Adventurers

Climbing

subchan.adventured@gmail.com (adventurers) — Sat, 29 May 2010 14:47:00 +0000

In principle sport rock-climbing (Rock Climbing), sports that require muscular strength and endurance. In addition, another factor is the courage, calmness, flexibility of the body, and the right techniques. Rock climbing involve almost every muscle in your body. Starting from the arm muscles, back muscles, stomach muscles, until the leg muscles.

To train all the muscles of the body and to heightened durability, needed regular exercise program and sustainable. This program is expected strength (strength) and endurance (Endurance) athletes climbers (climbers) to survive both stages.

One of the best ways to add strength and endurance athletes usually carried out by rock climbers practice is run regularly by implementing training programs that have been prepared in the afternoon with varying distances.

Why daylight? On the afternoon of the air layer on the surface soil or asphalt roads become more tense than the atmospheric layer above it from the sun. This means that oxygen levels are also low. This situation is similar to the situation in a high mountain. In the high mountains often necessary oxygen tube to help breathing.

With practice during the day so the lungs will be forced to work harder to suck air of low oxygen content within. Coercion is causing ability of the lungs to suck air in the greater. Increased lung capacity affect the endurance of human organs. The more oxygen levels can be inhaled and is circulated throughout the body tissues through the combustion process, the better the endurance of a person's body.

Run training programs:

Distance (meters) Time of 9 minutes Frequency / week

1600 08.30 – 09.30 1x

2400 12.00 – 13.00 1x

3200 17.00 – 18.00 1x

Given this sport requires strength of body muscles, especially the hands, it is also necessary in addition to running training exercises to strengthen muscles. The trick is to weight training (weight training). Weight training can be done in two ways:

1. Utilizing his own body weight such as pull-ups, push-ups, and clung with both hands

2. With the aid of equipment such as dumbbells and Dambel

To more easily, follow the instructions below weight training is arranged in a series of exercises with a rest interval of two minutes for each type of exercise performed. Hopefully, after running this program for some time, the distance shortened breaks. And exercise can be performed more than two series, until finally the ability to hold his hand in the greater load increment.

Exercise program for beginners:

Types of exercise Many Hose break

Pull-up 5x 2 minutes

Push-up 10x 2 minutes

Sit-up 10x 2 minutes

When she felt able to, increase the weight training in a way to shorten the hose to rest and reproduce each type of exercise. Then do a load for the pull-up exercises. This burden can be made from sand that is inserted into a bag or a known weight of iron ballast.

Hang with a cord to the body every time the pull-up exercises. Use this exercise to train the ability of the hand muscles in lifting heavy loads. Exercise done in stages with an increasingly heavy burden.

In addition to running and weight training, there is an effective training method is to create a clone of a stone cliff that was stuck on the wall or by punching holes in walls. This is called a climbing wall, climbing wall.

Climbing wall is a training tool that easily made and useful way to train balance, increase muscle strength, endurance, and improve the skills of rock climbers. With a climbing wall one can increase the frequency of practice to remember climbing wall can be made on any wall. Both the bedroom wall or fence wall.

Which need to be considered in making the climbing wall, namely the placement of stone and the hole in the wall. Climbing wall should be sought to be made not only to train a climbing motion is monotonous. Variation of rock and hole placement may be more pronounced benefit.

Although the frequency of training at the high-climbing wall, but do not forget that the best way to climb the cliff is the real rock-climbing. Climbing wall as a supporting role only. Found difficulty in climbing wall can be adjusted according to taste-makers of course vary with the difficulty in climbing the real thing.

Use of natural safety

In a climbing, consider the state of the cliff face thoroughly. Likely to be found which is called natural runner here and there which can be exploited. On the cliff wall there is sometimes a kind of tree with roots that "embedded" strong on the sidelines of a cliff or fracture. This tree can be used a natural anchor (additional natural) and natural runner.

On the cliffs of fracture fragments are often also found a stone wedged firmly cliff (chock stone). This process occurs naturally. In fracture narrowing down a cliff of stone fragments and by itself is tucked away in an ideal position for use as a safety net.

To create a security principle, the same as the security natural tree species mentioned above. Can also with another car. Depending on the conditions faced. For that a leader must be creative and in addition to other factors such as skilled, trained, brave, and so forth.

Nature of safety can also be made from the ridge on the cliff face is quite strong. Usually there is a cliff on the horn surface (bumps, horns), which is ideal for use as a safety net. Although it is not enough to convince a small bulge is still better than nothing. Once upon a time the horn can be found not too prominent and rounded. To overcome this problem use webbing and a bond with tightly so as not displaced from its position when it moves upward. Since the shear bond can be released by itself, so lost its function as a safety.

Tunnel (hole through) can occur in the chalk cliffs of limestone due to the influence of weather changes and angina. In this penetrating security holes can be made beforehand unknown origin rock strength. Still often found through perforated holes when jerked load falls.

Although he has practiced in the use of natural or natural anchor runner but be careful so that the risk of accidents can be minimized. The more so for beginners, who usually tend to be less accurate in choosing a good runner.

Banish Negative Thoughts, Positive Thoughts Wake

subchan.adventured@gmail.com (adventurers) — Thu, 27 May 2010 15:47:00 +0000

Learn how to be optimistic can be something very difficult, especially for someone who tends to view things with skepticism. Someone who is optimistic not 'blind happiness' or ignore the problem. But contrary to choice of continuing to respond in action to build either in a state of positive or negative. But the truth is that everyone can develop myself to always think positive.
1. Differences from people who think positively and negative-minded people is how they deal with a situation. A pessimistic view of a bad event as something that affects her entire life, seen from a statement like 'It is never a good thing that happened to me. " Or 'of course this is bad ... how would my life be? " We had bad things to make the pessimistic increasingly convinced that they were victims of misfortune. Different from an optimist, usually have the ability to isolate the negative things and keep the attitude and thinking that what happened is just an event, part of the whole of his life.

2. A thoughtful optimist sees failure as temporary setbacks, not a permanent condition. The difference from the perspective of a pessimist minded. A person who has the optimistic thinking when they fail to understand that it does not mean they do not get a chance to reach it, but just a lesson that will carry them achieve their goals by being more perfect. By learning from mistakes, in the future they will be able to reduce the error in doing something and eventually doing the right way.
3. Optimistic people choose to be calm in all bad situations he faced. Optimistic people understand how to separate emotions from this situation with the real situation, and they have the ability to continue to act rationally, solve the situation with a cool head in the center of pressure.
4. People are optimistic personally do not face problems but still be objective in any circumstance.
If you've read how to be an optimist on top, and practice it in everyday life, and then turn you into someone who thinks positively. Do not expect people around you instantly appreciate this optimistic attitude, prepare yourself to overcome all these negative things.

G L O B A L W A R M I N G

subchan.adventured@gmail.com (adventurers) — Thu, 27 May 2010 14:51:00 +0000

Let's do for life on earth

Global warming is increasing the average temperature of the atmosphere, Laud's land caused by rising concentrations of gases caused by human activity through the greenhouse effect. Who belong to the realm of gases that greenhouse gases such as CO2, methane and ozone gas. It is said that this gas can cause melting of polar ice that impact the occurrence of a mineral imbalance sea, so comes the extreme climate changes and can not be predicted accurately with any sophisticated equipment ( Nature resisted ...)

And has become the will of nature, everything will continue to proceed toward change because human activities result the development of civilization. The damage is definitely something going on, efforts could be done to minimize the impact of Global Warming, including: (1) Use a fuel-efficient cars, Tune-up regularly so that the exhaust system does not generate greenhouse gases. (2) Take public transportation. (3) Use a bicycle pancal. (4) Encourage the development of technology for environmentally friendly energy producer. (5) Use products that are 'Eco Labelling'. (6) Saving water, saving electricity, saving energy. (7) Reduce the use of plastics, when burned will produce dioxin gases that are harmful to human health. (8) Support recycling programs. (9) Take advantage of organic waste for compost. (10) On promoting the greening program.

Let's change ...!.

At least we support reforestation program with the yard planting flowers. Nothing wrong with planting too Eggplant, pepper, long bean, Basil, Kenikir, Tomatoes and Beans and other crops are easy to grow without special care but useful. Cleaning water drains (GOT) from waste sludge and mud, both got in front of the home or around the edge angkringan role in order to avoid the emergence of a pool of potential growth as the growth media of malaria, dengue fever, intestinal worms and itching.

Presumably, there is nothing wrong if the problem of Global Warming is also used as study materials in non-formal education programs. About this issue can be inserted in the material, why?. motivation to live healthy, or ... ...

Education And Basic Training Atmosphere MAPALA

subchan.adventured@gmail.com (adventurers) — Thu, 27 May 2010 10:02:00 +0000

Greetings to my brother ...
Relatives who had washed the mud by hand full of meaning when muscular fatigue, hunger and thirst to be one.
When muscular hands full meaning of this leveling mud all over your body, starting tip to toe ...
And we cry, cry and cry ...
Still so warm in this recall.
When we walked up the road uphill, steep and winding, but we still care to help ...
Even then, the chill of the night, heat and hot sun became friends on the way, but we still cling ...
As if, grass, weeds, trees, cliffs, rivers, and morning dew participate witness ...

Because my brother, once we agree that we move our brothers will not leave the weak ...
Remember in the event re-brother ...
When our tears fell unstoppable, feeling ashamed to come at once ...
Then realize that we are really not anything ...
Do you know my brother ...
What do we live in that time was still running until now ...

Come on my brother ...
once we have agreed, that the event will we make as teachers and our valuable experience ...
And the incident has also asked us to not give up on anything ...
Because of this risk we have taken to change the situation for the better.
For our generation will be so peaceful and prosperous

Caring Tips Jeans

subchan.adventured@gmail.com (adventurers) — Thu, 27 May 2010 05:48:00 +0000

Jeans is not something foreign to us all, especially among college students. Familiarnya so we would not be difficult for users to find this material anywhere and anytime. But if Green News readers want your jeans durable and the colors do not fade quickly, see the tricks of the following:

1. Always wash your jeans with lukewarm water. Avoid washing using water that is too hot or too cold can inhibit fiber fabric and ultimately makes hard dirt disappear.

2. If you're new to the beach and your jeans filled with sand-fine sand, not moistened with water and brushed to remove debris stuck to it. Take a new bowl of water to boil, put the dirty underwear over it, let the steam wet cloth, let sit for 5 or 10 minutes, you'll see that dirt lifted. Discard water and replace with clean water mixed with detergent, soak a few moments. If there is any dirt, gently checked by hand.

3. You can also use the washing machine for cleaning jeans. But remember to keep the water temperature.

4. One of the washing process which had to be careful is when drying. Things you need to consider is not drying jeans in the sun directly, but the place where sunlight falls diagonally on your clothesline.

5. Do not use chemicals to wash your jeans, this can be made quickly faded color quality.

Thus we provide tips for keeping your jeans remain durable and not easily fade. Good luck!

Doctor Karl Prusik, Medical Expert Inventors Prusik Knots Found a spontaneous moment Down Mount

subchan.adventured@gmail.com (adventurers) — Wed, 26 May 2010 12:13:00 +0000

Activities hiking or exploring a cave to take a safety. A fairly crucial one is the rope.
Climbing rope as a safety in use since many years ago. If you've been talking about the rope as a safety, had something to do with the node. Talking about the node, the node is not complete without mention prusik.

Node types prusik quite popular among the mountain climbing enthusiasts. Did you know that the node was found in a doctor? Yes, the discoverer is Dr. Karl Prusik. Austrian medical workers discovered that when the knot will come down from the mountains of Tyrol in 1934.
Mountian Tyrol is located on the border of Austria and Italy. At that moment she felt compelled to modify the loop of rope in order to track the decline smoothly. We urge that he finds the legendary prusik knot. Node was successfully brought down safely without

troubling the user.
The working principle is simple enough prusik node. When weighed, it becomes increasingly tight knot. When the load off, knot more easily removable. Karl Prusik is a physician who is also a Alpinis
Alpinis term given to those who are climbers or climbers of the Alps. From that side job, Karl Prusik managed to find a node that is named from the name behind it, namely the node prusik.

Karl Prusik knot greatly benefit the creation of such. Its use is practical and safe for medical rescue in the open arena. Manufacture is also very easy when things are critical or recessive.

Prusik node is found also when he became president of the Austrian Alpine Club (OeAV). From a hobby to climb it, the doctor twice served as president of the club. He also managed to pioneer a new climbing route 70 in the Alps.

Karl Prusik finally died at the age of 65 years. More precisely, in May 1961. But, the findings were useful to the present, especially for hikers and cave explorers.

In fact, in the 1950s, Karl Prusik findings were developed into a more modern. Developers are the two Swiss nationals eagle researcher. They are Adolf Jusi and Walter Marti.

Jusi and Marti create a device which was later called as a mechanic prusik. The device replaces the function node prusik work. Versatile tool that has Jumar name, taken from the name behind the two discoverers, Jusi and Marti.

Caving (Search Cave)

subchan.adventured@gmail.com (adventurers) — Tue, 25 May 2010 22:26:00 +0000

A. Understanding
Caving derived from the word "cave" means cave. According to Mr. Clurg, cave is a natural space in the earth which usually consists of the rooms and hallways, or pitting. Caving is a cave searches.
The term is defined in terms of a sporting nature which is one branch of the nature lovers of the complex, because the search must be familiar with techniques of cave hiking, rock climbing, dive, paddle, and so forth.
Who's the science of learning about the cave is called "Speleology", which comes from the Greek, 'spelelion' which means cave and 'logos' which means knowledge. Speleology in general can be interpreted as a science that studies the cave and its surroundings. However, not only to learn the physical state, but also its potential in addition to other scientific terms, including: terms of cave shape, mining, environmental governance, cave geology, flora, and fauna.
Medium term to search the cave which focuses on aspects of sports and adventure called "make photoler".
According to Norman Edwin, "is a satisfaction to someone searching the cave, when he carried the lamp is the first ray that revealed a stunning beauty of the cave at once."

B. History
Started in Europe, since 200 years ago. According to records, started by:
1. John Beamont, a surgeon from Somerset, England (1674), amateur geologist and mining expert, noted the first person to trace pitting (patholing) as deep as 20 m with the use of candles and find a room with a length of 80 m, width 3 m and 10 m ceiling height .
2. Marellies Louis (July 15, 1780), carrying the first person down the cave are cave vertival Fairies in the Languedoc.
3. Edward Alfrad Martel (June 27, 1888), a surgeon from Paris law, following in the footsteps Marellies. However, by using the complete equipment, such as pulleys, hanging ladder, and a new canvas boats introduced by the Americans at that time and the telephone as a communication tool, so that the business is recorded and referred to as the "father of modern Speleology." Already a cave that is mapped (1888-1913) for scientific purposes and merkem kedalalaman cave.
When World War II finished, the search activities undertaken by several prominent cave, namely:
1. Robert de Jolly, a father of a reformer in the cave search tools, such as hanging from the aluminum ladder, the more perfect canvas boats. His invention is more standard for the search of cave until 50 years later.
2. Casteret Norman (1922), the pioneer in the field of caving diving. This business was doing when I first go into the hallways full of water in the cave montespan, without the aid of any equipment. Authorship-composed, among others, "My Cave" and "Ren Years Underground", then made the handbook fans caving, diving and expert Speleology. Most of the caver started its activities as a climber, because it is an activity carried out almost similar. The climber also provide inspiration for the progress of the cave searches. Frene Alpine Club, an association of Europe's top mountaineers on an expedition has been underground, and for the first time using a rope ladder to replace hanging. This group also set a record for the reduction of vertical caves as deep as 608 m.
3. Stephen Bishop, the most deserving tourist guide, a slave diamond Gorin franklin employed by a lawyer who bought the land around the cave mammounth U.S. Kentucky cave in 1938 and is now accepted that UNICEF as a world heritage.
4. Louis Mersanders, french, start searching caves in 1970 and successfully reached a depth of ± 40 m in the cave Falties, Languedoc, France, using ropes and torches.
5. Eduard Alfrad Martel in 1988 to conduct research with a more adequate equipment, that is using a ladder and hanging the phone as a communication tool. And he was known as the "father of modern Speleology."
Cave quid high value sports and adventures known in Indonesia in the 1980s by pioneer Dr. R. K. T Ko (Dr. Ko). But the cave has been no quid publication in 1976 that was published in magazines and daily Kompas essence what. Dr. Ko.

C. The types of Cave
According to the regions and formation processes, the types and kinds of caves that a lot, whereas if viewed from the cave formation process there are five types, namely:
1. Wind Cave or Horizontal
2. Sea Cave
3. Lava Cave
4. Ice Cave
5. Lime or Limeston Cave / Karst

D. Cave structure
Cave structure is divided into three, namely:
1. Horizontal
2. Vertical
3. Combination

E. The existence of Watershed
1. Vudose Cave, cave in which the stream flows underground.
2. Prêthit caves, dry caves where there are no underground currents.

F. Ornament in Cave
Ornament is a decorative shaped rocks, formed by water erosion in the cave. Ornament, ornament is in the cave, among others:
1. Stalactite, spearhead-shaped elongated and tapering down and attached to the roof of the cave.
2. Stalagmite, formed a direct result of the process occurs stalactites. While meetings between stalactite and stalakmite called colomen.
3. Flow stone. Mound shaped like half a ball.
4. Godian / draperies. Shaped like a curtain attached to the walls of caves.
5. Gourdam, shaped like a small pond and piling concatenated together to form a network of regional exactly the paddy fields.
6. Helektite, stalactite-shaped branched parallel to the roof of the cave, sometimes not even the additional downward but toward the roof so as to fight against gravity (gravity).
7. Aragonite, the crystals formed from the CaCO3 (limestone dominant), this is rarely encountered.
8. Pearls, a growing collection of calcite stone in the pond below the water droplets. Pearls called because shaped like pearls.
9. Gours, Collection of calcite formed within the flow of water or soil slope. This flow contains CO2. the CO2 evaporates, the more calcite formed.

G. Life in the Cave
According to the level of adaptability, Jefferson, Speleology (1979) in his research to classify the organisms that exist in the cave.
1. Troglophyle, is an organisms that love the darkness, looking for food outside the goad and has not appeared extreme modifications to parts of the body. Relatives / herself can be found also in areas outside the cave at almost the same conditions. Examples of bats, birds wallet, and several types of shrimp.
2. Trologxene, organisms that only happened to be in a cave, in fact, strange beast in the cave environment. Usually, there is at the mouth of the cave. These organisms are divided into:
a. Trologxene accidental, by chance, and organisms that are generally not long lived in a cave. Example: snake.
b. Hubutual trologxene, organisms that regularly visit the cave as one of the parts of their life cycle. Example: owls, raccoons, etc..
3. Trilobite, is an organism whose entire life cycle is spent in the cave, so it has different properties with other animals. These factors cause the decline and also simplification of the visual system (blindness) and pugmentasi. Example: fish, rodents, insects. While all creatures who spend most of his entire life in a cave-called tlologlodyta.

H. Cave Depth
Based on light intensity, morphology and depth of the cave is divided into four zones, namely:
1. Light Zone, Region mouth of the cave. Light is still light and temperature fluctuation can still be felt.
2. Twilight Zone, Area in a cave, plants can still grow. Still like the early evening light (dim) and the temperature fluctuates.
3. Dark zone with a temperature change / transition. Dark regions are characterized by temperature and humidity always changes with the changing weather outside the cave, the temperature fluctuates.
4. Dark zone with constant temperature / eternal. Areas farthest from the mouths of caves, the temperature and humidity fixed (constant).

I. Devices / equipment Caver
According to David Judson "adequate protective clothing, lighting system which is durable and reliable." According to Dr. R.K.T. Ko, "a tool that was taken should be sufficisnt and understand very well how to use", bringing its reserves plus three light sources.
• Personals
a. Horizontal Cave
1. Clothing, commonly referred to cover all, thick and easy to dry (wet snit).
2. Shoes, usually using boots, rubber and leather / canvas. Cave muddy and watery to use canvas shoes, boots while climbing use because remember bending power of the material.
3. Helmets and lights (head lamp), serves as the chisf protector of the possible knock or crushed rock. Usually equipped with a lamp. There are two kinds of head lamp, is carbide and battray. To head lamp battray usually used in a watery cave fisld.
4. Buoy, useful to avoid the danger of drowning or washed up. There are two types of buoys, which is incorporated under the foam (rigid) system and incorporated with an inflatable rubber. At the buoy is equipped with a whistle as a means of communication, especially in the rock cave that has a fragile and prone to collapse if there was a loud echo.
5. Webbing, made from nylon material. There are two types of webbing, namely turbular and non turbular, turbular more. Can be used as etrisr, harness, an anchor and a tool of crossing the river in order not to drown or carrisd away.
6. Reserves, battray form and carbide.
b. Vertical Cave
Equipment on a horizontal cave is still used, plus the equipment:
1. Harness. Used during the ascending (rising) and discending (down). Harness should not be released if it is not sure the fisld to be traversed completely secure. There are two types of harness, namely; seat harness (as the support of body weight) and chert chest harness used on search.
2. Descender. Tool down. There are some types of descender; autostop, auto descender (using prusik) and hand ascender (using jumar, etc.). At hand ascender there are several types according to their use, namely; hand ascender (jumar) and chest ascender (Croll).
3. Foot loops. Also called treadle. Used while riding. Its use is linked to the ascender. Usually using webbing slings.
4. Carabiner and and millons. General, using a carabiner locked caver (screw gate carabiner). Frequently used type oval. Millons used as a locking seat harness.
5. Cows tails. Used as a safety when passing a connection string or at anchor. Also used as an auxiliary tool in bringing the goods. Generally used only brisfly. Carabiner dugunakan snap gate more often, and the ends knotted and tisd to eight seat harness carabiner.
• Team
1. Rope / cord. The rope used on the fringe of cave must meet the requirements, namely: strong, have a resistance against rubbing, small bending power. The rope is usually called a static mantle Karn. 9.5 mm to 11mm in diameter.
2. Webbing / sling. Used for additional anchor and etrisr (ladder hanging).
3. Carabiner. Used as a tool for sending and rescue.
4. Pullay, used as a tool for delivery of goods and rescue.
5. Raft. Used to trace the underground cave.

J. Caving dangers
1. Flooded
2. Running out of / lack of oxygen
3. Gas poisoning, such as bat droppings, etc.
4. Subjective danger, danger arising from the cave searches.
5. Disturbance of animals

K. Search Benefits Cave
1. Scisnce, including archeology, biology, geology (the scisnce that explores how the shape and the occurrence of the earth), Mineralogy, Meteorology, anthropology, folklore, akonomi, Cave tourism, cartography, photography and cinematography cave.
2. For nature lovers, train the skill, discipline, fortitude and cooperation.
3. Establishing an ethical insane conservation in an effort to realize that the caves should be preserved and protected, especially those containing natural and highly beneficial for a livelihood.
4. As an awareness that the organisms in them rare and need to be protected.
5. Areas of skills, ranging from hill walking, mountain climbing, rock climbing, swimming, diving ORAD until we learn to be able to track it down.

L. Vandalism
Cave vandalism is damage caused by deliberate human action. Or not based on aesthetics, ecosystems, physical and biotic cave, things which cause deterioration in macro and micro scale of the cave as a scarce natural resource. Some vandalism of cave;
1. Downloads bird's nest. Object; bird wallet. Will appear as a nest of insects or pests move.
2. Phosphate diggers. Object; floor phosphorus content. Will damage the stability of an aesthetic Caved, endangering caver, and create pollution, karst water resources.
3. Digger mineral calcite. Object; calcite formations. Vandalis advent of cave formations to take a souvenir will be able to eliminate the beauty of the cave
4. Hunter bats. Object; bat pollinators of flowers or insects. Will impact on the move or the extinction of bats
5. Dispenda party / government. Object; interior or exterior design by Overkill. The destruction of aesthetic value by building man-made, would lead to sediment pollution and water resources, piqued cave biota, the authenticity of the environment disappears.
6. Caver. Object; decorations and biota and sediment. Doodles, making speleonthem, discoloration Cave, will disturb the existing ecology.
To reduce to a minimum of cave vandalism, namely:
1. Do not leave trash
2. Not leaving the carbide former in Cave
3. No damage Ornament
4. Do not leave mud on the floor calcite
5. And all that can disrupt the ecosystem and destroy the beauty and sustainability

M. Search Techniques
The fisld at the horizontal caves vary greatly, there is an easy-up should require special techniques in order to pass it.
1. Mud, muddy alley did not differ with thick thick, will be easisr path. The easisst way to be able to go through and save energy is to swim position.
2. Water, to be able to swim through the watery tunnel. But the technique in a column with pool, fully dressed, shoes and even possibly bring a heavy burden.
3. Climbing, use it when found the water fall or alleys located on top of us. While free climbing done when fisld conditions:
a. Water flow is heavy and does not know the depth
b. Cave gap and narrow-shaped bottom
c. Large river or lake in
d. Installation of rigging on the water fall
e. Bypassing calcite or fall oolith

N. Mapping
1. Definition
• A description of cave-dimensional projection on a scale smaller than a three-dimensional fisld which has certain limits
• A description of the projection with a smaller scale from a cave
2. Benefit
• Represents the most authentic evidence
• Assist in the fisld of biospeleologi, hydrology, or related scisnces with Speleology
• To find a correlation with the surrounding caves
• Ease in Rescue
• facilitate to determine the expansion and development planning in tourism

O. Mapping Tools
1. Compass
2. Clinometer, a tool to determine the slope of a fisld on a horizontal axis within a degree.
3. Topofil, a type with a tape measure, but this is based on a rotating wheel.
4. Tape measure. Ribbon made of linen or thin steel plate.
5. Stationery

P. Level Mapping
There are levels and additional. Based on the measurement accuracy depends on mapping techniques, equipment used, the balance sheet date skills and experisnce.
1. Grade 1, rough sketches without the correct scale and created outside the cave with the maker of basic memory hallways drawn
2. Grade 2, sketches made in the cave without a large scale and without any measuring tools, only on the basis of estimates.
3. Grade 3, sketches made in the cave with the help of a compass and measuring tape fiber glass.
4. Grade 4, the measurement with a comp [as prismatic, clinometer and topofil / tape measure.
5. Grade 5, measured with a prismatic compass, clinometer, tape measure metallic / glass fiber and with a tolerance of error is smaller than 5cm and less than 1 º
6. Grade 6, same as grade 5, but a compass and clinometer placed on tripot, so do not moving at the time of measurement.
7. Grade x (special). Using Theodolite equipment and metallic tape measure. In addition to creating the level of accuracy (grade) BCRA cave map also make a detailed survey, namely:
1. Class A: All the details are made outside the cave
2. Class B: Detail of the corridor are estimated and recorded in the cave
3. Class C: Details of measuring only the survey stations
4. Class D: Details are measured at the survey stations and between stations

Q. Map Making Speleology
• Data collection
This is done in a cave, usually conducted by 3-4 people, especially when the cave was narrow and there is no cohesion within the team. However, ideally four people where:
1. The first person as a leader. His job holding the tip of the meter. Leader must be able to determine the measurement station. Station determines the distance is ± 50 m or as far as our eyes see, this is done depends on the condition of the cave.
2. The second person as a proxy. Perform their dutiss both compass and clinometer measurements and also measured the distance from the station.
3. Third person as a recorder of the measurement. His job is to record the results of measurements carrisd out by people both at the same time drawing a cross section of the station points are measured.
4. A fourth person as an observer. His job was to make observations on the condition that there is Caved an ornament.
To generate the data will produce a good map, then demanded solidarity among the other data collectors. Also comparable skills, in which all team members must know the ins and outs of making the map Speleology.
• Calculated data
After the data is filled, the data need to be included so that from this calculation is used to draw a cave passage.
After calculating the data table there, transferred to graph paper (mm) and the point is connected, then become a map of the cave.

R. Mooring system
Moorings to be installed in the down or up the cave must be taken into account the safety factor.
Based on the type, the anchor is divided into:
1. Natural Anchor, anchor of existing or available in nature.
a. Tree, first know the age of the tree, position or condition
b. Translucent holes, typically located on the wall / roof of the cave. First check the hardness of rock, the integrity and structure of these rocks.
c. Fracture, the calculation of the gap, the direction of narrowing the gap and the direction of pull to be received.
d. Chock stone, wedged assistance
e. Stalactite and stalagmite, usually used to anchor the deviation due to not getting a big load.
2. Custom Anchor
Installation of moorings with rock climbing. Used when there is no natural anchor
Based on the position and sequence of loading, the anchor is divided into:
3. Main anchor / main mooring
Location / position in the front as the main force in the mooring rope and to avoid friction with the rock.
4. Back up an anchor / mooring support
His position is not too important, to take account of fall factor, is snap load / fall received while playing a back-up anchor, or broken apart.
Installation of mooring systems in caving is tensionless anchor systems, is systems that use multiple anchor mooring point as a hook, so the emphasis on the mooring rope of the anchor points are divided evenly on the existing

S. Search Ethics
In order to caver the dangers, could prevent the occurrence of disasters, aware of the obligations, especially in protecting the environment in the cave. Then there are ethical and liability cave searches.
1. Ethics
a. Aware that caver could damage, because it carriss bacteria, fungi and viruses in a cave that is alisn to its surroundings are still pure and not contaminated
b. Do not take or move something in a cave without a clear Cavel that can be accounted
c. Ability of caver not need to display, on the contrary, the inability not have covered up in shame.
2. Ban
a. Do not take anything unless you take a picture
b. Do not leave anything except leave a trail
c. Do not kill anything except to kill time
3. Obligation
a. Every caver obligatory respect to the population around the cave, get written permission from the authoritiss
b. Shall notify the other is dangerous to the caver
c. Inform on colleagues or family nearby cave locations and is expected home anytime
d. Caver obliged to pay attention to weather conditions
e. In each incident, caver shall act without panic
f. Caver obliged to train yourself in a varisty of motor skills tracing Caved the skills required the use of tools
g. Caver must read various publications regarding the environment Caved

T. The Preservation and Utilization
Cave as an arena of tourism and development of scisnce as well as guard the homeland could cause dilemma if the karst areas are exploited as raw material for cement and other building materials, search the cave as a tourist activity, the study of flora and fauna to the interests of scisnce, exploitation of karst areas as raw materials cement or the location of excavated materials must go through assessment procedures of environmental information (PIL) and the EIA.

History Nature Lovers

subchan.adventured@gmail.com (adventurers) — Tue, 25 May 2010 09:59:00 +0000

• Beginning with the rejection of the sons of the Indonesian people against the influence of communism (which mix the mortar of the ideology of the Indonesian nation: PANCASILA, the national and religious), the sons of the nation ultimately is incorporated in the U.S., KAPI, other organizations and institutions evolved into the new order, which in this new order is a political reaction from the Old Order, which was marked by the release of SUPERSEMAR. Of conditions and the situation among the youth did not participate in part lost in the political world but they are more concerned about the environment (urban) damaged by the (Chaos) is a political vandal, air pollution, and as a humanitarian crisis has hit Indonesia.
• The sons of the nation that have a hobby and a variety of creativity and see the reality around which so damaged, it initiated as a vehicle for the development of talent in the world adventurousness (adventure) and himself in the shape of the real world of nature lovers. General nature-lovers group (Free Line), which was first established is WANADRI from Bandung, followed by other nature lovers, nature lovers, while the college level is MAPALA University of Indonesia, Jakarta.
In subsequent years MAPALA-Free Line of MAPALA in its development in Indonesia has been formed and many have a clear orientation. Starting from the same consciousness, both college students and Free Line jointly managed to spark an agreement to strengthen kinship among nature lovers in the form of codes of conduct formulated young nature lovers tip of view on 29 January 1974.

The Historicity Of The Ecology Movement And Nature Lovers

subchan.adventured@gmail.com (adventurers) — Tue, 25 May 2010 08:47:00 +0000

• Globally, the notion of ecology is there because the reaction of the movement and the practice of processing natural resources in a corrupt. These result from the paradigm of rationality by Rene Decrates post-medieval and humanism that shout out the concept of human absolutes earth (earthiyman). They dominate and conquer nature also look into the natural environment (biogefisik) as the enemy both masculine and FEMINISM.
• This environmental crisis has developed since 30 years ago, in the 1970s, the ecology movement initiated by the radical movement (the movement of human thinking is understood as an attempt to dissect the problem and in fact lived until keakar-roots). Spearheaded by the two leaders are: Rodulf Bahro and Herbert Marcuse both left out of popular term "ecological focus of new" about the domination of nature (The Dominate Of Nature), that nature itself has the authority to determine their future and this natural damage caused by the natural dominance structure and exploitation by humans as beings who have the power to think.

According to David Bruce martin, there are three main features of the radical ecology movement thinking:
• deep ecology movement (Deep Ecology)
Style of thinking, among others:
- Equality ecology
- The right of every species to exist and survival
- Diversity and breeding should not be reduced unless the needs of human beings
- Reduction in the population so the species can survive and have enough room to move
- Forest and nature conservation as a primary habitat. forest and nature conservation as a primary habitat.
- Human consciousness in the form of low consumption fund of natural resource use under control
- Social Ecology (social ecology)
• deep ecology movement is criticized that do not include social and justice system and failed to see the numbers do not ask the mothers gave birth to her children until the cause of ecological crisis
- Ecology feminism
• Who pioneered by Luce Irigary, Nancy Hartsock, Sarah Ruddik and Drucilla Cornell. Initially he studied anthropology of prehistoric society have occurred subsequently in a systematic process of elimination of the position of women. The cause of domination and exploitation-style mini is masculine society that ecological crisis as well as the core.

• madhahib Frankfrut hebermas was succeeded by movements equally have a paradigm that environmental problems can not be separated from the matter of power relations, socioeconomic and political ecology are equally devoted energy to do the resistance, fighting for a better future by closing the paradigm of exploitation natural resources. From the point of paradigm in the management and the environmental benefits of development there are three strands:
- Eco-developmentalist (exploitation) is the environmental movement, which approved the investment and economic movement continues, but less environmentally friendly
- Eco-Populism (management) is the environmental movement with the people's efforts to develop ecologically beneficial right of the people. This group does not agree is the evictions and be more supportive of conservation and forest management and land based industries of the people. (This paradigm is used by the radical ecology).
• In the development of the ecology movement and the rescue effort of nature continue to be fought by environmentalists and "Green Peace" in Vienna. While developments in Indonesia groups in environmental conservation efforts grow more rapidly.

Nature lovers

subchan.adventured@gmail.com (adventurers) — Tue, 25 May 2010 08:38:00 +0000

Nature lovers from the roots of love and nature. In Greek terms, love is called the Philo which means knowing deep down to the roots. Love plus the prefix - means something to people who know their deep nature are all elements while surrounding soil, water and air, fire, atmosphere and all the elements in it. Thus, nature lovers are people who know all the realities and radical phenomenon that occurs in both natural resources, advantages and benefits and the damages caused and natural preservation. while the nature-lover's is something related to science or scientific about the scope of materials that need to be known by lovers of nature.
Loving nature is not just admired, but contains a comprehensive sense, including respecting and taking advantage of the natural profit taking into account the harm, both for natural and human, and feelings and intentions to maintain or improve and to consider the harmony of human relationships with nature. The criteria as a basis for action loving nature is as follows:

• Admires and loves nature
• Maintain, preserve, maintain and repair in accordance with the needs of nature
• Take advantage, taking the meaning of the results they needed without leaving a trail of natural and ex-negatives
• Recognize, appreciate and practice the full cooperation between the natural components of mutual benefit