<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:blogger='http://schemas.google.com/blogger/2008' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:gd="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005" xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-443898020187185626</id><updated>2024-11-05T18:47:28.405-08:00</updated><category term="Pavimentos"/><category term="Arquitectura"/><category term="Decoración de Interiores"/><category term="Diseño de Obras Hidráulicas"/><category term="Ejemplos de Pavimentos"/><category term="Hidráulica"/><category term="Muros"/><category term="concreto"/><category term="puentes"/><title type='text'>Ingeniería Civil</title><subtitle type='html'>Lo último en Ingeniería Civil, Arquitectura, Construcción, Manuales, Tecnología.</subtitle><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://actualizateenconstruccion.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/443898020187185626/posts/default?redirect=false'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://actualizateenconstruccion.blogspot.com/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>9</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>25</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-443898020187185626.post-6306531411932810914</id><published>2011-11-14T09:27:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2011-12-29T22:27:08.459-08:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="puentes"/><title type='text'>Elegancia en la Ingeniería de Puentes</title><content type='html'>&lt;script type=&quot;text/javascript&quot;&gt;
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&lt;/script&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/443898020187185626/posts/default/6306531411932810914'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/443898020187185626/posts/default/6306531411932810914'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://actualizateenconstruccion.blogspot.com/2011/11/elegancia-en-la-ingenieria-de-puentes.html' title='Elegancia en la Ingeniería de Puentes'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgLhYut7ydYwhpl5Zdw9ciKHc7rn_ctgcrXxb5C0zri7vKFL4up_yAkRrhbWMIC7xD-1a1YNm4Ogp-TnFp-BltrecTcfZjTIqW36J7qWHDrBlP38X1LG_QwyEFzvv3j3CYd-52Y8AN/s72-c/Sydney+Opera+House%252C+Australia.jpg" height="72" width="72"/></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-443898020187185626.post-6371805690327468032</id><published>2011-11-05T19:44:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2014-12-07T08:00:10.558-08:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="concreto"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Muros"/><title type='text'>Muros de Gaviones-Requerimientos Constructivos</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSAB1ypVJ8xoCVpizDCl5pdSTyNdPb41Z-LxuueB3rcHJuwXz8VMIDf4ElpF2m38XSkxZdt1M1_cPFWqiqJW9UTncc6kRnYVOvjbrQBiFkqIzeDzY3WfejFN49n19sm5_0uXNhhQ9h/s640/muros_de_gaviones.jpg&quot; height=&quot;273&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #e46c0a; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-transform: uppercase;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #e46c0a; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-transform: uppercase;&quot;&gt;


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Descripción:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyText&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Este trabajo consiste en suministrar, armar, colocar sobre bases
previamente preparadas, convenientemente alineadas y sujetas entre sí, cajas
prefabricadas con mallas de alambre de acero, rellenas con piedra suelta denominadas
“gaviones”.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 12.0pt; tab-stops: list 27.0pt left 70.8pt 106.2pt 141.6pt 177.0pt 212.4pt 247.8pt 283.2pt 318.6pt 354.0pt 389.4pt 424.8pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 12.0pt; tab-stops: list 27.0pt left 70.8pt 106.2pt 141.6pt 177.0pt 212.4pt 247.8pt 283.2pt 318.6pt 354.0pt 389.4pt 424.8pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #e46c0a; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Usos y Denominaciones:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 12.0pt; tab-stops: list 27.0pt left 70.8pt 106.2pt 141.6pt 177.0pt 212.4pt 247.8pt 283.2pt 318.6pt 354.0pt 389.4pt 424.8pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Los gaviones pueden ser de diversos tamaños y son
utilizados en la construcción de estructuras flexibles, con el fin de controlar
erosiones hidráulicas y proveer estabilidad a terrenos. Se aplica en&amp;nbsp; muros de contención, represas, rompeolas o
espigones, revestimientos de canales, defensas de puentes, terraplenes y
terrenos y&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: green; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;cualquier
tipo de estructura que requiera un fácil drenaje y construcción.
Particularmente que pueda resistir posibles deformaciones o erosiones en
contacto con torrentes de aguas naturales o artificiales.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 12.0pt; tab-stops: list 27.0pt left 70.8pt 106.2pt 141.6pt 177.0pt 212.4pt 247.8pt 283.2pt 318.6pt 354.0pt 389.4pt 424.8pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyTextIndent&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: list 27.0pt left 70.8pt 106.2pt 141.6pt 177.0pt 212.4pt 247.8pt 283.2pt 318.6pt 354.0pt 389.4pt 424.8pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Los gaviones, cuando
se los desea utilizar como simple revestimiento flexible se denominan “&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;colchones”&lt;/b&gt; y se los aplica en espesores
inferiores a medio metro (0.50 m). Cuando se desea trabajar en casos de emergencia
con aguas profundas o no se desea utilizar medios sofisticados para la
colocación bajo de agua (profundidades mayores de un metro) estos se deben
fabricar en forma cilíndrica o de saco y se denominan &lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;“gaviones cilíndricos” o “saco”&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyText&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyText&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #e46c0a; font-size: 10pt; text-transform: uppercase;&quot;&gt;materiales:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyText&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #e46c0a; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Gaviones:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyText&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;En la tabla siguiente se establecen los requisitos que deben cumplir los
alambres empleados en la formación de canastos y para las ataduras:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyText&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
&lt;table border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;MsoTableGrid&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom-style: none; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; margin-left: 34.05pt; width: 429px;&quot;&gt;
 &lt;thead&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;mso-row-margin-right: 182.95pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;&quot;&gt;
   &lt;td style=&quot;border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 138.6pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;185&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #e46c0a; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform: uppercase;&quot;&gt;características y requisitos
   de los alambres&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; mso-cell-special: placeholder;&quot; width=&quot;244&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 1;&quot;&gt;
   &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 138.6pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;185&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Elemento&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.75pt;&quot; width=&quot;85&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Característica&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 119.2pt;&quot; width=&quot;159&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Requisitos&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/thead&gt;
 &lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 2;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td rowspan=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 138.6pt;&quot; width=&quot;185&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Alambre de acero galvanizado&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.75pt;&quot; width=&quot;85&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Diámetro&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 119.2pt;&quot; width=&quot;159&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Mínimo de 3.05 mm. (0.120 de pulgada)
  equivalente a un calibre de malla No. 11 U.S. De empleo en mallas.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 3;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.75pt;&quot; width=&quot;85&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Carga de rotura&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 119.2pt;&quot; width=&quot;159&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;38 / 50 Kg/mm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; Según BS
  1052/1980&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 4;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.75pt;&quot; width=&quot;85&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Estiramiento&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 119.2pt;&quot; width=&quot;159&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;No inferior a 12 cm / 30 cm de largo&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 5;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.75pt;&quot; width=&quot;85&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Galvanización&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 119.2pt;&quot; width=&quot;159&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;BS 44/1982, el cual no debe descascararse
  al ser retorcido.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;El recubrimiento mínimo de cinc para el
  alambre debe ser de 22.7 gr. Por 0.0929 m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (0.080 onz/pies&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)
  de superficie del alambre no cubierto, según se determine por las pruebas efectuadas
  de acuerdo a la norma ASTM A90&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 6;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.75pt;&quot; width=&quot;85&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Alambre para
  amarre&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 119.2pt;&quot; width=&quot;159&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;El amarre debe
  ser de la misma calidad con diámetro de 2.2 mm.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 7;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td rowspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 138.6pt;&quot; width=&quot;185&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Malla de alambre hexagonal&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.75pt;&quot; width=&quot;85&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Tipo&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 119.2pt;&quot; width=&quot;159&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Doble torsión con
  bordes reforzados, con alambre de calibre mayor. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Tolerancia. Diámetro Alambre ± 2.5 %, ancho y alto: ± 5
  %, largo: ± 3 %.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 8;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.75pt;&quot; width=&quot;85&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Longitud&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 119.2pt;&quot; width=&quot;159&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Las longitudes deben ser múltiplos (2, 3 ó
  4) del ancho horizontal.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 9;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.75pt;&quot; width=&quot;85&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Ancho&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 119.2pt;&quot; width=&quot;159&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;El ancho horizontal ≥ 914 mm. (36&quot;).
  Debe ser uniforme.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 10; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.75pt;&quot; width=&quot;85&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Tolerancias&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 119.2pt;&quot; width=&quot;159&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Las dimensiones de los gaviones pueden
  tener una tolerancia de 3 % de los tamaños establecidos por el fabricante.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;En la tabla siguiente se indican los tipos de
gaviones clasificados por sus dimensiones:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;
&lt;table align=&quot;right&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;MsoTableGrid&quot; style=&quot;border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 4.8pt; margin-right: 4.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-table-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-table-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-table-left: right; mso-table-lspace: 7.05pt; mso-table-overlap: never; mso-table-rspace: 7.05pt; mso-table-top: .05pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480;&quot;&gt;
 &lt;thead&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;&quot;&gt;
   &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 182.6pt;&quot; width=&quot;243&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 7.05pt; mso-element-left: right; mso-element-top: .05pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Tabla&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform: uppercase;&quot;&gt;
   Nº 02&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; dimensiones de los GAVIONES&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 1;&quot;&gt;
   &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 7.05pt; mso-element-left: right; mso-element-top: .05pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Tamaño tipo&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.55pt;&quot; width=&quot;149&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 7.05pt; mso-element-left: right; mso-element-top: .05pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Dimensiones
   en metros&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/thead&gt;
 &lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 2;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 7.05pt; mso-element-left: right; mso-element-top: .05pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;A&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.55pt;&quot; width=&quot;149&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 7.05pt; mso-element-left: right; mso-element-top: .05pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;1.50 x 1 x
  1&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 3;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 7.05pt; mso-element-left: right; mso-element-top: .05pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;B&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.55pt;&quot; width=&quot;149&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 7.05pt; mso-element-left: right; mso-element-top: .05pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;2 x 1 x 1&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 4;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 7.05pt; mso-element-left: right; mso-element-top: .05pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;C&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.55pt;&quot; width=&quot;149&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 7.05pt; mso-element-left: right; mso-element-top: .05pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;3 x 1 x 1&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 5;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 7.05pt; mso-element-left: right; mso-element-top: .05pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;D&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.55pt;&quot; width=&quot;149&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 7.05pt; mso-element-left: right; mso-element-top: .05pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;4 x 1 x 1&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 6;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 7.05pt; mso-element-left: right; mso-element-top: .05pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;E&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.55pt;&quot; width=&quot;149&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 7.05pt; mso-element-left: right; mso-element-top: .05pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;5 x 1 x 1&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 7;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 7.05pt; mso-element-left: right; mso-element-top: .05pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;F&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.55pt;&quot; width=&quot;149&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 7.05pt; mso-element-left: right; mso-element-top: .05pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;2 x 1 x
  0.50&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 8;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 7.05pt; mso-element-left: right; mso-element-top: .05pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;G&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.55pt;&quot; width=&quot;149&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 7.05pt; mso-element-left: right; mso-element-top: .05pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;3 x 1 x
  0.50&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 9;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 7.05pt; mso-element-left: right; mso-element-top: .05pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;H&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.55pt;&quot; width=&quot;149&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 7.05pt; mso-element-left: right; mso-element-top: .05pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;4 x 1 x
  0.50&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 10; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 7.05pt; mso-element-left: right; mso-element-top: .05pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;I&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.55pt;&quot; width=&quot;149&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 7.05pt; mso-element-left: right; mso-element-top: .05pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;5 x 1 x
  0.50&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyText&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;left&quot; class=&quot;MsoBodyText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Los planos del proyecto y/ o la
especificación complementaria indican las dimensiones de los gaviones a emplear
en la obra. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyText&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Los gaviones deben ser fabricados de tal
manera que todas sus partes puedan ser ensambladas en el sitio de la obra, en
canastas rectangulares en los tamaños especificados. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyText&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyText&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;El material del gavión debe ser inspeccionado por la Supervisión para su
aceptación, en base a los datos suministrados por el fabricante.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyText&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyText&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyText&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #e46c0a; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Piedra de Relleno:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyText&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;La piedra para relleno debe ser natural o quebrada, debe ser tenaz y libre
de intemperismos y debe ser resistente al agua y a la intemperie. Las piezas
deben ser de forma regular y su resistencia a la abrasión medida mediante el
índice de desgaste Los Ángeles debe ser inferior a cincuenta por ciento (50 %).
Puede d obtenerse de cualquier fuente que sea aprobada por la Supervisión.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyText&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyText&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;El tamaño máximo de las piezas rocosas debe ser menor o igual a cien
milímetros (100 mm; 4”); en tanto el tamaño mínimo debe ser superior al agujero
de la malla del gavión que se utilice. Las piedras deben tener una
granulometría razonablemente graduada dentro de los tamaños límites.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyText&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyText&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Las piedras no deben presentar, en su composición, agentes corrosivos que
puedan destruir los alambres del gavión.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyText&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyText&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyText&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyText&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #e46c0a; font-size: 10pt; text-transform: uppercase;&quot;&gt;requerimientos
constructivos:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyText&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #e46c0a; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Equipos y Herramientas:&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform: uppercase;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;El Contratista debe disponer en la obra, para
la realización de los trabajos especificados, la cantidad de los equipos y
herramientas necesarios para llevar a cabo los mismos. Deben encontrarse para
su uso aprobados por la Supervisión y en buenas condiciones de empleo. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #e46c0a; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Ensambles e instalación&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #e46c0a; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Los gaviones deben ser instalados de acuerdo
con las recomendaciones del fabricante. &lt;s&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/s&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 12.0pt; tab-stops: list 27.0pt left 70.8pt 106.2pt 141.6pt 177.0pt 212.4pt 247.8pt 283.2pt 318.6pt 354.0pt 389.4pt 424.8pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Una vez nivelada la base según la pendiente
prevista, se deben colocar los gaviones y amarrarlos con alambre galvanizado,
uno a otro por medio de las aristas, dejando las tapas abiertas y de manera que
no estorbe su relleno. Los alambres atiesadores internos, deben ser espaciados
uniformemente y afianzados con seguridad en cada unidad de la estructura. Todos
los bordes o aristas perimetrales de la malla que forma el gavión deben ser
amarrados y asegurados entre sí, de manera que dichos bordes tengan la misma
resistencia que todo el conjunto de la malla.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Los gaviones vacíos deben ser colocados de
acuerdo al alineamiento y niveles mostrados en los planos o siguiendo las
indicaciones de la Supervisión. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 12.0pt; tab-stops: list 27.0pt left 70.8pt 106.2pt 141.6pt 177.0pt 212.4pt 247.8pt 283.2pt 318.6pt 354.0pt 389.4pt 424.8pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 12.0pt; tab-stops: list 27.0pt left 70.8pt 106.2pt 141.6pt 177.0pt 212.4pt 247.8pt 283.2pt 318.6pt 354.0pt 389.4pt 424.8pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Posteriormente se deben rellenar los gaviones de a un
tercio por vez, empleando medios mecánicos o manuales. Sobre cada tercera parte
deben colocarse los alambres atiesadores internos. Las piezas rocosas deben ser
colocadas con cuidado para mantener el alineamiento sin que se formen
deformaciones en los canastos ni se dañe la estructura del gavión y deben
acomodarse de modo tal que dejen un mínimo de huecos.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;La colocación alterna de roca y alambre de
amarre debe efectuarse hasta que el gavión esté lleno. Después de que el gavión
ha sido llenado, la cubierta se debe doblar sobre el gavión hasta que caiga
sobre todos los lados y bordes. Luego se la debe asegurar a los lados, bordes y
diafragmas con alambre de amarre en la misma manera que para el ensamblaje, hay una gran variedad y forma de realizar los gaviones en &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ingenieriareal.com/&quot;&gt;www.IngenieriaReal.com&lt;/a&gt; página que recomendamos mucho para construcciones civiles en España.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Los gaviones deben ser construidos
monolíticamente por cada unidad, de manera que la resistencia y flexibilidad en
los puntos de amarre de las diferentes partes sean por lo menos igual a las de
la malla.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 12.0pt; tab-stops: list 27.0pt left 70.8pt 106.2pt 141.6pt 177.0pt 212.4pt 247.8pt 283.2pt 318.6pt 354.0pt 389.4pt 424.8pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 12.0pt; tab-stops: list 27.0pt left 70.8pt 106.2pt 141.6pt 177.0pt 212.4pt 247.8pt 283.2pt 318.6pt 354.0pt 389.4pt 424.8pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Los gaviones de medio metro (0.50 m.) de altura,
solamente necesitan un tirante a la mitad, los colchones no necesitan tirantes.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyTextIndent&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: list 27.0pt left 70.8pt 106.2pt 141.6pt 177.0pt 212.4pt 247.8pt 283.2pt 318.6pt 354.0pt 389.4pt 424.8pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyTextIndent&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: list 27.0pt left 70.8pt 106.2pt 141.6pt 177.0pt 212.4pt 247.8pt 283.2pt 318.6pt 354.0pt 389.4pt 424.8pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;En los gaviones saco
o cilindros basta efectuar un amarre lateral como el diseño, estos pueden
colocarse mediante rodamiento con medio manuales o por medios mecánicos,
también en algunas ocasiones si las especificaciones de la obra lo requieren y
se dispone de equipo adecuado, se pueden colocar previamente llenos también
gaviones caja o colchones.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyText&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #e46c0a; font-size: 10pt; text-transform: uppercase;&quot;&gt;Método de Medición:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 1.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 1.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;La medición de esta
actividad será hecha en metros cúbicos de gaviones terminados, aceptados y
medidos por procedimiento establecido. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 1.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 1.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #e46c0a; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-transform: uppercase;&quot;&gt;Forma de pago:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Las cantidades determinadas según el
procedimiento indicado anteriormente, serán pagadas a los precios contractuales
por metro cúbico. Dicho pago constituirá la compensación total por el
suministro y colocación de las canastas de alambre y la roca, las operaciones
de excavación necesarias en la construcción de estructuras de gaviones, así
como, la mano de obra, equipos, herramientas, y por toda tarea o insumo
necesario para ejecutar los trabajos en la forma especificada y no pagada en
otro ítem del contrato. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Complementos de esta Especificación General que Deben
Consultarse en&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform: uppercase;&quot;&gt;:&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt; “GABIONES - Especificación General” - especificación complementaria a
la edición I - 2007”:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
&lt;table border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;MsoTableGrid&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom-style: none; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; margin-left: 51.85pt; width: 443px;&quot;&gt;
 &lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 331.9pt;&quot; width=&quot;443&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #e46c0a; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-transform: uppercase;&quot;&gt;Elementos que deben
  integrar la especificación complementaria&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-transform: uppercase;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 1;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 100.9pt;&quot; width=&quot;135&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Elemento que debe definirse&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 231.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;308&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Comentarios&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 100.9pt;&quot; width=&quot;135&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;2.1.- Gaviones&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 231.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;308&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Debe definirse el tamaño de los gaviones que se
  emplearán en el proyecto, a menos que se encuentren indicados en los planos
  del mismo.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
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&lt;/script&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/443898020187185626/posts/default/6371805690327468032'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/443898020187185626/posts/default/6371805690327468032'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://actualizateenconstruccion.blogspot.com/2011/11/muros-de-gaviones.html' title='Muros de Gaviones-Requerimientos Constructivos'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSAB1ypVJ8xoCVpizDCl5pdSTyNdPb41Z-LxuueB3rcHJuwXz8VMIDf4ElpF2m38XSkxZdt1M1_cPFWqiqJW9UTncc6kRnYVOvjbrQBiFkqIzeDzY3WfejFN49n19sm5_0uXNhhQ9h/s72-c/muros_de_gaviones.jpg" height="72" width="72"/></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-443898020187185626.post-6313103780250750075</id><published>2011-10-31T07:00:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-11-05T20:02:57.097-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Pavimentos"/><title type='text'>Módulo de Resiliencia en Pavimentos de Concreto Asfáltico-Método AASHTO-93</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
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En el diseño de &lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #b45f06;&quot;&gt;pavimentos flexibles&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #444444;&quot;&gt; deben utilizarse valores medios resultantes de los ensayos de laboratorio, las diferencias que se puedan presentar están consideradas en el &lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #b45f06;&quot;&gt;nivel de confiabilidad R&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #444444;&quot;&gt;Durante el año se presentan variaciones en el contenido de humedad de la subrasante, las cuales producen alteraciones en la resistencia del suelo, para evaluar esta situación es necesario establecer los cambios que produce la humedad en el módulo resiliente.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #444444;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #444444;&quot;&gt;Con este fin se obtienen módulos resilientes para diferentes contenidos de humedad que simulen las condiciones que se presentan en el transcurso del año, en base a los resultados se divide el año en períodos en los cuales el MR es constante.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #444444;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #444444;&quot;&gt;Para cada valor de MR se determina el valor del daño relativo, utilizando el ábaco ó la siguiente expresión:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;60&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbpdHkt5_oILFLEkBvSTJkS4xmY9VWLA7EcetIPf14_mpW8dc84hLB7DlZLjhQztshLC9ZnxeaEc9m5e_ugVsRwHrMMIgfRjpHToi7irli44t05uFfegObIZWVPHqKRF17ob4jGMGwkHeW/s320/1.jpg&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom-color: rgb(209, 209, 209); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(209, 209, 209); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(209, 209, 209); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(209, 209, 209); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 4px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px; padding-top: 4px;&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbmLL5gU1lXyCKL_NU_xBBLH2SPuPm04UaRMZ72rbNXEy4wgNYbT1BmWNE_jTN8xHtBUmvk7q4UMkHtv58Mr2qPIaV553CuJPZ0sOI3-l78Xcvmr1jqdCcV9pNJStBQfXNaX_IlxjsNagx/s1600/2.jpg&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom-color: rgb(209, 209, 209); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(209, 209, 209); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(209, 209, 209); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(209, 209, 209); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 4px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px; padding-top: 4px;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;color: #b45f06;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Ábaco para la determinación del Daño Relativo&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;color: #b45f06;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;AASHTO, Guide for Design of Pavement Structures 1993&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #444444;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #444444;&quot;&gt;Con los resultados de los daños relativos se obtiene el valor promedio anual.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #444444;&quot;&gt;El módulo de resiliencia que corresponda al Uf promedio es el valor que se debe utilizar para el diseño.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #444444;&quot;&gt;Si no se tiene la posibilidad de obtener esta información se puede estimar el valor del MR en función del CBR.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #444444;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;color: #b45f06;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;RELACIÓN C.B.R. – MÓDULO DE RESILIENCIA&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #444444;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #444444;&quot;&gt;Con los valores del CBR se pueden obtener los módulos resilientes utilizando las relaciones siguientes:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #444444;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-left: 35.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.25pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #444444;&quot;&gt;(1)&lt;span style=&quot;font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal &#39;Times New Roman&#39;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;CBR &amp;lt; 15% (Shell)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-left: 35.25pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #444444;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;M&lt;sub&gt;R&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;(MPa) = 10&amp;nbsp;CBR&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;K&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;= Tiene una dispersión de valores de 4 a 25&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #444444;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;M&lt;sub&gt;R&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;(psi) = 1500&amp;nbsp;CBR&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;K&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;= Tiene una dispersión de valores de 750 a 3000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #444444;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #444444;&quot;&gt;(2)&lt;span style=&quot;font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal &#39;Times New Roman&#39;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;M&lt;sub&gt;R&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;(MPa) = 17,6&amp;nbsp;CBR&lt;sup&gt;0,64&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #444444;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;color: #b45f06;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;El Instituto del Asfalto mediante ensayos de laboratorio realizados en 1982, obtuvo las relaciones siguientes:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;304&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeNlfGe8x2YA5nznoaPClgR-BSHDKkAeA8y6n-c030aoJddQ08DTTNEUrF5IqEeAYIvH_ow3G9XkR6yTl_I1pKWUMdKdf9mmFlhV13tM57O4nc7NvzDdnCdkrg08nLZECBzzZzkl6gPpAv/s640/3.jpg&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom-color: rgb(209, 209, 209); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(209, 209, 209); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(209, 209, 209); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(209, 209, 209); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 4px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px; padding-top: 4px;&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/443898020187185626/posts/default/6313103780250750075'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/443898020187185626/posts/default/6313103780250750075'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://actualizateenconstruccion.blogspot.com/2011/10/modulo-de-resiliencia-en-pavimentos-de.html' title='Módulo de Resiliencia en Pavimentos de Concreto Asfáltico-Método AASHTO-93'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkGm_xSSTi3InJO3fuNNdKmPvCttK_gMU-DfTRtw1H3mndS8wMhYoDmExH9KLay8C5Ao2LRKvYFKHNrCV25hXTSlGGYYofK3lxMe6EN812Ah3_ItxpmZzFHcx_KsEp5fjRXrIjYwmO/s72-c/resilience.jpg" height="72" width="72"/></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-443898020187185626.post-8157543137993203649</id><published>2011-10-29T07:00:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-12-09T07:52:13.263-08:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Pavimentos"/><title type='text'>Análisis de Tráfico en Pavimentos de Concreto Asfáltico, Método AASHTO-93</title><content type='html'>&lt;script type=&quot;text/javascript&quot;&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #444444;&quot;&gt;Las cargas de los automóviles son transmitidas al pavimento por dispositivos de apoyo multiruedas para determinar la carga total sobre una superficie mayor, con el fin de reducir las tensiones y deformaciones que se producen al interior de la superestructura.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #b45f06;&quot;&gt;El tráfico es uno de los parámetros más importantes para el diseño de pavimentos&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #444444;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #444444;&quot;&gt;Para precisar este dato es indispensable determinar el número de repeticiones de cada tipo de eje durante el período de diseño, a partir de un tráfico inicial medido en el campo a través de aforos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #444444;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #444444;&quot;&gt;El número y composición de los ejes se determina a partir de los siguientes datos:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #444444;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #444444;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &#39;Times New Roman&#39;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Período de diseño&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Tahoma,Helvetica,FreeSans,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-left: 53.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #444444;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &#39;Times New Roman&#39;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Distribución de ejes solicitantes en cada rango de cargas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Tahoma,Helvetica,FreeSans,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-left: 53.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #444444;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &#39;Times New Roman&#39;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Tránsito medio diario anual de todos los vehículos TMDA o TPDA&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #444444;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &#39;Times New Roman&#39;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Tasas de crecimiento anuales de cada tipo de vehículo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #444444;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &#39;Times New Roman&#39;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Sentido del tráfico&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #444444;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &#39;Times New Roman&#39;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Número de carriles por sentido de tráfico&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Tahoma,Helvetica,FreeSans,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-left: 53.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #444444;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &#39;Times New Roman&#39;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Porcentaje del tránsito sobre el carril más solicitado&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #444444;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &#39;Times New Roman&#39;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Índice de serviciabilidad&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #444444;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &#39;Times New Roman&#39;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Factores de equivalencia de carga&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #444444;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Tahoma,Helvetica,FreeSans,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #444444;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;color: #b45f06;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;TRÁNSITO MEDIO DIARIO ANUAL:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #444444;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #444444;&quot;&gt;El TMDA representa el promedio aritmético de los volúmenes diarios de tránsito aforados durante un año, en forma diferenciada para cada tipo de vehículo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Tahoma,Helvetica,FreeSans,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #444444;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #b45f06;&quot;&gt;CLASIFICACIÓN DE LOS VEHÍCULOS:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #444444;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Tahoma,Helvetica,FreeSans,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-left: 53.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #444444;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &#39;Times New Roman&#39;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Automóviles y camionetas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Tahoma,Helvetica,FreeSans,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-left: 53.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #444444;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &#39;Times New Roman&#39;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Buses&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Tahoma,Helvetica,FreeSans,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-left: 53.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #444444;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &#39;Times New Roman&#39;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Camiones de 2 ejes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Tahoma,Helvetica,FreeSans,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-left: 53.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #444444;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &#39;Times New Roman&#39;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Camiones de más de 2 ejes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Tahoma,Helvetica,FreeSans,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-left: 53.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #444444;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &#39;Times New Roman&#39;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Remolques&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #444444;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &#39;Times New Roman&#39;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Semiremolques&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #444444;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Tahoma,Helvetica,FreeSans,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Tahoma,Helvetica,FreeSans,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;color: #b45f06;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;TASA DE CRECIMIENTO:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #444444;&quot;&gt;Representa el crecimiento promedio anual del TMDA.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #444444;&quot;&gt;Generalmente las tasas de crecimiento son diferentes para cada tipo de vehículo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;color: #b45f06;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;PROYECCIÓN DEL TRÁNSITO:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #444444;&quot;&gt;El tránsito puede proyectarse en el tiempo en forma aritmética con un crecimiento constante o exponencial mediante incrementos anuales.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;color: #b45f06;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;MODELOS DE CRECIMIENTO&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #444444;&quot;&gt;En el gráfico se observa que la proyección aritmética supone un crecimiento más rápido en el corto plazo y se subestima el tránsito en el largo plazo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #444444;&quot;&gt;En base a las estadísticas es conveniente definir que curva se ajusta mejor al tránsito generado por una carretera.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #444444;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;color: #b45f06;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;FACTOR DE CRECIMIENTO:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #444444;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Tahoma,Helvetica,FreeSans,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #444444;&quot;&gt;Una forma sencilla de encontrar el factor de crecimiento es adoptar una tasa de crecimiento anual y utilizar el promedio del tráfico al principio y al final del periodo de diseño:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Tahoma,Helvetica,FreeSans,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Tahoma,Helvetica,FreeSans,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;color: #b45f06;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;En Donde:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #444444;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;r = tasa de crecimiento anual en decimales&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #444444;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;P = periodo de diseño en años.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #444444;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;La Asociación&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;del Cemento Portland utiliza el tráfico a la mitad del periodo de diseño:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #b45f06;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;La AASHTO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;recomienda calcular el factor de crecimiento para el tráfico de todo el periodo de diseño:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;color: #444444;&quot;&gt;Los valores del factor de crecimiento para diferentes tasas anuales y periodos de diseño se muestran en la tabla siguiente, de acuerdo al criterio de la AASHTO:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;color: #b45f06; font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Factor de Crecimiento&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;color: #b45f06;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;DISTRIBUCIÓN DIRECCIONAL:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #444444;&quot;&gt;A menos que existan consideraciones especiales, se considera una distribución del 50% (0.5) del tránsito para cada dirección.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #444444;&quot;&gt;En algunos casos puede variar de 0.3 a 0.7 dependiendo de la dirección que acumula mayor porcentaje de vehículos cargados.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;color: #b45f06;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;FACTOR DE DISTRIBUCIÓN POR CARRIL:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #444444;&quot;&gt;En una carretera de dos carriles, uno en cada dirección, el carril de diseño es uno de ellos, por lo tanto el factor de distribución por carril es 100% (1.0).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #444444;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #444444;&quot;&gt;Para autopistas multicarriles el carril de diseño es el carril exterior y el factor de distribución depende del número de carriles en cada dirección que tenga la autopista.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #444444;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #444444;&quot;&gt;En la tabla siguiente se muestran los valores utilizados por la &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #b45f06;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;AASHTO&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #444444;&quot;&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;color: #b45f06; font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Factor De Distribución Por Carril&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;color: #b45f06;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;TRÁNSITO EQUIVALENTE:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #444444;&quot;&gt;Los resultados obtenidos por la AASHTO en sus tramos de prueba mostraron que el daño que producen distintas configuraciones de ejes y cargas, puede representarse por un número equivalente de pasadas de un eje simple patrón de rueda doble de 18 kips (80 kN u 8.2 Ton) que producirá un daño similar a toda la composición del tráfico.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;color: #b45f06;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;FACTORES EQUIVALENTES DE CARGA (LEF):&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #444444;&quot;&gt;La conversión del tráfico a un número de ESAL’s de 18 kips (Equivalent Single Axis Loads) se realiza utilizando factores equivalentes de carga LEFs (Load Equivalent Factor).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #444444;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #444444;&quot;&gt;Estos factores fueron determinados por la AASHTO en sus tramos de prueba, donde pavimentos similares se sometieron a diferentes configuraciones de ejes y cargas, para analizar el daño producido y la relación existente entre estas configuraciones y cargas a través del daño que producen.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #444444;&quot;&gt;El factor equivalente de carga LEF es un valor numérico que expresa la relación entre la pérdida de serviciabilidad ocasionada por una determinada carga de un tipo de eje y la producida por el eje patrón de 18 kips.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #444444;&quot;&gt;Por ejemplo, para producir en un pavimento flexible con un SN=4”, una disminución de serviciabilidad de 4.2 a 2.5 se requieren la repetición de 100,000 ejes simples de 18 kips, o la repetición de 14,706 ejes simples de 30 kips.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #444444;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #444444;&quot;&gt;Por lo tanto, para este caso:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;color: #b45f06;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Los factores equivalentes de carga de la AASHTO están tabulados en función de cuatro parámetros:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;-tipo de eje (simple, tandem, tridem)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;-índice de serviciabilidad final (2, 2.5 y 3)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;-carga por eje&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;-número estructural SN del pavimento (de 1 a 6”)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;color: #b45f06;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;FACTOR DE CAMIÓN:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #444444;&quot;&gt;Para expresar el daño que produce el tráfico, en términos del deterioro que produce un vehículo en particular, hay que considerar la suma de los daños producidos por cada eje de ese tipo de vehículo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #444444;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #444444;&quot;&gt;De este criterio nace el concepto de Factor de Camión, que se define como el número de ESAL’s por número de vehículo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #444444;&quot;&gt;Este factor puede ser calculado para cada tipo de camiones, o para todos los vehículos como un promedio de una determinada configuración de tráfico.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #444444;&quot;&gt;Se ha demostrado que el eje delantero tiene una mínima influencia en el daño producido en el pavimento, por ejemplo en el ahuellamiento, la fisuración y la pérdida de serviciabilidad su participación varía de 0.13 al 2.1 %.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #444444;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #444444;&quot;&gt;Por esta razón el eje delantero no está incluido en los factores de equivalencia de carga, lo cual no afecta a la exactitud del cálculo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;/script&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/443898020187185626/posts/default/8157543137993203649'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/443898020187185626/posts/default/8157543137993203649'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://actualizateenconstruccion.blogspot.com/2011/10/pavimentos-de-concreto-asfaltico-metodo.html' title='Análisis de Tráfico en Pavimentos de Concreto Asfáltico, Método AASHTO-93'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgH-57WPiCnPCm30M6k3JsVhq2QJbsaa5bmMUvObUgEbbsRUvwAZPvHoBaYLmQidLvDW_VEtjGfw6bE9QUTg8PDqUDJbjfq6FwTC185oZJJ8DI4y3SoenaCqVto3lNn5b7FM3uTZz34/s72-c/carreteras-1.jpg" height="72" width="72"/></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-443898020187185626.post-916574307874994058</id><published>2011-10-28T07:00:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-12-10T17:38:43.898-08:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Ejemplos de Pavimentos"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Pavimentos"/><title type='text'>Ejes Simples Equivalentes (ESAL’s)</title><content type='html'>&lt;script type=&quot;text/javascript&quot;&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #b45f06;&quot;&gt;Calculamos para el carril de diseño utilizando la siguiente ecuación:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;color: #444444; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;En donde:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;color: #444444; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;p&lt;sub&gt;i&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #444444;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Porcentaje del total de repeticiones para el i-ésimo grupo de vehículos o cargas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;color: #444444; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;F&lt;sub&gt;i&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #444444;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Factor de equivalencia de carga por eje, del i-ésimo grupo de eje de carga&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;FC&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #444444; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Factor de crecimiento para un período de diseño en años.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;color: #444444; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;F&lt;sub&gt;d&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #444444;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Factor direccional.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #444444; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyText&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 19px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;F&lt;sub&gt;C&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #444444;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #444444; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;Factor de distribución por carril&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #b45f06;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;EJEMPLO&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;Período de Diseño: 20 años&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;Tasa de Crecimiento anual: 2%&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyText&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 19px; margin-left: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;P&lt;sub&gt;t&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;= 2.5&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyText&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 19px; margin-left: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;F&lt;sub&gt;d&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;= 0.5&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyText&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 19px; margin-left: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;F&lt;sub&gt;C&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;= 0.8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;SN&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;= 4 pulgadas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;ESAL’s de Diseño&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #444444;&quot;&gt;=(13,561,820)(0.5)(0.8)=5,424,728&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;/script&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/443898020187185626/posts/default/916574307874994058'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/443898020187185626/posts/default/916574307874994058'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://actualizateenconstruccion.blogspot.com/2011/10/ejes-simples-equivalentes-esals.html' title='Ejes Simples Equivalentes (ESAL’s)'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9lQPYqSCk05aCX_cNYf5m591eaByNj_eYhXpJ-EZQ9nT6owDlzQil4THqUEZGtFBeJ643svb2iwP59mMPwPqgGZCa3cgnx_hN8-eJErp62HDnO9qRsBplMWhPeMphFztxnMJguH4GyKzR/s72-c/1.gif" height="72" width="72"/></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-443898020187185626.post-6780451859688775661</id><published>2011-10-27T07:00:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-12-10T17:26:07.781-08:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Pavimentos"/><title type='text'>Coeficiente de Drenaje en Pavimentos &quot;Cd&quot;</title><content type='html'>&lt;script type=&quot;text/javascript&quot;&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;Este coeficiente depende de dos parámetros, los cuales enumero a continuación:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #b45f06;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #b45f06;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;-La capacidad del drenaje&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;La cual que se determina de acuerdo al tiempo que tarda el agua en ser evacuada del pavimento&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #b45f06;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;-El porcentaje de tiempo durante el cual el pavimento está expuesto a niveles de humedad próximos a la saturación, en el transcurso del año&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;Este porcentaje depende de la precipitación media anual y de las condiciones de drenaje&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;La AASHTO define cinco capacidades de drenaje, que se muestran en la siguiente tabla:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #b45f06;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Capacidad del Drenaje&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;Tomando las capacidades de drenaje AASHTO establece los factores de corrección m2 (bases) y m3 (sub-bases granulares sin estabilizar), en los cuales están dados en la Tabla siguiente, todo en función del porcentaje de tiempo a lo largo de un año, en el cual la estructura del pavimento está expuesta a niveles de humedad próximos a la saturación.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #b45f06; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;Valores para modificar los Coeficientes Estructurales o de Capa&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;de Bases y Sub-bases sin tratamiento, en pavimentos flexibles&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #b45f06; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;/script&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/443898020187185626/posts/default/6780451859688775661'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/443898020187185626/posts/default/6780451859688775661'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://actualizateenconstruccion.blogspot.com/2011/10/coeficiente-de-drenaje-en-pavimentos-cd.html' title='Coeficiente de Drenaje en Pavimentos &quot;Cd&quot;'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghuUHPS_G4l9c2dHtwZo7DUHBih6Bqpud7qXW4VBneRuRFB9g5kXRr9CiCpaS3HCi3k-GBRnpp3d66mWhmfoi4wEFwWqyZutVEAq179BWblpxCZ9jhApmWN2EFyldvTwECOv7N7qK0/s72-c/carreteras.jpg" height="72" width="72"/></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-443898020187185626.post-4723530918288805712</id><published>2011-10-17T15:00:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-12-13T12:04:33.235-08:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Diseño de Obras Hidráulicas"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Hidráulica"/><title type='text'>Funcionamiento de las Esclusas en Canales</title><content type='html'>&lt;script type=&quot;text/javascript&quot;&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
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Los canales no pueden salvar pendientes, como las carreteras
y las vías del tren, pero pueden hacerse en varios tramos escalonados.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
Donde hay tramos a diferentes niveles, los barcos se
transfieren de uno a otro mediante esclusas.&lt;i&gt;
&lt;/i&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
Las esclusas son
una serie de compuertas diseñadas para que una embarcación pase de un nivel de
agua a otro. Constituyen una sección del canal cerrada por compuertas en sus
dos extremos y donde el nivel del agua aumenta o disminuye a voluntad mediante
válvulas o aliviaderos hasta alcanzar el nivel de la parte más alta o el de la
parte más baja; cuando el nivel de la esclusa
se ha igualado con el del tramo del canal la compuerta correspondiente
se abre y el barco entra o sale de la esclusa. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
Las compuertas típicas son de doble hoja y se sitúan en los
extremos del vaso, al que cierran, formando un diedro, de donde les viene la
denominación de puertas &quot;de mitra” con el ángulo obtuso a contra
corriente, lo que permite que la presión del agua ayude a cerrarlas. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;color: #e69138;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;color: #e69138;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;&gt;Desde el punto de vista de la ingeniería los aspectos
fundamentales en el diseño de una esclusa
son: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
- ubicación planialtimétrica en el cuerpo de la presa &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
- determinación y diseño del sistema de llenado desde el
punto de vista hidráulico &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
- el cálculo estructural resistente (cuenco) &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
- el diseño de las partes electro mecánicas (compuertas y
sistema de bombeo) &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
El nivel factible de salvar con una sola esclusa ha ido creciendo con los
años, siendo actualmente, en casos generales, de unos 35m. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
Las esclusas,
que se utilizan en la mayoría de los canales de varios tramos, tienen ciertos
inconvenientes:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
Los costos de construcción y mantenimiento son muy elevados;
cuando los barcos son de gran tonelaje, resulta difícil mantener el suministro
de agua para alcanzar el nivel del tramo superior, y además se crean corrientes
que tienden a igualar los niveles, lo que hace que se produzcan grandes
pérdidas en los niveles superiores en cada operación. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;color: #e69138;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;color: #e69138;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;&gt;Funcionamiento &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
Estructuralmente la esclusa
es un canal que comunica los niveles de aguas arriba y debajo de una
presa, debiendo cumplir dos requisitos opuestos: &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
-que la esclusa
se llene lo más rápidamente, en no más de 15 minutos, para no alterar el
tráfico de buques y barcazas. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
-que el llenado no sea tan rápido como para causar esfuerzos
peligrosos en los cables de amarre de las embarcaciones, evitando que éstas
choquen contra los muros o entre sí. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
Durante el proceso de llenado, las embarcaciones presentan
una escasa revancha bajo quilla, entrando agua con carga elevada.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
Durante el proceso de vaciado, esta situación no se
presenta, por lo que él la condición crítica se da durante el llenado. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
El siguiente esquema explica el funcionamiento de la &lt;i&gt;esclusa&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;352&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUdwTKGWRZ9MEEyTbwQwlAF0I3FaADj9EWRmEU6h_jL6sz7uqmY7r68jTMf-EWzNRGu4phllvDB5Jb5hA8xKJ7I_L07jtdhbWQb9jkP8_gWfF2olYK7y7rIY0sD7HbqqbJzto6Qgd9/s640/esclusa+2.png&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
La operación de llenado y vaciado
se hace a través de un sistema de conducción, ubicado en los muros de las
esclusas y auxiliados por bombas. Es necesario disponer de estas últimas para
uniformar la carga y la descarga. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
Si las válvulas se abrieran en
forma instantánea, una onda abrupta viajaría a lo largo de la esclusa y luego
se reflejaría, sometiendo la embarcación a esfuerzos longitudinales que
romperían las embarcaciones y las estrellarían contra las compuertas. Si la
apertura es parcial, este desbalanceo es menor y se amortigua rápidamente,
aumentando, sin embargo, el tiempo de llenado. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
La presencia de embarcaciones
produce efectos secundarios que obligan a estudiar el fenómeno mediante modelos
físicos. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
Los conductos de llenado y vaciado
pueden colocarse en los muros laterales y/o en la losa de fondo con entradas
ubicadas a todo lo largo de los muros para lograr un llenado y vaciado
uniforme.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;color: #e69138;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;&gt;Esclusas en el Canal de Panamá &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
Como obra colosal de ingeniería se debe mencionar el
funcionamiento de las esclusas del &lt;i&gt;Canal de Panamá. &lt;/i&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
Las compuertas deben moverse con facilidad y al mismo tiempo
soportar una enorme presión. Poderosos brazos de acero conectan las hojas de
las compuertas de las esclusas a enormes engranajes maestros empotrados dentro
de las paredes de las esclusas. Cada engranaje maestro de 20 pies de diámetro,
colocado horizontalmente, es movido por un motor eléctrico. Cuando están en
operación, el engranaje y el brazo funcionan como la rueda y la vara conectora
de la locomotora de un ferrocarril al abrir y cerrar las compuertas. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
En las esclusas de Miraflores, cada cámara de las esclusas,
excepto las de las esclusas inferiores, tiene un juego de compuertas
intermedias. El propósito de estas compuertas es conservar agua al reducir el
tamaño de la cámara, si el barco en tránsito no es uno de los gigantes Panamax
y puede ser acomodado dentro de una cámara de 600 pies. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
Las compuertas del Canal con mayor tamaño son las que se
encuentran en el último nivel de las esclusas de Miraflores y son éstas las que
soportan las mareas del Océano Pacífico. En el lado del Pacifico hay tres
escalones, dos se encuentran en Miraflores y el otro restante en las esclusas
de Pedro Miguel, luego en el Atlántico hay otros tres escalones todos
localizados en las esclusas de Gatún. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
Las compuertas se mueven como puertas dobles. La
construcción hueca e impermeable de las mitades inferiores las hace flotar en
el agua, reduciendo grandemente el trabajo de las bisagras. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
Las naves que van hacia el Océano Pacífico suben en las
esclusas de Gatún hasta unos 85,54 pies sobre el nivel del mar y los bajan en
los tres escalones siguientes en las dos esclusas siguientes. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
Cada cámara de las esclusas tiene la misma medida de 110
pies de ancho por 1000 pies de largo, con dos vías cada una. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
El agua es de vital importancia para poder llenar o vaciar
cada escalón del Canal; para lograrlo se alimenta mediante gravedad desde el
Lago Gatún, que es uno de los cuerpos de agua artificiales más grandes del
mundo. El agua entra y sale por enormes túneles que corren a lo largo de las
paredes centrales y laterales de las esclusas. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
Los túneles principales se comunican con alcantarillas que
están debajo del piso de la cámara, y cada alcantarilla se comunica con el piso
por medio de grandes orificios. Cada cámara tiene 105 orificios por donde entra
o sale el agua según se abran o cierren las enormes válvulas. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
Las válvulas rectangulares controlan el flujo de agua en los
túneles grandes y válvulas cilíndricas controlan el paso del agua a las
alcantarillas. Para llenar las cámaras, las válvulas que se abren son las del
extremo superior y se cierran las del extremo inferior, así el agua fluye de
manera uniforme, sin turbulencias que puedan mover al barco. Aproximadamente en
ocho minutos entran o salen 26, 000,000 de galones de agua para que una nave
pueda subir o bajar los escalones.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;color: #e69138;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;color: #e69138;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;&gt;Datos interesantes
del Canal de panamá:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;114,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; de agua es la capacidad de cada
esclusa&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Al hombre de llevo cerca de 35 años hacer este angosto atajo
entre los dos océanos&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Es un paso de 82 Km formado por tres juegos de esclusas&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Permite que los barcos naveguen del pacifico hacia el
atlántico en solo 10 horas&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;En la actualidad las esclusas del canal de panamá miden 34m
de ancho y 305m de largo&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;El nuevo canal que se construirá en 7 años cuesta 5200
millones de dólares&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Se empezó a construir en el año de 1881 bajo el gobierno de
Francia&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;/script&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/443898020187185626/posts/default/4723530918288805712'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/443898020187185626/posts/default/4723530918288805712'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://actualizateenconstruccion.blogspot.com/2011/10/funcionamiento-de-las-esclusas-en.html' title='Funcionamiento de las Esclusas en Canales'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiro2L-nEKNPvWpiYJ9jSDn0wtqn0nLs5eLFbg77a3WVk9RqudSKZb8PkYn6Y-LmRqTKClAN7udegX-69qid7N7z_YeNj2DBZe8Vwq5BxHVpd0DUBbvc9hstPfzMLrvMTv8FDzY-iz/s72-c/esclusas.bmp" height="72" width="72"/></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-443898020187185626.post-4111295502358437585</id><published>2011-10-15T07:17:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-12-10T19:11:05.505-08:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Pavimentos"/><title type='text'>Índice de Serviciabilidad en Pavimentos de Concreto Asfáltico</title><content type='html'>&lt;script type=&quot;text/javascript&quot;&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;265&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSJcNWnpk6mYDGE86RZOdeJHe6iY9UUi8Ln0aUZR9-0v4127QS6wG5vcchJuIWVc_i0QVKa2cA226AcXDa59tOAJ_I78wQlb0F7ZffcW1L9wbeRryBptjLDzne-UoCGpFdiXxBbo8x/s400/image35.png&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Índice de Serviciabilidad es la condición necesaria de un pavimento para proveer a los usuarios un manejo seguro y confortable en un determinado momento. Inicialmente esta condición se cuantificó a través de la opinión de los conductores, cuyas respuestas se tabulaban en la escala de 5 a 1:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Actualmente, una evaluación más objetiva de este índice se realiza mediante una ecuación matemática basada en la inventariación de fallas del pavimento:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Pavimento Flexible:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;31&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEji3AGA-FxgwYWMoUSGQ-Id4LpaJZqbxOhGD7Dr6Bxyx_pYcRBR9SNrC4jHXP5QnfuUX5L4ketA7WibLFjTqxdH4X7DdrEuhCnyO1z1f_u2HJtp-IKvDnqt2nZkECrB936rqWuhDWjmDV2U/s400/1.gif&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom-color: rgb(209, 209, 209); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(209, 209, 209); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(209, 209, 209); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(209, 209, 209); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 4px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px; padding-top: 4px;&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Donde:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;S&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;V&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;: Variación de las cotas de la rasante en sentido longitudinal en relación a la rasante inicial (Rugosidad en sentido longitudinal).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;: Suma de las áreas fisuradas en pies&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;y de las grietas longitudinales y transversales en pies lineales, por cada 1000 pies&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;de pavimento.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;P: Área bacheada en pies&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;por cada 1000 pies&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;de pavimento.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;RD&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;: Profundidad media de ahuellamiento en pulgadas. Mide la rugosidad transversal.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Antes de diseñar el pavimento se deben elegir los índices de servicio inicial y final.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;El índice de servicio inicial &quot;po&quot; depende del diseño y de la calidad de la construcción.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;En los pavimentos flexibles estudiados por la AASHTO, el pavimento nuevo alcanzó un valor medio de po = 4.2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;El índice de servicio final &quot;pt&quot; representa al índice más bajo capaz de ser tolerado por el pavimento, antes de que sea imprescindible su rehabilitación mediante un refuerzo o una reconstrucción.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;El valor asumido depende de la importancia de la carretera y del criterio del proyectista, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;se sugiere para carreteras de mayor tránsito un valor de pt ≥ 2.5 y para carreteras de menor tránsito pt = 2.0.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;/script&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/443898020187185626/posts/default/4111295502358437585'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/443898020187185626/posts/default/4111295502358437585'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://actualizateenconstruccion.blogspot.com/2011/10/indice-de-serviciabilidad-en-pavimentos.html' title='Índice de Serviciabilidad en Pavimentos de Concreto Asfáltico'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSJcNWnpk6mYDGE86RZOdeJHe6iY9UUi8Ln0aUZR9-0v4127QS6wG5vcchJuIWVc_i0QVKa2cA226AcXDa59tOAJ_I78wQlb0F7ZffcW1L9wbeRryBptjLDzne-UoCGpFdiXxBbo8x/s72-c/image35.png" height="72" width="72"/></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-443898020187185626.post-7612441191805589795</id><published>2011-08-19T09:49:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-12-04T10:36:27.374-08:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Arquitectura"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Decoración de Interiores"/><title type='text'>Maniático hotel en forma de avión en Costa Rica</title><content type='html'>&lt;script type=&quot;text/javascript&quot;&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Cuando se trata de&amp;nbsp;brindar lujo a los acogidos&amp;nbsp;en  los hoteles, los dueños de estos lanzan mano a todo lo que la  imaginación les pueda ofrecer para ser mejores y originales en sus  servicios, es el caso por ejemplo de este&amp;nbsp;hotel ubicado en un peñasco&amp;nbsp;de un bosque lluvioso con vista al Pacífico.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #e69138;&quot;&gt;Se trata del&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;color: #e69138;&quot;&gt;Hotel Costa Verde&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #e69138;&quot;&gt;,&amp;nbsp;cerca  de Quepos, Costa Rica&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;, cuenta con una de las habitaciones de un hotel  más singular que se ha encontrado. Cuenta con uno o dos dormitorios,  totalmente adaptados de un cuerpo de un Boeing 727 de 1965. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;/script&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/443898020187185626/posts/default/7612441191805589795'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/443898020187185626/posts/default/7612441191805589795'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://actualizateenconstruccion.blogspot.com/2011/08/maniatico-hotel-en-forma-de-avion-en.html' title='Maniático hotel en forma de avión en Costa Rica'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8PiO_AaOnwUdCcJbBy8n9Urwlhq9ul766OuXE3SUwBh5qheKg1Fk7O_o_bqW09saPvmn0DVMnjqUeEagL3FsyKXxwa5yPlpZmw8zD8HOikrYyZ1N01s8qxJDtQNfnb39K6-yF2kkj/s72-c/construcgeek-hotel-en-forma-de-avion-en-costa-rica-1.jpg" height="72" width="72"/></entry></feed>