.Artnautics

The Little Street by Johannes Vermeer

2014-03-02T00:10:00.001-05:00

Johannes Vermeer (1632 - 1675) was a Dutch painter that captured the quite and hidden lives around the town of Delft, Netherlands, his home town. The subjects for the majority of his paintings were female workers in various settings like rooms, inns, brothels, and kitchens. There was nothing extraordinary about Vermeer's choice for certain paintings but what makes each piece stands out is the amount detail, color, and realistic presentation with expressed irregularities. This quality of style can be evidenced in The Milkmaid (c. 1658) and The Little Street (c. 1658).

In The Milkmaid, a woman is pouring milk into a ceramic bowl with a basket of baked bread and pieces of pulled apart bread near the bowl. The circular bread in the bowl is pitted and dented. One can see the white centers and brown crest of the pulled apart bread. The milk is shown falling into the bowl. The woman's focus on the pouring is clearly expressed with sleeves rolled up, with two hands handling the pitcher, a daily chore. The color of each object in the painting seems natural with a real illusion of being real with weight.

In The Little Street, the painting shows an everyday quite scene in Delft with two women working and a child playing in the street. But what stands out, is the red bricks with greyish cement crusting between, the white wash with some browning in various areas, the street with irregular lines, and the natural coloring of the working women. The painting wills the mind to believe that this is an actual polaroid snap shot.

Sources:

VERMEER, JOHANNES (2012-02-05). Complete Works of Johannes Vermeer (Masters of Art) (Kindle Location 448). Delphi Classics. Kindle Edition.

The Seven Acts of Mercy by Caravaggio

2013-12-25T21:37:00.000-05:00

Caravaggio (1571-1610) was an Italian painter with a unique and successful artistic approach of subject matter that encompass both naturalism(realistic presentation) and chiaroscuro (light-dark contrasting) styles. The convergence of the two styles can be seen in The Calling of Saint Matthew (1599-1600) and also in The Seven Acts of Mercy (1607) causing an actual feel of presence from the subject matter in each painting. In the Calling of Saint Mathew, which describes Jesus asking Matthew to become one of his disciples (Matthew 9:9), each element (window, table, and tax collectors) are presented in a truthfully way and appear real. Also the use of dark areas, and light areas combined to create the effect of real objects using space (volume). The beam of light, seems to shine on the faces at the table and cast a shadow with the shudder on the window. In The Seven Acts of Mercy, Caravaggio combines all seven acts into one presentation. The seven acts of mercy are:

1. Bury the dead; In the background, two men carry a dead man (of whom only the feet are visible).
2 and 3. Visit the imprisoned, and feed the hungry; On the right, a woman visits an imprisoned man and gives him milk from her breast. This image alludes to the classical story of Roman Charity.
4. Shelter the homeless; A pilgrim (third from left, as identified by the shell in his hat) asks an innkeeper (at far left) for shelter.
5. Clothe the naked; St. Martin of Tours, fourth from the left, has torn his robe in half and given it to the naked beggar in the foreground, recalling the saint's popular legend.
6. Visit the sick; St. Martin greets and comforts the beggar who is a cripple.
7. Refresh the thirsty; Samson (second from the left) drinks water from the jawbone of an ass. (Source - Wikipedia)

The Seven Acts of Mercy, with Caravaggio directing what we "see", seem to come to life and offer a sense of faith and believability. Again, characters are drawn in a realistic style with color, and size and in addition, with dark-light contrast to create a natural/real setting. The source of lighting appears to come from the left side of the painting, which is evidenced by the shadow cast by the angels wings onto the right of building(opposite side of the painting). Its shines from left to right. This is accomplished by either leaving certain areas untouched on the canvas and adding/editing media on the canvas. The angel's arm reaching down, is surrounding by heavily dark painted section. The contrast causes a perceived "lighting" effect and causes the subject matter to display an inferred volume.

Staute of Liberty by Frederic-Auguste Bartholdi

2013-05-31T23:42:00.001-04:00

Frederic-Auguste Bartholdi (2 August 1834 – 4 October 1904) was a French sculptor widely known for designing and shaping the Statue of Liberty and works of Marquis de Lafayette and George Washington. The Statue of Liberty, Liberty Enlightening the World, was completed/dedicated at Liberty Island, New York Harbor in 1886. It is made of hammered sheet copper that is attached to an iron skeleton. It stands 151 feet tall with a granite pedestal. As an installation with artistic expression, the Statute of Liberty is Bartholdi attempt to create a physical embodiment of liberty. Liberty is defined by Merriam-Webster dictionary as meaning "the quality or state of being free; the power to do as one pleases; freedom from arbitrary control; the positive enjoyment of various social, political, or economic rights and privileges; and the power of choice".

Bartholdi is able to express the spirit of liberty in several ways. First, the figure is posed as stepping forward with a set of broken shackles around both feet. This offers a strong visual clue that the figure is opposing slavery and political oppression. Secondly, the statue is holding a torch with rays of light from her crown while holding a tablet with the date of Declaration of Independence. One widely known quotation in the Declaration of Independence is: "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness." Lastly, the figure is female. During the 1800s, the people of France overthrew the last Bourbon monarch, Charles X, and Louis-Phillipe I Duke of Orleans. The event is known as the French Revolution of 1830, the July Revolution which inspired Eugene Delacroix, a French painter, to create Liberty Leading the People circa 1830. The painting shows a goddess figure leading people over dead corpses while holding the French flag. Delacroix's female figure remains as a symbol of French Revolution and a strong icon of freedom in general as shown further thru Bartholdi's Statue of Liberty.

Sources:

Durante, Dianne L. (2012-04-20). The Statue of Liberty: Timeless Art, Political Hot Topic (Forgotten Delights:New York Sculpture) (Kindle Location 91). www.ForgottenDelights.com. Kindle Edition.

The Creation of Man by Michelangelo

2013-04-14T21:41:00.002-04:00

Michelangelo Buonarotti (1475-1564) was an Italian painter, architect, and sculptor. Similar to Leonardo da Vinci, he also displayed an expertise in several fields of science and the arts. Widely known for this work, the PIETÀ, a sculpture of Christ after the crucifixion in the arms of his mother Mary, and the Final Judgment, which depicts the Second Coming of Jesus, and the Creation of Man. Both the Final Judgment and the Creation of Man are located in the Sistine Chapel, the Pope's residence at the Vatican City. In 1508, the Pope, Julius II commissioned Michelangelo to adorn the chapel with illustrated stories from the Bible, book of Genesis. The work was completed in 1512.
The Creation of Man(Adam) was created using a painting technique called fresco which involves using water based pigments laid directly on to newly placed plaster or gypsum. The painting is conceptually based on a passage in Genesis 1:27, "So God created man in His own image; in the image of God He created him; male and female He created them." Upon reading the passage, any reader would conceptualize a image of God carving into a slab of earth to create Adam. But it seems Michelangelo has taken the concept of man's creation a step further. "Michelangelo takes these words, and expresses, in his own way, the supreme creative moment when "man became a living soul" (Hurll, Estelle, Kindle Location 646). Like da Vinci, Michelangelo places the subject in action. This is shown with the use of gestures, God's extended finger toward Adam.

Sources:

Hurll, Estelle M. (Estelle May) (2011-03-30). Michelangelo A Collection Of Fifteen Pictures And A Portrait Of The Master, With Introduction And Interpretation (Kindle Locations 646-647). Kindle Edition.

Symonds, John Addington (2012-05-12). The Life of Michelangelo Buonarroti. Kindle Edition.

The Last Supper by da Vinci

2013-03-26T18:22:00.002-04:00

Leonardo da Vinci (April 15, 1452 – May 2, 1519) was an Italian painter, inventor, and illustrator. A Renaissance man, he displayed insight and expertise in several sciences such as botany, anatomy, engineering, and architecture. His widely known for his Mona Lisa, the Vitruvian Man and the Last Supper. Circa 1495, Ludovico Sforza, Duke of Milan commissioned Leonardo da Vinci to complete a painting for the refectory of the Church and Dominican Convent of Santa Maria della Grazie in Milan, Italy. The Last Supper is 4.6 by 8.8 meters (roughly 15 by 29 feet). Leonardo used tempera gesso over a ground to paint the work. Tempera gesso involves using white paint mixture consisting of a binder mixed with chalk, gypsum, pigment, and oil painted over wood or a Masonite material. The mixture dries quickly and the oil adheres the pigment to the wall.

In the first four books of the Gospel, which consist of Matthew, Mark, Luke and John, the bible reports that at their final gathering before the crucifixion, Jesus and the Apostles, enjoyed a supper and he revels he will be betrayed by one of them. The entire dramatic event becomes one of the main source of Christian faith, the Eucharist or Holy communion, where believers re-enact the last supper as an expression of faith and of obedience to Christ.

Leonardo da Vinci captures the drama and enlightenment of Jesus final gathering with the Last Supper. Leonardo takes a realistic approach with his subjects: All are drawn slightly oversized compared to real life dimensions. Jesus, as the main subject, is balanced as the center of the painting. This is conveyed in the number of disciples to his right and left; and with the windows behind him; and the line of the walls and the table. Further, each disciple is drawn in the act of conversing, arguing and discussing with hand gestures and turned heads. Leonardo's insight into the art of individuals conversing is done beautifully and expressed the drama fully in the Last Supper.

Sources:

King, Ross (2012-10-30). Leonardo and the Last Supper (p. 54). Bloomsbury Publishing Plc. Kindle Edition.

Kirof, Blago (2013-01-31). Leonardo da Vinci Paintings: Annotated (Kindle Locations 40-41). Kindle Edition.

Da Vinci, Leonardo (2012-02-14). Leonardo Da Vinci's Collection (Illustrated): The Notebooks of Leonardo Da Vinci (Volume 1 And Volume 2), Thoughts On Art And Life (Kindle Locations 422-423). Kindle Edition.

Automat by Edward Hopper

2012-10-19T19:07:00.002-04:00

Edward Hopper (July 22, 1882 – May 15, 1967) was a American realism painter. Mostly known for his insightful captures of American life and culture. One of his better known paintings, Automat, shows an alone woman dressed attractively as if she is waiting for someone or just having a cup of coffee alone. Some evidence of the artist's intention or meaning can be noticed in the position of the opposite chair, that it is tucked in and not slanted out as if someone had been sitting there. Also, the reflection of the automat 's ceiling lights with the absence of anything else being viewed in the painting seems to imply a state of being alone and uneasiness. Overall when contrast with Van Gogh's style, there are no swirls of colors to convey emotion or to reveal an hidden meaning, its seems overly straightforward and realistic. Moreover if you compared Hopper's style to Edger Degas', you will notice a difference in brushstroke and use of line but, similar in color. In addition, you will notice a difference in point of view, where Degas' use private personal moments and Hopper is pointing at private public moments. Its is one those paintings or styles that the viewer may wish to step back a little to see the artist's point of view and context. It is a public place and being alone in public is almost a small horror or tragedy in American culture but tends to happen.

The Scream by Edvard Munch

2012-06-30T22:35:00.000-04:00

Edvard Munch (December 1863 – January 1944) was a Norwegian painter that was well known for his psychologically charged paintings. He most recognized works, The Scream, takes the viewer strongly with a wavy dark figure with a pale face, almost in the center of the painting. The audience acknowledges the feeling of horror, or shock emitting from the figure immediately. This expression of emotion is created by Munch thru the use of line. The main figure is drawn unrealistically with a non-linear outline. The two figures on the walkway are drawn with straight lines, and are expressed as real elements. In addition, notice how the walkway is drawn straight to lead the viewer into the painting. The sky is expressed with wavy lines and unnatural color. The audience gets the feeling the expressed emotion is infectious with way the wavy line moves into the sea near the figure when contrasted with the walkway and the two figures.

The Bather by Edgar Degas

2012-05-03T19:14:00.000-04:00

Edgar Degas (1834–1917) was a French impressionist painter but was more of a precursor to the French bohemian movement during the late 1800's. He was known mostly for his expressions of modern life and female nudes. In the Bather, Degas uses pastels, a chalk medium, to create a high quality with a unfinish or rough appearance. Also, He uses a private moment not seen nor made aware of anyone but the subject. His technique creates a keyhole view point with his subject and the audience would feel a sense of catching a rare glimpse of beauty. When compared to the standard studio nude painings during his time, Degas' approach and the use of pastels, instead of brush and oil paints, was a shift into a bohemian culture and expression.

Self-Portrait 1889 by Vincent Van Gogh

2012-03-13T22:06:00.002-04:00

Vincent Van Gogh (1853 – 1890) was a Dutch post-impressionist painter but the most of his time near Paris and its countryside. His self portrait circa 1889 offers an insightful glimpse into the artist's mind. The swirling background, burnt orange beard, and the use of blue for the background and foreground color (his suit) are the major elements expressing the artist's opinion of his mind. One could interpret the swirling background as confused energy or uncontrollable urges. The orange represents the realistic color of his beard and is the only other color used besides the blue. The blue could be an expression of the artist's cool, and relaxed side of his personality while the orange could express an often occuring rage. But, maybe not. Nice painting. It can be found at the Van Gogh Museum in Amsterdam, Holland.

The Fall of Rebel Angels by Pieter Bruegel

2012-02-12T05:47:00.000-05:00

Pieter Bruegel(1525 – 9 September 1569) was a Flemish renaissance painter and printmaker known for his landscapes and peasant scenes. The Fall of Rebel Angels shows the non-ending battle of good vs evil. The Archangel Micheal is shown fighting the fallen angels as they fall from heaven due to the sin of Pride. The artist exaggerates the size of the subject based on moral alignment. So, the hero will be expressed as greater in size when drawn near the smaller depicted villian. The corrupted moral alignment is expressed in the fallen angels as half-monster and half-human. The battle is percieved as great and dramatic.

Cityscape by Richard Diebekorn

2011-10-15T17:49:00.001-04:00

Richard Diebenkorn seems to take the role as a reporter. With the subject matter revolving around landscapes and places, the content doesn’t express an overt feeling or emotion but seems to report the world from a bird’s eye view. From an audience stand point, the works appears to be aerial views of cityscapes and beach views. The artist describes the world abstractly but the subject matter is recognizable. His descriptive type of line is the implied line with large geometric, planar shapes. Regarding his major works, one could infer a sense of public spaces. His landscapes and beach paintings seems to be areas of open space and not private. A connection between the different forms of color or mass in his works is inferred. The implied line is used to express a relationship with the different forms, and this seems to allow the audience to get a sense of an close relationship between the view and the viewer. He would seem to be an activist but I don’t think this is the case. His color scheme is complementary but the complementary color is separated with a white hue(for his landscapes and figurative art) to eliminate a strong contrast.

The Pop Shop by Keith Haring

2011-08-28T16:50:00.001-04:00

Keith Haring (1958-1990) was an American artist during the 1980s. He was born in Reading, Pennsylvania and studied graphic design at The Ivy School of Professional Art. He moved to New York City in 1978 and continued his interest in art at the School of Visual Arts(Wikipedia). The bulk of his works is based in graffiti and vivid iconic styled forms with a universal language. This universal language flooded the 1980’s pop culture to the extent that his art appeared to be hieroglyphs, speaking symbols without words. His most famous work and widely known design is the Radiant Baby. The Pop Shop, a retail outlet, was founded in Manhattan in 1987. It sold t-shirts, posters, coffee mugs, and hats with Haring’s designs. The store closed in 2005 but the interior was completely designed and painted by Haring. It is a continuous mural that included the walls, ceiling, and floor. It is formed by black and white colors with bold curved lines. I think having a room designed in this style could develop to a section solely devoted to Pop Culture and Art Design.

Arch of Hysteria by Louise Bourgeois

2011-08-18T19:36:00.001-04:00

Louise Bourgeois (1911-present) was born in Paris, France in 1911. She studied painting at the Ecole du Loure and at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts. She moved to New York City in 1938 with her husband Robert Goldwater. She continued her interest in art at the Art Students League of New York. She still lives in New York. Her most famous piece is the Maman, which is a 30 foot tall spider cast in bronze(Wikipedia). The Arch of Hysteria is based on the French neurologist Jean Martin Charcot’s theory of hysteria. Charcot based his hereditary origin of hysteria on his documented studies with female patients(Charcot 32) . Charcot described hysteria as combination of physical tension, immobility of the limbs, and an extreme emotional state(Charcot 32) . It was associated with females. For Arch of Hysteria, Bourgeois chose a male figure instead of a female to counter the misconception. An item that counters traditional thinking is a necessary piece and should be acquired.

Excerpt of Jean Martin Charot's Study

Aeneas and the Sibyl in the Underworld

2011-08-16T22:24:00.006-04:00

Jan Bruegal the Elder (1525-1625) was a Dutch painter and a part of the renaissance movement. His works were primarily landscapes with scenes from scripture. The Aeneas and the Sibyl in the Underworld depicts a story from Virgil’s The Aeneid, where Aeneas wants to speak to his deceased father in hell (Bell 93). For the journey, he takes along a Sibyl to persuade Charon to carry him over the river Styx. It appeals because it shows the Middle Ages’ concept of “Hell” which is always fascinating to the religious and the agnostic. In the painting, there are demons, devils, nude bodies of damned souls, and a clothed group representing condemned souls (Bell 93). Also, Virgil’s description of Aeneas’ journey leads to inspire Dante’s Inferno. Electronic Arts made a video game/movie adaptation of Dante's Inferno (see video insert).

California by Hiram Powers

2011-08-13T19:48:00.001-04:00

Hiram Powers (1805–1873) was an American sculptor during the 1800s. He was born in Vermont and lived in Ohio. He learned the art of sculpture in 1826 from Frederick Eckstein. His most famous work is The Greek Slave, which became an abolitionists and Union symbol (Civil War, North vs South). Copies of the marble statue appeared in Union state capitol buildings. Like the Last of the Buffalo, California is a reflection of American history. It’s an allegorical work where the woman represents Fortune resting on a column of quartz(known to contain gold) while holding a divining rod or miner’s wand. It’s a piece that is suitable and reflects the Gold Rush and historical origins of Colorado and California.

The Last of the Buffalo by Albert Bierstadt

2011-08-12T01:34:00.002-04:00

Albert Bierstadt (1830-1902) was a German-American artist. He was born in Solingen, Germany and moved with his family to New Bedford, Massachusetts in 1833. He studied painting at the Dusseldorf School in Germany and with the artist’s collective, Hudson River School. He is well known for his western panoramas. His works is similar to Thomas Coles’ approach with illuminated landscapes and aerial perspective. Bierstadt’s works were a result of several journeys into the West during the late 1800s. The Last of the Buffalo displays the American Buffalo heroically versus the Native American on the western plains. At the time, the buffalo were at declining numbers due to western expansion. The scene mostly took place decades before. Locally, the panorama fits nicely and appeals to the pioneers and western historians.

Reflexion by Renoir

2011-08-11T03:31:00.003-04:00

Pierre-Auguste Renoir (1841-1919) was a French artist during the late 1800s-early 1900s and an Impressionist icon. His works were concern with personal and intimate settings but his famous pieces were centered around and expressed women’s elegance and serenity(Newman 33). In Reflexion , Renoir paints entirely with black which contrasts sharply with the redness of the flower in her hat and the women’s lips. It is a foundation piece that would solidify our direction and approach to defining art. Through Reflexion, the general public and art community would “see” that an appreciation of art is necessary for everyday life.

A Glance at the Quantum Cloud XXXIII

2011-08-08T23:54:00.005-04:00

The Quantum Cloud XXXIII, by Antony Gormley, was on display at the Denver Art Museum as part of the Modern and Contemporary Art Collection, in the Hamilton Building. It is an indoor installation that stands 326 cm in height, 153 cm in width, and 147 cm in length. It composed primarily of dark matted stainless steel bars that are 6cm x 6cm in size. The subject matter is an abstraction or nonrepresentational of human figure standing with arms raised and being encompassed by a cloud which is represented by geometric lines projecting outward or inward radially from the human figure. The human figure is an actual cast of the artist, and the stainless steel bars forms the density and volume of the figure. The appearance of a cloud that surrounds the figure is expressed by lines entering or exiting the figure at random locations. The lines are formed by the same material as the human figure, dark matted stainless steel bars. The content of the installation is that the human body is a focus or well of pure energy (inorganic) and vitality (organic); and these energies can form a human from within or disperse from it.

Born in London, England in 1950, and grew up in Hampstead Garden Suburb, North London, Gormley attended Ampleforth College, and Trinity College, Cambridge (Gormley). He completed his postgraduate degree at the Slade School of Art, University College London in 1979. He won the Turner Prize in 1994 for his Field for British Isles which consisted of 35,000 individual terracotta figures ranging from 8 to 26cm high, on a floor facing the viewer (Gormley). The Field for British Isles was part of an exhibition at Torre Abbey, Torquay, England. He was also given the honor as an Order of the British Empire in 1997. His first monolithic statue was the Havmannen (1995). The Havmannen is 11 meters tall human figure, composed of granite stone placed in the Ranfjord of northern Norway(Wikipedia). Its success lead to a series of human figure statue projects placed in and around where people live and work, like Another Place in 1997, and the Quantum Cloud in 1999. The Quantum Cloud is a 30 meters tall sculpture constructed of tetrahedral forms of steel bars. It was installed near the Millennium Dome in London. The Quantum Cloud XXXIII is a conceptual derivative of the Millennium Dome outdoor installation.

For the most of his creations, Gormley has taken on the role as analyst and seeks to reveal a hidden or universal truth about the human condition or state of being. He chooses a non-descript human figure either standing, crouching or sitting, created out of lead, stainless steel, or iron. The choice of a metallic, neutral, nude figure forces the viewer to place his or her impressions or feeling onto the figure, and it shows that the artist is investigating an internal process, idea or feeling regarding the human state of being. The figure does not make an impression onto the viewer beside its stance or positioning and contextual placement. In an interview with F. David Peat, on June 4, 1996, Gormley says, “The impossible thing I'm trying to do is accept that we live in the world of the visible but make it unsatisfactory enough that behind the visible is some other kind of potential that does not exist in the sculpture but exists in you the viewer.” He hints or acknowledges that there is something hidden by the “visible” and he seeks to revel it.

For Quantum Cloud XXXIII, Gormley chooses to use casting and modeling to form and rigid stainless steel, as the medium, to construct the installation. The contour of the human figure is made from the life-like cast. The interior space of the cast is filled with the lattice work of dark matted stainless steel bars. The layered crossing of the steel bars forms the appearance of density and mass of the human figure. The cloud appears present by allowing random steel bars to extend outward from the internal lattice work of the human figure.

Gormley uses the analytical line exclusively to form the both the internal structure and the exterior space of the installation. The only curved or expressive line is the contour of the human figure. The hue of the piece is very dark and contrasts with the white, well-lit background of the museum space it resides in. Time, at first, does not seem to be an element of the work but if the viewer perceives the standing figure as in motion, then the installation appears to be a formation leading to the dispersion of a human figure, with the steel bars representing the pathways of energy. By perceiving time, the title of the work becomes evident. The viewer “sees” on a subatomic level the formation or disintegration of energy or emotion. Quantum implies a subatomic level and cloud references the orbital space of the electron around an atom (Griffin 393). When applying the quantum physics interpretation, the human figure becomes a summation of atoms with orbitals that creates a cloud containing energy or a dispersion of energy emanating in different directions. Overall, the work is symmetrically balanced and possesses a sense of unity with the surrounding environment. The composition does communicate a feeling of empowerment and presence.

The conceptual design and expression of the Quantum Cloud XXXIII appeals because it’s an ideal of the human body being intricately composed of energies and extremely full with vitality that can affect the surrounding environment by emanating or absorbing, physically or metaphysically. The ideas and feelings expressed in the Quantum Cloud XXXIII is not a new way seeing or understanding the function of the human body as a well of negative or positive energy emanating in all directions to find a positive source of energy. This social theory has been employed by writers and artists of Marvel Comics, DC Comics and creators of a plethora of video games. Heroic characters like The Might Thor, Hulk, Green Lantern, Batman,and Superman are portrayed as possessing an internal focus of energy that seeks out to destroy its opposite or opposing well of light or energy, such as Loki, Doc Sampson, Sinestro, and Lex Luthor. A good example is Thor & Loki: Blood Brothers, a motion comic by Marvel Knights Animation based on a graphic novel (miniseries) by Esad Ribic. Through out the motion comic series, Loki dicussess and revels on a "subatomic" level his dynamically opposing relationship with his brother, Thor (video insert). Another great example is Batman's Black and White series from DC Motion Comics. (video insert)

By using this type of dichotomy for heroes and villains, very dramatic, believable, and entertaining storytelling can occur in print and in film. In the article by Flintoff, Gormley is quoted as saying, “The challenge now is to offer back to people the same freedom that art took for itself. I love abstract expressionism; it showed it was possible to do anything. We don’t have to continue making perfect copies of gods and kings. Art can be a pure expression of forms of being alive.”

Quantum Cloud XXXIII by Antony Gormley

Works Cited:

Flintoff, John-Paul. “Antony Gormley, the who broke the mould.” The Times Online. 2 Mar. 2008. Times Newspapers LTD. 22 Nov. 2009 <http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/visual_arts/article3444837.ece>

Peat, F. David. “Interview: Antony Gormley.” 6 Jun 1996. Pari Center for New Learning. 22 Nov 2009 <http://www.fdavidpeat.com/interviews/gormley.htm>

“New Works.” 2001. Norkenhake. 22 Nov. 2009 <http://www.nordenhake.com/php/artistsExhibitions.php?id=14>

“Case Study: The Design and Analysis of Quantum Cloud.” 2009. LUSAS. 22 Nov. 2009 <http://www.lusas.com/case/civil/gormley.html>

Griffith, W. Thomas. The Physics of Everyday Phenomena. 5^th Edition. New York: Mcgraw-Hill, 2007

“Antony Gormley.” 2009. Antony Gormley. 22 Nov. 2009 <http://www.antonygormley.com>

Wikipedia. 2009. 22 Nov 2009 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antony_Gormley>