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World First Flying Car Invented In Slovakia | How It Works ? |

2022-05-27T02:04:00.002-04:00

Hello, friends! About 60 or 70 years ago, when people were asked to imagine how the year 2020 would look, people imagined futuristic looking cities. Hoverboards. Cars flying in the sky. Flying cars would have become a reality. But unfortunately, it didn't happen. The reality looks like this today. While people imagine the year 2020 to look like this. But do you know what, friends? Flying cars are something that's slowly becoming a reality. Today, in 2022, a company in Slovakia, has successfully tested an actual flying car. This isn't a dream for the future, it is the reality now. Come, let's understand this technology in today's blog. "If you haven't noticed lately, we're living in the future. But there's still one thing that's conspicuously absent. "Where are the flying cars?" "I was promised flying cars." "I don't see any flying cars." "Why?" Would there ever be an aircraft where you can just jump in, and be able to take off and fly where ever you want to?"

History of flying cars

Listening to it, friends, it feels like a flying car is something really futuristic. but people had started trying to make one about 100 years ago. The year 1917, saw the first attempt at building a flying car. Or perhaps a roadable aeroplane. An aeroplane that can navigate roads too. It was named the Autoplane. This was built by Glenn Curtis. It was given the title 'Limousine of the Year.' But was this flying car actually able to fly? It's said that when they tried to fly it it lifted off the ground but unfortunately, it couldn't fly properly. So the Autoplane turned out to be a failure. After this, we get to 1933, when the US Air Commerce Bureau conducted a competition, called the Flivver Competition. They challenged people to design an aeroplane that would cost less than $700 to build. Many models were submitted in this competition, and one of these models was of the Aerobile. Designed by Walda Waterman. This was an aeroplane that looked like a car. It could take flight but never went into production, because they were going through the Great Depression. There were enough funds to produce it. But what could be called the first successful attempt took place in 1945. American inventor Robert Edison Fulton, built an aeroplane called the Airphibian. It looked like a proper aeroplane, the only difference was that the front of it could be detached. It took about 5 minutes to convert this aeroplane into a car. And the resulting car looked like the front of the aeroplane. For its era, this Airphibian was quite innovative and it got a flight certification from the Civil Aviation Authority. But the problem was that, because of the compromises in the design, it was neither a good aeroplane, that could compete with the other aeroplanes. Nor was it a good car, that could compete with the other cars. When it turned into a car, it looked really weird. To add to it, in 1945, there were financial problems due to World War II. This company could not find investors for this flying car. And then came the Convaircar. Industrial designer Henry Dreyfuss attempted this in 1947. This looked like a car stuck with an aeroplane on it. Airphibian looked like an aeroplane completely. But this looked as if the car got stuck to the aeroplane by mistake and is now flying with it. It too took 5 minutes to convert from an aeroplane to a car. And by converting, it meant detaching the aeroplane part and keeping it aside. And then it could be used as a car. It was a great idea for its time. And in its third test flight, this Convaircar crashed. The pilot checked the reading on the meter, and thought that there was enough fuel and that he could continue flying, and though the car did have enough fuel, there was very little in the aeroplane's tank. It led to this unfortunate crash. After this crash, people lost confidence in it. And the investors backed out. The problem with these attempts was that they took a car, and they took an aeroplane, and they tried to combine them as they were. A true flying car would be one that could actually transform from an aeroplane to a car. The two can't simply be combined merely to detach the part of the aeroplane when the car is used. Morton Taylor was the first person to decide to work on the design of Airphibian, and to make the wings of the Airphibian foldable. So that when it has to be used as a car, the wings can be folded and stored behind the car. This came true in the year 1949. It was named Taylor's Aerocar. They got the certification, the approval for mass production, but the problem was that they needed at least 500 advance orders before mass production could begin. But there weren't enough people interested in it. So they couldn't get the orders. So the deal had to be cancelled. At one point, the company Ford was quite close to buying this Taylor Aerocar. But that deal couldn't be finalised either. There was a scarcity of funds but perhaps a bigger problem was the lack of technological advancement. We didn't have the technology to build a true flying car.

Flying Cars of 21st century

But today, neither do we lack funds, and the technology has moved by leaps and bounds since the 1950s. So the recent attempts at building a flying car, have been amazing. They are truly futuristic. In October 2021, a Swedish company called Jetson Aero, presented their Jetson 1 Airplane to the world. As you can see, it doesn't look like a car at all, rather it can be called an extra-large drone. Because it flies just like a drone. A person sits inside it and pilots it around. It is a single-seater vehicle. Only one person can sit inside it. They had started working on it in 2017. The first prototype was ready in January 2018 and it had its first successful flight too. But they introduced their company and presented their 2nd generation prototype to the world. In October 2021. Its speciality is its design. A helicopter needs a helipad to take off but this is so compact, so small that it can land on your roof and take off from your neighbourhood garden as well. To keep it lightweight, its frame is made of aluminium. And it weighs only 86kg. It is very light. And the person sitting in it, can weigh up to 95kg. Perhaps the most interesting thing is that you wouldn't need a pilot's license to fly it. Because according to the US Laws, there is no need for a pilot's license, for a home-built, single-seater aircraft. Since it is a single-seater aircraft, only one person can sit in it, and it's home-built too because if you buy it, it'll reach you 50% assembled. You can order it from anywhere in the world, the way that the company ships this to you, you need to assemble it yourself. So it comes under the category home-built. With this, the legal hassles for the company reduce. Because the company would no longer be responsible in case of accidents. Because you have put it together. Jetson 1 is truly very futuristic, but it cannot be practically used much. Because you can't fly it at night. You can't fly it over city traffic. Because these are restricted airspace. And generally, it is quite difficult to fly a camera drone nowadays, it will be very difficult to get permission to fly this. But their co-founder, Peter Ternstrom, has said that they aren't trying to solve a problem in the world they are simply promoting it as a fun activity. He claims that it is fun to fly it. You can guess the origins of the name of the company, Jetson. If you recall, The Jetsons used to be a cartoon show a while ago. And the futuristic aircraft used by the Jetsons to travel looked somewhat like this. So they tried to copy that design and took inspiration from it. So this Jetson 1 cannot be termed as a proper flying car. Because it can run on the roads. But there's another company in Slovakia. They presented their Aircar to the world last month. It is a flying car in true essence. Let's return to the topic. So what's special about the AirCar? It completed its first intercity flight in June last year. From the international airport Nitra to the Bratislava airport. Both cities are in Slovakia. And Slovakia is an Eastern European country. Last month, the Transport Authority of Slovakia, gave it clearance for take-off. It received the Certificate of Airworthiness. The European Aviation Safety Agency's all testing safety standards are obeyed by this flying car. This is the first flying car to actually look like a flying car. They used a BMW car as a base and have attached wings to it. The attempts of 60-70 years ago was when they tried to stick a part of the aeroplane to a car. But this is the first attempt where the wings come out of the car. No special fuel is needed to fly it. The petrol that you get at the petrol station is enough to fly this car. Because a 1.6l BMW engine is fitted inside it. While flying, this AirCar can reach a height of 8,000 feet. And it can fly at the speed of 190 km/hr. And a maximum of 2 people can sit in the car. And to transform from an aeroplane to a car, it takes only 3 minutes. This is the way it transforms. The wings can be folded to the back. And everything's automatic. There's no need to unscrew anything or to separate anything. It is all in one piece. You can see the wings going into the back of the car slowly and it is transforming into a compact car. On the road, this AirCar would look like this. It looks like a normal car on the road almost. But it is a little overboard at the back. It isn't bad. Because some cars are long at the back. One thing's certain to fly this, you would need a pilot's license. because it needs a proper runway to take off. This AirCar has completed more than 200 takeoffs and landings so there's no doubt that it is a successful flying car. If you want to buy it, how much would you need to pay? It's said that its price will start from $500,000 ranging to $1 million, depending upon the model you want to buy. And within 12 months, it will become commercially available. Meaning, you can buy it in the market then. The founder of Jetson 1 had said that they see their aircraft as a means to have fun. It's supposed to be used by people as a fun activity. But the company that has made the AirCar, Klein Vision, they believe that this AirCar, will replace helicopters in the future. Because the internal combustion engine of a normal car is used in it, it would mean that it's very energy efficient. Normally, to fly helicopters and aeroplanes, a lot of fuel is used. They need special fuel. But since this AirCar can fly with a car's engine, it would mean that in the future, it wouldn't be very difficult to use the engine of an electric car to fly this AirCar. It means that, a fully electric AirCar can be possible. It will be good for the environment in comparison to helicopters and normal airplanes.

Uses of flying cars

The most important question to arise here is; What's the need for this? Can there be a practical use for these flying cars? The most important use for these flying cars is said to be for emergency services. Such as for ambulances, fire engines or for the police. One advantage would be that it would be easier to use than helicopters. And there's no need to build separate infrastructure for them. Railway tracks need to be laid for trains, tunnels have to be dug for metros, roads need to be built for cars, but for the flying cars, the same infrastructure can be used that already exist. Another major advantage of these is that these are very flexible. Talking about Jetson 1 aircraft, they can land and take off from anywhere. We will get end-to-end connectivity here. And obviously the environmental impact, can be reduced drastically because normally, cars take a long time to cover long distances but flying cars would be able to do it faster. And they'll consume less energy as well.

Disadvantage of flying cars

But if you talk about their disadvantages, perhaps they have more disadvantages than advantages. The first is that Do we really need flying cars? Let's compare it with the cars. Nowadays, cars have become very common, in almost every city of every country in the world. Everyone needs to take a driving test to get a driver's license. But despite that, many people drive irresponsibly, there are accidents, so many people die in traffic accidents around the world. If people can't learn to drive properly on the road, will they be able to learn to fly properly? It'll be 10 times more difficult. It'll have 10 times more scope of causing accidents. And if an accident does occur mid-air, it would be that much more deadly. This is a very serious issue how many people would need to get sufficient pilot training to fly these? A solution to this problem can be automated flying cars. That the flying cars fly automatically with interference from the pilot. Like the automated cars nowadays, Tesla already has these features where the car can drive itself. If such self-driving flying cars are made, only then can this problem be avoided. But talking about Tesla, Elon Musk believes flying cars to be a bad idea. Because according to him, when there will be thousands of cars flying in the sky, somewhere or other there'll be an accident and if one of those cars fell on someone's head, that person will die instantly. The risk of people losing their lives in these accidents is very high. And normally, when your car breaks down, you park it at the side of the road to check it. But if your car breaks down in the sky, where would you park it? These problems would increase in bad weather. Imagine that you are flying your car, and it is very windy, or there's a thunderstorm, suppose there's a lot of turbulence. Normally, since the aeroplanes are much larger they can bear it. But in smaller private jets, there's an increased threat from turbulence and bad weather. And since the flying cars wouldn't be very big, they'll face the same threats. After this, there's also the problem of safety. It's true that no new infrastructure is needed for a couple of flying cars, but if thousands of cars fly in the sky, a new system of traffic lights will need to be put up. Such as the ones for cars. Since the cars will be flying in all directions, there's a dire need for traffic lights. Newt technical standards would need to be enforced, so that the flying cars could communicate with each other so that there aren't collisions and crashes. But it wouldn't be easy to do this. Because today, it is so difficult for governments to make regulations for drones. That the governments take to banning drones. And these drones merely fly to take aerial photos and videos. To do so for the flying cars, how difficult it would be from the government's perspective, you can already imagine it. Then comes the problem of noise pollution. If you have flown any small drone, you would have noticed the loud sound while flying it. Or if you've gone closer to a helicopter, it is on the next level. That's why you need to put on headphones in the helicopter. These same problems exist for flying cars. These problems exist in Jetson 1 and AirCar too. It creates a lot of noise. It is so noisy that it isn't practical to use it in the urban environment now. To deal with this, a new technological innovation is needed. So that the noise level of the flying cars can be reduced to a bearable extent. Apart from noise, another area which needs some innovation is the fast charging technology. Nowadays, drones can be flown for up to 20 minutes only. How long would the flying cars last in the air? With the present technology, it can fly up to 50 km only. after that, they would need to be charged or refuelled. And it takes up a lot of time. These are the practical problems that need to be solved in the future for this technology to be successful.

Conclusion

Even if all these problems are solved, the final problem to arise here would be the cost. After so many innovations, the final price of the flying car, would be at a level where people would actually want to buy it? Will it be practical for people to buy it? Now the AirCar costs around $1 million, if the cost isn't affordable, it would be very difficult for it to be truly successful. This is valid for any new technology. If the competing technologies are offered at a much better cost, the competing technologies would be the ones to be successful in the future. If travelling by cars, trains and aeroplanes is at a much lower price, in comparison to flying cars, then the flying cars would never be successful. What is your opinion? Comment below. And I hope you found this blog informative. If you like this, there are more such blogs in this playlist. Let's meet in the next blog. Thank you very much!

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How Metaverse Works ? | Secret of Metaverse |

2022-03-09T04:38:00.000-05:00

Hello, friends! Imagine you meet with your family members or your friends, but not really, rather in a virtual 3D world. One that is created artificially. You enter this world while you're sitting in your room, using a special headset or glasses. Similarly, you're working or studying or shopping, you do almost all the things that you do in the real world, but not in the real world, instead of in this virtual, artificially created world, using this special headset or glasses right from your room. How does it sound? Doesn't it sound a little depressing? Friends, the Metaverse promises something akin to this for the future. It is touted to be a technology that would replace the internet in the future and will become the future of humanity. "Will Metaverse change the world of the internet?" "I think we'll have to brace for this race for the Metaverse. I think we'll see more and more of an AI coming in the gaming space." "The next platform and medium will be even more immersive and embodied internet, where you're in the experience, not just looking at it. And we call this the Metaverse. Because the future is going to be beyond anything we can imagine."

What is Metaverse?

The word Metaverse is made up of two words. Meta + Verse. The word Meta is derived from Greek, it is a prefix that basically means 'Beyond.' And the Verse comes from the word 'Universe.' We live in this Universe and it will be the Metaverse that will be beyond this universe. This word is basically used to refer to an artificial world. You might recall another word related to this, the Multiverse. The one talked about in the latest Spiderman film. Multiverse is the concept where there are multiple existing universes, It is something that is even scientifically discussed. Some people believe that there isn't only one universe, rather there are multiple universes, thus the Multiverse. But anyway, Metaverse means an artificially created universe. The Internet can also be said to be a distinct universe but when you go on the Internet, it is mostly limited to 2 Dimensions only. Whether you're using your phone or your computer, these are 2-dimensional screens. But when Metaverse is talked about, Metaverse would be a world where you can be completely in it. In 3 Dimensions. Like when you watch a film, you wouldn't be watching the film merely as a viewer, you would experience being in the film. For example, you're watching the Dandi March happening, you wouldn't just see the photo of it, or the video of the Dandi March, rather it would be as if you're sitting in a boat nearby and actually watching the Dandi March as it is happening. Or when you watch a cricket match on the television, it is in 2 dimensions, but technically, if we use virtual reality, then you would get a 360° experience of watching the cricket match around you. It will try to create an experience that would make you feel as if you're actually at the match. The word Metaverse was first used in the year 1992. In the science fiction book Snow Crash. Written by Neal Stephenson. In this novel, he talked about a dystopian world, a world where real-life has been destroyed the outdoors wasn't livable for humans anymore, so everyone lives confined to their buildings and rooms, and spends their life in virtual reality. That virtual reality, the artificial world, was referred to as Metaverse by him. After this, a game was released in 2003 called the Second Life. You could play this game on the computer, and create a second life in this game on the computer. Meeting people virtually, buying items, buying properties in the game, exchanging goods and services, and creating realistic-looking avatars. By the way, an interesting fact here, the word Avatar, was first popularised in the 1992 book Snow Crash. This word comes from the Hindi/Sanskrit word Avtar when we call someone a reincarnation of a deity. Similarly, the word Avatar was used here for the characters in the virtual reality that you could create. They'd be your Avatars. Like this 3-D animation of Mark Zuckerberg created by him, this 3D character is the Avatar of Mark Zuckerberg. Obviously, this word became more popular in the rest of the world with the release of the 2009 film Avatar. Recently though, many companies tried to create their virtual worlds and Metaverses, but this word was made popular again by Facebook. When Facebook decided to change the name of their company to Meta. Saying that they want to adopt the Metaverse. That they want to expand from being a social media company to a Metaverse company. And Mark Zuckerberg defined the Metaverse in this manner. "And you're gonna be able to do almost anything you can imagine. Get together with friends and family, work, learn, play, shop, create, as well as entirely new categories that don't really fit how we think about computers and phones today. If it were up to Mark, he would've said that you could eat and have bodily functions in the Metaverse itself. Because the more you spend time in the Metaverse, the more data they would be able to collect on you. More they earn. But let's talk about this later in the blog. The cons and dangers of it.

Technology of Metaverse

First, let's see how the Metaverse is created. Various technologies are used here, to actually create the Metaverse. The first is Virtual Reality. This technology already exists today. But to use this, you have to wear these heavy headsets. And if you have them on for more than half an hour, they start causing headaches, and motion sickness. As claimed by many users. On top of it, the things that you can see in virtual reality now, the level of technology that we have today, is quite poor. The quality of animation that you see in the virtual reality games, the videos that you can see on there, Although it is something that would definitely improve with time. It is also being hoped that these heavy headsets with the new technologies, they would keep getting smaller and slimmer, and eventually, they'd be the size of normal glasses. Where it wearing it and taking it off would be as easy as wearing and taking off a pair of glasses. Whether this would be actually possible, time will tell. The second technology is AR. Augmented Reality. It would mean that some artificial elements mixed with our real world. It wouldn't be a complete Virtual Reality. An excellent example of it is the Pokémon Go smartphone game. On it, you can use the smartphone to look at the real world around you, but when you look at it through the smartphone, you can see the artificial Pokémons in there. It seems like they are mixed in the real world around you. Another good example of it is the Google Glass which was released once upon a time. Remember? A product that was released and taken back without people finding out about it. But Google Glass had a huge hype around 2013-14, glasses with which you could add virtual elements in the real world. When you look at the road in front of you, you can have a map at the corner of the glasses, You could take it to someone through the camera, while looking in front of you, even while walking, this feature was heavily criticized. In fact, this was mocked so much that eventually, the Google Glass was a huge flop. Apart from this, having 5G technology in the Metaverse is also talked about. If we're to create a huge virtual world, we'd need to constantly upload and download a huge amount of data, for this, we'd need extremely high internet speeds, we'd need 5G. Additionally, Blockchains and cryptocurrencies are also mentioned, when talking about the Metaverse. When money would be spent to buy anything in the Metaverse, they can't be real money, of course, because everything is digital, so there would be a need for digital currency. This is where Cryptocurrencies come into play. And because there's a large number of transactions constantly, they'd need to be kept secure. There would be a threat of hackers, or the threat of data breaches too, To keep these secure, Blockchains might be used. The exact manner in which Blockchains keep the data secure if you want to buy land in the Metaverse, or some other property, or any asset in the Metaverse, how should that be accomplished? It is said that it'll be accomplished through NFTs. Non Fungible Tokens. You can think of NFTs as tokens, that exist on the blockchain, and can prove the ownership of any digital asset. How would you prove that you own a particular digital land in the Metaverse? An NFT will prove it. Nowadays, it is being used to buy or sell the ownership of memes. NFTs can be used to verify the tickets to a concert also. If someone holds a virtual concert in the Metaverse. It is something that some singers have already done it. Virtual reality concerts. In it, they get up on a digital stage and perform, and you see them as animated figures and see them perform. It can be used there as well. Last year in September, singer Arianna did this by virtually performing in Fortnite.

When we can get Metaverse?

Although all these technologies exist individually on a basic level, combining them and creating a true Metaverse will take a lot of time. Mark Zuckerberg estimates that it would take about 5 to 10 years, for the key features of Metaverse to become a part of the mainstream. Several experts believe that it would actually take decades before something akin to the Metaverse could become so popular, that majority of people would be using it. Many people believe that Metaverse is inevitable. It is bound to happen someday. The next thing after the internet would be the Metaverse. But a critical question arises here.

Will this Metaverse be successful?

Is there a demand for it? Does anyone want it? And it is a very interesting question. Because if you look at the technologies like Google Glass, there were a lot of efforts put into making it popular around 2014, Many celebrities went around wearing it, it was handed out to influencers, people made tech reviews of it, showing how cool they were. But eventually, the Google Glass was a flop. There are many reasons for the lack of response. One of the reasons was that they had a battery life of 3 hours only. They looked weird. There was the issue of privacy because they had a camera. Many places had already banned them because with people wearing them, no one knew who was being recorded when. Many countries went about banning them. People couldn't wear them to certain restaurants and bars. But in my opinion, there was an even more important reason behind the failure of Google Glass. They didn't have any feature that the people truly needed. It did look very cool, a futuristic piece of technology. And the people who owned one of these could show off the features of the Glass, but actual, real-life use was next to none. Anything you could do on Google Glass, you could already do it on your smartphone. And you could do it better on the smartphone. Whether it is looking at maps or talking on video calls, You could do it on the Glass at the corner of the lens, but why wouldn't you just take your phone out of your pocket and use it? There was basically no use case for the Google Glass. Something similar can be said about the Metaverse too. It is very cool to try it for the first time, seeing how you can sit in a 3D virtual environment and communicate with others, having 3D meetings, but realistically, why would you go through so much trouble? Everyone needs to put on the glasses, and call everyone else on the 3D setup, it's easier to simply take out the phone and get on a normal video call. It is much easier to do so. Who would go through with preparing for all of it? The same thing for meeting up with friends, You can meet them actually in real life, but even if you want to meet virtually, have a video call with them. Or talk to them via messaging. Is there something extra this special 3D world offer? The technology that is the most popular among people, Is the easiest to use. And provides a clear benefit to the user. If that's not the case, then it would be very difficult for technology to become mainstream. Another example of it was the 3D glasses. There was a time when 3D became the latest trend. Every other film that was released was in 3D, there are many 3D pictures released now as well, but I'm talking about the time when 3D TVs were very popular too. People wanted to have a 3D TV in their homes. It sounds very cool. To have a 3D TV! But realistically, it was bothersome to put on glasses for watching TV. No one wants to put in so much effort. Things should be kept simple. Only the simple things would be successful. If you have the simple option of simply turning on the TV to watch it, you wouldn't care about 3D. And the additional eye strain and headache while wearing the 3D glasses are unacceptable for many people. This is the reason why the popularity of 3D cinema is sinking. People have started preferring watching 2D movies again. Because there aren't many additional benefits of watching 3D movies. And the feeling of being stuck with the glasses, and the strain on the eyes isn't worth it for the additional advantage of watching the movie in 3D. The second point of criticism is perhaps more significant. Do we really want to distance ourselves from real life so much that we forget how to live real lives? That we spend all our lives in this fake artificial world. If this virtual world becomes so addictive and immersive, somewhere or the other, people will stop worrying about the real world. It is truly dystopian. It will be very depressing. And the book that I talked about, Snow Crash, is actually a Dystopian Novel, it wasn't something to draw inspiration from. To create something of that sort. It tried to show the Metaverse in a negative light. The third problem is specific to Facebook and Mark Zuckerberg.

Conclusion

The threat to privacy and data theft, You are tracked on Facebook by all possible means. The exact pixel you click, the content that you like, the accounts you follow, based on it, you are shown similar content. This creates bubbles. You remain in your bubble. You are shown only the things that you like. Because of this, what eventually happens is we witness riots in the real world. Polarisation of people takes place. Left-wing and Right-wing this religion versus that religion, this political party and that political party, people start fighting. And there are literal riots in the world. The blame for the genocide in Myanmar was put largely on Facebook. And because Mark Zuckerberg talks about creating the Metaverse, this same thing will increase 10 or 100 times. Because they want you to work in the Metaverse, talk to your friends, each and every movement would be tracked. Each word that you utter, they will track it to sell ads. You will be shown things that you like. You can imagine the same thing on a much bigger scale. Think how dangerous it would be. On top of it, when such a virtual world is being created, a new type of universe is being created here, and it's created by one company. Think how the owner of that universe would be Mark Zuckerberg. In the real world, there is no such owner at least. Mark Zuckerberg would become the literal God of the Metaverse. If he gets control over everything. If the Metaverse truly becomes successful, suppose 60% of the world's population starts using it, and they start doing everything in the Metaverse, think about the level of power with that one person, that one company, that would own the majority shares in the Metaverse. It is very unethical and highly dangerous. What is your opinion on the Metaverse? What do you think? Will it become popular in the future? Comment below to let me know. If you ask for my opinion, I think some technologies from it that would definitely be popular in the future. But they will be popular in their sectors. For example, the technology of AR. Augmented Reality. I think it has a very productive use case in engineering, architecture, or even in the field of medicine. Where you need to think in 3D. Using 3D models would make the work more efficient and overall better. Especially if you could interact with 3D models. I believe it has great potential in many business areas and industries, these types of technologies. I hope you found this blog to be informative. Let's meet in the next blog. Thank you very much.

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| Ukraine Vs Russia crisis | Danger of WW3 ? |

2022-02-02T01:09:00.000-05:00

For the past few weeks, it is being reported

that a war may break out between Russia and Ukraine. Russia has mobilised more than 100,000 soldiers to Ukraine's border. These aren't cross-border tensions between two countries. There is a literal threat that Russia may invade Ukraine. Meaning that it will establish its control over Ukraine. Ukraine may cease to exist. The USA and the countries of the European Union have warned Russia that if it chooses to do so, strict actions will be taken against Russia. And countries like China, have shown support to Russia on this issue. It means that all major countries have become aligned on one side or the other in this war. It is also being said that if it does happen if Russia declares war here, it increases the chances of World War III breaking out."NATO is alarmed about Russia's military build-up." "Russia, has for weeks, amassing troops and tanks along the Ukrainian border." "Raising concerns, they could be preparing to attack Ukraine." "Ukrainian troops have prepared to defend themselves if Russian troops cross the border." "If it invades Ukraine, there will be severe consequences." "We have a strong iron-clad commitment to the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Ukraine."

To understand this issue better,

we need to go into Russia and Ukraine's history. Most people begin in the year 1991. The year when the USSR or the Soviet Union broke up into 15 countries.The biggest of which was Russia. And Ukraine was also a part of the USSR. It got independent after 1991.

You might think that this story is similar to India-Pakistan-Bangladesh. Because before 1947, India, Pakistan and Bangladesh were one country. And you might conclude that joining Ukraine and Russia again wouldn't be so wrong. But this isn't a valid comparison. Because in 1921, Lenin's Red Army had invaded Ukraine.

After this Communist Russian Revolution, the USSR was established in 1922.The Union of 15 different Soviet Socialist Republic countries. One of the countries was the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic.

The question arises,

What was Ukraine before this? Ukraine was an independent country. But it had gotten its independence a mere 3 years ago in 1918.

Independence from whom?Independence from the Russian Empire. And as you know, the Russian Empire was overthrown in 1917 by the Russian Revolutionaries. So basically, Ukraine was a part of the Russian Empire then it got independence, and then the people that overthrew the Russian Empire went ahead and invaded Ukraine again. If you talk about the era before the Russian Empire, then there were some instances when Russia and Ukraine were parts of the same Empire. And some instances, when Ukraine was part of the Lithuanian or Polish Empires. But we don't need to go so deep into the details.

The point remains that

the spirit of Ukrainian nationalism, the distinct identity of Ukraine as a country, isn't a feeling that developed after 1991. It has been in the Ukrainian people for a long time.

It is interesting to know what happened after 1991. When the Soviet Union broke apart, some Ukrainians breathed a sigh of relief, they thought their country finally earned its independence from the Soviet Union. They bid adieu to Moscow, and parted as friends. And they looked towards the European Union, intending to join them. That they wanted to become an independent European country like others. But on the other hand, some people harboured a lot of sympathy for the Russians. Considering themselves to be Russians. They believed that Russians and Ukrainians are ethnically similar both are classified as Slavic, their religions are similar there aren't major differences. They are majorly Christian. And in both countries, other religions are in minority. For these people, the events of 1991, was like a partition. It was a tragedy for them From the latter category of people, was Vladimir Putin. Just last week, Putin said that the collapse of the Soviet Union was a major humanitarian tragedy. In which more than 25 million 'Russians' were suddenly cut off from Russia and had to disperse into various independent countries. A long article was published on Kremlin's website. In it, Putin claims that Ukraine and Ukrainians, are an indispensable part of Russian history and culture. So basically, Putin considers Ukraine to be a part of Russia.

But what about the people of Ukraine?

What do they think? The people living in Eastern Ukraine, friends, the area that lies beside Russia's border, the people are mostly pro-Russia there. But if we're to talk about the overall country, a little more than the majority of people, are in favour of joining the European Union. In favour of continuing as an independent country. And this isn't only for the people of Ukraine. Rather the politicians of Ukraine are also divided into 2 groups. One group is the pro-European Union. And the other is Pro-Russia. If I talk about the data, according to a survey from April 2017, 53% of the Ukrainians were in the favour of joining the European Union. And 46% of Ukrainians, favour joining NATO.

NATO is an alliance between the USA and the European countries. You can think of them as being against Russia.

According to the same survey,27% of Ukrainians were against joining NATO. And the others did not have a strong opinion. So you can say that about 20-30% of people favour Russia.

1st May 2004. It was a historic day for the European countries. It was the day when 10 new countries joined the European Union. Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia. It was special because 8 out of the 10 countries are former Communist countries. Either they used to be a part of the Soviet Union, or they were under its influence.

There are 3 such countries, called the Baltic countries. Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. On the map, you can see that the 3 countries share a border with Russia. And the sharing of the border is quite significant. Because not only are these countries a part of the European Union but a part of NATO also.NATO stands for the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation And it is a military alliance. It means that if a war breaks out against any NATO country, or any NATO country is attacked, the rest of the NATO countries would come to protect it with their militaries. Mainly the USA and the European countries are part of NATO, as I told you. The other military alliance on the Eastern side was called the Warsaw Pact. But when the Soviet Union collapsed, the Warsaw Pact was also disbanded. But NATO's existence continues even today. And 30 countries are part of NATO, in total. On this map, you can see the NATO countries. The European countries have blocked Russia on one side, and on the other side, Japan is also a major NATO partner,

Russia has a long border with Finland as well. Although Finland isn't an active member of NATO, it has been a contributor to NATO-led operations. And on this map, look at Ukraine. Ukraine shares a long border with Russia. If Ukraine becomes a part of Russia too, Russia will obviously be pressured, because it is surrounded by all sides. This isn't a hypothetical situation.

In 1997, a NATO-Ukraine Commission was set up, so that Ukraine and NATO could partner with one another. About 10 years later, in 2008, Ukraine wanted to solemnize the friendship.NATO Summit was underway, and Ukraine stated that it wanted to become a part of NATO. Along with Ukraine, Georgia had a similar wish. And the other NATO countries were pleased with this. They agreed to make Ukraine a part of them. But the proper procedure had to be followed. Ukraine and Georgia were asked to work on their Membership Action Plan, to get the membership of NATO.

In 2017, the Ukrainian Parliament even adopted Legislation, which stated that getting NATO membership is a major objective for Ukraine.For the Foreign and Security Policy of Ukraine

And now, some days ago, on 16th December 2021, there was a meeting between the President of Ukraine and the Chief of NATO, in Brussels. There, Ukraine reiterates its commitment to eventually join NATO. Despite Russia's objections. As you can guess, obviously, Russia strongly objects to it. Putin had a video meeting with US President Joe Biden, on 13th December, talked to the British Prime Minister, Boris Johnson, on 14th December, had a phone call with French President Emmanuel Macron and the President of Finland. And has put forward a demand to all of them, to guarantee them that Ukraine would not be a part of NATO.

And what do you think, would NATO agree? Absolutely not.NATO said that Ukraine is an independent sovereign country, Ukraine is free to make its decisions. Whether it wants to become a part of NATO or not. The message was very clear here. Since NATO and Ukraine are willing,

What could Putin do? An interesting question. What would Putin do? Putin's answer is equally interesting. He'll give them a chance before moving to dire methods. As I told you earlier, the part of Eastern Ukraine is inhabited by mostly pro-Russia people, and that part often wants to separate from Ukraine to become a part of Russia. So Russia is starting to support the separatists in that area. In these 2 provinces here, Donetsk and Luhansk, Russia is enabling a proxy war here. More than 14,000 people have been killed in this proxy war. On top of it, Russia accuses Ukraine of genocide in Eastern Ukraine. And now we come to today's situation. Even after supporting the separatist groups, Russia saw that Ukraine and NATO, are continuing with their relationship. They aren't willing to part ways. So Russia has started building up a military now. More than 100,000 troops have been stationed at the border. The tanks and missiles are ready. Not only at the Eastern Border, but on the North and North-Eastern borders as well. Russia is shown itself ready to go to war. Here, you may be wondering

Does Russia have the ability to invade another country? Can it even be possible in this day and age? Friends, I'd like to tell you here, not only is this possible, Russia has already done it. In 2014.By invading Crimea. The thing is, Ukraine was about to join the European Union in 2013. The European Union had asked Ukraine to fulfil certain conditions,

and then it could become a part of the European Union. The conditions were basically to show that Ukraine is a democratic country, and the people have full freedom there. One of the conditions was, to free their opposition leader Yulia Tymoshenko from jail. The majority of the Ukrainian Parliament was in favour of this.

They were ready to fulfil the conditions of the European Union. Soon, an Association Agreement was to be signed. But on the other hand, Russia was applying a lot of pressure to prevent this from happening. To pressurise Ukraine, Russia changed the Customs Regulations. The imports from Ukraine to Russia were stopped. Putin threatened Ukraine that if Ukraine became a member of the European Union, then they could say goodbye to trading with them. That they would punish Ukraine. But if Ukraine refused to go through with it, then they would reward Ukraine. Russia offered a loan of $15 billion to Ukraine. A literal bribe by Russia to Ukraine. Additionally, Ukraine was also offered cheap gas prices. The then President of Ukraine,

Victor Yanukovych bent under Putin's pressure. And the Agreement that he was about to sign with the European Union, he refused to sign it. And so it was suspended. And the common citizens of Ukraine were angered by all of it. That they had to bow to Russia because of the bribe.

On 21st November 2013, thousands of students assembled at Independence Square to protest it. On 30th November, the Ukrainian government used violence against the protestors, to remove them. This sparked more anger among the protestors. Protests grew even more. On 16th January 2014, the Ukrainian President passed some shameful laws. Freedom of Speech, Freedom of Assembly and the activities of NGOs were restricted. They tried to restrict the protests. And the laws were passed very undemocratically in their Parliament. They voted by a show of hands only, the Parliamentary Committee wasn't consulted, MPs weren't allowed to examine the laws, And these led to the 2014 Revolution in Ukraine. It is also named the Revolution of Dignity. Millions of people took to the streets, to protests against their government. The protestors demanded the resignation of the President. The President was also accused of corruption. In February, the President responded with even more violence. The protests turned into riots.

More than 100 protestors died, and 18 police personnel lost their lives as well. And finally, after all of it, Ukrainian President Yanukovych was impeached. The Ukrainian government was overthrown. The elections were held again. And the new President of Ukraine was Petro Poroshenko. And on 27th June 2014,

he signed the Association Agreement with the European Union. Putin's heart shattered at that. Putin had tried very hard to bribe Ukraine, had even convinced their President against signing the Agreement with the EU, But Putin couldn't control the citizens of Ukraine. The citizens started a Revolution and overthrew their President.

And the new President signed the Agreement with the EU. This angered Putin a lot. Putin could see that he was losing his influence over Ukraine. That's why, some weeks ago, in March 2014, Russia had sent its army to Crimea,

to invade."Russian troops moving swiftly to take control of military bases in Crimea." "Russian troops spreading out throughout the strategic Crimean Peninsula." "The moment Russian troops smashed their way into Ukraine's Crimean Airbase."On this map, you can see where Crimea is. It's south of Ukraine. Crimea was actually an autonomous region of Ukraine. An area or state of Ukraine that had been given autonomy to quite an extent. It acted almost like an independent country. But in 2014, Russia sent its military and captured the country. The rest of the world could only watch. Ukraine responded by saying that it is a violation of International law. Russia carried out a referendum in Crimea. Trying to show that

they aren't really invading, rather that they sent their military merely to ask the people about what they want. Whether the Crimean people wanted to join Russia or Ukraine. And the official result of this referendum was said to be that 97% of people voted in favour of Russia. And it had a voter turnout of 83%. But obviously, this referendum wasn't recognised by any international agency. And it is considered illegal.

The United Nations believes that Crimea is officially a part of Ukraine. In May, a Ukrainian news site had posted that the Russian president's Human Rights Council, had posted the real results of the referendum on their website by mistake. That was quickly removed later. These results showed that the voter turnout was only 40%. And only 50% of them had voted in favour of joining Russia. Meaning that only 20% of the Crimeans had actually voted in favour of Russia.

After the invasion, Russia has put up a high-security fence between the border of Crimea and Ukraine. And has started building up a lot of infrastructures, and presently, the whole Crimean region is under Russia's control. The Ukrainian President has said that Crimea is Ukraine's territory. And it will also be Ukraine's goal to liberate it. But Putin believes that it is Russia's territory. The conclusion of the story is that Ukraine is in love with NATO and the European Union,

And Russia is heartbroken. And it cannot tolerate this. Russia doesn't recognise its wrongdoings. Invading Crimea. Supporting separatists in Ukraine, building up the military, and now threatening to invade Ukraine. Russia justifies all of it by saying

that they're doing it because NATO is trying to surround it from all sides. Russia tells Ukraine that it will never let go of Ukraine, and it will not let Ukraine remain independent. And it is a senseless thing.

You can't force someone to be your friend. By threatening them constantly. If Ukraine wanted to have closer ties with Russia, it wouldn't do so in the face of threats.

What is your opinion?

Comment below.

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गणतंत्र दिवस भारत

2022-01-25T12:04:00.001-05:00

गणतंत्र दिवस भारत

गणतंत्र दिवस भारत में एक राष्ट्रीय अवकाश है, जब देश उस तारीख को चिह्नित करता है और मनाता है जिस पर भारत का संविधान 26 जनवरी 1950 को लागू हुआ, भारत सरकार अधिनियम (1935) को भारत के शासी दस्तावेज के रूप में बदल दिया गया और इस प्रकार, राष्ट्र को एक नवगठित गणतंत्र में बदलना। यह दिन एक स्वायत्त राष्ट्रमंडल क्षेत्र से भारतीय डोमिनियन के नाममात्र प्रमुख के रूप में भारत के संक्रमण को भी चिह्नित करता है, राष्ट्रमंडल राष्ट्रों में एक पूर्ण संप्रभु गणराज्य के लिए भारत के राष्ट्रपति के साथ भारतीय संघ के नाममात्र प्रमुख के रूप में। संविधान को भारतीय संविधान सभा द्वारा 26 नवंबर 1949 को अपनाया गया था और 26 जनवरी 1950 को एक लोकतांत्रिक सरकार प्रणाली के साथ लागू हुआ, जिसने एक स्वतंत्र गणराज्य बनने की दिशा में देश के संक्रमण को पूरा किया। 26 जनवरी को गणतंत्र दिवस की तारीख के रूप में चुना गया था क्योंकि यह 1930 में इस दिन था जब भारतीय स्वतंत्रता की घोषणा (पूर्ण स्वराज) को भारतीय राष्ट्रीय कांग्रेस द्वारा एक डोमिनियन के रूप में दायरे के रूप में घोषित किया गया था जिसे बाद में ब्रिटिश द्वारा स्थापित किया गया था। प्रशासन।

1. गणतंत्र दिवस का इतिहास

भारतीय स्वतंत्रता आंदोलन के बाद भारत ने 15 अगस्त 1947 को ब्रिटिश राज से आजादी हासिल की। स्वतंत्रता भारतीय स्वतंत्रता अधिनियम 1947 (10 और 11 जियो 6 सी 30) के माध्यम से आई, जो यूनाइटेड किंगडम की संसद का एक अधिनियम है जिसने ब्रिटिश भारत को ब्रिटिश राष्ट्रमंडल (बाद में राष्ट्रमंडल राष्ट्रों) के दो नए स्वतंत्र डोमिनियनों में विभाजित किया। भारत ने 15 अगस्त 1947 को एक संवैधानिक राजतंत्र के रूप में जॉर्ज VI के साथ राज्य के प्रमुख और अर्ल माउंटबेटन को गवर्नर-जनरल के रूप में अपनी स्वतंत्रता प्राप्त की। हालाँकि, देश का अभी तक कोई स्थायी संविधान नहीं था; इसके बजाय इसके कानून संशोधित औपनिवेशिक भारत सरकार अधिनियम 1935 पर आधारित थे। 29 अगस्त 1947 को, मसौदा समिति की नियुक्ति के लिए एक प्रस्ताव पेश किया गया था, जिसे एक स्थायी संविधान का मसौदा तैयार करने के लिए नियुक्त किया गया था, जिसके अध्यक्ष डॉ बी आर अम्बेडकर थे। जबकि भारत का स्वतंत्रता दिवस ब्रिटिश शासन से अपनी स्वतंत्रता का जश्न मनाता है, गणतंत्र दिवस अपने संविधान के लागू होने का जश्न मनाता है। समिति द्वारा एक मसौदा संविधान तैयार किया गया और 4 नवंबर 1947 को संविधान सभा को प्रस्तुत किया गया। संविधान को अपनाने से पहले दो साल, 11 महीने और 18 दिनों की अवधि में फैले 166 दिनों के लिए, जनता के लिए खुले सत्रों में विधानसभा की बैठक हुई। कई विचार-विमर्श और कुछ संशोधनों के बाद, विधानसभा के 308 सदस्यों ने 24 जनवरी 1950 को दस्तावेज़ की दो हस्तलिखित प्रतियों (हिंदी और अंग्रेजी में एक-एक) पर हस्ताक्षर किए। दो दिन बाद जो 26 जनवरी 1950 को पूरे देश में लागू हुआ। उस दिन, डॉ राजेंद्र प्रसाद ने भारतीय संघ के अध्यक्ष के रूप में अपना पहला कार्यकाल शुरू किया। नए संविधान के संक्रमणकालीन प्रावधानों के तहत संविधान सभा भारत की संसद बन गई। गणतंत्र दिवस की पूर्व संध्या पर, राष्ट्रपति राष्ट्र को संबोधित करते हैं। मुख्य गणतंत्र दिवस समारोह भारत के राष्ट्रपति के समक्ष राष्ट्रीय राजधानी नई दिल्ली में राजपथ पर आयोजित किया जाता है। इस दिन, राजपथ पर औपचारिक परेड होती है, जो भारत को श्रद्धांजलि के रूप में की जाती है; विविधता में इसकी एकता और समृद्ध सांस्कृतिक विरासत।

2. दिल्ली गणतंत्र दिवस परेड

दिल्ली गणतंत्र दिवस परेड दिल्ली गणतंत्र दिवस परेड राजधानी नई दिल्ली में आयोजित की जाती है और रक्षा मंत्रालय द्वारा आयोजित की जाती है। इंडिया गेट के पास राजपथ पर राष्ट्रपति भवन (राष्ट्रपति निवास), रायसीना हिल के द्वार से शुरू होने वाला यह कार्यक्रम भारत के गणतंत्र दिवस समारोह का मुख्य आकर्षण है और तीन दिनों तक चलता है। परेड भारत की रक्षा क्षमता, सांस्कृतिक और सामाजिक विरासत को प्रदर्शित करती है। नौसेना और वायु सेना के अलावा भारतीय सेना की नौ से बारह अलग-अलग रेजिमेंट अपने बैंड के साथ अपने सभी शानदार और आधिकारिक सजावट में मार्च पास्ट करती हैं। भारत के राष्ट्रपति, जो भारतीय सशस्त्र बलों के कमांडर-इन-चीफ हैं, सलामी लेते हैं। इस परेड में भारत के विभिन्न अर्ध-सैन्य बलों और पुलिस बलों की बारह टुकड़ियाँ भी भाग लेती हैं।

3. बीटिंग रिट्रीट

बीटिंग रिट्रीट समारोह आधिकारिक तौर पर गणतंत्र दिवस उत्सव के अंत को इंगित करने के बाद आयोजित किया जाता है। यह गणतंत्र दिवस के तीसरे दिन 29 जनवरी की शाम को आयोजित किया जाता है। यह सेना के तीन विंग, भारतीय सेना, भारतीय नौसेना और भारतीय वायु सेना के बैंड द्वारा किया जाता है। यह स्थल है रायसीना हिल और एक निकटवर्ती चौक, विजय चौक, जो राजपथ के अंत में राष्ट्रपति भवन (राष्ट्रपति भवन) के उत्तर और दक्षिण ब्लॉक से घिरा है। समारोह के मुख्य अतिथि भारत के राष्ट्रपति होते हैं, जो एक घुड़सवार इकाई, राष्ट्रपति के अंगरक्षक (पीबीजी) द्वारा अनुरक्षण में आते हैं। जब राष्ट्रपति आते हैं, तो पीबीजी कमांडर यूनिट को राष्ट्रीय सलामी देने के लिए कहते हैं, जिसके बाद सेना द्वारा भारतीय राष्ट्रगान, जन गण मन बजाया जाता है। सेना बड़े पैमाने पर बैंड द्वारा प्रदर्शन के समारोह को विकसित करती है जिसमें नौसेना और वायु सेना के बैंड के अलावा सैन्य बैंड, पाइप और ड्रम बैंड, बुगलर और ट्रम्पेटर्स विभिन्न सेना रेजिमेंटों के भाग लेते हैं, जो कि एबाइड विद मी, महात्मा गांधी की पसंदीदा धुनों को बजाते हैं। भजन, और अंत में सारे जहां से अच्छा।

4. पुरस्कार वितरण

गणतंत्र दिवस की पूर्व संध्या पर, भारत के राष्ट्रपति हर साल भारत के नागरिकों को पद्म पुरस्कार वितरित करते हैं। ये भारत रत्न के बाद भारत में दूसरे सर्वोच्च नागरिक पुरस्कार हैं। ये पुरस्कार तीन श्रेणियों में दिए जाते हैं, अर्थात। पद्म विभूषण, पद्म भूषण और पद्म श्री, महत्व के घटते क्रम में। "असाधारण और विशिष्ट सेवा" के लिए पद्म विभूषण। पद्म विभूषण भारत में दूसरा सबसे बड़ा नागरिक पुरस्कार है। पद्म भूषण "उच्च क्रम की विशिष्ट सेवा" के लिए। पद्म भूषण भारत में तीसरा सबसे बड़ा नागरिक पुरस्कार है। "प्रतिष्ठित सेवा" के लिए पद्म श्री। पद्म श्री भारत का चौथा सबसे बड़ा नागरिक पुरस्कार है।

राष्ट्रीय सम्मान होने के बावजूद, पद्म पुरस्कारों में नकद भत्ते, लाभ, या रेल/हवाई यात्रा में विशेष रियायतें शामिल नहीं हैं। भारत के सर्वोच्च न्यायालय के दिसंबर 1995 के फैसले के अनुसार, कोई भी उपाधि या सम्मान भारत रत्न या किसी भी पद्म पुरस्कार से जुड़ा नहीं है; सम्मानित व्यक्ति उन्हें या उनके आद्याक्षर का उपयोग प्रत्यय, उपसर्ग या पुरस्कार विजेता के नाम से जुड़े पूर्व और बाद के नामों के रूप में नहीं कर सकते हैं। इसमें लेटरहेड, निमंत्रण कार्ड, पोस्टर, किताबों आदि पर इस तरह का कोई भी उपयोग शामिल है। किसी भी दुरुपयोग के मामले में, पुरस्कार विजेता पुरस्कार को जब्त कर लेगा, और सम्मान प्राप्त करने पर उसे इस तरह के किसी भी दुरुपयोग के खिलाफ चेतावनी दी जाएगी। सजावट में राष्ट्रपति के हाथ और मुहर और एक पदक के तहत जारी एक सनद (प्रमाण पत्र) शामिल है। प्राप्तकर्ताओं को पदक की एक प्रतिकृति भी दी जाती है, जिसे वे चाहें तो किसी औपचारिक/राज्य समारोह आदि के दौरान पहन सकते हैं। प्रत्येक पुरस्कार विजेता के संबंध में संक्षिप्त विवरण देने वाला एक स्मारक ब्रोशर भी अलंकरण समारोह के दिन जारी किया जाता है।

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शुद्ध पानी पीने के फायदे

2022-01-16T08:04:00.002-05:00

सभी को शुद्ध जल प्राप्त करने का अधिकार है। वास्तव में, यह मौलिक मानवाधिकारों में से एक है। आज दुनिया के कई देशों में शुद्ध पेयजल उपलब्ध नहीं है। अच्छी खबर यह है कि आप इस समस्या को व्यक्तिगत स्तर पर हल कर सकते हैं। आखिरकार, आप यह सुनिश्चित कर सकते हैं कि आपका नल का पानी आपके स्वास्थ्य के लिए सुरक्षित है। इसलिए, यह आवश्यक है कि आप शुद्धि की तलाश करें। इस लेख में, हम शुद्ध पानी पीने के लाभों पर कुछ प्रकाश डालने जा रहे हैं। और अधिक जानने के लिए आगे पढ़ें।

1. मानव शरीर 80% जल है

पानी मानव शरीर का 80% हिस्सा बनाता है। इसलिए, यह आपके स्वास्थ्य और समग्र कल्याण के लिए आवश्यक है। इसके अलावा, ये प्यूरिफायर सुनिश्चित करते हैं कि आप हमेशा शुद्ध पानी पिएं। वास्तव में, ये उपकरण आपके मित्र हैं और आपके जीवन और आपके परिवार के जीवन की रक्षा करते हैं।

2. बोतलबंद पानी का एक अच्छा विकल्प

बोतलबंद पानी पर्यावरण के लिए अच्छा नहीं है क्योंकि प्लास्टिक की लाखों बोतलें लैंडफिल में खत्म हो जाती हैं। इसके अलावा इन बोतलों के परिवहन से कार्बन उत्सर्जन होता है।

इसलिए, अगर आपके घर में प्यूरिफायर है, तो आपको बोतलबंद यूनिट खरीदने की जरूरत नहीं है। इस तरह आप पर्यावरण की रक्षा कर सकते हैं।

3. नुकसान से सुरक्षा

एल्युमिनियम अल्जाइमर रोग से जुड़ा है। शोध अध्ययनों के अनुसार, अगर एल्युमिनियम आपके दिमाग में अपना रास्ता बना लेता है, तो इसे बाहर निकालना बेहद मुश्किल होगा। इसलिए जरूरी है कि आप अपने दिमाग को एल्युमीनियम से होने वाले नुकसान से बचाएं।

4. पैसा बचना

आप अपने या अपने परिवार के सदस्यों के लिए कितनी बार बोतलबंद पानी खरीदते हैं? बेशक, हम सभी इन बोतलों को रोजाना खरीदते हैं। इसलिए, यदि आप इस दृष्टिकोण से बचना चाहते हैं, तो हमारा सुझाव है कि आप एक प्रभावी शुद्धिकरण प्रणाली स्थापित करें। आखिरकार, आप अपनी मेहनत की कमाई को किसी ऐसी चीज पर बर्बाद नहीं करना चाहते जो आपको अपने घर पर मिल सके।

5. क्लोरीन की खपत से बचना

यदि आप शहर के पानी का उपयोग कर रहे हैं, तो जान लें कि नगर निगम के उपचार संयंत्र बैक्टीरिया जैसे हानिकारक जीवों को खत्म करने के लिए क्लोरीन का उपयोग करते हैं। इसके अलावा, क्लोरीन एक ऐसा तत्व है जो विभिन्न प्रकार के कैंसर, हृदय रोग और श्वसन का कारण बन सकता है।

6. हानिकारक तत्वों से सुरक्षा

आपके नल का पानी लंबी पाइपलाइनों से होकर गुजरता है जो विभिन्न प्रकार के तत्वों से भरी होती हैं, जैसे कि कीचड़। इसलिए, पानी की गुणवत्ता में काफी गिरावट आती है। इसलिए, नल के पानी को शुद्ध करने और हानिकारक तत्वों से सुरक्षित रहने के लिए प्यूरिफायर लगाना आवश्यक है।

7. शुद्ध पानी तक तुरंत पहुंच

यदि आप एक अच्छा शोधक स्थापित करते हैं, तो आपके पास ताजे पानी तक तुरंत पहुंच होती है। छना हुआ तरल सभी प्रकार के कीटाणुओं और जीवाणुओं से मुक्त होता है। आप अपने फलों और सब्जियों को पीने और धोने के लिए भरपूर मात्रा में तरल का उपयोग कर सकते हैं। साथ ही, ये उपकरण आपको कई उद्देश्यों के लिए अपने पानी का उपयोग करने की अनुमति देंगे।

संक्षेप में, शुद्ध पानी पीने के ये कुछ लाभ हैं। अगर आप शुद्ध पीना चाहते हैं, तो आप वाटर प्यूरीफायर लगा सकते हैं

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253 साल पुराने पॉलिनेशिया के इस गूढ़ नक्शे को शोधकर्ता अब भी नहीं समझ पाए

2022-01-09T09:31:00.006-05:00

253 साल पुराने पॉलिनेशिया के इस गूढ़ नक्शे को शोधकर्ता अब भी नहीं समझ पाए

द्वीप से भरे इस चार्ट ने 250 से अधिक वर्षों से विद्वानों को हैरान किया है।

जॉर्ज फोर्स्टर द्वारा टुपैया का नक्शा, 1776

1769 में दक्षिणी प्रशांत महासागर की यात्रा करते हुए, इतिहास के दो महान नाविकों ने एक उल्लेखनीय नक्शा तैयार किया। एक थे ब्रिटिश खोजकर्ता कैप्टन जेम्स कुक। दूसरा तुपिया था, जो रायटिया द्वीप का एक कुलीन महायाजक था, जो ताहिती में कुक के अभियान में शामिल हुआ था। तुपैया एक मास्टर नेविगेटर थे, जिन्होंने कुक के चार्ट पर अभी भी खाली क्षेत्रों के माध्यम से लंबी यात्रा की थी।

तुपैया ने अपने दुश्मनों को हराने और इंग्लैंड से घर बंदूकें लाने के लिए खुद को अंग्रेजों के साथ जोड़ लिया था। अंग्रेज़ अपने हिस्से के लिए, एक स्थानीय विशेषज्ञ से सलाह लेने के इच्छुक थे, और इसलिए तुपैया कुक के मार्गदर्शक और वार्ताकार बन गए।

लगभग 17 महीनों के दौरान उन्होंने अंग्रेजों के साथ यात्रा की, तुपैया ने चालक दल को गहरी शिक्षा के व्यक्ति के रूप में प्रभावित किया। उन्होंने ताहिती की दिशा में सही ढंग से इशारा करके नाविकों को चकित कर दिया, भले ही वे न्यूजीलैंड के आसपास और ऑस्ट्रेलिया के पूर्वी तट से इंडोनेशिया तक गए थे। लगभग 130 द्वीपों का रास्ता जानने के तुपैया के दावे से कुक विशेष रूप से चिंतित था। यदि कुक एक चार्ट पर पुजारी के ज्ञान को पकड़ सकता है, तो अंग्रेजों को उनकी प्रशांत यात्राओं में एक बड़ा फायदा होगा।

तुपैया ने इस मानचित्र पर 70 से अधिक द्वीपों को चित्रित किया और उनके नाम अंग्रेजों को दिए। कई नाम प्रशांत क्षेत्र में वास्तविक स्थान के नामों को प्रतिध्वनित करते हैं, लेकिन यूरोपीय मानचित्रण सम्मेलनों के अनुसार द्वीपों को अपेक्षित स्थिति में नहीं खींचा गया है। नक्शे की एक नई व्याख्या से पता चलता है कि तुपैया ने अंग्रेजों द्वारा लेबल किए गए कार्डिनल दिशाओं का उपयोग नहीं किया, बल्कि मानचित्र के केंद्र में उत्तर की ओर रखा। मूल नक्शा खो गया है, लेकिन तीन प्रतियां बनी हुई हैं, जिसमें यह एक एंडेवर के वैज्ञानिक नेता, जोसेफ बैंक्स के कागजात में पाई गई है। क्रेडिट: TUPAIA / पब्लिक डोमेन

यात्रा के दौरान किसी बिंदु पर, अंग्रेजों ने एक चार्ट स्थापित किया, जिस पर तुपैया ने समुद्र में फैले 70 से अधिक द्वीपों को चित्रित किया और उनके नाम निर्धारित किए। हालांकि मूल खो गया है, यूरोपीय अभिलेखागार में तीन प्रतियां जीवित हैं, जो आधुनिक चार्ट से मेल नहीं खाने वाले द्वीपों से भरे समुद्र को दिखाती हैं। जहाजों के चित्र और ताहिती भाषा के गूढ़ अंशों से अलंकृत, तुपैया का नक्शा विद्वानों और नाविकों की पीढ़ियों के लिए आकर्षण का विषय बन गया है।

हाल ही में, जर्मनी में पॉट्सडैम विश्वविद्यालय में साहित्यिक और सांस्कृतिक अध्ययन विद्वानों, लार्स एकस्टीन और अंजा श्वार्ज द्वारा 2019 में प्रकाशित एक विश्लेषण पर एक जोरदार बहस केंद्रित हुई है। उनका सुझाव है कि तुपैया ने एक अद्वितीय मानचित्रण सम्मेलन का आविष्कार किया था जो कि अपने स्वयं के भौगोलिक ज्ञान को एक ऐसे रूप में व्यक्त करने का एक सरल प्रयास था जिसे ब्रिटिश समझेंगे। "यह एक अनुवाद उपकरण है जिसका उन्होंने आविष्कार किया," श्वार्ज़ कहते हैं।

"आपको कुछ भी भूलना होगा जो आप मानचित्रों के बारे में जानते हैं," एकस्टीन कहते हैं। कुक के लिए, एक चार्ट दो-आयामी विमान पर फैली घुमावदार दुनिया का एक विहंगम दृश्य था। तुपैया ने इसके बजाय एक डोंगी-आंख का दृश्य लिया, एक ऐसा दृष्टिकोण जो इस बात पर निर्भर करता है कि आप कहां से शुरू करते हैं। और जबकि यूरोपियन आमतौर पर पृष्ठ के शीर्ष पर उत्तर की ओर स्थित होते हैं, हो सकता है कि टुपैया ने उत्तर को केंद्र में रखा हो।

ऑस्ट्रेलिया में डीकिन विश्वविद्यालय के विज्ञान अध्ययन विद्वान डेविड टर्नबुल कहते हैं, नई व्याख्या स्वदेशी ज्ञान की कथित हीनता के बारे में पुरानी धारणाओं को उलट देती है। एकस्टीन और श्वार्ज़ का काम महत्वपूर्ण और रोशन करने वाला है, वे कहते हैं, भले ही उनके निष्कर्ष साबित करना कठिन हो।

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CREDIT: https://www.inverse.com/innovation/tupaia-map-james-cook/amp

उस समय को मत भूलना जब वैज्ञानिकों ने चिकन पर 'डायनासोर पैर' उगाए

2021-12-31T06:06:00.001-05:00

कुछ समय पहले तक, विज्ञान के सबसे बड़े मिथकों में से एक यह था कि पिछले 65 मिलियन वर्षों से सभी डायनासोर विलुप्त हो चुके हैं। लेकिन नई जीवाश्म खोजों के लिए धन्यवाद, जिन्होंने एवियन डायनासोर के बारे में हमारे ज्ञान को भर दिया, अब हम जानते हैं कि केवल कुछ डायनासोर पृथ्वी के साथ एक क्षुद्रग्रह की टक्कर के बाद विलुप्त हो गए थे - अन्य बच गए और आज हम जिन पक्षियों के साथ रहते हैं उन्हें जन्म दिया।

यह पता लगाने के लिए कि यह विकास कैसे हुआ, चिली के शोधकर्ताओं ने 2016 में एक अजीब लेकिन आकर्षक प्रयोग किया। उन्होंने नियमित मुर्गियों के जीन में हेरफेर किया, जिससे उनके निचले पैरों पर ट्यूबलर, डायनासोर जैसे फाइबुला विकसित हो गए - दो लंबे में से एक, रीढ़ की हड्डी जैसी हड्डियाँ आपको ड्रमस्टिक में मिलेंगी।

आर्कियोप्टेरिक्स जैसे एवियन डायनासोर में, फाइबुला एक ट्यूब के आकार की हड्डी थी जो टखने तक सभी तरह से पहुंचती थी। एक और हड्डी, टिबिया, उसके साथ समान लंबाई तक बढ़ी।

जैसे-जैसे विकास एवियन डायनासोर के एक समूह के माध्यम से आगे बढ़ा, जिसे पाइगोस्टाइलियन के रूप में जाना जाता है, फाइबुला टिबिया से छोटा हो गया और अंत की ओर तेज और अधिक किरच जैसा हो गया, और यह अब टखने तक नहीं पहुंचा।

जबकि आधुनिक पक्षी भ्रूण अभी भी लंबे, डायनासोर जैसे फाइबुला विकसित होने के संकेत दिखाते हैं, जैसे-जैसे वे बढ़ते हैं, ये हड्डियां छोटी, पतली हो जाती हैं, और पाइगोस्टिलियन हड्डियों के किरच जैसे सिरों पर भी ले जाती हैं, और कभी भी इसे काफी नीचे तक नहीं बनाती हैं। टखने से जुड़ने के लिए पैर।

चिली विश्वविद्यालय के जोआओ फ्रांसिस्को बोटेल्हो के नेतृत्व में शोधकर्ताओं ने यह जांच करने का फैसला किया कि डायनासोर में एक लंबी, ट्यूबलर फाइबुला से पक्षियों में एक छोटे, किरच जैसी फाइबुला में यह संक्रमण वास्तव में कैसे हुआ।

उन्होंने IHH या इंडियन हेजहोग (गंभीरता से) नामक एक जीन की अभिव्यक्ति को बाधित करके इसे हासिल किया, जिसने देखा कि उनके मुर्गियां अपने भ्रूण के रूप में उत्पन्न होने वाले लंबे, डायनासोर जैसे फाइबुला को विकसित करना जारी रखती हैं।

ऐसा करने में, टीम ने कुछ विचित्र पाया। हड्डी के नियमित विकास से कोशिका विभाजन होता है और इसलिए शाफ्ट में विकास रुक जाता है इससे पहले कि सिरों का बढ़ना बंद हो जाए, लेकिन आधुनिक मुर्गियों में, फाइबुला की वृद्धि पहले सिरों पर रुक जाती है।

इसका मतलब है कि आधुनिक मुर्गियों के फाइबुला को उनके प्राचीन रिश्तेदारों की हड्डियों की लंबाई तक पहुंचने से सक्रिय रूप से अवरुद्ध कर दिया गया है।

फरवरी 2016 में इवोल्यूशन जर्नल में अपनी टिप्पणियों को प्रकाशित करते हुए, शोधकर्ताओं ने सुझाव दिया कि आधुनिक मुर्गियों में फाइबुला के निचले सिरे की शुरुआती परिपक्वता टखने में एक हड्डी से प्रेरित होती है, जिसे कैल्केनियम कहा जाता है।

"अन्य जानवरों के विपरीत, पक्षी भ्रूण में कैल्केनियम फाइबुला के निचले सिरे के खिलाफ दबाता है," टीम ने उस समय एक प्रेस विज्ञप्ति में समझाया। "वे इतने करीब हैं, कुछ शोधकर्ताओं द्वारा उन्हें एक तत्व के लिए भी गलत माना गया है।"

टीम ने सुझाव दिया कि नियमित मुर्गियों में, कैल्केनियम और फाइबुला के अंत के बीच बातचीत के परिणामस्वरूप संकेत मिलते हैं जो हड्डी के शाफ्ट को बढ़ने से रोकते हैं, जिससे फाइबुला को टखने की हड्डी के पास कहीं भी पहुंचने से रोका जाता है।

लेकिन जब इंडियन हेजहोग जीन को बंद कर दिया गया, तो कैल्केनियम जीन पैराथाइरॉइड-संबंधित प्रोटीन (PthrP) को दृढ़ता से व्यक्त करता है, जो हड्डियों के सिरों पर विकास की अनुमति देता है। इसके कारण उनके मुर्गियां लंबी फाइबुला विकसित करती हैं जो टखने से जुड़ी होती हैं, ठीक वैसे ही जैसे वे आर्कियोप्टेरिक्स में होती हैं।

टीम ने रिपोर्ट में लिखा है, "पोस्टमॉर्फोजेनेटिक चरण में आईएचएच सिग्नलिंग के प्रायोगिक डाउनरेगुलेशन ने टिबिया और समान लंबाई के फाइबुला का नेतृत्व किया।" "फाइबुला नियंत्रण से अधिक लंबा है और फाइबुलारे से जुड़ा हुआ है, जबकि टिबिया छोटा और मुड़ा हुआ है।"

दुर्भाग्य से, 'डिनो-मुर्गियां' अंडे सेने के चरण तक नहीं पहुंचीं, लेकिन शोध का उद्देश्य उन्हें वयस्कता में उठाना नहीं था, बल्कि उन जैविक प्रक्रियाओं का पता लगाना था, जिनके कारण डायनासोर के पैरों से आधुनिक पक्षी के पैरों में संक्रमण हुआ। .

"प्रयोग विशिष्ट परिकल्पनाओं का परीक्षण करने के लिए एकल लक्षणों पर केंद्रित हैं," टीम में से एक, अलेक्जेंडर वर्गास ने समझाया। "न केवल हम पक्षी विकास के बारे में बहुत कुछ जानते हैं, बल्कि डायनासोर-पक्षी संक्रमण के बारे में भी जानते हैं, जो जीवाश्म रिकॉर्ड द्वारा अच्छी तरह से प्रलेखित है। यह स्वाभाविक रूप से विकास के विकास पर परिकल्पना की ओर जाता है, जिसे प्रयोगशाला में खोजा जा सकता है ।"

यह पहली बार नहीं था जब आधुनिक मुर्गियों में डायनासोर के लक्षण 'फिर से बनाए गए' थे। 2015 में, उसी टीम ने अपने मुर्गियों पर डायनासोर जैसे पैरों की वृद्धि हासिल की, और अमेरिका में एक अलग टीम ने अपने चिकन भ्रूण पर डायनासोर जैसी 'चोंच' विकसित करने में कामयाबी हासिल की।

यह देखने के लिए नीचे देखें कि कैसे प्रमुख शोधकर्ता और प्रसिद्ध जीवाश्म विज्ञानी जैक हॉर्नर इसे करने में कामयाब रहे:

शोध इवोल्यूशन में प्रकाशित हुआ था।

इस लेख का एक संस्करण पहली बार मार्च 2016 में प्रकाशित हुआ था।

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Role Of A Leader

2021-12-29T23:47:00.003-05:00

Role of a Leader

A leader has to perform various functions and roles in the field of physical education

1. Structuring the Situation: The leader's foremost function is to structure the situation for the group members He/She interprets the actual situation by clarifying ambiguities and by emphasizing certain aspects. Then, he/she focuses on the In doing this, heshe must constantly strive for objectivity, or hide may important facts and distort the data. If group members accept his/her intern then cooperative behavior of the group is possible. The leader of physical education observes every situation minutely. In tournaments or competitions, he she the complete situation to members of a team. He/She clarifies doubts and st for his/her text.

Controlling Group Behaviour: The physical education leader always tr in certain types of individual behavior that may be against the heat i of the whole team. The leader enforces rules effectively. He/she enforces the riv the group boxing rewards and punishments. He/She may warn the member ar pie of a team who demonstrates indiscipline.

Speaking for the Group: The leader plays the role of spokesman. He speaks for the group. A leader must be sensitive to the emotions of others. He should be skilfully translating the group's feelings into both words and actions

Planning for the Group: The leader decides the ways and means by which the group shall achieve its ends This comprises both short and long-range planning and it is up to the leader to determine what part of the plans would share and what part he/she would confide to a select few or to none. Due to this role as planner, the followers develop a feeling that a successful leader can solve all problems efficiently. A leader has every aspect in his/her mind while making a plan a policy. It needs a thorough and vivid knowledge to lay out a plan. In the field of physical education, the leader makes both types of plans, in short term as well as long-term plans

Execution of Plans: The leader may execute various plans, which hehe constructal or the benefit of his/her followers. Execution is an important factor in achieving the aims and objectives of the group. It is said that well begun is half done Sof plans are executed well, there can be good achievements later on. leader's responsibility to see that the objectives of the group are put well into all the affairs, in execution Heshe does not poke his/her nose, but if heshe does, he/she becomes a bottle ack Matty valuable plans become zero if those are not executed well. So, the failure of a plan depends upon the way you execute it. A lender secures a plan efficiently. He handles it with great care.

Leader as Representative: The leader is the sole representative of the group. In the Seld of sports, the leader speaks for the whole team. If the team favs any problem, the leader discusses the problem with authorities. He/she fights for the members of the team Nelshe is the main person who goes forward to talk for the team

Leader as Controller of Internal Relationship: All matters about the pls of the group or team like rewards, warnings or, arbitration are all in the hands of the leader. The internal differences are settled by the leader, Hashe every furt to raise the moral standard of the team. Heshe takes decisions his her own or with the help of others take disciplinary measures against a member who is at fault

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Qualities of a leader

2021-12-28T23:39:00.002-05:00

There are some personal as well as professional qualities which are necessary for leadership are given below .

1. ENERGETIC : To be energetic is necessary for a leader in the field of physical education. In fact it is the basic requirement for this profession.

2. Friendliness and Affection: Friendliness and affection

are also the necessary qualities for a leader in this

profession. These qualities are developed through

physical education programmes and Olympic Games,

especially during training as well as competitions.

3. Decisiveness: A leader in the field of physical

education should be decisive. It means be should have

the ability to take decision spontaneously.

4. Technically Skilled: A leader in the field of physical

education should be technically skilled. He should be

an expert in his discipline and specialisation.

5. Intelligent: A leader of physical education should

have intelligence. In fact, intelligence is the ability

of an individual to find out the possible solution of

various complex problems. He/she should be able to find

the simple solution to complex An intelligent leader of

physical education can be a boon to this profession.