATCHING******************************

HEXAPOD USING 8051 MICROCONTROLLER

2013-01-19T00:01:00.000+05:30

Hexapod Using 8051

8051 based Hexapod Robot

A Hexapod is a six legged robot which looks like a spider. I was giving presentation on 8051 microcontroller a student asked me ,”Can we make a hexapod using 8051 and I said yes we can but he added that he searched on this topic on google and was not able to find good information about it. He added that he found some websites but they charge for it. So I decided to write a post on this topic. This is the very first version of hexapod and have only one function to move in the forward direction.

Now the very first thing is the material we used to make this

project. The major components are shown in the picture below.

Major Components

Control circuit:- The control circuit of the hexapod is very easy to make and totally based on the 8051 microcontroller(p89v51rd2).

8051 based hexapod control circuit

The Circuit Shown here is use to control the three servo motor's which are subsequently connected to legs of the hexapod robot.

· we already made the basic circuit of 8051 micrcontroller in our old posts so you can get the reference from there. Clickhere for 8051 basic circuit and description.
· we also learn the lm324 interfacingwith 8051.
· LM324 is uses because of its high gain
· There are different servos available in the market so you need to find out the pin description of the motor you are using.
· In our motor’s the RED is for +ve, brown is for –ve and yellow is for data.

Now you made the control circuit using 8051microconroller. you need to construct the robot.

Construction of the Hexapod: While you are constructing the robot you need to use the step below very carefully.

** Join the three motor’s in the manner as shown below.

3motors connected to make the robot structure

** Now straight the paper clip as shown below

paper clip while straightening them

** For making front and back leg bend the wire at 90degre angle and then one more bend at the low edge as shown below.

** Now join this legs to the motor gear as shown below.

connected to the motor gear

** Attach the legs to the motor’s and your robot is on its feet. As shown below image.

robot which is connected to the control circuit via wires

Coding of hexapod: The code of this hexapod is written in the embedded-c . you can also write it in the assembly language. For writing the program you have to keep the rotation of motor in your mind.

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Hexapod Robot Using 8051 microcontroller

***************************************************************

#include<reg51.h>
sbit right=P2^0; // Right motor data pin to P2.0
sbit middle=P2^1; // middle motor data pin to P2.1
sbit left=P2^2; // left motor data pin to P2.2
void timer(int msec) // Function for timer
{
int i;
for(i=0;i<msec;i++)
{
TMOD=0x20; // Mode2
TH1=-23;
//TH1= -23; // 200usec timer
TR1=1;
while(TF1==0);
TF1=0;
TR1=0;
}
}
void main()
{
int i;
right=left=middle=0; // make the pin as output
while(1)
{

for(i=0;i<20;i++) //middle leg clockwise direction
{
middle=1;
timer(20);
middle=0;
timer(360);
}
for(i=0;i<20;i++) //right leg forward direction
{
right=1;
timer(20);
right=0;
timer(360);
}

while(1)
{
for(i=0;i<20;i++) //middle leg anti clockwise direction
{
middle=1;
timer(40);
middle=0;
timer(360);
}

for(i=0;i<20;i++) //left leg clockwise direction
{
left=1;
timer(20);
left=0;
timer(360);
}
for(i=0;i<20;i++) //right leg anti clockwise direction
{
right=1;
timer(40);
right=0;
timer(360);
}
for(i=0;i<20;i++) //middle leg clockwise direction
{
middle=1;
timer(20);
middle=0;
timer(360);
}

for(i=0;i<20;i++) //left leg anti clockwise direction
{
left=1;
timer(40);
left=0;
timer(360);
}
for(i=0;i<20;i++) //right leg clockwise direction
{
right=1;
timer(20);
right=0;
timer(360);
}
}
}
}

NOW WATCH THE VIDEO...

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we will welcome your suggestion and projects suggest your project and we will try to post them on our blogs as soon as possible.
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***********************THANK YOU FOR WATCHING **********************

******************************* BEST OF LUCK ******************************

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VOICE RECORDER AND PLAY BACK MODULE(ISD 1700)

2012-12-05T05:25:00.000+05:30

VOICE RECORDER AND PLAYBACK MODULE

Voice recorder and playback module is a made for the purpose of recording those messages and playback which required frequently at some places like platform, train, instruction, mobile, etc. When I started to work on this project I was not able to find some easy instruction to made one for me. So I decided to put it on my blogs so that other can made this one easily.

Now a my voice recorder module is based on IC ISD17XX/1720 which is DIP package and 2.4-5 volt operating voltage. It is a multi-message voice record. It can be operated standalone or by microcontroller(SPI) mode. Recording are stored into on-chip flash memory, providing zero power message storage.

In the spi mode , the user has full control via serial interface to operate the device Now here is the pin diagram of the ISD1700

ISD 1720 PIN diagram

ISD1700 pin description:

PINDESCRIPTION

Modes of operation –There are two modes of operation Standalone (push button control) and microcontroller (SPI) mode.

· Standalone (push button) mode-

We can use this mode by REC,PLAY, FWD, Erase, VOL, RESET. To control desired operation. After completion of operation its automatically goes into power down mode.

· SPI mode

In SPI mode control of the device is achieved by 4 wire serial interface via SPI commands.

NOTE:- FOR MORE DETAIL PLEASE LOOK THE DATA SHEET OF THIS IC. CLICK HEAR

Now the circuit:

CIRCUIT OF VOICE RECORDER

VOICE RECORDER AND PLAYBACK

INSTRUCTIONS- Here are some instruction which should be taken care at the time of using the module.

· Recording- To record a new sound please press the REC button and hold till that time you want to record. LED blow till button is press
· Play Back- To play back the message just press the button PLAY . Led will blink till message play.
· Forward- For forwarding to next message just press the FWD button. The LED will blink only once
· Volume- To increase or decrease the volume press VOL button.
· Erase – To erase the track just press the erase button. If want to erase all then press it for very long time .

#####################GOOD LUCK#########################

LINUX EDITOR

2012-11-09T02:01:00.001+05:30

LINUX EDITOR

Linux-based System supports C programming. We have to deal with files whether it is creating a new file, altering or editing the existing file. So, we need an Editor to create or edit the files. All the programs in the Linux are written in C language using these editors.

“EDITORS are the platform to Create or Edit the files.”

TYPES OF LINUX EDITORS:

There are basically two types of Editors used in the Linux-based System. These are as given below:

1. TEXTUAL EDITOR: vi/ vim editor, emacs, pico, etc.

2. GRAPHICAL EDITOR: gVim, Gedit, xedit, Vedit, emacs/ xemacs, jot (SGI), dtpad(CDE), etc.

TEXTUAL EDITOR generally works on three modes:

1. Command Mode.

2. Text Mode.

3. Command Line Mode.

GRAPHICAL EDITOR provide generally user friendly interface to create or edit the files. These editors offer many Menu and toolbar items to facilitate user to edit files rapidly. It also allow user to move cursor via mouse accordingly.

VI/ VIM EDITOR:

The most commonly used editor in Linux is ‘vi editor’. It is also known as “Visual Editor”. The text can be written into the file in Text Mode whereas all other operation such as save, copy, paste, delete, insert, quit, etc. can be performed in the Command mode. We typically press ESC button in order to work in the command mode.

The main difference between the vi editor and vim editor is that- the Arrow keys cannot be used for the cursor movement in the vi editor. It usually append ‘A’, ‘B’, ‘C’ or ‘D’ with respect to each stroke of UP, DOWN, RIGHT or LEFT Arrow key in the next line to the cursor. Whereas this limitation or drawback of vi editor is seems to be eliminated in the vim editor, that means arrow keys can be used for cursor movement.

INSERTING TEXT IN VI/ VIM EDITOR:

To insert text into the vi/ vim editor some keys are predefined to be used before editing the file. One of the key has to e pressed:

“a” : append text after the cursor position.

“I” : insert text before the cursor position.

“r” : replace the text at the cursor position.

“A” : append text from the end of the line.

“I” : insert text from the beginning of the line.

“o” : open a new line after current line.

“O” : open a new line before current line.

ALTERING OR DELETING THE TEXT:

“D” : deletes the text from the cursor position to the end of current line.

“dd” : deletes the current line.

“x” : deletes a single character at the cursor point.

“dw” : deletes a single word after the cursor.

“v” : select the multiple lines from the cursor point.

“yy” : copy the text in current line.

“y” : copy the selected text.

“p” : paste the text in the next line to the cursor position.

FILE SAVE OR UPDATE:

“:w” : to save the file.

“:q” : to quit the file if no change is occured.

“:!” : do the task force- fully.

“:w!” : save the file forcibly.

“:q!” : quit the file forcibly without saving changes.

“:wq” : save and quit the file.

CREATING OR OPENING A FILE:

To create a new text file by using vi editor. For example- to create a new text file at location “/home/keertendra/Desktop/”

$ vi /home/Keertendra/Desktop/file_name

Or if we want to create this file in the present working directory then use:

$ vi file_name

To open an existing file, then same command can be used. For example- to open multiple files at a time then we have,
$ vi –o file1_path file2_path …

A SAMPLE C PROGRAM USING VI EDITOR:

Now let us see how to write a simple C program using vi editor and then see will see some commands to compile and run this sample program….

Step1: firstly, create a new file “add.c” on the desktop using vi editor, say
           $ vi /home/Keertendra/Desktop/add.c

Step2: now bring the vi editor in the text mode by pressing “a” to append the text into the file. Then, write the program as shown below:

//this is a sample program to add two numbers and to print the result…
       #include<stdio.h>
       Void main()
       {
           Int A=0,B=0,C=0;
           Printf(“\nEnter the two numbers A and B for addition=”);
           Scanf(“%d%d”,&A,&B);
           C=A+B;
           Printf(“\nThe result of the addition of two numbers A and B is given by C=%d\n”,C);
       }

Step 3: after finishing writing the program just change the mode to command mode by pressing ESC button and type
           :wq (to save and quit the file)

Step 4: Now compile the file by using a command shown below
           $ gcc –o exefile_name file_name.c (here, $ gcc –o add add.c)

Step 5: If there is any error then debug the error and repeat the above two step and if not then, run the program by using a command,
           $ ./exefile_name    (here, $ ./add)

TERMINAL and common commands

2012-11-08T17:46:00.000+05:30

HOW TO WORK ON TERMINAL

When we talk about Linux, then first thing comes in our mind is that- how to work and where to work?

Usually, we operate a Linux-based system through a Command Line Interface (CLI) or a Graphical User Interface (GUI). We usually interact with a modern UNIX shell using a Command Line Interface known as TERMINAL EMULATOR Window or some separate Virtual Console. Common terminals as we know already are- xterm and GNOME Terminal.

WHAT IS A TERMINAL?

Terminal is the graphical platform where the commands can be executed. There are various other terminals used in different Linux-based System. Commands tell the operating system to perform set of operations. All these commands are going to be written in a command line interface i.e. Terminal.

When we log into a terminal then we see some text written in the terminal window as: user_name@linux_machine_name:_~current_path$

Keertendra@keertendra-virtual-machine:_~$

In Linux system, there is one special user for administrator, which has all permissions and access to all files. This user is known as “SUPER USER” or “ROOT”. The Dollar sign “$” indicates that we are not the root user and the path starts with a symbol “_~”, which corresponds to “/home/user_directory/”. User is also having his own directory known as Home Directory. For example:

Keertendra@keertendra-virtual-machine:_~/Desktop/Linux_Programs$

Now to login as Super User or root, we have to use a command “sudo su” then it will ask for the password, type the correct password and we will successfully logged in as root/ Super User. It can e verified by Pound sign “#” instead of Dollar sign “$”. Now the path is shown from the root “/” directory. For example:

root@keertendra-virtual-machine:/home/keertendra#

HOW TO USE COMMANDS?

Commands are the set of key words and arguments which are used to perform some specified operation. In Linux-based System, there are a numerous commands to perform various tasks. These commands are written according to a specified syntax.

SYNTAX:COMMAND_NAME [-OPTIONS] ARGUMENTS

COMMAND_NAME: indicates the name of the respective command say, help, man, ls, cd, etc.

[-OPTIONS]: Options are used to perform the operation on the selected item in selected manner. The square brackets “[ ]” shows that the use of options in the command is optional. It starts with a hyphen sign (-).

ARGUMENTS: arguments can be any value passed to the command to execute an operation. The operation is to be performed on the arguments. It can be file name, path, text, etc.

**** The Linux is Case- Sensitive. The Command_name, Options and Arguments are separated by a SPACE (“ “) in between.

For example: a command List command (ls) is used here to show details of all the files and folder of the Linux_Programs directory as-

$ ls –l Desktop/Linux_Programs/

WHAT ARE OPTIONS?

The command options are used in the command. Some of the common command options used in LINUX are given below:

-a: it lists all the files and directories, even hidden ones which are preceded by (“.”)

-l: lists the size, creation date and permissions about all the files and directories in the current directory

-d: lists the directory

-c: don’t create file if it already present

-f: force

-k: block Size

-R: recursive

-t: type

-V: version.

SOME CONTROL KEYS:

Control Keys performs special function. The control keys used in LINUX are:

Ctrl+S (^S) : Pause Display

Ctrl+Q (^Q) : Restart Display

Ctrl+C (^C) : Cancel Operation

Ctrl+U (^U) : Cancel Line

Ctrl+D (^D) : Signal end of file

Ctrl+V (^V) : Treat control character as normal character

SOME BASIC COMMANDS:

1.    GENERAL PURPOSE UTILITY COMMAND:

MAN, RESET, CLEAR, CAL, DATE, ECHO, PRINTF, BC, XCAL, EXIT etc.

2.    USER LOGIN AND PASSWORD COMMANDS:

SUDO, SU, PASSWD, WHO, WHO AM I, WHOAMI, USERADD, USERDEL, MOUNT, UMOUNT, DF, SHUTDOWN, etc.

3.    FILE COMMANDS:

ls, pwd, cd, TOUCH, mkdir, rmdir, cp, mv, rm, etc.

4.    FILE DISPLAYING COMMANDS:

CAT, TAC, MORE / LESS, etc.

5.    FILE PERMISSION COMMANDS:

CHMOD, CHOWN, etc.

6.    FILTER COMMANDS:

GREP, FIND, LOCATE, PIPE, TEE, HEAD, TAIL, WC, CMP, COMM, SORT, PASTE, CUT, etc.

7.    PROCESS MANAGEMENT COMMANDS:

KILL, KILLALL, PS, TOP, etc.

8.    COMPRESSING & ARCHIVING COMMANDS:

GZIP/ GUNZIP, ZIP/ UNZIP, TAR, etc.

****if there comes any difficulty in using any command then see the MANUAL of that respective command by using a command i.e. “man”. We can also use “help” command and “info” commands as well.

For example: to open the manual entry of command “chmod”.

$ man chmod

For example: to get help on the command i.e. “cd”

$ help cd

For example: to get information about the command i.e. “mkdir”

$ info mkdir

Ok, this is little bit sufficient for terminal commands and their usage.

What is Kernel, its functions and Is Linux a kernel or an OS?

2012-10-29T03:45:00.001+05:30

WHAT IS KERNEL, ITS FUNCTIONS, IS LINUX A KERNEL OR OS?

· WHAT IS A KERNEL????

Hmmm….Basically we can define a Kernel is the main component of most computer operating systems. It provides an interface between applications and actual data processing at the hardware level.

Kernel is considered as the Heart of an Operating System. Kernel provides the lowest-level abstraction layer for the resources (especially processors and I/O devices) that application software must control to perform its function. It makes these facilities available to applicaton processes through Inter- Process Communication (IPC) mechanism and System Call.

TYPES OF KERNEL:

· MONOLITHIC KERNEL,

· MICROKERNEL, and

· HYBRID KERNEL.

Since Linux system is having a Monolithic Kernel, so it can execute all the operating system code in the same address space to increase the performance of the system, whereas Microkernel runs most of the operating system services in user space, for example as servers, aiming to improve maintainability and modularity of the operating system.

· BASIC FUNCTION OF KERNEL:

As we have seen above that kernel is the Engine of any Operating System, so all the vital functions should e controlled and managed by kernel itself. There are various tasks and functions of a kernel but some of the important are given below:

1. Resource allocation- The kernel's primary function is to manage the computer's resources and allow other programs to run and use these resources. These resources are- CPU, Memory and I/O devices.

2. Process Management- A process defines which memory portions the application can access. The main task of a kernel is to allow the execution of applications and support them with features such as hardware abstraction.

To run an application, a kernel first set up an address space for the application, then loads the file containing the application's code into memory, then set up a stack for the program and branches to a given location inside the program, thus finally starting its execution.

3. Memory Management- The kernel has full access to the system's memory. It allows processes to safely access this memory as they require it. Virtual addressing helps kernel to create virtual partitions of memory in two disjointed areas, one is reserved for the kernel (kernael space) and the other for the applications (user space).

4. I/O Device Management- To perform useful functions, processes need access to the peripherals connected to the computer, which are controlled by the kernel through Device Drivers. A device driver is a computer program that enables the operating system to interact with a hardware device. It provides the operating system with information of how to control and communicate with a certain piece of hardware.

A kernel maintains a list of available devices. A device manager first performs a scan on different hardware buses, such as Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) or Universal Serial Bus (USB), to detect installed devices, then searches for the appropriate drivers. The kernel provides the I/O to allow drivers to physically access their devices through some port or memory location.

5. Inter- Process Communication- Kernel provides methods for Synchronization and Communication between processes called Inter- Process Communication (IPC). There are various approaches of IPC say, semaphore, shared memory, message queue, pipe (or named fifo), etc.

6. Scheduling- In a Multitasking system, the kernel will give every program a slice of time and switch from process to process so quickly that it will appear to the user as if these processes were being executed simultaneously. The kernel uses Scheduling Algorithms to determine which process is running next and how much time it will be given. The algorithm sets priority among the processes.

7. System Calls and Interrupt Handling- A system call is a mechanism that is used by the application program to request a service from the operating system. System calls include close, open, read, wait and write. To access the services provided by the kernel we need to invoke the related kernel functions. Most kernels provide a C Library or an API, which in turn invokes the related kernel functions.

There are few methods by which the respective kernel function can be invoked- using Software- Simulated Interrupt, or using a Gate Call, or by using a Special System Call Instruction and by using a Memory- based Queue.

8. Security or Protection Management- Kernel also provides protection from faults (error control) and from malicious behaviors (Security). One approach toward this can be Language based protection system, in which the kernel will only allow code to execute which has been produced by a trusted language compiler.

· WHAT IS LINUX- a KERNEL OR an OS?????

Whenever someone talks about LINUX or Linux Systems, usually most of the times people gets confused with the name called “LINUX”. Questions may arise in one’s grey matter such as- “What the Linux actually is? “, “Whether is it a Kernel or an OS?”, and many more…..

To solve this query, firstly we need to take a look on the basic architecture of a Linux System. The figure shown below gives a simplified view of the Linux System:

Now, many times we heard that Linux is an UNIX- like operating system which basically comprises of many free and open source development software and applications but don’t get confused with this stuff. So, A LINUX is a kernel, not an Operating System (OS) because Linux Kernel handles the above mentioned functions to provide an user application access to the hardware and also, it does not constitute applications, utilities, windowing system, compiler, editors, graphical interfaces or Desktops, etc. with itself. Whereas OS includes all components like kernel, file system and applications, etc. An OS provides both User Space and Kernel Space.

If these applications and utilities get together with the Linux Kernel then they forms a bonanza package, which is known to be an operating system. For example- many distribution companies include various Applications and Utilities with Linux Kernel and make these Linux kernel based OS available to all. Some of them are- redHat, Ubuntu, Fedora, Suse, Debian, centOS, BackTrack, etc.

MSP430(LAUNCHPAD) GETTING STARTING

2012-10-18T01:56:00.005+05:30

The MSP-EXP430G2 LaunchPad is an easy-to-use flash programmer and debugging tool for the MSP430G2xx microcontrollers. It features everything you need to start developing on an MSP430 microcontroller device for just 300-400 rupees. It has on-board emulation for programming and debugging and features a 14/20-pin DIP socket, on-board buttons and LEDs & BoosterPack-compatible pinouts that support a wide range of plug-in modules for added functionality such as wireless, displays & more.

In this tutorial we will see how to get starting with the msp program very first time.

step 1: First download the code composer studio. DOWNLOAD

step 2: Now install it and connect the device to the computer.

step 3: Open the code composer studio. Select the path of the workspace where you want to store your project.

step 4: Now the project window is appear. This is the entire environment in which you write the c code and dump it into the microcontroller.

step 5: Go to the file menu and select new in the new option you will see various project option in which you will chose the ccs project.

file-) new -) ccs project

step 6: Give the project name and path of the location.

step 7: Now its time to select the type of the project. select the platform chose msp430.

step 8: This is an optional or additional feature if u wish to include any other project or c file so we do not need to do any thing with this just click next.

step 9: Select the Output file as EXECUTABLE and your microcontroller in this step as shown in the image below.

step 10: Now select the project templet as you are new so chose the empty project .

step 11: after the step 10 your window will look like this .

step 12: Now make new file.

> file-) new file

step 13: Put the new file name with extension .c.As in first program write it led_blink.c.

step 14: After the 13th step the window will look like ..

step 15: Now write your code of led blinking. mine is in the image below.

//***********************************************************

// LED BLINK

//***********************************************************

#include <msp430g2553.h>

#define led1 BIT5

#define led2 BIT0

void main()

{

WDTCTL = WDTPW + WDTHOLD; // Stop watchdog timer

P1DIR = (led1+led2); // P1.0 & 6 output (red/green LEDs)

P1OUT = led1;

while(1)

{

P1OUT = 0; // green LED on & Red LED off

_delay_cycles(500000);

P1OUT = 1; // green LED off & RED LED ON

_delay_cycles(500000);

}

step 16: Now compile it by using build all in the project bar. and you can also use ctr+b

project-) build active project

step 17: Now launch debug button if your device is connected with the computer it will burn your conttroller.

step 18: Now hit the terminate button in the screen and disconnect the device and reconnect it your code will run and use these steps for your further development best of luck.

video tutorial will be coming soon.....

COMPUTER CONTROLLED ROBOT

2012-08-17T03:39:00.000+05:30

RECEIVER ROBOT

I have been trying to find the cheapest and easiest way to control electronic devices wirelessly using a computer. It can open up a lot of possibilities. For example, you could build a wireless based home automation and control it from your computer. You could even control the the robot via computer . There are many things that you could do without creating a mess with wires. I am mainly interested in this because I need a computer controlled wireless robot.

Now I am going to tell you how to make a computer controlled wireless robot using 8051 microcontroller. Computer's can talk to microcontroller's via serial communication but in the present scenario serial port's are not available in the laptop so we can use a USB2SERIAL converter. In a very simple manner we are going to communicate the controller with computer via serial communication so that we can send the serial data from our computer keyboard. Once we get the computer keyboard data on the microcontroller we will be able to write a program to control anything by a computer whether it is robot or device.

Our robot is divided into two parts: Transmitter Module, Receiver Module

TRANSMITTER MODULE: The transmitter part of this project is use to transmit the 4bit data which cause to run the motor on the receiving end. We use the computer to send the command's to the controller via serial transmission. The microcontroller will make decision based on that data and generate a 4bit data which is further encoded by the encoder and transmit over an RF channel through an RF module. Here is a block diagram of the transmitter module:

Transmitter

As we can see into the Transmitter block diagram this transmitter divided further into 6 part's:

> Power Supply

> Computer

> Level shifter(max232)

> Microcontroller

> Encoder(HT12E)

> RF Module

POWER SUPPLY: Before making any circuit we need to design its power supply it consist of many part like step down, ac-dc conversion, voltage stabilizing etc but we will giving the power to our board from an 12-volt adapter so our power supply consist of a voltage regulator,capacitor,diode, led and connector.

Power Supply

Voltage regulator

7805:-It is the voltage regulator ic as pin diagram is shown.
diode IN4007 and the silver line part is its negative.
resistor R1=330ohm or we can also use 470ohm because it is use with the led.
A 2 pin male connector is required for giving the power to the circuit the +ve will connect with 1 pin of 7805.
A 1000uf capacitor is also use with power supply to reducing the ripple or maintaining the continuity.
Led:-the cutted portion of the led is negative.

hyper terminal window

COMPUTER: Here the computer is use to send the command to the microcontroller via serial communication for this purpose we use the usb2serial cable to connect the computer to my circuit. Because in present their is no serial port into the computer's. Now for connecting my computer to the serial port we use an application named HYPER TERMINAL so tht we can send the data and also see what exactly we are sending to the microcontroller and we can also see what the microcontroller do after getting the signal from computer.

By this hyperterminal we send the ASCII codes and by those command's we easily make the decision those decision will be further use.

DB9 CONNECTOR: DB9 connector is use to connect the computer with your programmer board it uses the RS232 cable to connect the DB9 port has 9 pins each pin has its own function but we will use only pin no 2 , 3 and 5.

pin no 2 is known as recieved data bit when controller transmit the data bit then computer recive from this pin. This is connected to the 14th pin of max232.
pin no 3 is named as transmit data the data will transmit form the computer with the help of this pin and this is connected 13th pin of max232.
pin no 5 we make this pin normally ground.

LEVELSHIFTER: The MAX232 is an Integrated Circuit that convert signal from an RS232 serial port to signal suitable for use in ttl compaitable digital logic circuits.The MAX232 is a dual driver/receiver and typically converts the RX, TX, CTS and RTS signals.For more details of MAX232 you can download the datasheet of it form here. download

here the values of all the capacitors are 0.1 uf.
16 pin is vcc should be maintained at 5volt dc.
the 15th pin becomes ground.
T1out-pin is use to send the data serially to the computer.
R1in-pin is use to recieve the data from the computer serially.
T1in-pin is use to tramsmitt the data from microcontroller to MAX232 which is actually going to computer.
R1out-pin is use for send the incoming data from MAX232 to microcontroller which is actually come from computer.
Download the MAX232 datasheet here.download

MICROCONTROLLER: The processing is the most important part of the robot. Till now we get the data from the computer now based on that data we have to make some decision so here the role of microcontroller is coming up. We use an 8051 microcontroller for our circuit to give them a decision capability. Our microcontroller is made up by nxp the product name is P89V51RD2
The basic circuit to initialize the microcontroller is shown below. We just need an reset circuit and oscillator to run the program.

8051 micro controller circuit

we use serial port as an input port and port 2 as an output port.

so the Data from the computer will connect pin 11(rx) 12(tx) of the microcontroller and motor should be connect with pin 21,22,23,24.

For forward the data to the serial port is 'w' or for backward it is 's' then for left its 'a' and for right it is 'd'.

Encoder(HT12E IC):- The HT12E is an 4bit encoder which encode the input data applied on it .The pin description of the HT12E is shown in the figure .

Encoder

pin (1 to 8) A0-A7 known as address bits so we do not need to consider them.
pin no (9 and 18) are use to bias the IC as pin-18 as VCC and pin-9 as GND.
pin - 17 is connected to the rf transmitter module Din.
pin-16 and pin-15 are connected by an Osc resistor known as Roscc(1.1 Mohm)
pin-14 is connected to ground to enable the transmitt.
pin-13 to pin-10 are known as AD0 to AD3 those having the 4bit data which is required to transmit.

RF Transmitter Module(TX):- The transmitter module is working on the frequency of 433MHz and is easily available in the market at the cost of 250rs .

RF Transmitter module

The vcc pin is connected to the +terminal in the circuit.
The data pin is connected to the HT12E(pin no-17) that is transmitted or we can say that encoded data.
The next pin is shown in figure is GND that is connected to the ground terminal.
Now the last pin ANT this is connected to a small wire as an antenna.

Here is the full circuit diagram of this robot transmitter module with each component...

FULL TRANSMITTER CKT

RECEIVER MODULE: Now at the Receiver side firstly we have RF receiver module which get the encoded data on it and convert that data into the voltage signal and that data is then applied to the decoder IC(HT12D) which decoded it into the 4bit data which is further apply on the motor driver IC(L293D) basically a h-bridge to provide the high current to the motor. And finally the motor will operate as the user want who's sitting on the computer.

Now the modules of a Receiver module can be shown in the block diagram:

Receiver Module

As we can see in above block diagram the Receiver module can further divided into 5 parts:

> Power Supply

> RF Receiver

> Decoder(HT12D)

> Motor driver(L293D)

> Motor's(100 rpm)

POWER SUPPLY: The power supply will be same as discussed above:.

RF RECEIVER MODULE: The RF receiver module will receive the data which is transfered by the Transmitter module. It is also working as similar to the transmitter module-

Connect the +vcc pin to the 5volt terminal
Connect the ground pin to the ground terminal
The data pin is then connected to the HT12D (pin-14)
So that we can get the decoded 4 bit data

DEECODER(HT12D): In very simple way we can say that an HT12D converts that serial data into parallel which is received by the rf receiver module.The input data is decoded when no error or unmatched codes are found. A valid transmission in indicated by a high signal at VT pin that is pin no 17.

HT12D

pin 18 : It is use to give the +vcc or biasing to the IC HT12D this pin is connected with the +5 volt
Pin 17 : It is the valid transmission pin it will high when the transmission is ok so that we connected this pin to an led for indication.
Pin 16-15: we connect these two pin directly by a 51k resistor
Pin 14 : This pin is connected with the rf receiver module data pin to receiving the serial data.
Pin 10-13: These pins are data pin which is transferred by the Transmitter module for the motor's.

ACTUATOR(L293D): The Actuator's are those devices which actually gives the movement or to do a task like motor's. In the real world their are various types of motor's available which works on different voltages. So we need motor driver for running them through the controller. To get interface between motor and microcontroller . We use L293D motor driver IC in our circuit.

motor driver circuit

As in above circuit 2 pin male
As in above circuit a 2 pin male connector in connected to the pin 8 this will provide the operating voltage for the motor like if we want to run our voltage on 12volt. so we just have to connect a 12volt power source

Now here is the full receiver circuit after the whole discussion about it small modules....

FULL RECEIVER CKT

now You can make your own computer controlled robot easily.

C PROGRAM OF COMPUTER CONTROLLED ROBOT:

//Program to interface computer with 8051 microcontroller (8051 architecture)

#include<reg51.h>
unsigned char rcv_data;

void receive()    //Function to recieve data serialy from RS232
{
    while(RI==0);
    rcv_data = SBUF;
    RI=0;
}

void compare()
{
    if(rcv_data=='w')                        // forward
    P2=0x0a;
    else if(rcv_data=='a')                  //      left
    P2=0x08;
    else if(rcv_data=='s')                  //      right
    P2=0x05;
    else if(rcv_data=='d')                  //      backward
    P2=0x02;
    else
    P2=0x00;
}

For program of this robot click here

************************* VIDEO OF COMPUTER CONTROLLED ROBOT****************

****** IMAGES******

transmitter circuit

Receiver ckt

GESTURE CONTROLLED ROBOT(Accelerometer based)

2012-05-02T01:41:00.002+05:30

A Gesture Controlled robot is a kind of robot which can be controlled by your hand gestures not by old buttons.You just need to wear a small transmitting device in your hand which included an acceleration meter.This will transmit an appropriate command to the robot so that it can do whatever we want. The transmitting device included a comparator IC for analog to digital conversion and an encoder IC(HT12E) which is use to encode the four bit data and then it will transmit by an RF Transmitter module.

At the receiving end an RF Receiver module receive's the encoded data and decode it by an decoder IC(HT12D). This data is then processed by a microcontroller (P89V51RD2) and finally our motor driver to control the motor's.

Robot

Gesture device

As we can see in the images one is robot and the another is to trnsmit the gesture data to robot.

Now its time to break the task in different module's to make the task easy and simple any project become easy or error free if it is done in different modules. As our project is already devided into two different part transmitter and receiver. We will discuss both of them one by one. Apart from Power Supply as it was discussed in last blog you can see that by just click here

1> Transmitter device or Gesture device: This part contain four module in it--

1- Accelerometer

2- Comparator

3- Encoder(HT12E)

4- RF Transmitter

Accelerometer:- An Accelerometer is a kind of sensor which gives an analog data while moving in X,Y,Z direction or may be X,Y direction only depend's on the type of the sensor.Here is a small image of an Accelerometer shown. We can see in the image that their are some arrow showing if we tilt these sensor's in that direction then the data at that corresponding pin will change in the analog form.

The Accelerometer having 6 pin-

1- VDD- We will give the +5volt to this pin

2- GND- We simply connect this pin to the ground for biasing.

3- X- On this pin we will receive the analog data for x direction movement.

4- Y- On this pin we will receive the analog data for y direction movement.

5- Z- On this pin we will receive the analog data for z direction movement.

6- ST- this pin is use to set the sensitivity of the accelerometer 1.5g/2g/3g/4g.

Comparator:- For the purpose to change the analog voltage into digital we use comparator which compare that analog voltage to a reference voltage and give a particular high or low voltage.

LM324 IC

The figure shown here is comparator IC. The pin 1,7,8 and 14 are use to give out put to the microcontroller.We should connect a reference voltage to the -ve terminal for high output when input is high(+ve terminal for high output when input is low) from the LM324 IC.

In this circuit we compare the data from x with two terminal one for positive x direction and negative x direction and same for y direction.

HT12E encoder

Encoder(HT12E IC):- The HT12E is an 4bit encoder which encode the input data applied on it .The pin description of the HT12E is shown in the figure .

pin (1 to 8) A0-A7 known as address bits so we do not need to consider them.
pin no (9 and 18) are use to bias the IC as pin-18 as VCC and pin-9 as GND.
pin - 17 is connected to the rf transmitter module Din.
pin-16 and pin-15 are connected by an Osc resistor known as Roscc(1.1 Mohm)
pin-14 is connected to ground to enable the transmitt.
pin-13 to pin-10 are known as AD0 to AD3 those having the 4bit data which is required to transmit.

RF Transmitter Module(TX):- The transmitter module is working on the frequency of 433MHz and is easily available in the market at the cost of 250rs .

The vcc pin is connected to the +terminal in the circuit.
The data pin is connected to the HT12E(pin no-17) that is transmitted or we can say that encoded data.
The next pin is shown in figure is GND that is connected to the ground terminal.
Now the last pin ANT this is connected to a small wire as an antenna.

CIRCUIT OF GESTURE DEVICE (TRANSMITTING MODULE)

1> Receiver or Robot: This part contain four module--

Receiver
Decoder(HT12D)
Process(microcontroller 8051)
Actuator (Motor driver L293D)

RF Receiver Module(RX):- The RF receiver module will receive the data which is transfered by the gesture device. It is also working as similar to the transmitter module-

Connect the +vcc pin to the 5volt terminal
Connect the ground pin to the ground terminal
The data pin is then connected to the HT12D (pin-14)
So that we can get the decoded 4 bit data

Decoder (HT12D):- In a very simple way we can say that an HT12D converts that serial data into parallel which is received by the rf receiver module.The input data is decoded when no error or unmatched codes are found. A valid transmission in indicated by a high signal at VT pin that is pin no 17.

HT12D

pin 18 : It is use to give the +vcc or biasing to the IC HT12D this pin is connected with the +5 volt
Pin 17 : It is the valid transmission pin it will high when the transmission is ok so that we connected this pin to an led for indication.
Pin 16-15: we connect these two pin directly by a 51k resistor
Pin 14 : This pin is connected with the rf receiver module data pin to receiving the serial data.
Pin 10-13: These pins are data pin which is transferred by the gesture module

Process (Microcontroller P89V51RD2): The processing is the most important part of the robot. Till now we get the data from the decoder now based on that data we have to make some decision so here the role of microcontroller is coming up. We use an 8051 microcontroller for our circuit to give them a decision capability. Our microcontroller is made up by nxp the product name is P89V51RD2
The basic circuit to initialize the microcontroller is shown below. We just need an reset circuit and oscillator to run the program.

8051 micro controller circuit

we use the port 1 as an input port and port 2 as an output port.

so the Data from the decoder will connect with pin 1,2,3,4 and motor should be connect with pin 21,22,23,24.

For forward the data to the Port2 is 0a or for backward it is 05 then for lest its 02 and for right it is 08.

ACTUATOR'S(L293D): The Actuator's are those devices which actually gives the movement or to do a task like motor's. In the real world their are various types of motor's available which works on different voltages. So we need motor driver for running them through the controller. To get interface between motor and microcontroller . We use L293D motor driver IC in our circuit.

motor driver circuit

Now here is the full circuit diagram of the robot (receiver module)

RECEIVER MODULE

ACTUAL CIRCUIT OF RECEIVING MODULE

PROGRAM: Now here is the program of the Gesture Controlled robot. The program is in Embedded-C. The microcontroller we used is 8051.

/**********************************************************************************
    Gesture Controlled robot C program using 8051 microcontroller

***********************************************************************************
INPUT DATA to PORT 1 LM324    OUTPUT DATA to PORT 2 for L293D

MSB LSB            MSB    LSB
1111 0001(0xf1)        0000   1010(0x0a)    forward
1111 0010(0xf2)        0000    0010(0x02)    right
1111 0100(0xf4)        0000    1000(0x08)    left
1111 1000(0xf8)        0000   0101(0x05)    backward

**********************************************************************************/
#include<reg51.h>        //INCLUDE reg51.h for 8951

void main()
{
    P1=0xff;    // set port as input port
    P2=0x00;    // set port as output port

    while(1)    // infinite loop
    {
    if(P1==0xf1)
    {
        P2=0x0a;
    }
    else if(P1==0xf2)
    {
        P2=0x02;
    }
    else if(P1==0xf4)
    {
        P2=0x08;
    }
    else if(P1==0xf8)
    {
        P2=0x05;
    }
    else
    {
        P2=0x00;
    }
   }
}

Here is the video presentation of the gesture robot....

Here are some more pics of the robot . Leta take a look.

***************************** thanx and best of luck*****************************

EMBEDDED MYSTERY

2012-04-08T18:37:00.000+05:30

The EMBEDDED MYSTERY is a workshop for the student who wish to learn embedded system we gave this workshop in the Aryabhatt College. The response was very good from the students. Our aim is to provide them a very good knowledge of embedded system and robotics and finish that Mystery of the embedded system. The supportive staff of the college is also a key of succes this event. I am very thankful to Mr. Brijesh sir who support us at every level.

This time we gave a self learning environment to students through which they can learn their own effort with the help of google. In this 2 days session they learn how to use the keil simulator to write a program for 8051 micro controller and how to generate the hex file from the code. They learned how to use the flash magic to burn the program into the micro controller.

And we give them a project based session in which we made a mobile operated robot using DTMF technology. This time we again use the kits designed by the techno tech leaders and really they were amazing and very easy to use by a new student.

************ WE WILL CONDUCT MORE WORKSHOP ***********

JNTU Workshop

2012-03-06T01:56:00.000+05:30

It was a great day for us we delivered workshop on embedded system and robotics at the JNTU campus ,vijyanagaram. Mostly the student are from the outside the campus and majority are from mechanical. All students were having good knowledge of robotics. The staff of campus is very supportive and the kit's which are design by techno techleader were very amazing students were easily learn to work on them. At the beginning we started them with sensor's and then continue with the microcontroller but because of majority of mechanical we move to robotics arm . All the students were very happy and our average pointer out of 10 is around 8.7 from this college.

ball follower robot( IR Sensor)

2012-02-25T17:44:00.000+05:30

A Ball follower robot is a very good application of embedded system and robotic. A new embedded student can make this intelligent robot. Starters was not trying to make the ball follower robot because they think that they need to use a camera for following the ball.this robot use some IR pair to sense the ball instead of camera so you do not need to learn digital image processing.

Now break the task in three different module as per the definition of an embedded system.

ball following concept

Sensor module: IR sensor, lm324 etc
Decision module: p89v51rd2(8051 mc)
Actuator module: L293d(motor driver) , motors etc

IR sensor principle

SENSOR: Well I chose three IR sensor for sensing a ball and bases on that i can make the decision where to move or in oter words we can follow a ball. IR sensor works on the reflection concept when an Infra-red beam is transmit towards an object it should get reflected by that object and that's how we can recognize the ball.

IR circuit

IR Sensor

comparator

comparator data

For the purpose to change the analog voltage into digital we use comparator which compare the analog voltage to a reference voltage and give a high or low voltage a desired for controller.

lm324 comparator ic

The circuit show below is for your sensor module this is nothing just the summer of what we discuss in sensor subtopic.

IR sensor with comparator circuit

PROCESSING: The processing is the most important part of the robot. Till now we get the data from the sensor now based on that data we have to make some decision so here the role of micro controller is come up. we use an 8051 micro controller for our circuit to give them a decision capability. Our micro controller is made by nxp the product name is P89V51RD2. The basic circuit to initialize the micro controller is shown below. we just need an reset circuit and oscillator and bias the controller.

8051 micro controller circuit

we use the port 1 as an input port and port 2 as an output port.

so the sensor will connect with pin 1,2,3 and motor should be connect with pin 21,22,23,24.

Now let check how actually we making our decision or our robot how to sense where is the ball and where we have to move.

decision making

we can see in above figure that sensor 1,sensor2, sensor 3 are three sensor's which gives us a digital data(001,110,010 etc). On the basis of this data we make our decision let us look an example of first figure the robot have to move towards right direction because ball is in right direction. We sense it by our sensor as sensor 1 and sensor 2 will not get reflection of ray so they probably gives 0 to micro controller.

ACTUATOR'S: The Actuator's are those devices which actually gives the movement or to do a task like motor's but their are various types of motor's in the market which works on different voltages. So we need motor driver for running them through the controller. To get interface between motor and micro controller. We use the l293d motor driver IC in our circuit.

motor driver circuit

As in above circuit a 2 pin male connector in connected to the pin 8 this will provide the operating voltage for the motor like if we want to run our voltage on 12volt. so we just have to connect a 12volt power source to this 2 pin male connector.

COMPLETE CIRCUIT OF THE BALL FOLLOWER ROBOT: When we connect all of our module in a sequential way then we can get our complete circuit of the ball follower robot first sensor module and then decision module and in last motor driver.

complete circuit of ball follower robot using IR sensor

VIDEO OF THE BALL FOLLOWER ROBOT USING IR SENSOR: After making this robot i make a video to give the evidence of the robot.

IMAGES OF THE ROBOT:

***************************than you ********************************

self balancing robot

2012-02-01T03:04:00.000+05:30

CONCEPT: If we are talking about how a robot can balance itself ? then every person know the answer . confused! now i am explaining how you balance your self and robot balance itself. When someone trying to push you then what actually you are doing is walking in the direction of the force this is how you balance yourself and robot balance itself. When you move in any direction then you applying a force against that direction and this force is equal to the force applying on you. If you are not moving in that direction then you will fall towards the plane.

This is all about the action we take but before taking an action we should sensing that in which direction we are leaning this sensing can be done by our eyes and neurons system. But the robot sense this motion by various sensors for example: IR sensor, Tilt sensors etc. The motors play the role of actuator or movement of the robot.

COMPONENT'S REQUIRED: The component's required for making a self balancing robot are very common and are easy available in the market.

Mechanism of IR sensor

SENSOR : For making a self balancing robot we can use IR sensors and tilt sensors. I am using the IR sensor's. IR consist of led pair one is IR Receiver and IR Transmitter. We arrange the IR pair in this manner when the IR transmitter transmits the infrared rays then they are reflected back to the IR receiver. when receiver receives the infrared it will shows the voltage variation at the receiver terminal this output is then goes to the comparator.

The circuit of the IR sensor is show into the figure. we can see that we use two resistors one with transmitter and another wit the receiver. The values of the resistors we use are 10k and 330 ohm.

Circuit of IR sensor

Now the transmitter working n the forward basing this is why in the circuit we connect the IR transmitter +ve terminal with the +5volt and a 330 ohm resistor and then the -ve terminal of the IR led is ground now this will emit the IR Rays regularly

Next we connect a 10k ohm resistor with +5volt and the other end to te -ve terminal of the IR receiver led and this is the output terminal of the circuit. we connect the -ve terminal of the receiver to the +ve voltage because to make this in reverse bias.

LM324 Op-Amp pin discription

OP-AMP: The Op-Amp is use to make a decision based on the input comes from the IR sensor whenever the IR sensor detects the surface then the output signal is low and whenever their is an absence of surface then output signal becomes high. So, we place two IR sensor on both side of the robot. It will detects the surface and generate a two bits data which is further use to operate the two motors. When the robot is leaning in a direction then the sensor of that side will detects the surface and change its value and motors will moving in that direction.

Here the Op-Amp is work in the comparator mode. The figure shows the characteristic of the Op-Amp in the comparator mode.As shown in the figure below.

The characteristics of the Op-Amp in the configuration of comparator can be describe as.we can say that when the (v2 is the non inverting terminal voltage and v1 is inverting terminal voltage) v2>v1 then the output voltage will tends to +Vcc and whenever the v2<v1 then output voltage will tends to -Vcc. The output is tends to Vcc but not exactly the Vcc. The output will goes to saturation voltage.The Ic which we are using is LM324 and having the four Op-Amp.This Ic is easy available in the market.

MOTOR DRIVER(L293D): The IC-l293d is well known driving the motor these motor are basically work on different voltages so to drive these motor by the signals from Op-Amp we use these motor driver IC. Their are many motor driver Ic in the market but we use the L293D because it is easily available in market. The figure of L293D can be shown. Also the pin description is very important to understand the configuration of the IC. here M1 and M2 are use to show the motors used in the robot.M1-A or M1-B is use to run the motor in forward direction or in the reverse direction.

L293D motor driver

FINAL CIRCUIT: The final circuit can be shown in the figure below.

auto balance robot circuit

VIDEO OF THE ROBOT:This is the video demonstration of the robot that how the auto balance robot is working.

PROJECT PHOTOS: Images of the projects are here.

keil uvision 3 tutorial

2012-01-24T05:53:00.000+05:30

The Keil uvision3 8051 Development Tools are designed to solve the complex problems facing embedded software developers.

When starting a new project, simply select the microcontroller you use from the Device Database and the µVision IDE sets all compiler, assembler, linker, and memory options for you.
Numerous example programs are included to help you get started with the most popular embedded 8051 devices.
The Keil µVision Debugger accurately simulates on-chip peripherals (I²C, CAN, UART, SPI, Interrupts, I/O Ports, A/D Converter, D/A Converter, and PWM Modules) of your 8051 device.
Simulation helps you understand hardware configurations and avoids time wasted on setup problems. Additionally, with simulation, you can write and test applications before target hardware is available.
When you are ready to begin testing your software application with target hardware, use the MON51, MON390, MONADI, or FlashMON51 Target Monitors, the ISD51 In-System Debugger, or the ULINK USB-JTAG Adapter to download and test program code on your target system, flsh magic is also a very well known for hex loader.

Now here is a step by step process to make an assembly program in the keil development tool for 8051 microcontroller .

KEIL basic's : 1. Open keil from start menu.

2. The figure show the basic names of the windows reffred in this tutorial.

keil uvision 3 window

starting new assembly project: 1. select the new uvision project from the poject menu.

2. Name the project like 'toggle'.

3. click the save button.

4. The device window will be displayed

5. select the microcontroller which will you using for me its ..NXP.

6. Double click on NXP.

7. Scroll down and select the p89v51rd2.

8. click ok.

Creating source file: 1. click file menu and select new.

2. A new window will open up in the keil IDE.

3. Write your assembly code into his window as shown.

4. Click the file menu and select save as..

5.name the file with '.asm' extension like (toggle.asm).

6. click the save button.

Adding File to the project: 1. Expand targeet1 in the tree menu.

2. now right click on source group1 and select add files to the source group1.

3. find your .asm file and select that and click on add button.

Testing Program in Debugger: 1. go to the project menu and click on the rebuild all targets.

2.in the buid in menu it should report '0 error', or, '0 warning'.

3. now click on the debug menu and select the start and stop debug session.

Running the keil debugger: 1. The keil debugger should be running.

2. go to peripheral menu and select the input output port 1.

3. A new window should pop up and this shows the port and their pin.

4. Step through the code by pressing f11.

5. now to exit out go into the debug menu and click start and stop debug button.

now its time o check how it works their is a video tutorial from 2embeddedrobotics to work on keil first time

***************************best of luck****************************