The Aesthetics Advisor

Why Your Skin Ages From the Inside Out — And What You Can Actually Do About It

2026-05-19T23:47:41.326-04:00

Updated May 2026 | Estimated reading time: 12 minutes

Most of us spend our lives chasing the right serum. What if we've been looking in the wrong direction entirely?

Key Takeaways

Skin aging is driven primarily by internal biological processes — inflammation, glycation, cortisol, gut dysbiosis, and nutritional deficiency — not just external exposure
The gut-skin axis is a direct communication pathway; microbiome health is reflected visibly on the skin surface
Collagen-supporting nutrients (vitamin C, zinc, omega-3s), antioxidant-rich foods, and fermented foods have the strongest evidence base for slowing dietary skin aging
Refined sugar, trans fats, alcohol, and ultra-processed foods accelerate aging through glycation, inflammation, and microbiome disruption
Chronic stress elevates cortisol, which breaks down collagen and impairs the skin's barrier — managing stress is a biological skin intervention
Sleep is the primary repair window for skin; deprivation is a systemic inflammatory stressor with visible consequences
Sensible sun management (protect against burning; don't avoid all light) combined with nutritional antioxidant resilience is more effective than blanket avoidance
No topical product can substitute for the internal environment the skin depends on.

The Problem With the Mirror

Walk through any pharmacy or scroll any wellness feed and the message is the same: better skin comes in a bottle. Retinol. Hyaluronic acid. Vitamin C serum. The global anti-aging skincare market is worth over $60 billion, and it keeps growing.

Yet for all of that investment, something fundamental is missing from the conversation: the skin is not just a surface. It is a living, responsive organ — the body's largest — and like every organ, it reflects the state of everything beneath it. The fine lines forming around your mouth may have more to do with what is happening in your gut than anything you could apply to your face. The persistent dullness that no brightening serum can fix may stem from stress your nervous system never fully discharged.

This is the central insight converging across integrative medicine, functional dermatology, and traditional Chinese medicine in 2026: skin aging is primarily an inside-out process. And that means it is, to a significant degree, preventable.

What "Skin Aging" Actually Means

Before we can understand how to slow it, we need to understand what we are actually talking about.

Dermatologists distinguish between two overlapping processes:

Chronological (intrinsic) aging is driven by internal biology — the gradual decline in collagen and elastin production, slowing of cell turnover, thinning of the dermis, and reduction in sebaceous gland activity. This process is influenced heavily by genetics, hormonal shifts, mitochondrial function, and the cumulative burden of systemic inflammation over time.

Photoaging (extrinsic aging) results from external stressors — UV radiation, pollution, cigarette smoke, and environmental toxins — all of which generate free radicals, degrade structural proteins, and overwhelm the skin's antioxidant defences.

The critical point that both types of aging share: they are both substantially driven by inflammation. Whether the trigger is a blood sugar spike after lunch, chronic low-grade anxiety, a disrupted gut microbiome, or years of cigarette smoke, the downstream biological result is the same — oxidative stress, accelerated collagen breakdown, and impaired cellular repair. Treat the inflammation, and you treat the aging.

Your Skin Is Keeping Score

Dr. Keira Barr, a functional dermatologist and melanoma survivor, describes the skin as a "diagnostic window" — a surface through which the body broadcasts what is happening beneath. Skin conditions, in her framework, are rarely isolated events. They are invitations to look deeper.

This is a significant departure from conventional dermatology, which tends to treat symptoms locally: a rash gets a cream, a breakout gets a prescription, a wrinkle gets a filler. The functional approach asks: why is this happening now? What systemic pattern does this reflect?

Integrative psychiatrist and classical Chinese medicine practitioner Dr. Jingduan Yang extends this view further. After three decades of clinical practice, his conclusion is unequivocal: most visible skin aging can be significantly delayed. Not because of any topical innovation, but because of how thoroughly the skin's condition is determined by the quality of nutrition, digestion, emotional life, and sleep that a person sustains over years.

Chinese medicine has mapped this for centuries. Each organ system — liver, kidney, spleen, lung, heart — has corresponding zones on the face and specific emotional correlates. Chronic anger or toxic stress strains liver function and shows in the skin between the brows and around the temples. Grief and respiratory weakness manifest at the cheeks. Fear and exhaustion show at the area beneath the eyes. This is not metaphor; it is a clinical framework refined over millennia, and one that is increasingly finding resonance with Western psychodermatology.

The Gut-Skin Axis: Your Microbiome Is Writing on Your Face

One of the most robust findings in skin health research over the past decade is the existence of what scientists call the gut-skin axis — a direct communication channel between the intestinal microbiome and the skin's immune and inflammatory responses.

The gut microbiome produces metabolites — short-chain fatty acids, neurotransmitters, hormones — that regulate inflammation throughout the body, including at the skin. When gut bacteria are disrupted (through antibiotic overuse, ultra-processed diets, chronic stress, or dysbiosis), the skin frequently bears the evidence. Conditions including acne, eczema, psoriasis, rosacea, and accelerated general aging have all been linked to specific patterns of gut microbiome imbalance.

Dr. Barr has highlighted oxalate dysregulation as one such pattern — gut disruptions involving oxalate metabolism can trigger skin conditions as specific as prurigo nodularis, a condition dermatologists often treat in isolation, missing the gut-level driver entirely.

For general skin aging, the mechanism is more diffuse but no less significant. A microbiome under chronic stress produces more inflammatory signals and fewer anti-inflammatory metabolites. Inflammatory cytokines circulate systemically, degrade collagen, impair the skin's repair mechanisms, and accelerate all the hallmarks of visible aging: thinning, loss of elasticity, dullness, and increased susceptibility to UV and environmental damage.

The practical implication: investing in gut health is investing in skin health. Fermented foods — yogurt, kefir, kimchi, sauerkraut, miso — support microbial diversity. Prebiotic-rich fibre (oats, leeks, asparagus, garlic, chicory) feeds beneficial bacteria. High consumption of ultra-processed food, alcohol, and artificial additives does the opposite.

How Your Diet Shapes the Way You Age

Nutrition is not peripheral to skin health. It is foundational. Specific dietary patterns create specific biological outcomes in the skin — and the science has become detailed enough that the foods most likely to age you faster can be named precisely.

Foods That Accelerate Skin Aging

Refined sugars and carbohydrates drive a process called glycation — sugar molecules attach to collagen and elastin fibres, forming advanced glycation end products (AGEs) that make these proteins stiff, brittle, and resistant to repair. Glycated collagen cannot remodel properly; the visible result is sagging, loss of bounce, and the deepening of wrinkles. High glycaemic diets — white bread, pastries, sweetened drinks, processed snacks — are among the most well-documented accelerants of skin aging.

Trans fats and partially hydrogenated oils found in many packaged and fast foods trigger systemic inflammation and impair the skin's ability to retain moisture by disrupting cell membrane integrity.

Alcohol, even in moderate quantities, depletes key skin-supportive nutrients (including zinc, vitamin A, and B vitamins), disrupts sleep architecture, and generates acetaldehyde — a toxic byproduct that contributes to oxidative skin damage.

Chemical additives and ultra-processed formulations collectively burden the liver, disrupt the microbiome, and generate free radical load that overwhelms the skin's antioxidant defences over time.

A note on seed oils and linoleic acid: Some integrative practitioners, including Dr. Mercola, have argued that high dietary intake of linoleic acid (LA) from vegetable and seed oils — corn, soy, sunflower, safflower — makes skin cells more vulnerable to UV-induced oxidative damage, because LA is integrated into cell membranes and is highly susceptible to photo-oxidation. While the mechanistic hypothesis is plausible, this claim remains contested; a 2025 review of human outcome data found no significant increase in inflammatory biomarkers from linoleic acid consumption. Caution is warranted before drawing firm conclusions in either direction.

Foods That Protect and Rebuild

Vitamin C is essential for collagen synthesis — the body cannot produce collagen without it. Beyond supplements, foods richest in bioavailable vitamin C include bell peppers, kiwi fruit, citrus, broccoli, and strawberries.

Omega-3 fatty acids (found in oily fish, walnuts, flaxseed, and chia) reduce systemic inflammation, strengthen the skin's lipid barrier, and support moisture retention from within.

Carotenoids — beta-carotene, lycopene, astaxanthin — are fat-soluble antioxidants that accumulate in the skin and provide meaningful photoprotection. Carrots, sweet potato, tomatoes, watermelon, and wild-caught salmon are excellent sources.

Zinc supports wound healing, regulates sebum production, and is a cofactor in the enzymes that synthesise and repair collagen. Found in oysters, pumpkin seeds, legumes, and red meat.

Collagen-rich foods — bone broth, slow-cooked meats on the bone, and fish skin — provide the amino acid building blocks (particularly glycine, proline, and hydroxyproline) that support dermal matrix repair, though evidence on direct supplemental collagen's efficacy continues to develop.

Polyphenol-rich foods — dark berries, green tea, extra-virgin olive oil, dark chocolate — support antioxidant pathways and reduce inflammatory signalling throughout the body.

Stress Is Aging Your Skin — Biochemically, Not Metaphorically

The connection between chronic stress and accelerated skin aging is not anecdotal. It is mechanistic, well-documented, and operates through several distinct pathways.

The primary route runs through the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis — the body's central stress-response system. Chronic psychological stress chronically elevates cortisol, the primary stress hormone. Sustained high cortisol:

Breaks down collagen by activating matrix metalloproteinases (enzymes that degrade skin structure)
Impairs the skin's barrier function, increasing transepidermal water loss and sensitivity
Suppresses growth hormone, slowing cellular repair and regeneration
Dysregulates the immune system, making inflammatory skin conditions more likely and harder to resolve

The field of psychodermatology — still young but growing rapidly — has documented robust bidirectional relationships between emotional states and skin conditions. Stress reliably triggers or worsens eczema, psoriasis, acne, rosacea, and general inflammatory skin aging. Conversely, interventions that reduce psychological stress — mindfulness practice, therapy, yoga, breathwork — have measurable effects on skin inflammation and barrier integrity.

Dr. Yang's TCM framework adds a complementary layer: unprocessed emotional states — chronic grief, suppressed anger, persistent fear — are understood as stressors on the corresponding organ systems, and those systems have skin-facing expressions. Whether one accepts the classical Chinese framework or the Western psychoneuroendocrine one, the clinical direction is the same: emotional health is skin health.

Sleep: The Non-Negotiable Repair Window

Skin repair happens overwhelmingly at night. During deep sleep, growth hormone secretion peaks, cellular turnover accelerates, and the inflammatory load accumulated during the day is systematically addressed. Skin blood flow increases, nutrients are delivered more efficiently, and collagen synthesis rates rise.

Chronic sleep deprivation undermines all of this. A consistently under-slept person produces more cortisol (see above), experiences greater systemic inflammation, has impaired skin barrier function, reduced hydration levels, and measurably slower wound healing. The cosmetic signs of sleep debt — dullness, puffiness, accelerated fine lines, loss of colour and luminosity — are not superficial. They are surface expressions of deeper biological compromise.

Seven to nine hours of quality sleep is not a luxury variable. For anyone serious about slowing skin aging from the inside, it is among the highest-priority interventions available — and one that no topical product can replicate.

Sun Exposure: More Nuanced Than You've Been Told

Photoaging — sun-driven skin damage — is real and accounts for the majority of visible premature skin aging. UV radiation generates free radicals, directly damages DNA, degrades collagen and elastin, and is a WHO-classified carcinogen. Daily broad-spectrum sun protection remains one of the most evidence-supported single interventions in preventive dermatology.

But the conversation around sun exposure is more nuanced than blanket avoidance. Sensible, non-burning sun exposure is a foundational source of vitamin D — a nutrient that plays roles in immune regulation, skin cell differentiation, and anti-inflammatory signalling. Circadian light exposure, particularly morning sunlight without glasses, supports melatonin production and sleep quality, which circles back to skin repair.

The practical framework: protect against burning, particularly during peak UV hours (10am–4pm in most regions), use shade and physical barriers intelligently, and do not treat all sun exposure as uniformly harmful. The skin needs light; it does not need damage.

A nutritionally robust diet — rich in antioxidants, with strong vitamin C and carotenoid intake — provides meaningful endogenous photoprotection that complements, but does not replace, sensible sun management.

External Stressors: The Compounding Load

Diet, gut health, stress, and sleep operate as the internal foundation. They are amplified or undermined by external environmental exposures.

Air pollution — particularly fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons — penetrates the skin barrier, generates free radical cascades, and has been directly linked to increased skin aging, hyperpigmentation, and loss of firmness. Urban skin ages differently from rural skin, and increasingly, dermatology is accounting for this.

Smoking accelerates skin aging through multiple simultaneous mechanisms: vasoconstriction (reducing nutrient delivery), direct free radical generation, activation of collagen-degrading enzymes, and reduction of vitamin C levels. Smokers' skin shows measurably faster collagen degradation and greater elastin disorganisation than non-smokers of the same age.

Harsh skincare products — alcohol-heavy toners, over-exfoliating acids used too frequently, fragranced formulations on sensitised skin — can compromise the skin barrier over time, increasing transepidermal water loss and inflammatory sensitivity. Gentle, microbiome-compatible skincare has become the direction of the field for good reason.

What Actually Works: A Practical Summary

Given everything above, the most powerful anti-aging strategy is not a product protocol. It is a lifestyle architecture — consistent habits that address the internal drivers of skin aging across nutrition, gut health, stress, sleep, and environmental exposure.

Eat for your skin's structure. Prioritise collagen-supporting nutrients (vitamin C, zinc, glycine from broth and quality protein), antioxidant-rich plant foods, omega-3 fatty acids from oily fish and seeds, and prebiotic fibre for microbiome diversity. Reduce refined sugar, trans fats, ultra-processed foods, and alcohol.

Support your gut microbiome. Include fermented foods daily. Limit antibiotics where clinically safe to do so. Eat a diverse range of plant foods — diversity in the diet supports diversity in the microbiome. Address any persistent gut symptoms rather than normalising them.

Manage chronic stress with consistency, not crisis response. Meditation, breathwork, regular physical movement, meaningful social connection, and sufficient rest are not indulgences. They are biochemically active interventions that reduce cortisol, lower inflammatory burden, and directly support skin repair.

Protect your sleep. Treat seven to nine hours as a clinical recommendation, not an ideal. Improve sleep hygiene where needed: consistent timing, dark and cool environment, no screens in the hour before bed, evening light management.

Practise sensible sun management. Use SPF daily (SPF 30+ broad-spectrum). Avoid burning. Do not avoid all sun exposure. Build your skin's internal antioxidant resilience through diet.

Simplify and gentle-ify your skincare. A stripped-back routine — gentle cleanser, a well-formulated moisturiser with barrier-supporting ingredients like ceramides and niacinamide, daily SPF — is often more effective than an elaborate multi-step regime that taxes the skin's barrier.

The Bigger Picture

What unites the best current thinking in integrative dermatology, functional medicine, and classical Chinese medicine is a refusal to treat the skin as separate from the person who lives in it.

Your skin is not a surface problem. It is the visible expression of your internal environment — the quality of your nourishment, the load on your gut, the burden of your unresolved stress, the depth of your sleep. These are not poetic metaphors. They are biological mechanisms, increasingly well-mapped, and most of them are within your influence.

The most transformative skincare decision most people could make is not to find a better serum. It is to look inward — at what they are eating, how they are sleeping, what emotional weight they are carrying, and what the gut beneath the skin is actually experiencing.

Most visible skin aging can be significantly delayed. Not by any single intervention, but by a sustained, honest relationship with the internal conditions that the skin has always been faithfully reporting.

Frequently Asked Questions

Does what I eat really affect my skin? Yes — substantially. Diet influences collagen production, inflammatory signalling, microbiome composition, hormonal balance, and cellular repair capacity, all of which directly determine how your skin ages. This is one of the most well-supported areas of modern nutritional dermatology.

Can stress cause premature skin aging? Chronic stress elevates cortisol, which activates enzymes that break down collagen, impairs the skin barrier, and increases systemic inflammation. These are measurable biological effects, not subjective impressions.

Is sunlight bad for my skin? UV radiation is a primary driver of photoaging and a WHO-classified carcinogen. Daily broad-spectrum sun protection is well-supported. However, sensible non-burning sun exposure also has benefits — vitamin D synthesis, circadian entrainment, and mood regulation — and total avoidance is not the evidence-based recommendation for most people.

Do moisturisers help with aging? Moisturisers can support the skin barrier and hydration level — both relevant to the appearance of aging — but no topical product can restore collagen that has broken down, reverse glycation, or address the internal drivers of skin aging. They are supportive, not foundational.

What is the gut-skin axis? A bidirectional communication system between the intestinal microbiome and the skin's immune and inflammatory pathways. Disruptions in gut microbial balance are directly linked to inflammatory skin conditions and accelerated general skin aging.

This article draws on interviews and research published by Dr. Keira Barr (functional dermatologist), Dr. Joseph Mercola, and Dr. Jingduan Yang (integrative psychiatrist and classical Chinese medicine practitioner), as well as peer-reviewed literature on nutritional dermatology and the gut-skin axis. It is intended for general informational purposes and does not constitute medical advice.

Related reading:

The Hidden Connections Between Skin Health and Overall Wellness (Dr Keira Barr)
How Your Diet Shapes the Way Your Skin Ages (Dr Joseph Mercola)
Most Skin Aging Can Be Significantly Delayed (Dr. Jingduan Yang)

Linoleic Acid vs Linolenic Acid: What's the Difference?

2026-05-19T23:40:55.073-04:00

Linoleic acid (LA) is an omega-6 fatty acid, while α-linolenic acid (ALA) is an omega-3 fatty acid. Both are the two essential fatty acids required in the diet. They help to support healthy metabolism, good cognitive function, and healthy skin and hair growth. This multipurpose compound is essential for healthy tissue and cell growth.

What is Linoleic Acid?

Linoleic acid, whose name is derived from the Greek words "linon," which means "flax," and "oleic," which means "produced from oil," is an unsaturated fat. Unsaturated fats are essential for encouraging cell regeneration and keeping skin smooth, elastic, and young-looking.

Linoleic acid can be used on all skin types, but those with dry or acne-prone skin may find it most beneficial. Acne patients have been demonstrated to have reduced linoleic acid levels in their skin surface lipids.

Is Gamma Linolenic Acid the Same as Linoleic Acid?

Gamma linolenic acid, is produced in the body from linoleic acid, an essential fatty acid of omega-6 series by the enzyme delta-6-desaturase. (Source)

What is Alpha Linolenic Acid?

Alpha linolenic acid is highly concentrated in certain plant oils and has been reported for its anti-inflammatory properties. Linolenic acid is used in cosmetics as a skin-conditioning and skin-restorative component.

Linoleic Acid vs Linolenic Acid

Linoleic acid is an essential fatty acid having the chemical formula C18H32O2 while linoleic acid an essential fatty acid having the chemical formula C18H30O2. However, the key difference between linoleic acid and linolenic acid is that linoleic acid contains two double bonds with cis configuration while linolenic acid contains three double bonds with cis configuration.

According to the configurations in these compounds, we can denote linoleic acid as 18:2 cis-9,12 and linolenic acid as 18:3 cis-9,12,15.

Linoleic and Linolenic Acid Food Sources

Dietary sources of linoleic acid: vegetable oils such as sunflower, safflower, soybean, corn, and canola oils as well as nuts and seeds.

Dietary sources of gamma linolenic acid: Various plant seed oils such as borage oil and evening primrose oil.

Dietary sources of alpha linolenic acid: flaxseed oil, chia seeds, hemp seeds, canola oil, soybean oil.

Best Oils High in Linoleic Acid

1. Mayan's Secret USDA Certified Organic Safflower Seed Oil for Anti-aging Skin

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- Guaranteed Highest Quality, USDA Certified Organic Safflower Seed Oil

Unparalleled purity and concentration. Natural, with no adulterants or dilution, with Mayan’s Secret oils you get the maximum benefit possible and are uncompromising. Mayan’s Secret is a trusted certified organic facility where we adhere to strict regulations therefore you can trust that our oils are top quality truly genuine never diluted or compromised in any way. Certified by QAI to ensure the absence of harmful products as well as the proper handling of the oil in all stages of production.

- High in Linoeic Acid

Thanks to its high level of linoleic acid, it's excellent for helping to balance the sebum levels in the skin. And with its light, non-greasy consistency, Mayan’s Secret organic safflower oil is absorbed quickly into the skin, making it an excellent moisturizing facial oil suitable for all skin types.

- Other Uses

Hair conditioner and moisturizer adds shine to hair while moisturizing the scalp to prevent dryness. Promotes Skin Elasticity for supple skin and reduces the appearance of wrinkles for an anti aging toner. Use it as a base oil for your own DIY soap making. The oil is capable of softening up dry areas smooth rough patches and even improve both the texture and tone of your skin when used as a daily anti-aging facial moisturizer.

- Nothing Added or Taken Away

Large 4oz Dark amber Glass bottle with glass dropper extends shelf life as oils are light sensitive & must be stored in dark amber bottles to protect from oxidation. Unlike plastic containers, glass will not leach chemicals into the oil. Please keep bottle in a dark cabinet. Refrigeration can help to extend the normal shelf life of two years.

2. Safflower Seed Oil Face Moisturizer

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- Nutrient Rich

Has one of the highest levels of Linoleic Acid of any carrier oils. Consists of 72.31 Linoleic Acid and 16 Oleic Acid. High in vitamin E for healthy skin.

- Non Comedogenic

Although noncomedogenic safflower oil can be used for different skin types it works especially well for those with oily acne prone skin. It has a comedogenic rating of zero to help prevent break outs from clogged pores. With a high Linoleic acid content it helps to keep the sebum, the skin's natural oil, levels balanced. Safflower oil act as a lubricant that prevents water from leaving the skin, thereby locking in the moisture for healthy, glowing skin.

- Other Uses

- Packaging

Packaged in Dark Amber Glass Bottle for longevity. Protects light sensitive oils from oxidation.

Safflower Seed Oil Face Moisturizer Reviews

I don’t write reviews, but I’m so impressed with this that I had to. I have super sensitive combination skin. Every moisturizer I tried before this broke me out (I tried CeraVe, Aveeno, Kiehl’s, Vanicream, Clinique, etc). I had given up, but my skin was so dry. I took a chance with this. One week in, and I’m not having any of the problems I had before. It’s a miracle. My skin is well moisturized. No scent for me. I would strongly recommend giving this a try.

3. Safflower Oil 16 oz Cold Pressed 100% Pure Natural Carrier

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Safflower Oil is obtained from ripe seeds taken from the Carthamus tinctorius. Safflower is a highly moisturizing oil that is deeply soothing and one of the first choices among manufacturers for cosmetics requiring a moisturizing oil. It is also very popular in massage blends as it is easily absorbed, and can be washed from sheets without heavy staining.

- highly moisturizing oil

- often used in cosmetics

- popular in massage blends

Safflower Oil 16 oz Cold Pressed 100% Pure Natural Carrier Reviews

This is the second bottle I bought. First one last me more than a year. I like to use safflower oil to remove my makeup. It’s non comedogenic, not clogging your pores. Also use as body oil and apply on cuticles. Works great.

Best Oils High in Gamma Linolenic Acid

1. US Organic Borage seed Oil (18% GLA)

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Borage Oil with an 18% GLA content (gamma-linolenic acid) referred by botanical name Borago officinalis. It is also called as starflower oil. Borage oil is naturally rich in the Omega-6 essential fatty acid GLA (gamma-linolenic acid C18:3n-6) making it used in cosmetic products such as topical creams, balms, ointments, and body butters formulated to benefit the skin.

It is fully filtered, resulting in a neutral oil with a bland aroma and a clear golden-honey color. Manufactured in US Organic’s own clean, GMP-certified and USDA certified facility where meets or exceed all municipal and government standards.

Ratings

4.6 out of 5 - more than 11,200 global ratings

US Organic Borage seed Oil Reviews

This product is a great moisturizer for dry sensitive skin. It doesn't have any odor, and it really moisturizes my extremely dry sensitive skin.

2. Bella Terra Oils Borage Seed Oil 2oz

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Our organic Borage Seed Oil, derived from the vibrant blue starflower, will soon be the star of your beauty regimen. Borage Seed Oil is a rich source of gamma-linolenic acid, an omega-6 fatty acid that gives skin a healthy glow. It also contains doses of antioxidants and Vitamin E. It`s a versatile oil that moisturizes and nourishes your skin, hair and nails. Borage seed oil`s easy-to-absorb formula also makes it a great massage oil.

How to get the most benefits of your Borage Seed Oil:

For your face: Massage a few drops into your face and neck after cleansing.

For your body: Massage anywhere you need some extra moisturizing love, including your hands, feet, body and cuticles.

For your hair: Massage onto scalp and dry hair. Wrap your hair with a warm towel and let the oil soak in for 20 minutes. Wash and style as usual.

Bella Terra Oil Borage Seed Oil Reviews

I have been struggling with eczema on my hands for several years, and have tried many different products. Lately, I did my own search [People's Pharmacy, etc.] and discovered this oil which helps support and strengthen my skin. As one ages, the skin's ability to adjust and strengthen can diminish, especially with a problem like eczema. The oil replaces what is lost in skin, and has drastically reduced the recurring dry symptoms. I've been using it for about 3-days, and so far am very happy with the results. I am looking for similar products that can also enhance my daily topical medications as well. Very happy so far!

3. Naissance Virgin Borage (Starflower) Oil 8 fl oz

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100% pure unrefined, cold pressed, Borage Seed, Virgin Oil. This oil contains up to 25% Gamma Linolenic Acid (GLA) which is an essential Omega 6 fatty acid. Cloudy in appearance as minute particles of the seed are present in the oil. The oil is extracted through the process of cold pressing the seeds. It is also known as starflower oil due to the plant’s flowers being star shaped.

- balancing moisturisation ideal for mature skin.

- rich in essential fatty acids, vitamins and minerals.

Naissance Virgin Borage Starflower Oil Reviews

I actually don’t use this as a carrier oil. I use it on my body. I love the way it makes my skin feel afterwards. Very moisturized. It has minimal fragrance to it. I really can’t smell it. It fulfills all of my criteria. GLA is essential fatty acid. I’m hoping I’m getting some skin absorption. It is not tested on animals. Whatever is left on my hands afterwards I placed on my face. I have not tried the styling formula, but hope to do so soon. I contacted the company about toxins. They checked with their distributor. There are no “PAs “, Or at least none that are detectable. One of my medications requires LFTs fairly often. I will follow and do an addendum report. Great product. Great company.

Best Oils High in Alpha Linolenic Acid

1. Velona USDA Certified Organic Flaxseed Oil

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- Velona USDA Certified Organic Flaxseed Oil
100% Pure and Natural Carrier Oil. Unrefined. Cold Pressed. Not Diluted, Non-GMO, No Additives, No Fragrance, Chemical Free, Alcohol Free. All our products are bottled in the USA.

- Hydrate and Smooth The Skin
Flaxseed oil acts as a protective barrier, keeping irritants from entering the pores. It helps lock water into the skin, block water loss through the skin, which can help minimize the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles.

- Moisturize Hair and Scalp
Flaxseed oil helps condition the hair, making it smooth and manageable. It helps bind moisture to the hair shaft, controlling issues like breakage, split ends, dryness, hair loss and dandruff.

- How To Use
Add a few drops of essential oil to the flaxseed carrier oil, and gently massage from the scalp down. Wrap your hair in a towel and let sit for 15-20 minutes. Rinse out the oil with a gentle shampoo.

Ratings
4.7 out of 5 - more than 1,700 global ratings

Velona USDA Certified Organic Flaxseed Oil Reviews

I found that I itch terribly after using coconut or argan oil for winter dry skin on my torso and discovered them to be considered tree nuts, which may be causing this. The jojoba is technically from a tree nut but for some reason not considered a tree nut oil! It is working perfectly! Highly recommend!

2. Plant Guru Flaxseed Oil 16 oz Virgin

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100% Pure Flaxseed Oil - Our flaxseed oil is cold pressed, undiluted with no added ingredients. Tested for purity with every batch and safe for all skin types.

- great emollient for skin

- vitamins E & B

- essential fatty acids

- helps with multiple skin conditions

FAQ

a. Why Linoleic Acid and Linolenic Acid Are Essential Fatty Acids?

Source: Why Linoleic acid is an essential fatty acid?

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The Metabolic Therapy Stack: Complete Blueprint for Fat Loss, Insulin Sensitivity, and Energy Optimization (2026)

2026-05-19T23:38:42.503-04:00

The Metabolic Therapy Stack combines targeted nutrition, resistance training, circadian-aligned lifestyle, supplements, and optional medications to treat obesity as a metabolic disease.

Focuses on restoring insulin sensitivity, mitochondrial function, and hormonal balance
Weight loss is a side effect of metabolic repair, not calorie restriction alone

Step 1: Nutrition for Metabolic Repair

Prioritize protein: 1.2–1.6 g/kg/day to preserve lean mass
Low-glycemic carbs: Minimize refined grains, sugar, and ultra-processed foods
Healthy fats: Omega-3s, monounsaturated fats, MCTs
Fiber & phytonutrients: Vegetables, berries, legumes
Time-restricted eating: 10–12 hour feeding window to improve insulin sensitivity

Optional Approaches:

Low-carb or ketogenic cycles for insulin resistance
Intermittent fasting for circadian alignment
Mediterranean-style diet for cardiovascular benefit

Step 2: Resistance & Functional Training

Resistance training: 2–4 sessions/week (compound lifts preferred)
Aerobic/cardio: Moderate intensity, 3 sessions/week; HIIT optional for advanced patients
Mobility & functional work: Daily to prevent injury and improve hormonal signaling
NEAT (Non-Exercise Activity Thermogenesis): Walk, stand, or fidget throughout the day

Step 3: Sleep and Circadian Optimization

7–9 hours of sleep nightly
Consistent sleep/wake schedule
Morning sunlight exposure to regulate melatonin
Avoid late-night eating to prevent insulin spikes and disrupted fat oxidation

Step 4: Stress Management

Mindfulness, meditation, or deep breathing: 10–20 minutes/day
Exercise to reduce cortisol and improve insulin sensitivity
Social connection to buffer chronic stress

Step 5: Supplements for Metabolic Support

Berberine: Improves insulin sensitivity, reduces hepatic glucose output
Alpha-Lipoic Acid (ALA): Supports mitochondrial energy production and antioxidant defense
Chromium Picolinate: Enhances insulin receptor function
Omega-3 Fatty Acids (EPA/DHA): Reduces inflammation and supports fat oxidation
Vitamin D: Regulates insulin, leptin, and inflammation
Magnesium: Cofactor for glucose metabolism
Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10): Mitochondrial energy and endothelial support
N-Acetyl Cysteine (NAC): Precursor for glutathione; reduces oxidative stress

Step 6: Optional Medications (Adjuncts)

GLP-1 receptor agonists (Ozempic, Wegovy, Mounjaro): Reduce appetite, lower insulin spikes
Metformin: Improves insulin sensitivity, modest weight effects

Important: Medications are adjuncts, not stand-alone solutions. Always prescribed and monitored by a physician.

Step 7: Monitoring & Personalization

Track objective markers:
- Fasting glucose & HbA1c
- Insulin & HOMA-IR
- Lipid panel
- Body composition (lean mass vs fat mass)
- Blood pressure
Monitor subjective outcomes: Energy, hunger, sleep quality
Adjust diet, exercise, supplements, and medications based on individual response

Step 8: Daily Metabolic Therapy Stack Example

Morning Routine:

Sunlight exposure to regulate circadian rhythm
20–30 minutes resistance or mobility training
Omega-3 + vitamin D supplementation

Meals:

High-protein, low-glycemic, anti-inflammatory foods
Fiber-rich vegetables and berries

Supplements:

Berberine (with breakfast/lunch)
Alpha-Lipoic Acid (ALA)
Magnesium

Exercise:

Resistance training 2–4x/week
Cardio 3x/week (moderate intensity or HIIT)
Daily NEAT activities

Evening Routine:

Meditation or deep breathing
Light restriction at night; sleep hygiene
Optional NAC for antioxidant support

Optional Medications:

GLP-1 receptor agonists (as prescribed)
Metformin (if indicated)

Why the Metabolic Therapy Stack Works

Addresses root cause: Insulin resistance, mitochondrial dysfunction, hormonal imbalance
Preserves lean mass: Protein + resistance training
Supports sustainability: Combines lifestyle, metabolic repair, and targeted supplements
Reduces long-term drug dependency: Medications are bridges, not crutches

Weight loss becomes a side effect of metabolic restoration, not a daily battle against biology.

Eczema: Gene Based Approaches (2026)

2026-05-19T23:37:57.456-04:00

In the following sections, we’ll outline gene-based approaches that may help you deal with eczema. Read on to find out what you can do to manage this condition.

The below strategies are not meant to replace your standard medical treatment. Make sure to consult with your doctor before making any significant changes to your day-to-day routine.

This post has more than 300 evidence based references.

FLG & OVOL1

Probiotics

Treatment of a reconstructed human skin cell model with L. rhamnosus significantly increased the production of filaggrin. Similarly, L. plantarum supplements were found to increase filaggrin production in rat and mouse models of eczema [1, 2].

In people with eczema, supplementation with different probiotic strains slightly improved skin inflammation. The most common Lactobacillus species tested include L. rhamnosus, L.reuteri, L. plantarum, L. paracasei, L. fermentum, and L. sakei [3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 7, 9].

Bifidobacterium species such as B. animalis, B. breve, and B. longum have been mainly tested in combination with Lactobacillus strains. The studies produced mixed results, possibly due to differences in the strains used [3, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14].

Preventive prenatal maternal or postnatal pediatric supplementation with combinations of some of these Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium strains in families with a history of atopic disease significantly lowered the incidence of eczema in children [15, 16, 4, 17, 18, 19, 20, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24].

Borage Oil

Filaggrin was observed to increase in amount in guinea pigs fed borage oil [25].

Borage oil contains high levels of omega-6 fatty acids (such as gamma linolenic acid) that are vital to the proper structure and function of the skin barrier [26].

In a few studies of children with seborrheic dermatitis, topical borage oil improved the symptoms within 1-3 weeks [27, 28, 29].

In children with eczema (atopic dermatitis), wearing undershirts coated with borage oil for 2 weeks improved their skin barriers. They also had relief from itch [30].

Coconut Oil

Virgin coconut oil increased the amount of filaggrin and decreased the amount of inflammatory proteins found in human cells. From these observations, the authors of the study suggested that virgin coconut oil may enhance the integrity of the skin barrier [31].

Virgin coconut oil, applied daily for eight weeks, was an effective treatment for mild to moderate atopic dermatitis (eczema) in a clinical trial [32].

Coconut oil has also been reported to moisturize the skin and prevent infections, which may further help improve eczema [33, 34].

TLR10

Sunlight Exposure/Vitamin D

Vitamin D treatment increased TLR10 levels, resulting in an anti-inflammatory response, in a study in cells of the uterine lining [35].

Studies have associated low blood vitamin D levels with eczema (atopic dermatitis) in children. In people with food sensitization, those with the lowest vitamin D levels had more severe eczema [36, 37, 38, 39].

A healthy exposure to sunlight is the best way of increasing your blood vitamin D levels. In addition, you can eat food sources of this vitamin (such as fatty fish, liver, egg yolks, and dairy) [40].

Research also suggests that vitamin D supplementation can improve eczema severity, although some studies found it ineffective [37, 41, 42, 43].

Probiotics

Different probiotic strains, such as L. acidophilus and L. paracasei, can enhance antimicrobial immunity through TLR activation [44, 45, 46].

IL2 & IL2RA

Sunlight Exposure/Vitamin D

Vitamin D stimulates IL-2, and they work together to increase the activity of Tregs and suppress inflammation [47, 48].

A healthy exposure to sunlight is the best way of increasing your blood vitamin D levels. In addition, you can eat food sources of this vitamin (such as fatty fish, liver, egg yolks, and dairy) [40].

Research also suggests that vitamin D supplementation can improve eczema severity, although some studies found it ineffective [37, 41, 42, 43].

Acupuncture

In one study of patients with chronic allergic rhinitis, those who underwent acupuncture treatments had significantly altered IL-2 profiles compared to those who did not. However, the IL-2 levels of both the acupuncture group and the placebo group were, on average, within the normal ranges. This result suggests that acupuncture may work better for some people than others [49]

A meta-analysis of 8 studies found acupuncture effective at reducing the symptoms and severity of eczema. However, the authors warned that all the studies compared acupuncture with no treatment or with conventional medication instead of using a more suitable negative control (“sham” or fake acupuncture) [50].

Vitamin E

In multiple rodent studies, increased dietary vitamin E intake increased IL-2 production. The increase was most significant in older animals [51, 52].

In 3 clinical trials of people with eczema, supplementation with high doses of vitamin E improved the symptoms and quality of life [53, 53, 54].

Milk Thistle

Silymarin from milk thistle prevented the suppression of IL-2 production in the skin of mice exposed to UV radiation [55].

Silymarin formulated into a cream prevented dermatitis from radiotherapy in 2 trials of breast cancer patients [56, 57].

Licorice

In mice with cancer, carbohydrates from licorice increased IL-2 levels [58].

A gel with 1-2% of licorice root reduced skin redness, itching, and swelling in people with eczema. A different herbal formulation with licorice root, willow bark, and gentian root extracts had anti-inflammatory effects comparable to those of hydrocortisone in another study [59, 60].

Similarly, formulations containing licorice’s active compound licochalcone A, applied on the face, forearms, and scalp, improved skin itching, inflammation, redness, and dryness as effectively as hydrocortisone [61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66].

Cannabidiol (CBD)

Cannabidiol (CBD) can increase IL-2 production in T cells, which suppresses the immune response by stimulating the activation of Tregs [67, 68].

In a small trial on people with eczema and other skin conditions, an ointment containing CBD (without THC) improved the symptoms and skin parameters such as hydration, barrier function, and elasticity [69].

The anti-inflammatory effects of CBD in a cell-based study suggest it may also help with allergic dermatitis [70].

Echinacea

Echinacea extract increased IL-2 levels in a small clinical trial of healthy volunteers and a study in rats [71, 72].

In a small trial of people with eczema, applying a cream with echinacea for 3 months helped improve skin redness, swelling, and barrier function [73].

TSLP

Light Therapy

In mice with eczema, both the combination of low-dose LED light therapy with water baths and the irradiation of the eyes with ultraviolet A radiation improved eczema lesions, in part by reducing TSLP levels and the associated Th2 immune response [74, 75].

Ultraviolet (UV) radiation has been most extensively used for eczema, especially in severe cases. While UVA is more effective to improve flares (especially if combined with the photosensitizer psoralen), UVB is preferable to manage chronic eczema. Importantly, UVB is less likely than UVA to cause skin cancer [76, 77, 78, 79].

UV radiation helps with eczema by inhibiting inflammation and the immune response, making the skin thicker, and killing potentially infectious skin bacteria [80, 81, 82].

Blue light therapy helped reduce disease severity, itching, and number of lesions in 2 trials on people with eczema. In one of them, blue light was shown to reduce T cell activation and cytokine production [83, 84].

Allergen-Elimination Diets

In animal studies, TSLP mediated allergic responses with eczema caused by food allergens such as egg, peanut, and pigeon pea proteins [85, 86, 87].

Food allergies are highly associated with the incidence and worsening of eczema, especially in children. In a study, 33-63% of children with atopic dermatitis were estimated to be allergic to foods such as cow’s milk, eggs, peanuts, wheat, soy, nuts, or fish [88, 89].

Adolescents and adults are less likely to react to these foods, but those allergic to pollen may develop eczema in response to cross-reacting foods such as green apple, carrots, hazelnut, celery, and pear [89, 90].

Alternatively, people already sensitized to some substances through skin contact may develop eczema after ingesting them. Common allergens include balsam of Peru (found in flavorings, spices, and certain foods), nickel (found in whole wheat bread, oatmeal, legumes, soy, shellfish, and processed meats), and propylene glycol (found in processed foods) [91, 92, 93].

Avoiding the specific food trigger can help prevent the development or worsening of eczema, but only in people with a proven allergy [94, 95].

Vitamin E

In mice, vitamin E ingestion directly reduced TSLP levels [51, 96].

In 3 clinical trials of people with eczema, supplementation with high doses of vitamin E improved the symptoms and quality of life [53, 53, 54].

Black Seed

While its effects on TSLP directly are unknown, black seed oil (also known as black cumin oil) improves all of the major downstream effects of TSLP. In various studies, black seed oil has reduced the overall Th2 response, prevented mast cell activation, and reduced IgE production [97, 98, 99].

In a clinical trial of people with hand eczema, topical black seed oil improved the symptoms as effectively as the corticosteroid betamethasone [100].

In breast cancer patients, a gel with 5% black seed oil reduced the severity and delayed the onset of radiation dermatitis [101].

Probiotics

In mice with eczema and asthma, administering a Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain (Lcr35) restored the levels of TSLP and other inflammatory cytokines back to normal. In gut lining cells, Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium strains from the normal human microbiota reduced TSLP levels [102, 103, 104].

CXCR5

Stress Management

Higher CXCR5 levels have been measured in the blood of people suffering from anxiety disorders such as PTSD and panic disorder [105, 106].

The hormones released during chronic stress are believed to increase skin inflammation and enhance the Th2 response, potentially leading to higher incidence and severity of both seborrheic and atopic dermatitis [107, 108, 109, 110].

A meta-analysis concluded that psychological interventions aimed at reducing stress may improve eczema severity, itching intensity, and scratching [111].

We recommend addressing sources of stress in your life, either by taking up a stress-busting hobby (such as yoga or meditation) or seeking professional help.

Allergen-Elimination Diets

In a clinical trial of children with allergy to eggs, including baked eggs in the diet increased the production of CXCR5-producing T cells [112].

Avoiding the specific food trigger can help prevent the development or worsening of eczema, but only in people with a proven allergy [94, 95].

BCL6

Sunlight Exposure/Vitamin D

Vitamin D blocks the production of IL-4 and other inflammatory molecules. In line with this, a gene variant resulting in higher IL-4 levels has been associated with increased risk of allergies in people with vitamin D deficiency [113, 114].

A healthy exposure to sunlight is the best way of increasing your blood vitamin D levels. In addition, you can eat food sources of this vitamin (such as fatty fish, liver, egg yolks, and dairy) [40].

Research also suggests that vitamin D supplementation can improve eczema severity, although some studies found it ineffective [37, 41, 42, 43].

Reducing Stress

The hormones released during chronic stress block BCL6 production and increase IL-4 levels, ultimately enhancing the Th2 response. This may lead to higher incidence and severity of both seborrheic and atopic dermatitis [115, 116, 109, 110].

A meta-analysis concluded that psychological interventions aimed at reducing stress may improve eczema severity, itching intensity, and scratching [111].

We recommend addressing sources of stress in your life, either by taking up a stress-busting hobby (such as yoga or meditation) or seeking professional help.

Acupuncture

In mice with eczema, acupuncture treatment improved skin inflammation and lowered the levels of IL-4, other inflammatory cytokines, and allergy-related antibodies (IgE) [117, 118].

Massage

A single session of Swedish massage decreased the levels of IL-4 and other inflammatory cytokines in a clinical trial of healthy volunteers. Similarly, scalp massage was especially effective at lowering IL-4 levels in a clinical trial of breast cancer patients [119, 120].

In two clinical trials on children with eczema, massage improved symptoms such as redness, itching, and scaling. Because the use of essential oils provided no additional effects, physical contact is believed to account for the benefits of massage [121, 122].

Fermented Foods

The intake of fermented soybean and Japanese apricot improved skin inflammation by lowering the levels of IL-4, other inflammatory cytokines, T cells producing them, and allergy-related antibodies (IgE) in mice with eczema [123, 124, 125, 126].

Bacterial strains isolated from fermented Asian foods such as kimchi and jeotgal had similar effects [127, 128, 129, 130, 131].

In adults, diets rich in fermented foods such as kimchi, fermented seafood, and pickled have been associated with a reduced incidence of eczema. In children, the intake of yogurt showed similarly protective effects [132, 133, 134, 135].

In a clinical trial, orange juice fermented with a Lactobacillus plantarum strain improved the symptoms and quality of life in people with mild to moderate eczema [6].

The intake of fermented foods such as yogurt and natto by pregnant women helped prevent eczema in their children during their first 2 years of life. However, a study suggests that other fermented foods such as miso soup eaten during breastfeeding may have the opposite effects and should be avoided [136, 137, 138].

In some cases, fermented foods may help by providing beneficial microorganisms. Other foods don’t contain alive microorganisms (e.g., if they have been heat-killed) but supply the beneficial metabolites produced during the fermentation process [132].

Quercetin/Vegetarian Diet

In mice with eczema, the oral administration of quercetin improved skin inflammation and reduced IL-4 levels [139, 140].

In a clinical trial of people with eczema (atopic dermatitis), a vegetarian diet improved the symptoms and reduced the levels of white blood cells (eosinophils and neutrophils). The authors of the study attributed the effects of this diet to its high content in flavonoids, especially quercetin [141, 142].

Supplementation with quercetin, as well as with a rich source of this flavonoid (dodder seed extract), improved contact and atopic dermatitis in two small trials [143, 144].

Food sources of this flavonoid include vegetables such as capers, onions, eggplant, celery, and asparagus, fruits such as berries, apples, and oranges, nuts, and tea (both green and black) [145].

Avoiding Cow Milk Formula

A study in rat pups found that formula feeding increased the levels of IL-4, other inflammatory cytokines, and allergy-related antibodies (IgE) when compared to breastfeeding [146].

According to a meta-analysis, exclusive breastfeeding protects children with a family history of allergic diseases from developing atopic dermatitis. Partially hydrolyzed whey formula also provided some advantage over cow milk formula, but less than breastfeeding [147, 148, 149].

Shea Butter

Shea butter triterpenes, especially lupeol, reduce skin inflammation in part by preventing the production of IL-4. The levels of this cytokine may be high in people with underactive BCL6 variants. Shea butter also reduces the production of other pro-inflammatory cytokines, prostaglandins, and myeloperoxidase [150, 151, 152, 153, 154].

Topical creams containing shea butter improved redness, swelling, dryness, and itching in children and adolescents with mild-to-moderate eczema in 3 clinical trials [155, 156, 157].

Licorice

Applying a compound isolated from licorice (isoliquiritigenin) on the skin of mice with eczema improved the symptoms and reduced the levels of IL-4 and other inflammatory cytokines [158].

Niacinamide

A cell-based study found that niacinamide may exert its anti-inflammatory effects in part by increasing BCL6 levels [159].

Niacinamide 2% cream reduced skin water loss and improved skin hydration in patients with atopic dermatitis when applied 2x/day for 2 months [160].

In people with facial seborrheic dermatitis, niacinamide 4% cream reduced symptoms such as redness and scaling by 75% after 3 months [161].

Milk Thistle (Silymarin)

In mice with eczema, application of silymarin from milk thistle on the skin improved inflammation and lowered the blood levels of IL-4 and allergy-related antibodies (IgE) [162].

Silymarin formulated into a cream prevented dermatitis from radiotherapy in 2 trials of breast cancer patients [56, 57].

Probiotics

Supplementation with probiotics strains of Lactobacillus plantarum, L. paracasei, and L. fermentum strains improved skin inflammation and reduced the levels of IL-4, other inflammatory cytokines, and allergy-related antibodies (IgE) in two clinical trials of children with eczema [163, 7].

Probiotics were similarly effective in multiple mouse studies [164, 165, 166, 102, 167, 103, 168, 169].

Prebiotic Oligosaccharides

In mice with eczema, two different prebiotic oligosaccharides improved skin inflammation by lowering the levels of IL-4 and other inflammatory cytokines [170, 171].

Prebiotics contain non-digestible ingredients that stimulate the development and activity of beneficial gut bacteria. A lot of them are oligosaccharides, a class of carbohydrates formed by a small number of sugar molecules [172].

In a few clinical trials, feeding newborns with formula containing galacto-oligosaccharides, fructo-oligosaccharides, or their combination prevented eczema during the first years of life and improved the symptoms in those already suffering from this condition [173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180].

Black Seed

Both oral and topical preparations with black seed oil’s active component thymoquinone improved skin inflammation and reduced the blood levels of IL-4 and allergy-related antibodies (IgE) in mice with eczema [181].

In a clinical trial of people with hand eczema, topical black seed oil improved the symptoms as effectively as the corticosteroid betamethasone [100].

In breast cancer patients, a gel with 5% black seed oil reduced the severity and delayed the onset of radiation dermatitis [101].

One review of 4 studies concluded that oral black seed oil may help with allergic symptoms, including eczema, when used as an add-on to conventional therapy [182].

Melatonin

In mice with eczema, the intake of melatonin reduced total allergy-related antibodies (IgE) in blood, and IL-4 and IFN-gamma production by T cells [183].

Melatonin supplementation improved both disease severity and sleep disturbances in 2 clinical trials on children with eczema [184, 185].

STAT6

Acupuncture

In a mouse study, acupuncture reduced STAT6 activity and reduced inflammation in allergic rhinitis, or hay fever [186].

Allergen-Elimination Diets

A study associated the ‘CC’ genotype of rs3024974 with allergies (with symptoms including skin reactions) to foods such as shrimps, eggs, eggplants, milk, bananas, and peanuts in children and adolescents [187].

Avoiding the specific food trigger can help prevent the development or worsening of eczema, but only in people with a proven allergy [94, 95].

Avoiding Processed Foods

The food additive may activate STAT6, according to an animal study [188].

Two studies associated a dietary pattern rich in processed foods with an increased incidence of eczema [132, 134].

The additives found in these foods are believed to function as pseudo-allergens that may trigger or worsen eczema. In line with this, restricting the intake of the additive monosodium glutamate improved eczema symptoms and reduced the levels of a protein released during food allergic reactions in children [189, 190].

Fatty Fish (Omega-3)

In cell based studies, the omega-3 fatty acids docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) reduced STAT6 levels and activation [191, 192].

A meta-analysis associated high intake of fatty fish and omega-3 fatty acids by pregnant women with a reduced incidence of eczema and allergies in their children [193].

Because omega-3 supplementation trials produced mixed results, it may be preferable to ensure a sufficient dietary intake of these fatty acids. Fatty fish such as mackerel, salmon, sardines, and herrings are the best dietary sources [194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200].

Vegetarian Diet (Apigenin)

In mice with eczema, including apigenin in the diet improved skin lesions, reduced inflammatory markers, and blocked the activation of STAT6 [201].

Food sources of apigenin include parsley, onions, artichokes, oranges, tea, chamomile, wheat sprouts, and some seasonings.

Vitamin E

In human cells, vitamin E blocks IL-13 signalling. Since IL-13 stimulates STAT6, this may be a good way to prevent STAT6 activation [202].

In 3 clinical trials of people with eczema, supplementation with high doses of vitamin E improved the symptoms and quality of life [53, 53, 54].

CCR7

Reducing Stress

In mice with eczema, stress (from social defeat) worsened skin inflammation by increasing CCR7 levels in antigen-presenting cells (dendritic cells). Interestingly, engineered mice lacking CCR7 showed fewer anxious behaviors in response to maternal separation [203, 204].

A meta-analysis concluded that psychological interventions aimed at reducing stress may improve eczema severity, itching intensity, and scratching [111].

We recommend addressing sources of stress in your life, either by taking up a stress-busting hobby (such as yoga or meditation) or seeking professional help.

Sunlight Exposure/Vitamin D

Vitamin D deficiency is associated with inflammation, partly due to excess CCR7 activity in immune cells [205, 206, 207].

A healthy exposure to sunlight is the best way of increasing your blood vitamin D levels. In addition, you can eat food sources of this vitamin (such as fatty fish, liver, egg yolks, and dairy) [40].

Research also suggests that vitamin D supplementation can improve eczema severity, although some studies found it ineffective [37, 41, 42, 43].

Thunder God Vine

Triptolide, an active component of thunder god vine, may exert its immunosuppressive effects by reducing CCR7 levels, ultimately preventing the maturation and migration of antigen-presenting cells (dendritic cells) [208, 209].

A meta-analysis of 13 clinical trials found thunder god vine effective at treating eczema, especially in combination with conventional medication. However, the authors warned about its potential adverse effects and the small size of most studies [210].

Hemp Seed Oil

In a study in white blood cells (monocytes), hemp seed proteins lowered CCR7 levels [211].

Hemp seeds are also rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids with potential benefits to skin health such as the omega-3 alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) and the omega-6 linoleic and gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) [212].

In a small trial on people with eczema, dietary hemp seed oil increased blood levels of the above-mentioned fatty acids and reduced skin dryness, itching, and medication use [213].

SMAD3

Light Therapy

Skin irradiation with ultraviolet A (UVA) radiation reduced the levels of both SMAD3 and TGF-beta in 2 small trials of healthy volunteers and people with localized scleroderma. However, UVB radiation may have the opposite effect [214, 215, 216].

UV radiation helps with eczema by inhibiting inflammation and the immune response, making the skin thicker, and killing potentially infectious skin bacteria [80, 81, 82].

Quercetin

Quercetin blocked the TGF-beta/SMAD3 pathway in multiple animal and cell-based studies [217, 218, 219, 220].

Supplementation with quercetin, as well as with a rich source of this flavonoid (dodder seed extract), improved contact and atopic dermatitis in two small trials [143, 144].

Food sources of this flavonoid include vegetables such as capers, onions, eggplant, celery, and asparagus, fruits such as berries, apples, and oranges, nuts, and tea (both green and black) [145].

Vitamin E

In mice, increased vitamin E intake prevented tissue damage from elevated TGF-beta [221].

In 3 clinical trials of people with eczema, supplementation with high doses of vitamin E improved the symptoms and quality of life [53, 53, 54].

Licorice

In mice, licorice’s active compound glycyrrhizin reduced skin scarring by reducing the levels of both SMAD3 and TGF-beta. Another compound from licorice, glycyrrhetinic acid, had the same effects in cells [222, 223].

Thunder God Vine

Active components isolated from thunder god vine reduced SMAD3 and TGF-beta levels in several rat studies [224, 225, 226].

Melatonin

In multiple animal studies, melatonin supplementation prevented scarring in different tissues by blocking the TGF-beta/SMAD3 pathway [227, 228, 229, 230, 231].

Melatonin supplementation improved both disease severity and sleep disturbances in 2 clinical trials on children with eczema [184, 185].

IL13

Light Therapy

One small study found UVA light therapy to lower levels of IL-13 in patients with eczema. However, a similar study found no significant differences in IL-13 levels of eczema patients after UVA light therapy [232, 233].

UV radiation helps with eczema by inhibiting inflammation and the immune response, making the skin thicker, and killing potentially infectious skin bacteria [80, 81, 82].

Reducing Stress

In a study of healthy medical students, academic examination stress increased the blood levels of IL-13 and other inflammatory cytokines [234].

A meta-analysis concluded that psychological interventions aimed at reducing stress may improve eczema severity, itching intensity, and scratching [111].

We recommend addressing sources of stress in your life, either by taking up a stress-busting hobby (such as yoga or meditation) or seeking professional help.

Avoiding Cigarette Smoke

In mice, exposure to a chemical from cigarette smoke (benzopyrene) increased IL-13 levels in the skin [235].

A meta-analysis of studies associated both mild and extensive exposure to cigarette smoke (especially by actively smoking) with an increased incidence of eczema (atopic dermatitis). Cigarette smoke is believed to impair the skin barrier function and alter the immune system [236].

Massage

In a clinical trial of healthy volunteers, a single session of Swedish massage lowered the levels of IL-13 and other inflammatory cytokines [237].

Allergen-Elimination Diets

In one study, immune system cells obtained from children whose eczema worsened after consumption of milk and eggs were observed to release significant amounts of Th2 proteins. This suggests that eliminating certain foods from the diet may improve allergies by decreasing the release of Th2 proteins, including IL-13 [238, 239].

Avoiding the specific food trigger can help prevent the development or worsening of eczema, but only in people with a proven allergy [94, 95].

Fermented Foods

In mice with eczema, the intake of fermented rice bran and legume products improved skin inflammation by lowering the levels of IL-13 and other inflammatory cytokines. Similarly, fermented ginseng reduced this and other cytokines in mice with allergic rhinitis [240, 125, 241].

In a clinical trial, orange juice fermented with a Lactobacillus plantarum strain improved the symptoms and quality of life in people with mild to moderate eczema [6].

Fatty Fish (Omega-3)

Two meta-analyses associated high intake of fatty fish and omega-3 fatty acids by pregnant women with a reduced incidence of eczema and allergies in their children, as well as lower IL-13 levels. Omega-3s also lowered the activity of this cytokine in cell-based studies [193, 242, 192, 243].

Zinc

Eating a zinc-deficient diet worsened eczema and increased IL-13 production in a mouse study [244].

Zinc deficiency (determined as low zinc levels in the blood and hair) was associated with increased odds of eczema (atopic dermatitis) in a meta-analysis. However, the authors warned about the low quality of most included studies [245].

Good dietary sources of zinc include red meat, seafood, dairy products, nuts, legumes, and whole grains [246].

Vegetarian Diet (Quercetin)

The egg protein ovalbumin lost its ability to trigger allergic reactions in cells when combined with quercetin. Mice fed this combination had lower levels of IL-13 and other inflammatory cytokines. Similarly, quercetin reduced the production of this and other cytokines by T cells [247, 248].

Food sources of this flavonoid include vegetables such as capers, onions, eggplant, celery, and asparagus, fruits such as berries, apples, and oranges, nuts, and tea (both green and black) [145].

Black Seed

In mice with different inflammatory conditions, treatment with different active components of black seed oil lowered IL-13 levels [249, 250, 251].

In a clinical trial of people with hand eczema, topical black seed oil improved the symptoms as effectively as the corticosteroid betamethasone [100].

In breast cancer patients, a gel with 5% black seed oil reduced the severity and delayed the onset of radiation dermatitis [101].

Aloe Vera

Complex carbohydrates from aloe vera reduced the levels of IL-13 and other Th2 cytokines in mice with food allergies [252].

A gel with aloe vera among other ingredients was effective at improving mild to moderate seborrheic dermatitis in a small trial [253].

Aloe vera improved diaper rash in another study, although marigold ointment was more effective [254].

Examination gloves delivering aloe vera improved skin integrity and reduced wrinkles and redness in people with contact dermatitis [255].

Cannabidiol (CBD)

Cannabidiol (CBD) lowered the levels of IL-13 and other inflammatory cytokines in asthmatic mice [256].

The anti-inflammatory effects of CBD in a cell-based study suggest it may also help with allergic dermatitis [70].

Dwarf Elder

Dwarf elder extract reduced the levels of IL-13 and other inflammatory cytokines in the airways of asthmatic mice challenged with an egg protein (ovalbumin) [257].

In a small clinical trial on people with eczema caused by contact with beetles, applying dwarf elder extract in combination with hydrocortisone reduced burning and inflammation better than hydrocortisone alone [258].

Probiotics

In a randomized controlled trial focused on children with asthma and hay fever, 8-week daily supplementation of L. gasseri was found to significantly reduce IL-13 production [259].

Thunder God Vine

An active compound of thunder god vine (triptolide) inhibited IL-13 production by T cells [260].

PTGER4

Sunlight Exposure/Vitamin D

Researchers suspect that there could be an important interaction between vitamin D and the prostaglandin pathway. Intriguingly, the vitamin D receptor (VDR) may bind to a region of DNA that regulates PTGER4 expression. This relationship is of particular interest to researchers studying multiple sclerosis, a degenerative autoimmune disease, but it could also help explain why sunlight and vitamin D improve allergies [261].

A healthy exposure to sunlight is the best way of increasing your blood vitamin D levels. In addition, you can eat food sources of this vitamin (such as fatty fish, liver, egg yolks, and dairy) [40].

Research also suggests that vitamin D supplementation can improve eczema severity, although some studies found it ineffective [37, 41, 42, 43].

Fatty Fish (Omega-3)

In a clinical trial of pregnant women, increasing dietary intake of salmon (rich in omega-3 fatty acids) reduced the production of PGE2 and other inflammatory mediators in cord blood mononuclear cells. In mice with eczema, supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids lowered blood PGE2 levels [262, 263].

A meta-analysis associated high intake of fatty fish and omega-3 fatty acids by pregnant women with a reduced incidence of eczema and allergies in their children [193].

Licorice

Licochalcone A, a compound isolated from licorice, showed multiple anti-inflammatory effects in animal and cell-based studies, including the reduction of PGE2 levels [264, 265, 266, 267, 268].

Chamomile

Chamomile showed anti-inflammatory effects including the reduction of PGE2 levels in cell-based studies. Its flavonoids act as inhibitors of a key enzyme in PGE2 production (COX2) [269, 270, 271].

Applying a cream with 2% chamomile extract improved skin itching, redness, and scaling more effectively than some conventional anti-inflammatory creams in 2 clinical trials. However, the extract was ineffective in another trial [272, 273, 274].

Vitamin E

Supplementation with vitamin E prevented PGE2 production in elderly people and old mice, possibly by blocking a key enzyme in this process (COX2) [275, 276, 277].

In 3 clinical trials of people with eczema, supplementation with high doses of vitamin E improved the symptoms and quality of life [53, 278, 54].

IL7R

Reducing Stress

In mice, chronic stress from hostile social interactions caused increased IL-7 levels [279].

A meta-analysis concluded that psychological interventions aimed at reducing stress may improve eczema severity, itching intensity, and scratching [111].

We recommend addressing sources of stress in your life, either by taking up a stress-busting hobby (such as yoga or meditation) or seeking professional help.

Sunlight Exposure/Vitamin D

Some variants of the IL7R gene have been associated with vitamin D deficiency in humans. Furthermore, vitamin D may stimulate the development of Tregs, which may counteract the effects of IL7R receptor binding [280, 281, 282].

Vitamin D has also been found to reduce JAK/STAT signalling in cell studies [283, 284, 285].

A healthy exposure to sunlight is the best way of increasing your blood vitamin D levels. In addition, you can eat food sources of this vitamin (such as fatty fish, liver, egg yolks, and dairy) [40].

Research also suggests that vitamin D supplementation can improve eczema severity, although some studies found it ineffective [37, 41, 42, 43].

Vegetarian Diet/Quercetin

Quercetin is a plant flavonoid and antioxidant recognized as one of the best natural antihistamines. It has been found to block a cellular pathway that activates the IL7R receptor [286].

Supplementation with quercetin, as well as with a rich source of this flavonoid (dodder seed extract), improved contact and atopic dermatitis in two small trials [143, 144].

Food sources of this flavonoid include vegetables such as capers, onions, eggplant, celery, and asparagus, fruits such as berries, apples, and oranges, nuts, and tea (both green and black) [145].

Green Tea (EGCG)

Green tea’s active component epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) blocked IL-7 activity in T cells, possibly by preventing IL7R production [287].

In breast cancer patients with dermatitis caused by radiation therapy, topical application of green tea’s active component epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) reduced pain, burning, itching, pulling, and tenderness [288].

Similarly, a cream with EGCG, grape seed procyanidins, and vitamin E improved eczema (atopic dermatitis) in a preliminary clinical trial [289].

NFATC2

Probiotics

Probiotics are live strains of beneficial bacteria that may improve allergies by reducing Th2 activity, including the production of IL-4 and IL-13 [290].

MICA

Sunlight Exposure/Vitamin D

Vitamin D has been found to significantly decrease MICA activity in a lab setting [291, 292].

A healthy exposure to sunlight is the best way of increasing your blood vitamin D levels. In addition, you can eat food sources of this vitamin (such as fatty fish, liver, egg yolks, and dairy) [40].

Research also suggests that vitamin D supplementation can improve eczema severity, although some studies found it ineffective [37, 41, 42, 43].

RORC

Sunlight Exposure/Vitamin D

Exposure to vitamin D reduced RORC-gamma levels in white blood cells (macrophages). In T cells, it also prevented their development into Th17 cells [293, 294].

A healthy exposure to sunlight is the best way of increasing your blood vitamin D levels. In addition, you can eat food sources of this vitamin (such as fatty fish, liver, egg yolks, and dairy) [40].

Research also suggests that vitamin D supplementation can improve eczema severity, although some studies found it ineffective [37, 41, 42, 43].

Probiotics

In a clinical study of 75 overweight people, eating yogurt (containing probiotic Lactobacillus strains) every day for eight weeks decreased ROR-gamma activity, among other inflammatory markers [295].

In people with eczema, different probiotic strains slightly improved skin inflammation. The most common Lactobacillus species tested include L. rhamnosus, L.reuteri, L. plantarum, L. paracasei, L. fermentum, and L. sakei [3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 7, 9].

Vitamin E

A study of people who underwent the surgical removal of the tonsils associated high blood vitamin E with low levels of ROR-gamma and other inflammatory mediators [296].

In 3 clinical trials of people with eczema, supplementation with high doses of vitamin E improved the symptoms and quality of life [53, 278, 54].

GATA3

Licorice

An active component isolated from licorice (glycyrrhizic acid) reduced GATA3 production in T cells [297].

Probiotics

A probiotic mixture reduced eczema symptoms, suppressed the Th2 and Th17 responses, and lowered the level of multiple inflammatory mediators (including GATA3) in mice [166].

Thunder God Vine

The main active compound of thunder god vine (triptolide) blocked IL-13 production by reducing GATA3 activity in T cells [260].

EMSY

Acupuncture

Acupuncture appears to help with allergic diseases by boosting IFN-gamma and changing the Th1/Th2 balance [298, 299].

Probiotics

Several clinical trials have shown the potential of probiotic supplementation to increase IFN-gamma levels. In children, L. fermentum reduced atopic dermatitis severity by boosting IFN-gamma [300, 301, 302].

SH2B3

Acupuncture

In one clinical study of asthma patients, acupuncture improved symptoms and reduced eosinophil numbers in the blood. In mice, acupuncture similarly reduced blood eosinophil counts, suggesting a reduced Th2 response [303, 304].

Reduced Th2 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7757072/

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4479426/

ICE2

Light Therapy

In animals with allergic asthma, low-level laser therapy (LLLT, a type of specialized light therapy) reduced Th2 inflammation in the airway [305].

UV radiation helps with eczema by inhibiting inflammation and the immune response, making the skin thicker, and killing potentially infectious skin bacteria [80, 81, 82].

Vitamin E

Vitamin E is believed to play a central role in regulating the balance between Th1 and Th2 cell formation. If ICE2 is important for white blood cell transformation as some researchers suggest, then vitamin E could be part of the same regulatory systems [51, 52].

In 3 clinical trials of people with eczema, supplementation with high doses of vitamin E improved the symptoms and quality of life [53, 53, 54].

NOD2

Maintaining a Healthy Weight

A study in mice found that NOD2 activity plays a key role in obesity-induced inflammation [306].

Two meta-analyses associated being overweight or obese with an increased incidence of eczema (atopic dermatitis) in both adults and children. In one of them, the association was significant in North American and Asian but not in European populations [307, 308].

Fatty Fish (Omega-3)

Omega-3 fatty acids have been found to reduce the activity of both NOD2 and TLR4 in pigs. It is likely that omega-3s mostly act on TLR4, with the side effect of reducing the requirement for NOD2 in response [309, 310].

A meta-analysis associated high intake of fatty fish and omega-3 fatty acids by pregnant women with a reduced incidence of eczema and allergies in their children [193].

Probiotics

Most bacteria, including probiotics , have a protein called peptidoglycan on their surfaces. One study found that NOD2 is able to detect peptidoglycan and (rather than promote inflammation) stimulate the release of an anti-inflammatory cytokine in response. However, this effect might be limited to peptidoglycan of Lactobacillus strains [311, 312].

Another study suggested that L. gasseri OLL2809 in particular might be a good probiotic option for allergic diseases, as this strain was more effective at balancing the immune response when compared to other Lactobacillus strains. Specifically, L. gasseri OLL2809 was observed to significantly reduce Th2 activity and decrease IgE antibody release [313].

IL1RL1/IL33

Maintaining a Healthy Weight

A study in humans and mice associated severe obesity with increased levels of both IL1RL1 and its activating cytokine IL-33 [314].

Sunlight Exposure/Vitamin D

Interestingly, vitamin D has been shown to increase the production of a receptor that is closely related to IL1RL1. While this receptor can still bind IL-33, it can’t mediate the release of Th2-related cytokines, and thus effectively functions as a decoy. This is because it’s found free-floating, rather than connected to immune system cells [315].

Increased production of the IL1RL1 decoy has been suggested to reduce the IL-33-mediated release of Th2-related cytokines, due to reduced binding of IL-33 to IL1RL1 [315].

A healthy exposure to sunlight is the best way of increasing your blood vitamin D levels. In addition, you can eat food sources of this vitamin (such as fatty fish, liver, egg yolks, and dairy) [40].

Research also suggests that vitamin D supplementation can improve eczema severity, although some studies found it ineffective [37, 41, 42, 43].

Acupuncture

Acupuncture blocked the IL-33/IL1RL1 pathway by lowering the levels of both proteins in two mouse studies [316, 317].

Allergen-Elimination Diets

Engineered mice lacking both IL1RL1 and IL33 were protected against the development of food allergies in a study [318].

Avoiding the specific food trigger can help prevent the development or worsening of eczema, but only in people with a proven allergy [94, 95].

Vegetarian Diet/Quercetin

Quercetin is a plant antioxidant recognized as one of the best natural antihistamines. It may reduce allergic inflammation by inhibiting IL-33 [143, 319].

Supplementation with quercetin, as well as with a rich source of this flavonoid (dodder seed extract), improved contact and atopic dermatitis in two small trials [143, 144].

Food sources of this flavonoid include vegetables such as capers, onions, eggplant, celery, and asparagus, fruits such as berries, apples, and oranges, nuts, and tea (both green and black) [145].

Prebiotic Oligosaccharides

Feeding mice with prebiotic oligosaccharides reduced the levels of both IL-33 and IL1RL1 in lining tissues [320].

ID2

UV Light Therapy

Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light increased ID2 activity in human cells in a laboratory setting [321].

Ultraviolet radiation has been extensively used for eczema, especially in severe cases. While UVA is more effective to improve flares (especially if combined with the photosensitizer psoralen), UVB is preferable to manage chronic eczema. Importantly, UVB is less likely than UVA to cause skin cancer [76, 77, 78, 79].

UV radiation helps with eczema by inhibiting inflammation and the immune response, making the skin thicker, and killing potentially infectious skin bacteria [80, 81, 82].

Probiotics

People with certain ID2 variants may have more difficulty regulating their gut microbiota than the average person. Broadly speaking, low ID2 activity has been linked to reduced defenses against gut infections, suggesting that the gut microbiota isn’t healthy. Researchers attribute this difference in part to ID2 and its ability to regulate gut microbes [322].

A healthier and more balanced gut flora may be achieved by supplementing with probiotics. In people with eczema, different probiotic strains slightly improved skin inflammation. The most common Lactobacillus species tested include L. rhamnosus, L.reuteri, L. plantarum, L. paracasei, L. fermentum, and L. sakei [3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 7, 9].

Cannabidiol (CBD)

Cannabidiol (CBD) stimulated ID2 production in a cell-based study [323].

The anti-inflammatory effects of CBD in a cell-based study suggest it may also help with allergic dermatitis [70].

IRF4

Sunlight Exposure/Vitamin D

Vitamin D appears to directly inhibit IRF4 gene expression, according to a handful of cell studies. The vitamin D receptor VDR can also bind to a region of DNA that alters the expression of the IRF4 gene [324].

A healthy exposure to sunlight is the best way of increasing your blood vitamin D levels. In addition, you can eat food sources of this vitamin (such as fatty fish, liver, egg yolks, and dairy) [40].

Research also suggests that vitamin D supplementation can improve eczema severity, although some studies found it ineffective [37, 41, 42, 43].

Avoiding Cigarette Smoke

Cigarette smoke is believed to have a complex interaction with STAT3 that may lead to increased IRF4 levels and greater rates of cell death [325, 326].

HLA

Sunlight Exposure/Vitamin D

Some research suggests that UV light and vitamin D help control the immune response by suppressing HLA proteins [327, 328, 329, 330].

A healthy exposure to sunlight is the best way of increasing your blood vitamin D levels. In addition, you can eat food sources of this vitamin (such as fatty fish, liver, egg yolks, and dairy) [40].

Research also suggests that vitamin D supplementation can improve eczema severity, although some studies found it ineffective [37, 41, 42, 43].

Avoiding Cigarette Smoke

Smoking may increase HLA activity in immune cells [331].

Black Seed

The active ingredient of black seed, thymoquinone, may reduce HLA activity in immune cells [332].

One review of 4 studies concluded that oral black seed oil may help with allergic symptoms, including eczema, when used as an add-on to conventional therapy [182].

Niacinamide

In skin cells, niacinamide blocked the induction of HLA activity in response to cytokines (TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma) [333].

Niacinamide 2% cream reduced skin water loss and improved skin hydration in patients with atopic dermatitis when applied 2x/day for 2 months [160].

In people with facial seborrheic dermatitis, niacinamide 4% cream reduced symptoms such as redness and scaling by 75% after 3 months [161].

Green Tea (EGCG)

Green tea’s active component epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) has been shown to block HLA activity in T cells [334].

In breast cancer patients with dermatitis caused by radiation therapy, topical EGCG application reduced pain, burning, itching, pulling, and tenderness [288].

Similarly, a cream with EGCG, grape seed procyanidins, and vitamin E improved eczema (atopic dermatitis) in a preliminary clinical trial [289].

Probiotics

In two studies of people with multiple sclerosis and HIV infection, probiotics containing different Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium strains reduced HLA activity [335, 336].

Thunder God Vine

Active components isolated from thunder god vine reduced HLA levels in antigen-presenting cells (dendritic cells) [337, 338].

MYC

Sunlight Exposure/Vitamin D

Vitamin D appears to reduce c-myc activity. Once activated, the vitamin D receptor VDR can bind to a region of DNA that lowers the expression of the MYC gene. Sunlight and vitamin D have been studied for their potential to suppress some types of cancer for that reason, but this action may also benefit people with allergies [339].

A healthy exposure to sunlight is the best way of increasing your blood vitamin D levels. In addition, you can eat food sources of this vitamin (such as fatty fish, liver, egg yolks, and dairy) [40].

Research also suggests that vitamin D supplementation can improve eczema severity, although some studies found it ineffective [37, 41, 42, 43].

Black Seed

Thymoquinone, an active compound found in black seed oil, reduced c-myc activity in mice [340].

In a clinical trial of people with hand eczema, topical black seed oil improved the symptoms as effectively as the corticosteroid betamethasone [100].

In breast cancer patients, a gel with 5% black seed oil reduced the severity and delayed the onset of radiation dermatitis [101].

IL6R

Reducing Stress

Acute stress increases the blood levels of IL-6 and other inflammatory cytokines according to a meta-analysis of 33 human studies. Similarly, chronic stress induced a persistent state of mild inflammation characterized by high levels of this and other cytokines [341, 342].

A meta-analysis concluded that psychological interventions aimed at reducing stress may improve eczema severity, itching intensity, and scratching [111].

We recommend addressing sources of stress in your life, either by taking up a stress-busting hobby (such as yoga or meditation) or seeking professional help.

Acupuncture

In rats with eczema, acupuncture improved skin inflammation by lowering the levels of IL-6 and other inflammatory mediators [118, 343].

Fermented Foods

A study of Japanese men associated the intake of fermented soybean products with lower IL-6 levels. Similarly, fermented soybean products reduced the levels of this cytokine and improved skin inflammation in mice [344, 345].

In a clinical trial, orange juice fermented with a Lactobacillus plantarum strain improved the symptoms and quality of life in people with mild to moderate eczema [6].

Vegetarian Diet/Quercetin

In mice with eczema and psoriasis, supplementation with quercetin improved skin inflammation and reduced the levels of IL-6 and other inflammatory mediators [139, 346].

Supplementation with quercetin, as well as with a rich source of this flavonoid (dodder seed extract), improved contact and atopic dermatitis in two small trials [143, 144].

Food sources of this flavonoid include vegetables such as capers, onions, eggplant, celery, and asparagus, fruits such as berries, apples, and oranges, nuts, and tea (both green and black) [145].

Zinc

In cells, treatment with zinc was found to reduce levels of IL-6 [347].

Good dietary sources of zinc include red meat, seafood, dairy products, nuts, legumes, and whole grains [246].

Licorice

Several active components isolated from licorice reduced skin inflammation and lowered IL-6 levels in animal and cell-based studies [158, 348, 267, 349, 350].

Borage Oil

Borage oil reduced IL-6 levels in mice and skin cells exposed to UVB radiation [351].

Borage oil contains high levels of omega-6 fatty acids (such as gamma linolenic acid) that are vital to the proper structure and function of the skin barrier [26].

In a few studies of children with seborrheic dermatitis, topical borage oil improved the symptoms within 1-3 weeks [27, 28, 29].

Tea Tree Oil

Tea tree oil lowered the levels of IL-6 and other pro-inflammatory cytokines in several cell-based studies [352, 353, 354].

In people with nickel hypersensitivity, tea tree oil has been reported to reduce the area and redness of eczema [355, 356].

A shampoo with 5% tea tree oil reduced dandruff severity and itching in people with seborrheic dermatitis [357].

Aloe Vera

In mice and skin cells, aloe vera reduced inflammation in part by reducing IL-6 levels [358, 359, 360].

A gel with aloe vera among other ingredients was effective at improving mild to moderate seborrheic dermatitis in a small trial [253].

Aloe vera improved diaper rash in another study, although marigold ointment was more effective [254].

Examination gloves delivering aloe vera improved skin integrity and reduced wrinkles and redness in people with contact dermatitis [255].

Niacinamide

In skin cells, niacinamide reduced inflammation by lowering the levels of IL-6 and other inflammatory mediators [361, 362].

Niacinamide 2% cream reduced skin water loss and improved skin hydration in patients with atopic dermatitis when applied 2x/day for 2 months [160].

In people with facial seborrheic dermatitis, niacinamide 4% cream reduced symptoms such as redness and scaling by 75% after 3 months [161].

Emu Oil

Emu oil reduced the levels of IL-6 and other pro-inflammatory cytokines in skin cells (fibroblasts) [363].

In a month-long clinical trial, twice-daily application of 20% emu oil improved the redness, itching, and scales associated with seborrheic dermatitis. However, it was not as effective as the popular treatment hydrocortisone [364].

In breast cancer patients, emu oil reduced dermatitis caused by radiation therapy [365].

Coconut Oil

Virgin coconut oil had anti-inflammatory effects, in part by lowering IL-6 levels, in skin cells [31].

Virgin coconut oil, applied daily for eight weeks, was an effective treatment for mild to moderate atopic dermatitis (eczema) in a clinical trial [32].

Coconut oil has also been reported to moisturize the skin and prevent infections, which may further help improve eczema [33, 34].

Echinacea

In a small trial of people with eczema, applying a cream with echinacea for 3 months helped improve skin redness, swelling, and barrier function. Its active components blocked IL-6 production in skin cells [73].

Probiotics

Saccharomyces boulardii has been found to decrease levels of IL-6 and reduce inflammation in human cells [366].

Prebiotic Oligosaccharides

In mice with eczema, supplementation with different prebiotic oligosaccharides improved skin inflammation and blocked the production of IL-6 and other cytokines [367, 170].

Melatonin

In animal and cell-based studies, formulations with melatonin reduced skin inflammation in response to UV radiation in part by reducing IL-6 levels [368, 369, 370].

Melatonin supplementation improved both disease severity and sleep disturbances in 2 clinical trials on children with eczema [184, 185].

Reposted from: https://selfhacked.com/blog/everything-you-need-to-know-about-managing-eczema/

Integrative Medicine vs Functional Medicine: What's the Difference?

2026-05-13T02:57:00.490-04:00

Traditional forms of medicine were, by nature, holistic. But in the past century, conventional medicine has mainly focused on the physical aspects of illness, breaking the body up into parts to be dealt with in isolation by specialists who concentrate on disease and dysfunction. Their focus on disease—rather than health—has informed how medicine is practiced and patients are treated.

Integrative and functional medicine bring the focus back to patients and their health and healing. The surge in popularity of these modalities suggests that patients are drawn to this new (or very old) approach.

So what are integrative medicine and functional medicine? And how are they different?

What Is Integrative Medicine?

Treating the Whole Person

Integrative medicine uses an evidence-based approach to treat the whole person—body, mind, and spirit. A patient’s physical, emotional, mental, and spiritual needs are addressed as each is considered integral to overall health and well-being.

Integrative medicine uses a combination of approaches from different disciplines to achieve healing that is specific to each patient.

Dr. Andrew Weil is a pioneer in integrative medicine and founded the Andrew Weil Center for Integrative Medicine at the University of Arizona in 1994. He and others have been educating practitioners from all over the world about the benefits of integrative medicine for nearly two decades.

In an interview on his YouTube channel, Dr. Weil defines integrative medicine this way:

“Integrative medicine is the intelligent combination of conventional and alternative medicine.”

“In essence, [it] is trying to restore the focus of medicine on health and healing away from disease symptom management.

“It emphasizes whole-person medicine, meaning that we are more than just physical bodies—we are minds, spirits, and community members.

“It looks at all aspects of lifestyle—it emphasizes the importance of the practitioner–patient relationship to the healing practice. And then it is willing to look at all methods—from whatever tradition they come from that may be of value in treating disease—that is the alternative piece.”

A Combination of Disciplines and Therapies

Integrative medicine uses lifestyle changes and approaches from a variety of healing traditions to treat each aspect of the patient. The type of therapy chosen is based on its strengths and effectiveness for each patient’s specific health needs.

Patient–Practitioner Relationship

A vital aspect of integrative medicine is that it places particular importance on the relationships between the patients and their health care practitioners, as they are seen as equal partners in the healing process. In these patient–practitioner relationships, the patient’s engagement is crucial, as they and the practitioner work together to achieve a unified goal—healing, maintenance, or prevention.

Coordinated Care

The aim of integrative medicine is for the patient to receive well-coordinated care, with all practitioners working together toward the same goal. This organized approach ensures that each practitioner knows what other treatments the patient is receiving, recognizes their benefits, and can build on them to aid the healing process. Working together and with open communication ensures that the patient gets the best care possible and that every practitioner treating him or her is aware and supportive of the other treatments.

A variety of health care practitioners can be involved in an integrative medicine approach, including physicians, physical therapists, acupuncturists, chiropractors, nutritionists, Chinese herbalists, psychiatrists, yoga instructors, massage therapists, and holistic psychotherapists.

Integrative medicine is also known by other names, including alternative medicine, complementary medicine, and holistic medicine, but more and more people have shifted to using the term “integrative medicine” today. Since the practice can include general practitioners, including medical specialists, it can be confusing to simply call it “alternative.”

Because of its openness to a variety of treatment types and focus on patient-centered care, integrative medicine has been steadily growing in popularity, especially in the past 20 years.

If you would like to find an integrative practitioner near you, Dr. Weil’s website has a database that is searchable by location.

What Is Functional Medicine?

The main objective of functional medicine is to identify and treat the root cause of illness. Functional medicine practitioners are more focused on dietary and lifestyle interventions to promote health and healing than medications or surgery. They also consider factors such as genetics and hormonal changes as potential causes and treatments for diseases.

Like integrative medicine practitioners, functional medicine practitioners take a holistic approach to their patients—treating all aspects—physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual—as each affects health and well-being. Each patient receives individualized treatment for his or her unique set of circumstances.

Treatments are aimed at lifestyle habits, natural supplements, and complementary therapies.

Functional medicine works in tandem with conventional medicine, and its strength is in treating chronic, complex, or multilayered conditions that conventional medicine hasn’t been able to diagnose or treat effectively.

“Functional medicine is a systems biology-based approach that focuses on identifying and addressing the root cause of disease. Each symptom or differential diagnosis may be one of many contributing to an individual’s illness,” The Institute of Functional Medicine’s website reads.

In a short video, Dr. Mark Hyman, board president of clinical affairs at The Institute of Functional Medicine, describes the functional medicine approach as one that looks at the cause behind the diagnosis, joking that depression isn’t a Prozac deficiency but could be caused by any number of factors, from certain medications to various nutrient deficiencies. Any condition can have many different causes, he said.

Functional medicine is interested not just in treating disease, but in prevention and finding ways to optimize health for patients.

Specific Lab Testing

An initial appointment with a functional medicine doctor usually involves taking a detailed medical history including many questions about the state of your health and your life overall. The doctor will also request specific lab testing to see how well your body is functioning. This in-depth lab testing is one of the things that makes functional medicine different. Lab testing and a more thorough intake process are what help functional doctors get to the root of any health issue.

According to RUPA Health, some of the common lab tests done by functional medicine doctors are:

Comprehensive stool tests (regarding digestion, absorption, and the gut microbiome and for worms, parasites, and bacteria)
Saliva and urine tests (to understand hormone and metabolite levels)
Breath tests (for hydrogen or methane to rule out small intestinal bacterial overgrowth)
Blood tests (to see what’s happening at the cellular level)

The Institute of Functional Medicine has a “find a practitioner” tool on its website that can help you find a functional medicine practitioner near you.

How Are These Modalities Similar?

Integrative and functional medicine share many fundamental ideas. Both systems are also concerned with finding root causes rather than treating symptoms, which makes them better equipped to handle complex conditions than other kinds of medicine.

Because of their holistic approach and interest in root causes, both integrative and functional medicine offer individualized treatments, which are often more effective.

For example, if someone goes to a conventional Western doctor with a diagnosis of depression, the treatment will likely be medications such as antidepressants. But an integrative or functional medicine doctor will be more interested in the cause of the depression. This means that patients will be treated for the unique set of circumstances that led to their depression instead of receiving the same treatment as everyone who is depressed.

What these two systems also have in common is their emphasis on lifestyle, nutrition, and behavioral changes over medications and procedures, making them a more natural approach for those wishing to avoid more drastic interventions and potential side effects.

Both also emphasize the relationship between practitioner and patient. Because integrative and functional medicine doctors investigate much further to learn about patients and the state of their health, trust between patient and practitioner is improved. And patient engagement and participation is vital for many of the treatments these doctors may recommend, such as taking up yoga, changing one’s diet, or keeping a journal.

Finding practitioners that you like and can trust is vital, as you and the practitioner are on the healing journey together with the same goal—your optimal health and well-being.

What Are the Differences?

The main way that integrative and functional medicine differ is in their approach.

Integrative medicine focuses more on the needs of each aspect (mind, body, and spirit) to heal the unified whole using a variety of disciplines and treatments.

Functional medicine focuses more on the complex biological causes of a condition and uses in-depth blood work and specialty lab testing to get to the root of a problem, and practitioners act as detectives to get to the bottom of complex health issues.

Renewed Interest

Sixty percent of American adults now have a chronic disease, and 40 percent have two or more. Conventional medicine undoubtedly saves lives, and advances in medicine are responsible for improvements in many areas, but these statistics are a sobering reminder that many people are suffering.

Because of the way the health care system is structured, many conventional Western doctors are simply burnt out from seeing so many patients—patients they don’t have the time to treat effectively. Also, most conventional doctors receive little education when it comes to nutrition and other lifestyle interventions that might help improve their patients’ health and well-being.

Integrative and functional medicine offer a full-spectrum approach that empowers patients, focuses on root causes, and promotes health using changes in lifestyle and treatments from a variety of disciplines.

The surge of interest in integrative and functional medicine reveals a promising trend and offers hope that the future of medicine will be more focused on the health of the patient rather than the management of diseases.

Reposted from: https://www.theepochtimes.com/health/the-difference-between-integrative-and-functional-medicine-5453918

IFM's (Institute for Functional Medicine) Find A Practitioner tool is the largest referral network in functional medicine, created to help patients locate functional medicine practitioners anywhere in the world.

Functional Medicine vs Conventional Medicine - Amy Myers MD

2026-05-13T02:56:09.821-04:00

Amymyersmd.com - You’ve heard me say it time and time again in my books and in articles, “conventional medicine failed me and it’s my mission to not have it fail you, too.”

It truly is my mission as a functional medicine doctor and health and wellness brand founder to help you avoid the pitfalls of conventional medicine and empower you to take control of your health. I have a vision of creating a clear path to optimal health and wellness, something that is better than what we all know through conventional physicians and medications.

Let me explain why.

Contents

1 The Problem With Conventional Medicine
2 What is Functional Medicine?
2.1 Functional Medicine Looks At The Individual As Unique
3 What Conventional Medicine Gets Wrong
3.1 It’s All In Your Genes
3.2 Once You’re Diagnosed, Your Symptoms Will Only Get Worse
3.3 Autoimmunity is a Disease of a Single Organ
3.4 Medications Are the Only Way to Relieve Your Symptoms
3.5 Diet Plays No Role in Autoimmune Disorders
3.6 Autoimmune Disease Can’t Be Reversed
4 Why Functional Medicine Is So Important Now
4.1 Conventional Medicine
4.2 Functional Medicine
4.3 Functional Medicine FAQS
4.3.1 What is functional medicine?
4.3.2 Is functional medicine science based?
4.3.3 What does a functional medicine doctor do?
5 Article Sources

The Problem With Conventional Medicine

Conventional medicine focuses on acute care. Think of the diagnosis and treatment of trauma or illness that needs urgent attention, such as heart attack or a broken leg. Physicians apply specific, prescribed treatments such as medications or surgery that aim to treat the immediate problem or symptom.

Believe me, as a former emergency room physician, I’m not disputing conventional medicine’s role in acute and urgent care. It’s absolutely necessary in certain situations. However, this approach does not work for chronic illness.

Chronic illness is so much more prevalent in today’s society. More than half of adults over the age of 65 have three or more chronic illnesses. While genetics do play a part, research is proving what functional medicine practitioners have known for years – environment, diet, and lifestyle is 75% of the root cause of chronic illness. And if you have one, you are three times more likely to develop another. A magic pill isn’t going to do the trick in reversing your illness.1

When an autoimmune disease (one of the most prevalent chronic illnesses), your immune system mistakes your joints, your skin, and even your organs as foreign invaders. Regardless of what type of autoimmune disease you have, functional medicine understands that the true problem lies with your immune system. Conventional medicine does not recognize autoimmune diseases as diseases of the immune system as a whole. Instead, they are treated as diseases of particular organs.

Conventional medicine also does not recognize common root cause conditions of serious illness such as leaky gut, Candida overgrowth, or small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO). I’ll discuss how conventional medicine gets this wrong and how functional medicine’s approach to chronic illness can help you get to the true root cause of your symptoms so you can achieve optimal health.

What is Functional Medicine?

In today’s world of managed healthcare and doctors spending only minutes with a patient, it would seem difficult to imagine a physician that is compassionate and empathetic, talks with you for an hour or two, and listens attentively to every detail about your health so that you can get to the root cause of your symptoms. If you are like many of us, this is truly whom you want for your physician and what you want out of your healthcare.

The great news is that there are physicians like the one I’ve described. We are called functional medicine doctors. We are physicians who in addition to graduating from medical school and completing a residency program, finish the Applying Functional Medicine in Clinical Practice (AFMCP) training program with the Institute of Functional Medicine.

Functional medicine is often described as 21st century medicine. It is a science-based approach that looks at the function of all of the body’s systems and how they interact with one another rather than naming a disease and giving a pill.

We look at EVERYTHING. We begin with a detailed medical history from preconception to the present. Functional medicine also looks at the interactions among genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors to determine if your symptoms are caused by toxic mold, a food sensitivity, or family history first.2

As I mentioned, genetics plays about 25% of the reason you develop chronic illness. However, factors such as environmental toxins that can get in your skin through body products or at home cleaning supplies, the food we eat, and lifestyle choices such as smoking is 75% of the root cause of chronic illness. The empowering part is that you have control over those factors.

Functional Medicine Looks At The Individual As Unique

The basic tenant of functional medicine is that each person is biochemically unique and, therefore, no one treatment is right for everyone. Functional medicine does not look at each individual named disease in a silo. Instead, functional medicine digs deeper to find the common link between them.

Conventional medicine, on the other hand, views people in terms of their disease – a “one-size-fits-all” model. It focuses on naming a disease, sending you to a specialist in that part of the body, and giving a pill for that disease rather than trying to help you prevent chronic illness in the first place. The truth is, everyone is built differently and that “one-size-fits-all” approach doesn’t work.

I know from my own personal experience that there IS a better way, and you CAN find relief from your symptoms by getting to the root of what’s causing them.

What Conventional Medicine Gets Wrong

It’s All In Your Genes

Conventional medicine would have you believe that autoimmunity is all in your genes, and you are essentially a victim of the genetic lottery. It is true there is a genetic component that accounts for roughly 25% of your risk of developing an autoimmune condition. However, that means 75% of your risk is environmental, whether due to leaky gut, food sensitivities, toxins, infections, stress, or a combination of these factors. I find that an incredibly empowering statistic! It means you have the ability to address the external triggers of your autoimmunity and reverse your condition.

Once You’re Diagnosed, Your Symptoms Will Only Get Worse

Joint pain, weakness, gastrointestinal distress, skin rashes, and fatigue – these are all symptoms of autoimmunity that your conventional medicine doctor may tell you that you will be with for the rest of your life or you can only expect them to worsen over time. You might also be prescribed ever-larger doses of medications that may or may not help and only treat your symptoms, not your condition.

The fact is, the above symptoms are signs of autoimmunity, and it is not a black-and-white issue. Instead, there is what I call the autoimmune spectrum, and depending on how much inflammation your body has at any given time, you can move up or down on that spectrum. On one end you have full-blown autoimmune disease and all its accompanying symptoms. On the other end you have zero inflammation and no symptoms – although this is rare even in the healthiest of people because of the toxic modern world we live in.

Functional medicine believes that as you reduce your inflammation, you can reverse your symptoms and even see them disappear!

Autoimmunity is a Disease of a Single Organ

The conventional medicine approach to autoimmune disease is one of specialization. If you have a thyroid condition, you see an endocrinologist; if you have IBS, you visit your gastroenterologist, and so on. All of these specialists treat autoimmune disease as if it only affected the symptomatic organ. This type of treatment is fundamentally flawed.

Functional medicine approaches autoimmunity as a disease of the immune system. Without addressing what it is that caused your immune system to go awry in the first place, you are just circling the wagon. It is functional medicine’s approach of viewing the body as the complex, interconnected system that it is, that makes it possible to reverse autoimmune conditions so we can properly address the autoimmune epidemic we are facing today.

Medications Are the Only Way to Relieve Your Symptoms

The first line of defense in conventional medicine is not prevention… it’s medication. Not all medications are bad. Medications are sometimes necessary for treating acute conditions and infections.

The problem with conventional treatment is that you are given no other option. These medications often come with a long list of side effects that can make you feel worse than you did before, including weight gain, depression or increased infection rates. What’s more, the type of medications given to patients with autoimmunity typically work by suppressing the immune system, which is the opposite of what functional medicine aims to do — support it!

There are two types of medications that you should specifically avoid when possible: NSAIDs and antibiotics.

NSAIDs such as Advil and Mortin, damage your gut and overuse can lead to leaky gut, bacteria imbalance and autoimmune disease. The functional medicine approach is to support a healthy inflammatory response by supplementing with Liposomal Curcumin and Complete Omega-3s.

Antibiotics are like a blanket smothering the good and bad bacteria in your gut. They disrupt your gut’s delicate ecosystem because they cannot tell the difference between good and bad bacteria. If you must take antibiotics, I recommend using a high-quality probiotic to maintain a healthy gut.

Diet Plays No Role in Autoimmune Disorders

If you really think about it, it shouldn’t shock you that food plays a role in your immune health. Your immune system cannot function without the right fuel. Nearly 80% of your immune system is housed in your gut where your body digests food and absorbs nutrients for energy. The primary food culprit of autoimmunity is gluten, which causes leaky gut. There are a number of other foods that contribute to inflammation, including dairy, corn, soy, grains, and legumes, not to mention the toxic substances we invite into our bodies every day such as sugar, alcohol, caffeine, pesticides, GMOs, and artificial ingredients found in packaged goods.

Diet plays a huge role in autoimmunity, so it makes sense that it’s one of the easiest ways you can take control of your health by making smart choices about what you put on your plate.

Autoimmune Disease Can’t Be Reversed

This is one of the biggest myths of conventional medicine, and why I went into functional medicine after my own battle with autoimmune disease. It’s also why I created The Myers Way®. This four pronged approach is based in functional medicine and looks at how all the body’s systems interact and seeks to get them function optimally.

By following The Myers Way® you CAN reverse your autoimmune disease by:

Repairing your gut
Ditching inflammatory foods (gluten and dairy in particular)
Taming your toxic burden
Healing your infections, and relieving your stress.

By uncovering the root cause of your condition, you can address the factors that are contributing to your autoimmunity and work your way back down the autoimmune spectrum. With some simple changes, you can watch your symptoms vanish and start feeling your best again.

Why Functional Medicine Is So Important Now

Aside from the shortcomings inherent in conventional medicine’s approach, several trends are creating a perfect storm of crisis in the healthcare industry. The prevalence of chronic illness is rising, as are the costs to treat chronic conditions. This predicament is highly profitable for many big industries, so it’s not in their best interest to find a solution to these problems.

So, why is functional medicine the answer to chronic illness? Let’s compare the key differences in conventional medicine and functional medicine. You’ll quickly see why functional medicine offers a better solution to treating and reversing chronic disease.

Conventional Medicine

Seeks to treat symptoms of chronic illness, not resolve the underlying cause
Treats the disease or particular organ as isolated
Offers prescriptions, often with negative side effects, to mask symptoms of underlying disease
Relies on large practice groups
Beholden to insurance company policies and prices
Focuses on illness, not wellness
Less control over information
Data-driven approach to decision making

Functional Medicine

Seeks to address the root cause of illness

Views and treats the body as a whole
Offers a customized diet and lifestyle strategy, in addition to other natural therapies, to treat the entire body
Patient-centered Individual or small practices
In-depth consultations not driven by insurance company policies
Focuses on overall wellbeing
Simplified information control
Focus on what works for your specific body averaged data

When I was diagnosed with Grave’s disease, conventional medicine advised me to surgically remove my thyroid gland or kill it with radiation. I opted for the second choice and it is the biggest regret of my life. Functional medicine would have addressed the fact that my immune system was attacking my thyroid, not attacked it as a source of my issues. The reality is I would still have my thyroid if I had sought the care of a functional medicine practitioner.

Make no mistake — access to conventional medicine for urgent care and surgical procedures is critical. As a medical doctor, I would not treat injuries from a car wreck with a change in diet. I would never forgo treating a life-threatening infection with antibiotics! However, as a functional medicine physician, I’ve seen another side to chronic illness. I’ve helped tens of thousands of people take back control of their health using functional medicine principles. You can use these same principles to take back control of your health!

Functional Medicine FAQS

What is functional medicine?

Functional Medicine is a medical approach that focuses on identifying and addressing the root cause of disease. Each symptom or differential diagnosis may be one of many contributing to an individual’s illness.

Is functional medicine science based?

Yes. Functional medicine is biology-based the same as conventional medicines. Functional medicine doctors go to medical school and complete a residency program, along with finishing the Applying Functional Medicine in Clinical Practice (AFMCP) training program with the Institute of Functional Medicine.

What does a functional medicine doctor do?

In functional medicine, we begin with a detailed history from preconception to the present. Functional medicine also looks at the interactions among genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. It takes into account the unique expression of health and vitality for each individual to get to the root cause of your symptoms.

Source: https://www.amymyersmd.com/article/functional-medicine-vs-conventional/

The Future of Aesthetic Medicine Is Regenerative

2026-05-12T04:58:27.037-04:00

Written by: Dr Steve Fong
Medically Reviewed by: One Day MD Editorial Team

Beauty is no longer defined solely by fillers, lasers, or surgery. In 2026, regenerative aesthetics using MSCs (Mesenchymal Stem Cells) is emerging as one of the most exciting frontiers in anti-aging and skin rejuvenation.

MSC-based therapy focuses on supporting the body’s natural ability to repair and rejuvenate itself at the cellular level. Rather than simply masking the visible signs of aging, regenerative medicine aims to enhance skin quality, stimulate collagen production, support tissue repair, and improve overall skin health from within.

Potential Benefits of MSC-Based Aesthetic Therapy

Skin rejuvenation and radiance
Improved collagen production and skin elasticity
Reduction of fine lines and wrinkles
Hair and scalp rejuvenation
Faster recovery after aesthetic procedures
Support for scar healing and tissue repair
Natural-looking anti-aging results

MSCs are known for releasing regenerative growth factors and signaling molecules that help support healing, tissue repair, and cellular communication.

The Rise of “Longevity Aesthetics”

Today’s patients are no longer focused solely on looking younger — they also want their cells and bodies to function more youthfully.

Regenerative aesthetic medicine is increasingly combining:

MSC therapy
Platelet-rich plasma (PRP)
Exosome and secretome therapies
NAD+ therapy
Advanced skin technologies
Wellness and metabolic optimization

The future of beauty is shifting toward:

Cellular repair
Biological rejuvenation
Healthy aging
Natural regeneration

Aesthetic medicine is no longer just cosmetic — it is becoming regenerative.

Retatrutide vs Tirzepatide vs Semaglutide (Ozempic): GLP-1 Wars — Updated Review (2026)

2026-05-07T02:30:18.728-04:00

The landscape of obesity treatment has evolved dramatically with the introduction of advanced medical therapeutics like retatrutide (RETA, LY3437943), tirzepatide (Mounjaro), and semaglutide (Ozempic).

Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and co-agonists, originally developed to manage type 2 diabetes, have shown remarkable efficacy in promoting weight loss, making them game-changers for obesity management. However, each drug has unique mechanisms, benefits, and potential applications, including emerging roles in cancer prevention.

This article compares their mechanisms, clinical efficacy, broader health benefits, safety profiles, regulatory status, and practical considerations to help patients, clinicians, and informed readers understand how they stack up in 2026.

Update: Are GLP-1s the first longevity drugs? (Nature 2025)

Credit: GoodRx Health

Mechanism of Action

Semaglutide: Semaglutide (Ozempic and Wegovy) is a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1 RA). It mimics the action of GLP-1, a hormone that enhances insulin secretion, suppresses glucagon release, slows gastric emptying, and reduces appetite. Marketed as Ozempic for diabetes and Wegovy for weight loss, semaglutide primarily targets the GLP-1 receptor to regulate blood sugar and promote satiety. In simple terms, it suppresses appetite.
Tirzepatide: Tirzepatide, sold as Mounjaro (by Eli Lilly), is a dual agonist that targets both GLP-1 and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) receptors. GIP is another incretin hormone that enhances insulin secretion and may improve fat metabolism. This dual action amplifies tirzepatide’s effects on glucose control and weight loss compared to GLP-1-only therapies like semaglutide.
In simple terms, it suppresses appetite and boosts metabolism.
Retatrutide: Retatrutide takes it a step further as a triple agonist, targeting GLP-1, GIP, and glucagon receptors. The addition of glucagon receptor agonism increases energy expenditure by stimulating thermogenesis and fat oxidation, making retatrutide a potent candidate for weight loss. This unique mechanism also contributes to its emerging role in cancer prevention, as discussed in
recent studies. In simple terms, it suppresses appetite, boosts metabolism, and promotes fat burning.

"Triple–hormone-receptor agonist retatrutide, showed unprecedented efficacy in treating obesity, with 24% weight loss over 48 weeks."(NEJM 2023)
"Triple G agonists (retatrutide) could provide a bridge to more permanent surgical weight loss or potentially augment surgical efficacy." (NEJM 2023)
"Beyond glycemic control and weight reduction, retatrutide shows promise in mitigating cardiovascular risk factors and addressing non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, expanding its potential impact on metabolic health." (European Journal of Pharmacology 2024)

Weight Loss Efficacy

Semaglutide: In clinical trials like the STEP program, semaglutide (Wegovy) achieved an average weight loss of 15-20% of body weight over 68 weeks at a 2.4 mg weekly dose. It’s highly effective for many patients but may plateau for some, particularly those with higher baseline weights.
Tirzepatide: Tirzepatide has shown superior weight loss compared to semaglutide in head-to-head trials like SURPASS. At its highest dose (15 mg weekly), tirzepatide resulted in 20-25% body weight reduction over 72 weeks, with some patients losing up to 50 pounds. The dual GIP/GLP-1 action likely contributes to its enhanced efficacy.
Retatrutide: Retatrutide is the newest contender and has demonstrated unprecedented weight loss in early-phase trials. In a phase 2 study, patients on the highest dose (12 mg weekly) achieved up to 24.2% weight loss over 48 weeks—outpacing both semaglutide and tirzepatide in shorter timeframes. Some participants lost nearly 30% of their body weight, approaching the efficacy of bariatric surgery. The triple-agonist mechanism, particularly glucagon’s role in boosting metabolism, sets retatrutide apart.

Source: eClinicalMedicine 2024

Additional Health Benefits

Semaglutide: Beyond weight loss, semaglutide reduces cardiovascular risk in patients with type 2 diabetes (as shown in the SUSTAIN trials) and improves glycemic control. Preclinical studies also suggest modest anti-tumor effects, with a 4-fold reduction in pancreatic tumor volume in mouse models.
Tirzepatide: Tirzepatide offers similar cardiovascular benefits and superior glycemic control compared to semaglutide, thanks to its GIP agonism. It also improves lipid profiles, reducing triglycerides and increasing HDL cholesterol. However, its effects on cancer are less studied.
Retatrutide: Retatrutide’s triple-agonist action provides unique benefits, including significant improvements in liver fat reduction (up to 90% in some patients), which is critical for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Most notably, retatrutide has shown profound anti-tumor effects in preclinical models, with a 14-fold reduction in pancreatic tumor volume, a 17-fold reduction in lung tumor volume, and enhanced chemotherapy efficacy in obese triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) models. These effects are linked to immune reprogramming and inhibition of the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) and EIF3H/YAP axis, suggesting a potential role in reducing obesity-associated cancer risk.
Additionally, Retatrutide could be repurposed as a potential cancer treatment as well:
- https://www.nature.com/articles/s44324-025-00054-5 (obesity associated cancers)
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39868848/ (obese triple negative breast cancers)

Side Effects and Tolerability

Semaglutide: Common side effects include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and constipation, which typically subside over time. There’s a rare risk of pancreatitis and a potential association with thyroid C-cell tumors (based on rodent studies), though human data is inconclusive.
Tirzepatide: Tirzepatide shares a similar side effect profile to semaglutide, with gastrointestinal issues being the most common. However, its dual agonism may lead to slightly higher rates of nausea in some patients. Like semaglutide, it carries a warning for thyroid tumors.
Retatrutide: As a triple agonist, retatrutide also causes gastrointestinal side effects, but early data suggest a higher incidence of mild-to-moderate nausea and vomiting, likely due to its glucagon component. Some patients experience transient increases in heart rate, a known effect of glucagon receptor agonism. Long-term safety data, including cancer risk, is still under investigation, but its anti-tumor effects in preclinical models are promising.

In a 2025 paper by Kim et al, adverse drug reaction patterns of liraglutide, semaglutide and tirzepatide—glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) were evaluated for their real-world safety. Tirzepatide had fewer reports of adverse drug reactions compared with the other two drugs, and its pharmacovigilance association strength was the lowest. Semaglutide, however, was significantly associated with several unusual adverse events, including suicidal ideation and behaviour, hair loss and vision loss.

Cost and Accessibility

Semaglutide: Widely available as Ozempic and Wegovy, semaglutide is expensive without insurance (around $1,300/month in the U.S.). Generic versions are not yet available, but its established market presence makes it more accessible than newer drugs.
Tirzepatide: Mounjaro is similarly priced (approximately $1,200/month), though insurance coverage varies. Its newer status means it may be harder to access in some regions, but Eli Lilly has expanded production to meet demand.
Retatrutide: Still in clinical development, retatrutide is not yet commercially available as of April 2025. Pricing is unknown, but given its advanced mechanism, it may be costlier than semaglutide and tirzepatide upon launch. Access will likely be limited until phase 3 trials conclude and regulatory approval is granted.

Availability & Eli Lilly’s Role

Semaglutide: Already approved, widely available as Ozempic® and Wegovy®.
Tirzepatide: Approved as Mounjaro®, gaining strong traction globally.
Retatrutide: Still in clinical trials under Eli Lilly. If results continue to impress, it could hit the market in the next few years, potentially setting a new gold standard in weight loss peptides.

Eli Lilly is positioning Retatrutide as the next breakthrough, possibly surpassing both Semaglutide and Tirzepatide in effectiveness.

Related: Top 10 Pharmaceutical Companies by Revenue and Market Cap in 2025

Regulatory Status & Accessibility

Semaglutide: Widely FDA-approved for diabetes (Ozempic) and obesity (Wegovy) with broad clinical use.
Tirzepatide: FDA-approved for type 2 diabetes (Mounjaro) and obesity (Zepbound) — available in clinical practice. Drugs.com
Retatrutide: Still investigational and not yet FDA-approved as of early 2026. Commercial availability and pricing remain uncertain until regulatory decisions are complete. Drugs.com

Which Drug Is Right for You?

Choose Semaglutide if you’re looking for a well-established option with proven weight loss and cardiovascular benefits, and you prefer a drug with a longer safety track record.
Choose Tirzepatide if you want greater weight loss potential and improved glycemic control, especially if you have type 2 diabetes or need better lipid management.
Choose Retatrutide (once available) if you’re seeking maximum weight loss and are at high risk for obesity-associated cancers, given its promising anti-tumor effects. However, you’ll need to weigh its side effect profile and await its market availability.

Conclusion

Retatrutide, tirzepatide, and semaglutide represent a new era in obesity management, each with distinct mechanisms and benefits. Semaglutide offers a reliable, well-studied option; tirzepatide provides enhanced weight loss and metabolic benefits; and retatrutide, though not yet available, promises unparalleled weight loss and potential cancer risk reduction. As research progresses, these drugs may redefine how we approach obesity and its associated comorbidities, offering hope to millions worldwide. Consult your healthcare provider to determine which option aligns best with your health goals.

FAQs About Retatrutide vs Semaglutide vs Tirzepatide

1. What makes Retatrutide different from Semaglutide and Tirzepatide?

Retatrutide is a triple agonist, meaning it activates three key receptors instead of one (Semaglutide) or two (Tirzepatide). This could explain why early trials show even greater weight loss results.

2. Is Retatrutide approved for use yet?

Not yet. Retatrutide is still in clinical trials under Eli Lilly. Semaglutide and Tirzepatide, however, are already approved and available as prescription medications.

3. Which peptide is best for weight loss?

Current data suggests Retatrutide may offer the strongest weight loss effects, but since it’s still in testing, Semaglutide and Tirzepatide remain the practical options for now.

4. Are side effects different between these peptides?

All three can cause gastrointestinal effects like nausea or diarrhea. Tirzepatide and Retatrutide sometimes show stronger appetite suppression, while Semaglutide is considered the most stable in terms of long-term safety data.

5. Where can I learn about Retatrutide dosing?

Check out our guide: Retatrutide Dosage Insights: What Studies Reveal & Why Calculators Can Mislead. It breaks down how researchers explore dosing while avoiding misleading charts and calculators online.

References:

GLP-1 single, dual, and triple receptor agonists for treating type 2 diabetes and obesity: a narrative review (eClinicalMedicine 2024)

SELECT trial: Semaglutide Effects on Cardiovascular Outcomes in People With Overweight or Obesity (SELECT) rationale and design (American Heart Journal 2020)

SUSTAIN 10 trial: Efficacy and safety of once-weekly semaglutide 1.0 mg vs once-daily liraglutide 1.2 mg as add-on to 1–3 oral antidiabetic drugs in subjects with type 2 diabetes. (Diabetes & Metabolism 2020)

SURMOUNT 4 trial: Continued Treatment With Tirzepatide for Maintenance of Weight Reduction in Adults With Obesity (JAMA 2023)

SURMOUNT 2 trial: Tirzepatide once weekly for the treatment of obesity in people with type 2 diabetes (SURMOUNT-2): a double-blind, randomised, multicentre, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial (Lancet 2023)

Related:

Best Natural Alternatives to Ozempic

Berberine and Natural GLP-1 Mimetics as Drug Alternatives (2026)

Ozempic vs Wegovy vs Mounjaro vs Zepbound: Key Differences, Weight Loss Results & Which One Works Best in 2026

DROP: Oral Retatrutide for Weight-Loss

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Paired with healthy habits like balanced nutrition and regular movement, DROP can help support sustainable weight management.

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Available on The Wellness Company's website. Here is the link: DROP.

Ozempic vs Wegovy vs Mounjaro vs Zepbound: Key Differences, Weight Loss Results & Which One Works Best in 2026

2026-04-20T04:24:00.000-04:00

The era of GLP-1 weight loss drugs is no longer emerging—it’s already dominating modern medicine. In less than five years, medications like Ozempic, Wegovy, Mounjaro, and Zepbound have shifted obesity treatment from marginal success to clinically meaningful, double-digit weight loss backed by large-scale randomized trials.

The numbers are not subtle. In pivotal studies, semaglutide (Wegovy) delivered ~15% average weight loss, while tirzepatide (Mounjaro/Zepbound) pushed results beyond 20%—approaching outcomes once only seen with bariatric surgery. At the same time, these drugs are showing cardiovascular risk reduction, improved glycemic control, and potential benefits across fatty liver disease, inflammation, and metabolic syndrome.

Yet despite the hype, most comparisons online are superficial—and often misleading.

These drugs are not interchangeable. They belong to different pharmacologic classes, target different hormone pathways, and produce meaningfully different outcomes in real patients. Ozempic and Wegovy are based on semaglutide, a GLP-1 receptor agonist. Mounjaro and Zepbound are based on tirzepatide, a dual GIP/GLP-1 agonist—an evolution that may explain their superior efficacy in head-to-head data.

This distinction is where most guides fail—and where clinical decisions are actually made.

In this evidence-driven 2026 guide, we go beyond marketing claims and break down mechanism, trial data, real-world effectiveness, side effects, approvals, and strategic use cases. If you’re deciding between Ozempic vs Wegovy vs Mounjaro vs Zepbound, this is the no-fluff, data-first analysis designed to give you a clear answer.

In this guide, we break down each medication, compare their weight-loss potential, diabetes benefits, and side effects — all in a simple, easy-to-digest format.

What These Drugs Are & How They Work

All four medications are injectables, but they differ in mechanism, dosage, and approval purpose:

Ozempic & Wegovy: Both contain semaglutide, a GLP-1 receptor agonist. GLP-1 slows digestion, increases fullness, and helps regulate blood sugar.
Mounjaro & Zepbound: Both contain tirzepatide, a dual GIP + GLP-1 receptor agonist. This dual action enhances insulin secretion and appetite suppression, often producing stronger weight loss.

Key difference: Ozempic and Mounjaro are primarily approved for type 2 diabetes, whereas Wegovy and Zepbound are specifically approved for chronic weight management.

How They Compare: Weight Loss & Use Cases

Here’s a clear breakdown of each drug in list format, perfect for quickly comparing your options:

Ozempic

Drug class: GLP-1 receptor agonist
Active ingredient: Semaglutide
Approved for: Type 2 diabetes
Typical weight loss: ~6–7% of body weight
Best for: Patients focused on blood sugar control with moderate weight loss
Notes: Strong cardiovascular benefits in diabetes patients

Ozempic (semaglutide) is a once-weekly injection for adults with Type 2 diabetes. It comes in a multi-dose pre-filled pen. You can inject Ozempic at any time of day, with or without food. But you should inject it on the same day each week.

Your healthcare provider may recommend Ozempic if you have Type 2 diabetes and heart disease. That’s because Ozempic can help lower the risk of heart attack and stroke. There’s also some evidence suggesting potential kidney benefits, too.

Ozempic isn’t approved for weight loss. But you may notice weight loss as a side effect. On average, those taking it lost 8 to 10 lbs during clinical trials. Wegovy, a higher-dose product, is approved specifically for weight loss.

Wegovy

Drug class: GLP-1 receptor agonist
Active ingredient: Semaglutide (higher dose than Ozempic)
Approved for: Chronic weight management
Typical weight loss: ~15% of body weight
Best for: Non-diabetic patients prioritizing weight loss
Notes: Proven cardiovascular risk reduction for obesity.

Wegovy is another once-weekly semaglutide injection. But it’s only approved for weight loss in certain adults and adolescents ages 12 and older. It’s not used to treat diabetes, and you don’t need to have a diabetes diagnosis to use it. Like Ozempic, you can inject it at any time of day.

Wegovy is approved for adults with a body mass index (BMI) of 30 mg/kg² or greater. You can also use Wegovy if you have a BMI of at least 27 mg/kg² with one or more weight-related health conditions (such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes).

Wegovy is also approved for adolescents ages 12 and older. People within this age group may qualify for Wegovy if they have a BMI at or above the 95th percentile for sex and age.

In clinical trials, adults taking Wegovy saw an average weight loss of nearly 15% of their initial body weight. And adolescents saw an average weight loss of about 16% of their initial body weight. For the best results, combine Wegovy with a healthy diet and exercise.

Mounjaro

Drug class: Dual GIP + GLP-1 receptor agonist
Active ingredient: Tirzepatide
Approved for: Type 2 diabetes
Typical weight loss: Greater than Ozempic in trials (varies by dose)
Best for: Diabetes patients needing stronger glucose and weight effects
Notes: Dual-hormone mechanism enhances both insulin and satiety

Zepbound

Drug class: Dual GIP + GLP-1 receptor agonist
Active ingredient: Tirzepatide
Approved for: Chronic weight management
Typical weight loss: ~20% or more of body weight in trials
Best for: Patients seeking maximum weight loss
Notes: Same molecule as Mounjaro but approved for obesity

Side Effects to Consider

Most users experience mild gastrointestinal symptoms, especially during dose escalation:

Nausea
Vomiting
Diarrhea or constipation
Abdominal discomfort

Serious but rare side effects: Pancreatitis, gallbladder problems, and thyroid tumor warnings (mostly animal studies). Always consult your doctor before starting treatment.

Quick Takeaways

Best for diabetes control: Ozempic or Mounjaro
Best for weight loss: Zepbound
Brand vs. drug note:
- Ozempic = Wegovy (semaglutide)
- Mounjaro = Zepbound (tirzepatide)
Most potent mechanism for weight loss: Tirzepatide (dual GIP + GLP-1)

Final Thoughts

Choosing between Ozempic, Wegovy, Mounjaro, and Zepbound depends on your primary goal: blood sugar management or weight loss. While semaglutide-based drugs have a long track record for safety and cardiovascular benefit, tirzepatide-based drugs currently show the greatest potential for weight reduction.

Always discuss your options with a healthcare professional to balance effectiveness, side effects, and insurance coverage — personalized guidance is key.

References:

GLP-1 single, dual, and triple receptor agonists for treating type 2 diabetes and obesity: a narrative review (eClinicalMedicine 2024)

SELECT trial: Semaglutide Effects on Cardiovascular Outcomes in People With Overweight or Obesity (SELECT) rationale and design (American Heart Journal 2020)

SURMOUNT 4 trial: Continued Treatment With Tirzepatide for Maintenance of Weight Reduction in Adults With Obesity (JAMA 2023)

SURMOUNT 2 trial: Tirzepatide once weekly for the treatment of obesity in people with type 2 diabetes
(SURMOUNT-2): a double-blind, randomised, multicentre, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial (Lancet 2023)

Related:

Berberine and Natural GLP-1 Mimetics as Drug Alternatives (2026)

17 Best Natural Ozempic Alternatives 2026 (Resource Guide)

Retatrutide vs Tirzepatide vs Semaglutide (Ozempic): GLP-1 Wars — Updated Review (2026)

10 Best Cosmeceutical Ingredients of 2026

2026-04-17T05:32:00.000-04:00

A cosmeceutical is essentially a skincare product that contains a biologically active compound that is thought to have pharmaceutical effects on the skin. Both pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical grade skin care products actively effect skin at a cellular level, whereas cosmetic products have a shorter-term effect. They are usually used by doctors to restore pH, remove pigmentation, or restore the skin barrier. Cosmeceuticals must scientifically verify the claims stated on their packaging; as it is accepted that these formulations are backed by science, clinical studies, and rigorous testing. The main areas of concerns that these formulations address are ageing skin, sensitive/sensitized skin, sun damaged skin, acne/oily skin, loss of tone and elasticity, as well as superficial lines & wrinkles to encourage rapid cellular turnover that will renew and re-texturize the skin.

Peptides composed of chains of amino acids give proteins their structure, and transport nutrients and signal messengers yo other cells. When amino acids link together, they form chains called peptides – when peptides form longer chains of amino acids, they become the building blocks of proteins. Proteins make up much of the body’s tissues, organs, and skin, one of the most important skin proteins in collagen. 75% of our skin is made up of collagen protein.

Types of Cosmeceutical Ingredients:

◦ Antioxidant

◦ Anti-Inflammatory

◦ Ascorbic Acid

◦ Defensin

◦ DNA Repair Enzymes

◦ Growth Factors

◦ Heparin Sulphate

◦ Hyaluronic Acid

◦ Niacinamide

◦ Peptides

◦ Retinoids

◦ Stem Cells

When targeting the above skin concerns, cosmeceuticals should improve skin rejuvenation, increase the firmness and the elasticity of skin, as well as improve skin complexion, and prevention and improve wrinkles. They also revive dull, tired looking skin, improve skin tone and elasticity, especially in the face, neck, and décolletage area. It is important to note that the producers of modern top-level skincare are now looking at the use of plant technology, fruit- based products and extracts as well as marine based formulations, these innovative formulations will give products an organic, green, healthy feel while still being performance driven. The aesthetic industry thrives on innovation and thanks to increased curiosity among men and women of all ages about what exactly goes into our skincare products as we look for cleaner scientifically proven plant-based technology that is result driven.

To train your skin and achieve skin health your cellular function requires a good workout, and your skin will feel it through desquamation, a gentle tingle and occasionally some patients may experience some redness, but this does not last for long. Change is simply happening to your skin. It is normal and part of the restorative powers of the skincare products that contain highly active ingredients to create performance driven formulations. Always follow the advice of your skincare professional and start your cosmeceutical skincare regimen slowly.

Below is a brief outline of key ingredients included in cosmeceutical, medical grade, top level advanced skincare that bring positive change to your skin when used correctly.

1. Alpha-Hydroxy acids (AHAs)

Products containing alpha-hydroxy acids have become increasingly popular in recent years. Skincare products with alpha-hydroxy acids help with fine lines and wrinkles, irregular pigmentation, sun damage, oil control, desquamation while also helping to shrink enlarged pores. Side effects of alpha-hydroxy acids include mild irritation and sun sensitivity. To avoid susceptibility to the sun, sunscreen should be applied in the morning. To help avoid skin irritation, start with a product with a maximum concentration of 10% to 15% AHA. To allow your skin to get used to alpha-hydroxy acids, you should initially apply the skin care product every other day, gradually working up to daily application.

2. Poly-Hydroxy acids

Polyhydroxy acids have a similar effect to alpha-hydroxy acids but are less likely to cause any irritation resulting in them being better option for those with rosacea, sensitive and reactive skin types. PHA’s are chemical exfoliants – The most common being Gluconolactone, Galactose and Lactobionic Acid. Again, like AHA’s, poly-hydroxy acids help skincare penetrate deeper into the lower layers of the skin, exfoliating dead skin cells on the surface of the skin resulting in a more even skin tone and improved skin texture. PHA’s also fight glycation which is a process that takes place when digested sugar permanently attaches to the collagen in your skin and can weaken it, along with elastin levels.

3. Beta-Hydroxy acid (Salicylic Acid)

Salicylic acid removes dead skin and improves the texture and colour of sun- damaged skin. It penetrates oil-laden hair follicle openings and, as a result, greatly helps with oily and acne prone skin types. Once salicylic acid is put to work on the skin, it penetrates the pores and dissolves the bonds between surface skin cells. It is this process that unclogs pores and makes it a great fighter against blemishes due to its antibacterial properties. Salicylic Acid is a deep cleaning ingredient that mops up excess oil and dirt of the skin and it is due to the exfoliating properties that makes it stand out on the skincare spectrum.

4. Hydroquinone

Skin care products containing hydroquinone are often called lightening agents. These skin care products are used to lighten hyperpigmentation, such as age spots and dark spots related to pregnancy or hormone therapy (melasma or chloasma). Your doctor can also prescribe a cream with a higher concentration of hydroquinone if your skin does not respond to over-the-counter treatments. Hydroquinone treatment goes hand in hand and is combined with sunscreen because sun exposure causes skin hyperpigmentation – the concern that hydroquinone is working on and creating solutions within the skin. It is best to test hydroquinone-containing products in a small area first to ensure there are no adverse reactions as some people are allergic to it. If you are allergic to hydroquinone you may benefit from use of products containing kojic acid.

Related: Best Vitamin C Serums for Hyperpigmentation

5. Kojic Acid

Kojic acid is also a remedy and solution for the treatment of pigment problems and age spots. Discovered in 1989, kojic acid works similarly to hydroquinone and is derived from a fungus, studies have shown that it is effective as a lightening agent, slowing production of melanin. With continued use, Kojic acid may make your skin more susceptible to sun also so the importance of SPF on the skin is a must when using this acid.

6. Retinoids

Examples of retinoids include retinol, retinal aldehyde, and retinyl esters. They are used to improve acne and acne scarring, mottled pigmentation, skin aging, skin texture, tone and colour, the skin's hydration levels are also increased with the use of retinoids. Retinol is derived from vitamin A, tretinoin, which is the active ingredient in prescription Retin-A® and Renova® creams, are a stronger version of retinol. Here are why skin responds to skin care products with retinol: vitamin A has a molecular structure that is small enough to get into the lower layers of skin. Retinyl palmitate is another ingredient related to retinol but is less potent to the skin’s cells.

7. L-ascorbic acid (Vitamin C)

This is the only form of vitamin C that you should look for in your skin care products. There are many skin care products on the market today that boast vitamin C derivatives as an ingredient (magnesium ascorbic phosphate or ascorbyl palmitate, for example), but L-ascorbic acid is the only useful form of vitamin C in skin care products. With age and sun exposure, as collagen synthesis in the skin decreases, leading to wrinkles. Vitamin C is the only antioxidant proven to stimulate the synthesis of collagen, minimizing fine lines, scars, and wrinkles. Proven clinical studies suggests that L-ascorbic acid significantly improves the appearance of photodamaged skin. Initial use of vitamin C containing creams can cause slight stinging and/or redness, but these side effects generally subside with continued use.

Related: Best Vitamin C Serum Dermatologists

8. Hyaluronic acid

Skin care products containing this substance are often used with vitamin C products to assist in effective penetration. Hyaluronic acid (also known as a glycosaminoglycan) is best known for its ability to hydrate the skin resulting in fine lines and wrinkles being less pronounced. In news reports, you might have heard of hyaluronic acid as the "key to the fountain of youth." This is because the substance occurs naturally and quite abundantly in both humans and animals. Hyaluronic acid is a component of the body's connective tissues and is known to cushion and lubricate. As you age, however, the forces of nature diminish hyaluronic acid. Diet and smoking can also affect your body's level of hyaluronic acid over time. Skin care products with hyaluronic acid are most frequently used to treat dry, dehydrated, and ageing skin as it will improve the skins hydration and firmness.

9. Copper peptide

Copper peptide is often referred to as the most effective skin regeneration product, even though it has only been on the market since 1997. Here is why: Studies have shown that copper peptide promotes collagen and elastin production, acts as an antioxidant, and promotes production of glycosaminoglycans. Studies have also shown that copper-dependent enzymes increase the benefits of the body's natural tissue-building processes. The substance helps to firm, smooth, and soften skin, doing it in less time than most other anti-aging skin care products. Clinical studies have found that copper peptides also remove damaged collagen and elastin from the skin and scar tissue because they activate the skin's system responsible for those functions.

10. Alpha-lipoic acid

You may have heard of alpha-lipoic acid as "the miracle in a jar" for its anti- aging effects. It is a newer, ultra-potent antioxidant that helps fight future skin damage and helps repair past damage which is apparent when looking at top level skincare. Alpha-lipoic acid has been referred to as a "universal antioxidant" because it is soluble in both water and oil, which permits its entrance to all parts of the cell. Due to this quality, it is believed that alpha-lipoic acid can provide the greatest protection against damaging free radicals when compared with other antioxidants. Alpha-lipoic acid diminishes fine lines, it gives the skin a healthy glow, and boosts levels of other antioxidants, such as vitamin C.

Source: https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/cosmeceuticals-dr-patrick-treacy/

How to Stimulate and Activate Stem Cells Naturally (2026 Edition)

2026-04-17T05:31:00.000-04:00

What’s exciting about stem cells is that they are already in your body and ready to help with repair and healing. You can activate them naturally to improve your health. These strategies are not as therapeutic or powerful as stem cell therapy but they are very helpful for the body’s healing process.

William W. Li MD writes in his book “Eat to Beat Disease,” “Your immune cells are regenerated every seven days, so if your stem cells disappeared, you’d likely die of an infection soon after.” However, you can increase your stem cells by certain lifestyle and nutritional factors.

What are stem cells?

Stem cells are a type of cell that has the potential to develop into different cell types in the body. Because of this, these types of cells can serve as a repair system and theoretically divide without limit to replenish other cells for as long as you are alive.

When a stem cell divides, each "daughter" cell has the potential to either remain a stem cell or become another type of cell with a more specialized function, such as a heart muscle cell, a red blood cell, or a brain cell.

In theory, the best scenario would be to increase the quantity of stem cells while we are young and then use them to keep our heart, joints, brain, and other parts of our body healthy as we age.

How to activate stem cells naturally? Here are ways to naturally activate your body’s regenerative cells:

Intermittent and Extended Fasting

Fasting is another great way to achieve ketosis and also activate your stem cells. Fasting stimulates a process called autophagy, which means self-eating. During the autophagy process the body recycles its own cellular components to make new healthier cells. This mechanism of self-renewal is also associated with the development of stem cells.

According to a 2015 study, prolonged fasting may support stem cell-based regeneration and cellular renewal and reverse immunosuppression. According to a 2018 study, even a 24-hour fast can boost stem cell regeneration.

Extended fasting can last for a few days to several weeks when you are not consuming anything else but water and perhaps certain liquids, such as herbal tea. Intermittent fasting cycles between periods of fasting and eating within one day. Most people find the most benefit when fasting for 16 hours and leaving an 8-hour eating window.

Get Into Ketosis

Under regular circumstances, your body gets its energy from glucose (sugar) through carbohydrate-rich foods you consume. However, if you are fasting, following a low-carb ketogenic diet, or experiencing glucose deficit for any other reason, your body will learn to rely on and get energy from the fat you consume and stored fat.

This is when you experience ketosis, a metabolic state in which your body gets most of its energy from fat. Ketosis has many benefits. For example, according to a 2018 study, a ketogenic diet can improve your cognition.

A 2019 diet also found that ketosis helps to achieve intestinal stem cell homeostasis and adaptation allowing self-renewal in your body. You don’t have to be in ketosis all the time to get these benefits.

If you aim to get into nutritional ketosis a few times a year for a few weeks or so at a time, you can drive up stem cell production during that window.

Regular Movement and Exercise

Exercise is critical for your health and well-being. According to a 2008 review, exercise helps the activation, mobilization, and differentiation of various types of stem cells, as well as tissue regeneration and function. We recommend that you exercise 5 days a week for 20 to 30 minutes at least.

Try a mix of cardiovascular, strength- and resistance training, and low impact exercise. Stay active throughout the day by taking regular walks, playing with your kids or pets, stretching regularly, taking the stairs, opting for walking or biking instead of driving when possible, taking breaks during work for a quick stretch, going for hikes, gardening, and dancing to your favorite song.

Prioritize Good Sleep

Sleep is one of your basic human needs. A 2018 study found that sleep helps the regeneration capacity of stem cells and tissue regeneration. Make sure to get 7 to 9 hours of sleep a night. Go to bed and wake up around the same time every day to support your circadian rhythms.

Avoid electronics, foods, stress, caffeine, and alcohol in the evening. Develop an evening routine and engage in relaxing activities. Make sure that your bedroom is a peaceful, comfortable, and sleep-promoting sanctuary (28).

Avoid Harmful Medications

Medications, including non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), antibiotics, corticosteroids, and immune-suppressants, can be harmful to your body. Most come with unwanted side-effects. They may interrupt your gut flora, which leads to inflammation, reduces regeneration, and increases the risk of disease.

While in certain cases, medications may be appropriate or necessary, in most situations, there are usually better solutions. Working with a functional medicine doctor, like myself, can help you uncover the root cause of your symptoms and find natural solutions without medication. If you are on any medications, don’t just stop it, but work closely with a doctor to reduce or stop medication use in a safe way under medical guidance and supervision.

Polyphenolic Compounds

Research has shown that polyphenolic compounds may also help to activate your stem cells. They do this by controlling the activation of inflammatory cytokines, reducing oxidative stress and apoptosis, turning on autophagy, protecting and enhancing mitochondrial function and regulating migration and differentiation of stem cells (29).

While there are many polphenols the ones that are most well studied include resveratrol, quercetin, EGCG and curcumin. Here are the studies that support these nutrients to enhance self healing in the body.

Resveratrol

Resveratrol is a natural polyphenol and antioxidant found in the skin of grapes. According to a 2019 study, resveratrol may help the survival, self-renewal, lineage commitment, and anti-aging effects of stem cells.

According to a 2014 study, resveratrol taken only for thee weeks may increase the frequency and total numbers of normal bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) in the body. Using a resveratrol supplement may help to improve your health (30, 31).

Quercetin

Quercetin is a powerful flavonoid found in various plants and food. According to a 2017 rat research, quercetin may help the differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells into β-cells.

A 2018 study found similar results, that quercetin may help bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (BMSC) differentiation in mice. Supplementing with quercetin is a great way to support your health (32, 33).

Curcumin

Curcumin is the active compound of the spice turmeric. It is full of anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial properties. According to a 2008 study, curcumin helps adult hippocampal neurogenesis and promotes neural plasticity and repair. A 2019 study has found that curcumin helps the differentiation of stem cells (34, 35).

To experience the benefits of curcumin, it is a great idea to add turmeric to your soups, stews, vegetable dishes, curries, smoothies, juices, and dressings, and to sip on turmeric tea regularly. Additionally, taking a curcumin supplement is a great way to boost your health.

Use Red Light Therapy

Red light therapy (RLT) is a powerful therapeutic technique and an alternative healing method. It uses red low-level wavelengths of light for a variety of therapeutic purposes. It may help with wound healing, scars, and other skin issues, inflammation, pain, hair growth, and sleep quality. According to a 2007 rat study, red light therapy may support mesenchymal cell differentiation.

According to a 2014 study’s experimental findings, 660 nm red light therapy may help the migration of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, increase cell transportation in hypoxic-ischemic brain damage treatment.

Sources in This Article Include:

1. Stem_cells. Medline Plus. Link here

2. National Institutes of Health – Stem Cell Basics

3. Where do we get adult stem_cells? Boston Children’s Hospital. Link Here

4. Lo B, Parham L. Ethical issues in stem cell research. Endocr Rev. 2009 May;30(3):204-13. doi: 10.1210/er.2008-0031. Epub 2009 Apr 14. Link Here

5. How scientific progress is changing the stem_cell debate. Pacific Stadard. LInk Here

6. Mao F, Tu Q, Wang L, Chu F, Li X, Li HS, Xu W. Mesenchymal stem_cells and their therapeutic applications in inflammatory bowel disease. Oncotarget. 2017 Jun 6;8(23):38008-38021. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.16682. PMID: 28402942

7. Watt FM, Driskell RR. The therapeutic potential of stem cells. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2010 Jan 12;365(1537):155-63. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2009.0149. PMID: 20008393

8. Biehl JK, Russell B. Introduction to stem_cell therapy. J Cardiovasc Nurs. 2009 Mar-Apr;24(2):98-103; quiz 104-5. doi: 10.1097/JCN.0b013e318197a6a5. PMID: 19242274

9. Zakrzewski W, Dobrzyński M, Szymonowicz M, Rybak Z. Stem_cells: past, present, and future. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2019 Feb 26;10(1):68. doi: 10.1186/s13287-019-1165-5. PMID: 30808416

10. Androutsellis-Theotokis A, Rueger MA, Park DM, Mkhikian H, Korb E, Poser SW, Walbridge S, Munasinghe J, Koretsky AP, Lonser RR, McKay RD. Targeting neural precursors in the adult brain rescues injured dopamine neurons. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009 Aug 11;106(32):13570-5. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0905125106. Epub 2009 Jul 23. PMID: 19628689

11. Kang KS, Kim SW, Oh YH, et al. A 37-year-old spinal cord-injured female patient, transplanted of multipotent stem cells from human UC blood, with improved sensory perception and mobility, both functionally and morphologically: a case study. Cytotherapy. 2005;7(4):368-373. Link Here

12. Cummings BJ, Uchida N, Tamaki SJ, Salazar DL, Hooshmand M, Summers R, Gage FH, Anderson AJ. Human neural stem cells differentiate and promote locomotor recovery in spinal cord-injured mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 Sep 27;102(39):14069-74. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0507063102. Epub 2005 Sep 19. PMID: 16172374

13. Tompkins BA, DiFede DL, Khan A, Landin AM, Schulman IH, Pujol MV, Heldman AW, Miki R, Goldschmidt-Clermont PJ, Goldstein BJ, Mushtaq M, Levis-Dusseau S, Byrnes JJ, Lowery M, Natsumeda M, Delgado C, Saltzman R, Vidro-Casiano M, Da Fonseca M, Golpanian S, Premer C, Medina A, Valasaki K, Florea V, Anderson E, El-Khorazaty J, Mendizabal A, Green G, Oliva AA, Hare JM. Allogeneic Mesenchymal Stem Cells Ameliorate Aging Frailty: A Phase II Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2017 Oct 12;72(11):1513-1522. doi: 10.1093/gerona/glx137. PMID: 28977399

14. Malliaras K, Kreke M, Marbán E. The stuttering progress of cell therapy for heart disease. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2011;90(4):532-541. Link Here

15. Kuswardhani RA, Soejitno A. Bone marrow-derived stem_cells as an adjunctive treatment for acute myocardial infarction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Med Indones. 2011;43(3):168-177. Link Here

16. Nowbar AN, Mielewczik M, Karavassilis M, Dehbi HM, Shun-Shin MJ, Jones S, Howard JP, Cole GD, Francis DP; DAMASCENE writing group. Discrepancies in autologous bone marrow stem cell trials and enhancement of ejection fraction (DAMASCENE): weighted regression and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2014 Apr 28;348:g2688. doi: 10.1136/bmj.g2688. PMID: 24778175

17. Gyöngyösi M, Wojakowski W, Lemarchand P, Lunde K, Tendera M, Bartunek J, Marban E, Assmus B, Henry TD, Traverse JH, Moyé LA, Sürder D, Corti R, Huikuri H, Miettinen J, Wöhrle J, Obradovic S, Roncalli J, Malliaras K, Pokushalov E, Romanov A, Kastrup J, Bergmann MW, Atsma DE, Diederichsen A, Edes I, Benedek I, Benedek T, Pejkov H, Nyolczas N, Pavo N, Bergler-Klein J, Pavo IJ, Sylven C, Berti S, Navarese EP, Maurer G; ACCRUE Investigators. Meta-Analysis of Cell-based CaRdiac stUdiEs (ACCRUE) in patients with acute myocardial infarction based on individual patient data. Circ Res. 2015 Apr 10;116(8):1346-60. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.116.304346. Epub 2015 Feb 19. PMID: 25700037

18. Traverse JH, Henry TD, Pepine CJ, Willerson JT, Chugh A, Yang PC, Zhao DXM, Ellis SG, Forder JR, Perin EC, Penn MS, Hatzopoulos AK, Chambers JC, Baran KW, Raveendran G, Gee AP, Taylor DA, Moyé L, Ebert RF, Simari RD. TIME Trial: Effect of Timing of Stem_Cell Delivery Following ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction on the Recovery of Global and Regional Left Ventricular Function: Final 2-Year Analysis. Circ Res. 2018 Feb 2;122(3):479-488. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.117.311466. Epub 2017 Dec 5. PMID: 29208679

19. Volponi AA, Pang Y, Sharpe PT. Stem_cell-based biological tooth repair and regeneration. Trends Cell Biol. 2010 Dec;20(12):715-22. doi: 10.1016/j.tcb.2010.09.012. Epub 2010 Oct 28. PMID: 21035344

20. University of California – Irvine. (2009, July 22). Neural Stem_Cells May Rescue Memory In Advanced Alzheimer’s, Mouse Study Suggests. ScienceDaily. Link Here

21. FDA warns about stem_cell therapy. USFDA. Link Here

22. Approved cellular and gene therapy products. Link Here

23. Hernandez AR, Hernandez CM, Campos K, Truckenbrod L, Federico Q, Moon B, McQuail JA, Maurer AP, Bizon JL, Burke SN. A Ketogenic Diet Improves Cognition and Has Biochemical Effects in Prefrontal Cortex That Are Dissociable From Hippocampus. Front Aging Neurosci. 2018 Dec 3;10:391. doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00391. PMID: 30559660

24. Cheng CW, Biton M, Haber AL, et al. Ketone Body Signaling Mediates Intestinal Stem Cell Homeostasis and Adaptation to Diet. Cell. 2019;178(5):1115-1131.e15. Link Here

25. Cheng CW, Adams GB, Perin L, Wei M, Zhou X, Lam BS, Da Sacco S, Mirisola M, Quinn DI, Dorff TB, Kopchick JJ, Longo VD. Prolonged fasting reduces IGF-1/PKA to promote hematopoietic-stem-cell-based regeneration and reverse immunosuppression. Cell Stem Cell. 2014 Jun 5;14(6):810-23. doi: 10.1016/j.stem.2014.04.014. Erratum in: Cell Stem Cell. 2016 Feb 4;18(2):291-2. PMID: 24905167

26. Fasting boosts stem_cells regenerative capacity. MIT News. Link Here

27. Wahl P, Brixius K, Bloch W. Exercise-induced stem_cell activation and its implication for cardiovascular and skeletal muscle regeneration. Minim Invasive Ther Allied Technol. 2008;17(2):91-99. Link Here

28. Elkhenany H, AlOkda A, El-Badawy A, El-Badri N. Tissue regeneration: Impact of sleep on stem_cell regenerative capacity. Life Sci. 2018;214:51-61. Link Here

29. Ankit Tandon, Sangh Jyoti Singh, Rajnish Kumar Chaturvedi. Stem Cells as Potential Targets of Polyphenols in Multiple Sclerosis and Alzheimer’s Disease. BioMed Research International. 2018 Link Here

30. Hu, C., Li, L. The application of resveratrol to mesenchymal stromal cell-based regenerative medicine. Stem_Cell Res Ther 10, 307 (2019). Link Here

31. Rimmelé P, Lofek-Czubek S, Ghaffari S. Resveratrol increases the bone marrow hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell capacity. Am J Hematol. 2014 Dec;89(12):E235-8. doi: 10.1002/ajh.23837. Epub 2014 Oct 25. PMID: 25163926

32. Miladpour B, Rasti M, Owji AA, et al. Quercetin potentiates transdifferentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells into the beta cells in vitro. J Endocrinol Invest. 2017;40(5):513-521. Link Here

33. Pang XG, Cong Y, Bao NR, Li YG, Zhao JN. Quercetin Stimulates Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cell Differentiation through an Estrogen Receptor-Mediated Pathway. Biomed Res Int. 2018 Mar 15;2018:4178021. PMID: 29736392

34. Kim SJ, Son TG, Park HR, et al. Curcumin stimulates proliferation of embryonic neural progenitor cells and neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus. J Biol Chem. 2008;283(21):14497-14505. PMCID: 2386914

35. Sharifi S, Zununi Vahed S, Ahmadian E, et al. Stem Cell Therapy: Curcumin Does the Trick. Phytother Res. 2019;33(11):2927-2937. PMID: 31452263

36. Li WT, Leu YC. Effects of low level red-light irradiation on the proliferation of mesenchymal stem cells derived from rat bone marrow. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2007;2007:5830-5833. Link Here

37. Li X, Hou W, Wu X, Jiang W, Chen H, Xiao N, Zhou P. 660 nm red light-enhanced bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell transplantation for hypoxic-ischemic brain damage treatment. Neural Regen Res. 2014 Feb 1;9(3):236-42. doi: 10.4103/1673-5374.128214. PMID: 25206807

Foods to Increase Stem Cells and Cell Regeneration

Ozempic vs Wegovy for Weight Loss: What's the Difference?

2026-03-12T09:02:00.000-04:00

Semaglutide, known by the brand names Ozempic, Wegovy, Rybelsus and others, is one of the latest weight-loss craze to hit Hollywood and beyond. The prescription drug, which is administered via a weekly injection, is intended to treat Type 2 diabetes, but it’s widely used off-label for weight loss.

They all belong to the same medication class — glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) agonists (GLP-1 receptor agonists).

GLP-1 agonists work by triggering insulin release, blocking sugar production in your liver, and making you feel full.

But with all of these brands out there, how do you decide which is right for you? Let’s get to know some of the differences between these major GLP-1 agonist drugs.

For those who want to dive deeper into the science, the AMA video by Peter Attia does a nice job of providing the background of this very popular drug.

A 2021 study funded by Novo Nordisk, the drug’s maker, found using semaglutide once a week led to a 14.9% reduction in body weight among adults with obesity.1 There’s been such a rush on the drugs that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration lists both Ozempic and Wegovy as “currently in shortage.” This, despite the drug’s hefty price tag of about $1,400 a month.2

But quick fixes are rarely the answer when it comes to better health, especially in the case of complex issues like maintaining a healthy weight, which has mental, emotional and physical elements. A weight loss drug, even if it’s seemingly effective, cannot address the underlying emotional drivers that may lead to overeating, for instance, and it won’t save your health if you continue to eat an unhealthy diet — no matter how thin your outward appearance may be.

By relying on medication to get thin, you rob your body of the chance to balance its weight naturally, in the way biologically intended, and expose yourself to untold side effects in the process.

Ozempic

Related: Weight-loss stocks soar up to 15% after obesity-drug study shows an added benefit that may be a ‘huge win’ for future sales (Fortune)

Wegovy

Credit: GoodRx Health

Semaglutide Mimics GLP-1 in Your Body, Reducing Appetite

Semaglutide is a glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs). As a peptide hormone, GLP-1 is, among other things, part of a group of incretin hormones, which are released when you eat to regulate insulin, along with many other functions. (3)

Along with affecting insulin, GLP-1 may influence the nervous system, leading to an appetite-reducing response. Many taking semaglutide report that the drug makes them feel full, faster, so they’re satisfied eating smaller amounts. According to a scientist writing under the name Modern Discontent on Substack: (4)

“Although this effect of increasing insulin excretion may help aid diabetics, what’s curious about Semaglutide is its strange association with weight loss, with many people reporting a lack of appetite when on GLP-1RAs. Given that incretin hormones are released when consuming food, it’s possible that a signaling pathway involving incretin hormones may also be utilized to signal fullness.

Indeed, it appears that the brain and CNS also contain GLP-1 receptors, which also respond to the GLP-1 released after eating. It also appears that some aspects of the nervous system may also produce GLP-1 themselves

… In this case, the feedback mechanism from GLP-1 produces an anorectic (appetite-reducing) response which can decrease food intake. Thus, there’s an artificially induced effect of fullness produced by these GLP-1RAs.”

In short, Dr. Robert Kushner of Northwestern University, who serves on Novo Nordisk’s advisory board, told NPR, “This hormone is telling your brain, I'm full, I don't need to eat anymore … What the pharmaceutical companies have done is taken this hormone that is naturally occurring and restructured it into a drug.” (5)

Weight Comes Right Back When Drug Is Stopped

Considering semaglutide does not address the underlying drivers of weight gain and obesity, it’s not surprising that many people gain back the weight they lost as soon as they stop taking the drug. When one woman from South Holland, Illinois, who lost 60 pounds on Wegovy, could no longer access it due to an insurance change, she gained back 20 pounds within a few months.6

The so-called “Ozempic rebound”7 has been making headlines in the media, after a study found that one year after stopping semaglutide, participants regained two-thirds of their prior weight loss, and most of the changes in cardiometabolic variables also reverted back to pretreatment levels.8

This, the researchers said, highlights “the importance of maintaining long-term pharmacological treatment for weight management in people with obesity,”9 which, as Modern Discontent pointed out, is a “rather concerning remark to suggest that one solution to obesity is to continuously provide a pharmaceutical.”10

“Considering that GLP-1RAs appear to have actual neurological effects (i.e. blocking hunger and mimicking satiation), there’s a serious mental component that’s worth considering with respect to these medications and their influences on the relationship people have with food.

That is, the loss of a “off” button in eating means that weight gain is possibly an inevitable result if one did not get behavioral and lifestyle factors under full control (i.e. they return to the old habits that contributed to their weight gain).

This is a consequence of sacrificing long-term lifestyle changes that will lead to better health for quick fixes where the main goal is just to lose weight. It’s also a growing sign of how out-of-touch many people are with what they put in their bodies- both food-wise and pharmaceutical-wise.”(11)

AAP Pushes Weight Loss Drugs for Children

Even children are falling victim to the mentality that medications are the answer for weight loss. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) updated its guidance on childhood obesity, giving a wholehearted endorsement for weight loss drugs and surgery in children as young as 12 and 13, respectively.

The AAP guidance recommends “comprehensive treatment,” which includes nutrition support, physical activity, behavioral therapy, medications and metabolic and bariatric surgery.

“There is no evidence to support either watchful waiting or unnecessary delay of appropriate treatment of children with obesity,” the guidance explains, instead setting the tone that early and aggressive drug and surgical treatment is warranted.12

Coauthor Dr. Sandra Hassink, medical director for the AAP Institute for Healthy Childhood Weight, told The Associated Press that the guidelines are meant to change the view that obesity is “a personal problem, maybe a failure of the person’s diligence. This is not different than you have asthma and now we have an inhaler for you.”13 According to the guideline’s executive summary:14

“Obesity has long been stigmatized as a reversible consequence of personal choices but has, in reality, complex genetic, physiologic, socioeconomic, and environmental contributors.

An increased understanding of the impact of social determinants of health (SDoHs) on the chronic disease of obesity — along with heightened appreciation of the impact of the chronicity and severity of obesity-related comorbidities — has enabled broader and deeper understanding of the complexity of both obesity risk and treatment.”

Further, the guidelines specifically state:15

Pediatricians and other primary health care providers should offer adolescents 12 years and older with obesity (BMI ≥95th percentile) weight loss pharmacotherapy … as an adjunct to health behavior and lifestyle treatment
Pediatricians and other primary health care providers should offer referral for adolescents 13 years and older with severe obesity (BMI ≥120% of the 95th percentile for age and sex) for evaluation for metabolic and bariatric surgery

In December 2022, the FDA approved the use of semaglutide to treat obesity in children ages 12 and over.16 The approval came following a 68-week study of 12- to 18-year-olds, which found those taking the drug had a 16.1% decrease in BMI compared to 0.6% in the placebo group.17

Concern Over Cancer Risks, Long-Term Effects

The long-term risks of semaglutide are unknown. The most commonly reported side effects are gastrointestinal in nature, including nausea and vomiting, but concerns of pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer and retinopathy complications, including hemorrhage and blindness, have been reported.18

The cancer risks are a red flag, with one patient in the Sustain 5 trial developing metastatic pancreatic carcinoma about 65 days post-treatment.19 A pharmacovigilance study using the FDA Adverse Events Reporting System also looked into “increasing data on the potential risk of pancreatic carcinoma associated” with GLP-1Ras, including semaglutide, finding a clear association.20

“Based on this pharmacovigilance study, GLP-1RAs, except albiglutide, are associated with pancreatic carcinoma,” the researchers noted, adding, “Based on the bibliometric investigation, cAMP/protein-kinase, Ca2+ channel, endoplasmic-reticulum stress, and oxidative stress are potential pathogenesis of pancreatic carcinoma resulting from GLP-1RAs.”21

Already, the drug carries a black box warning because rodent studies found semaglutide causes thyroid C-cell tumors “at clinically relevant exposures.”22

Will Injectable Skinniness Ruin Exercise?

Another repercussion of quick weight loss via injection might be its influence on other healthy lifestyle parameters, like exercise. While exercise is about far more than weight loss — just one session leads to changes in a remarkable 9,815 molecules in your blood23 — there are still many people who view it only as a tool to shed fat. “In the age of Ozempic, what’s the point of working out?” posits one article in The Atlantic.24

The writer, Xochitl Gonzalez, was initially among those who only worked up a sweat to see the numbers fall on her scale, but she eventually came to the conclusion that, even more importantly, exercise was critical to her mental health and happiness.

Will a new generation of people, content to shed pounds with a weekly injection, give up exercise and the countless beneficial “side effects” that go along with it? Gonzalez writes:25

“[I]n the Age of Ozempic, the idea that we work out to get thin may be even more dangerous than ever, no matter your size. Ozempic now offers injectable skinniness to the same moneyed Alo- and Lululemon-wearing men and women who have been filling up fitness classes and gyms for years, all of them there to chase the elusive goal of “thinner,” or, if they’ve caught it, to keep that slim frame in their clutches.

But at the same time, all of them have been benefiting from the side effects of endorphins and rising heart rates, the pleasure of experiencing the vitality of their own blood-pumping bodies.

If they can now stay skinny with just an injection and a few picked-over meals, will they abandon fitness? What is a life where you don’t need to move your body and you don’t need to eat, but you know you look good in designer clothes? What is real living if you are doing it for the ’gram?”

Keys to Maintain a Healthy Weight Naturally

Using medications to lose weight puts your health and risk and destines you to a lifetime of drug-taking, since you’re likely to regain the weight once you stop taking the drugs. To lose weight naturally, dietary changes are essential. Collectively, consuming too much linoleic acid (LA) is the primary factor driving the overweight and obesity epidemics.

LA is the most common omega-6 fat found in seed oils like soybean, cottonseed, sunflower, rapeseed (canola), corn and safflower.26 Reducing your intake of seed oils and all processed foods, while increasing your intake of healthy fats is a powerful way to support a healthy weight.

Ideally, consider cutting LA down to below 7 grams per day, which is close to what our ancestors used to get before chronic health conditions, including obesity, diabetes, heart disease and cancer, became widespread.

To do so, you’ll need to avoid nearly all ultraprocessed foods, fast foods and restaurant foods, as virtually all of them contain seed oils. The easiest way to do this is to prepare the majority of your food at home so you know what you are eating.

Then there’s the timing of your food, or time restricted eating (TRE) — another important factor in helping to optimize weight. Our ancient ancestors did not have access to food 24/7, so our genetics are optimized to having food at variable intervals, not every few hours. When you eat every few hours for months, years or decades, never missing a meal, your body forgets how to burn fat as a fuel.

In most cases, you can lose weight by eating real food — not ultraprocessed ones — and embracing TRE by limiting food intake to a certain number of hours per day.27 Engaging in nonexercise movement throughout the day, and getting regular exercise, will provide further benefits, with no medications required and radically improving your entire health as a side effect.

Sources and References

Reposted from: https://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2023/04/12/semaglutide-injection.aspx

The Aesthetics Advisor

Why Your Skin Ages From the Inside Out — And What You Can Actually Do About It

Key Takeaways

The Problem With the Mirror

What "Skin Aging" Actually Means

Your Skin Is Keeping Score

The Gut-Skin Axis: Your Microbiome Is Writing on Your Face

How Your Diet Shapes the Way You Age

Foods That Accelerate Skin Aging

Foods That Protect and Rebuild

Stress Is Aging Your Skin — Biochemically, Not Metaphorically

Sleep: The Non-Negotiable Repair Window

Sun Exposure: More Nuanced Than You've Been Told

External Stressors: The Compounding Load

What Actually Works: A Practical Summary

The Bigger Picture

Frequently Asked Questions

Linoleic Acid vs Linolenic Acid: What's the Difference?

What is Linoleic Acid?

What is Alpha Linolenic Acid?

Linoleic Acid vs Linolenic Acid

Linoleic and Linolenic Acid Food Sources

Best Oils High in Linoleic Acid

1. Mayan's Secret USDA Certified Organic Safflower Seed Oil for Anti-aging Skin

2. Safflower Seed Oil Face Moisturizer

3. Safflower Oil 16 oz Cold Pressed 100% Pure Natural Carrier

Best Oils High in Gamma Linolenic Acid

1. US Organic Borage seed Oil (18% GLA)

2. Bella Terra Oils Borage Seed Oil 2oz

3. Naissance Virgin Borage (Starflower) Oil 8 fl oz

Best Oils High in Alpha Linolenic Acid

1. Velona USDA Certified Organic Flaxseed Oil

2. Plant Guru Flaxseed Oil 16 oz Virgin

FAQ

a. Why Linoleic Acid and Linolenic Acid Are Essential Fatty Acids?

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The Metabolic Therapy Stack: Complete Blueprint for Fat Loss, Insulin Sensitivity, and Energy Optimization (2026)

Step 1: Nutrition for Metabolic Repair

Step 2: Resistance & Functional Training

Step 3: Sleep and Circadian Optimization

Step 4: Stress Management

Step 5: Supplements for Metabolic Support

Step 6: Optional Medications (Adjuncts)

Step 7: Monitoring & Personalization

Step 8: Daily Metabolic Therapy Stack Example

Why the Metabolic Therapy Stack Works

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