UNIX Guide for SYSTEM ADMINS

Monitoring Log files in Linux

2011-05-25T16:10:00.000+05:30

How to monitor log files in real time on Linux?

This method/trick can be used on Unix, Linux or Mac platforms.
Here it goes:

1. SSH on your server first.
2. Type # tail -f /var/log/httpd/access_log
Note: # is the prompt, do not type it. :)
3. The command above will show you the last few lines of the log file. If you are familiar with tail command, this is no surprise. But the -f flag will print you any new lines added to the log file in real-time.
By this way you can easily get the live traffic to your server.

If you feel like monitoring and tracing the output based on a specific IP address, then type

# tail -f /var/log/httpd/access_log | grep '192.168.3.127'

AIX Documentation

2011-05-11T18:58:00.001+05:30

Today we will have a look at AIX documentations.

Before going into the details, let us see a figure regarding AIX documentation.

AIX softcopy documentation is loaded on a documentation server. Any other computer on the network with a web-browser software can access the documentation from the server, these machines are called Documentation Clients.

To configure the Documentation Server, the following has to be installed and configured:

a.AIX softcopy documentation

b.Eclipse Web Server

c.Web Browser Software

The Documentation Client needs to just have a web browser software like Internet explorer.

Configuration of online AIX documentation

•Install the Web Server Software and start the Web Server Software

•Install the Web Browser Software

•Install the AIX documentation

•Install the Information Center run time environment

–AIX 5L V5.3 Documentation CD

–Includes internal eclipse Web server

–infocenter.aix.rte

•Configure Documentation Services

– #smit change_documentation_services

**NOTE:- [Steps to configure the AIX Online Documentation on the Documentation server are as follows:-

•Install the mozilla web brower from expansion Pack CD.

•#smit change_documentation_services ]

DOCUMENTATION SERVICES

Use the fast path smit change_documentation_services to configure the documentation server. If installation is correct then these values will come automatically as shown in the slide. Eclipse Web server listen the requests on port 64111. So you have to check the port number. It should be 64111.

IBM pSeries Information Center

Once the AIX Documentation is configured on your machine, you can access it

Using the web browser. In the web browser’s address bar you can type in

http://hostname:64111/help/index.jsp

Instead of hostname you can also use the ip address.

Information Center Documents

NOTE:-Once you type the proper address in address bar you will get the home page of documentation. On the home page you will get links for PDFs that contains the AIX commands. You can download these PDFs to your machine and save them for future use.

Information Center Search

Here you can see the search box where you can type command name and then click on go button. It will show all the pages links in the left pane that contains the word you typed in search box.

2011-05-09T23:35:00.000+05:30

Software Maintenance

This is the command used to maintain the software installed in an AIX machine.

# smit maintain_software

The screen looks like:-

Software Maintenance and Utilities

Move cursor to desired item and press Enter.

Commit Applied Software Updates (Remove Saved Files)

Reject Applied Software Updates (Use Previous Version)

Remove Installed Software

Rename Software Images in Repository

Clean Up Software Images in Repository

Copy Software to Hard Disk for Future Installation

Copy Software Bundle to Hard Disk for Future Installation

Check Software File Sizes After Installation

Verify Software Installation and Requisites

Clean Up After Failed or Interrupted Installation

Service Update Management Assistant (SUMA)

F1=Help F2=Refresh F3=Cancel F8=Image

F9=Shell F10=Exit Enter=Do

AIX FIX REPOSITORY

2011-05-09T23:28:00.001+05:30

FIX REPOSITORY:-

When working with modification or fixes, it is common to download the fixes to a directory on your hard disk before installation. This location is commonly referred to as the fix repository.

While /usr/sys/inst.images is a standard location for storing software images and will appear in the smit input device/directory(F4) list, you may use any directory for this purpose.

AIX Fix Central Web site:

www.ibm.com/servers/eserver/support/pseries/aixfixes.html.

Maintenance packages

Maintenance packages are released every four to six months.

Use the oslevel –r to determine your current level.

Specific fixes

These are generally available fixes that resolve specific problems.

Emergency Fixes

When resolution to a problem cannot wait for a generally available fix. IBM may provide a way around the problem in the form of an emergency fix.

Critical Fixes

IBM periodically publishes information about generally available fixes that may apply to your system.

Commands used to manage fixes:-

The command instfix allows you to install a fix or a set of fixes

The same command can also be used to determine if a fix is installed on your system or not.

•Installs a fix:
# instfix -k IY58143 -d /dev/cd0

•Searches for a fix:
# instfix -ik IY58143
All filesets for IY58143 were found.

•Searches for a fix by keyword:
# instfix -s SCSI -d /dev/cd0

•List which AIX BOS maintenance levels are partly or full installed:
# instfix -i | grep ML
All filesets for 5.3.0.0_AIX_ML were found.
All filesets for 5300-01_AIX_ML were found.

•List which filesets are missing in a partly installed AIX BOS maintenance level:
# instfix -ciqk 5300-01_AIX_ML | grep :-:

Some useful options with this command are:-

-s – search for and show entries containing this particular string

-k – install filesets for a keyword

-T – just display table of contents

-I – Give information only

-d – to specify the input device.

Fix central Web-site:-

Installing Other Optional Softwares on AIX Machine

2011-05-06T22:41:00.001+05:30

How will you install optional software on a AIX machine?

Firstly, What is an optional software?
Optional softwares are those which are not pre-installed when you install an AIX machine.

Secondly, How will you identify the software product?
The OS software could be identified with the following format as:-

versionnumber.releasenumber.modificationlevel.fixlevel

Versionnumber- it may be 1 to 2 digits.
Releasenumber- It may be 1 to 2 digits.
Modificationlevel- It can be from 1 to 4 digits.
Fixlevel- It can be from 1 to 4 digits.

How to remember this? vrmf

Eg:- 05.02.0000.0000
Eg2:- 5.3.0083.2233

This is useful when we need to find the level of the AIX OS using the #oslevel command

Now let us see some of the key words required to go further:-

1. Fileset- It is the smallest installable unit for the AIX OS, example of a completely installable unit is bos.net.uucp & example of a separately installable part of a product like bos.net.nfs.client

2. Packages- It is a group of separately installable filesets, which provides a set of related functions. Eg:- bos.net

3. Licensed Program Products(LPP)- They are a complete software product including all packages associated with that licensed program. Eg:- BOS

4. Bundles - They are a list of sofwares which contains filesets, packages, LPPs, that are used for a specified use. Bundles are the actual software.

example:- Server bundle, network bundle, graphics bundle

5. PTFs- It stands for Program Temporary Fix. A temporary solution or by-pass of a problem diagnosed by IBM as resulting from a defect in a current unaltered release of the program. A report of a problem caused by a suspected defect in a current unaltered release of a program.

6. APAR - It stands for Authorized Program Analysis Report. A report of a problem caused by a suspected defect in a current unaltered release of a program. It is an emergency fix.

Now let's see how the software hierarchy in aix looks like:-

The Naming Conventions used for the fileset is :-

SOFTWARE STATES

As you can see from the above pic.. there are 2 states when you are installing any software.
Applied state and Committed state.

Lets say you already have a older version of a software available on your system. Now you want to install a newer version of the software. In this example, you can install this software in Applied mode. If you install a software in applied mode, it maintains the older version in un-available state (not removed) and the newer version will be in Applied mode and made available to you. That means both the old and the new version are there on your system. If you are convinced with the newer version you can commit the newer version. Once the newer version is committed, the older version which was maintained will be removed and if the newer version is rejected, then the older version is made available again and the newer version gets removed i.e. rejected.

Coming to the final part of the article, let us get into the business of installing a software.

The command used to install a software is:-

#smit install

Now immediately the System Installation window pops up.

If you choose the first option ie Install and Update Software, you will again see submenus

Now we can see that the software is installed using SMIT in this way.

We can list the installed softwares using the command

#smit list_installed

#lslpp -l bos.rte.*

>>Hope you enjoyed the knowledge in this post :)

Have a nice day :)

SMIT Log and Script Files

2011-05-06T19:16:00.001+05:30

Today lets see what happens when you run SMIT tool in an AIX machine...

When SMIT is entered, in the background 2 files gets created, they are:-

1. •$HOME/smit.log

2. •$HOME/smit.script

Now lets see what these files actually are...

$HOME/smit.log : contains a record of every SMIT screen visited, AIX commands executed and the output of those commands.

$HOME/smit.script: File contains the AIX commands executed by SMIT.

Hope this page was informative.. :)

Types of Installation methods available for AIX

2011-05-05T19:57:00.001+05:30

There are 3 types of installation types in AIX, they are:-

1. Complete Overwrite Installation
2. Preservation Installation
3. Migration Installation

Descriptions:-

COMPLETE OVERWRITE INSTALLATION:-
An installation method that completely overwrites an existing version of the Base Operating System that is installed on your system. This procedure may impair recovery of data or destroy all existing data on your hard drives. Be sure to back up your system before doing a complete overwrite installation.

PRESERVATION INSTALLATION:-
An installation method used when a previous version of the Base Operating System (BOS) is installed on your system and you want to preserve the user data in the root volume group. However, this method overwrites the /usr, /tmp, /var, and / (root) file systems, so any user data in these directories is lost. System configuration must be done after doing a preservation installation.

MIGRATION INSTALLATION:-
An installation method for upgrading AIX Version 5.3 or later to the current release while preserving the existing root volume group. This method preserves the /usr, /tmp, /var, and / (root) file systems, as well as the root volume group, logical volumes, and system configuration files. Migration is the default installation method for, and can only be used on, an AIX Version 5.3 or later machine

List of SMIT FastPaths

2011-05-04T20:38:00.001+05:30

Here I will be providing you all with the list of commands which can be used along with SMIT.

You can access SMIT tasks and sub-menus directly by using a fast path.

At any menu in SMIT you can just show the FastPath by just pressing F8 function key.

List of SMIT FastPaths

Application/Task	Fast Path
Software Installation and Maintenance Install and Update Software Install Software Update Installed Software to Latest Level (Update All) Install Software Bundle Update Software by Fix (APAR) Install and Update from ALL Available Software List Software and Related Information List Installed Software and Related Information List Installed Software List Applied but Not Committed Software Updates Show Software Installation History Show Fix (APAR) Installation Status List Fileset Requisites List Fileset Dependents List Files Included in a Fileset List Fileset Containing File Show Installed License Agreements List Software on Media and Related Information List Filesets in a Bundle List Software on Installation Media List Software Fixes (APARs) on Installation Media List Supplemental Fileset Information on Installation Media Show License Agreements on Installation Media Software Maintenance and Utilities Commit Applied Software Updates (Remove Saved Files) Reject Applied Software Updates (Use Previous Version) Remove Installed Software Copy Software to Hard Disk for Future Installation Check Software File Sizes After Installation Verify Software Installation and Requisites Network Installation Management Configure Network Installation Management Client Fileset Install and Update Software List Software on Media and Related Information List Filesets in a Bundle List Software on Installation Media List Software Fixes (APARs) on Installation Media Manage Network Install Permissions Manage Network Install Resource Allocation System Backup Manager Back Up the System Back Up This System to Tape/File Create a Generic Backup CD List Files in a System Image Restore Files in a System Image	install install_update install_latest update_all install_bundle update_by_fix install_all list_software list_installed list_installed_sw list_applied_sw show_history show_apar_stat list_requisites list_dependents list_files what_fileset installed_license list_media list_bundle list_media_sw list_media_fixes list_media_info license_on_media maintain_software commit reject remove bffcreate check_files verify_install nim_client niminit nim_client_inst nim_client_list nim_c_list_bundle nim_c_list_sw nim_c_list_fixes nim_perms nim_c_mac_res backsys sysbackup mksysb mkcdgeneric lsmksysb restmksysb
Software License Management Manage Nodelocked Licenses Add Nodelocked License from a File Add Nodelocked License from the Keyboard Delete a Nodelocked License Manage License Servers and License Databases Show Server Characteristics Manage Concurrent Use and Use Once Licenses Manage Vendor Information in License Databases Show License Usage on Servers Show License Usage Summary Show Licenses Currently Being Used Show License Information by Server Show Licenses Held by a Specific User Show License Agreements Show Installed License Agreements Show License Agreements on Installation Media	licenses manage_nodelocked add_nodelocked_from_file add_nodelocked_from_keyboard delete_nodelocked manage_servers show_server_characteristics manage_prod_licenses manage_vendors show_server_status show_total_license_usage show_current_license_usage show_installed_licenses show_user_license_held show_license_agree installed_license license_on_media
Devices Install/Configure Devices Added After IPL Printer/Plotter TTY PTY Console Fixed Disk CD ROM Drive Read/Write Optical Drive Diskette Drive Tape Drive Communication Graphic Displays Graphic Input Devices Low Function Terminal (LFT) SCSI Initiator Device SCSI Adapter Asynchronous I/O Multimedia List Devices Configure/Unconfigure Devices Unconfigure a Device Configure a Defined Device Install Additional Device Software PCI Hot Plug Manager Unconfigure a Device Configure a Defined Device Install/Configure Devices Added After IPL ISA Adapters	dev cfgmgr printer tty pty console disk cdrom rwopt diskette tape commodev g_display input lft scsiid scsia aio mm lsattr devcfg devcfg_ucfg devcfg_cfg devinst devdrpci rmdev mkdev cfgmgr devisa
System Storage Management (Physical & Logical Storage) Logical Volume Manager Volume Groups List All Volume Groups Add a Volume Groups Set Characteristics of a Volume Group List Contents of a Volume Group Remove a Volume Group Activate a Volume Group Deactivate a Volume Group Import a Volume Group Export a Volume Group Mirror a Volume Group Unmirror a Volume Group Synchronize LVM Mirrors Back Up a Volume Group Remake a Volume Group List Files in a Volume Group Backup Restore Files in a Volume Group Backup Logical Volumes List All Logical Volumes by Volume Group Add a Logical Volume Set Characteristics of a Logical Volume Show Characteristics of a Logical Volume Remove a Logical Volume Copy a Logical Volume Physical Volumes Add a Disk Change Characteristics of a Physical Volume List Contents of a Physical Volume Move Contents of a Physical Volume Paging Space Add Another Paging Space Change/Show Characteristics of a Paging Space Remove a Paging Space Activate a Paging Space Deactivate a Paging Space File Systems List All File Systems List All Mounted File Systems Add/Change/Show/Delete File Systems Mount a File System Mount a Group of File Systems Unmount a File System Unmount a Group of File Systems Verify a File System Backup a File System Restore a File System List Contents of a Backup Files & Directories Backup a File or Directory Restore a File or Directory List Contents of a Backup Removable Disk Management List All Mounted File Systems on a Disk Unmount File Systems on a Disk Remove a Disk from the Operating System Remove a Disk Open Door System Backup Manager Back Up the System List Files in a System Image Restore Files in a System Image	storage lvm vg lsvg2 mkvg vgsc lsvg1 reducevg2 varyonvg varyoffvg importvg exportvg mirrorvg unmirrorvg syncvg vgbackup restvg lsbackvg restsavevg lv lsvg mklv lvsc lslv rmlv cplv pv makdsk chpv lspv migratepv pgsp mkps chps rmps swapon swapoff fs lsfs mount manfs mountfs mountg umountfs umountg fsck backfilesys restfilesys listtoc filemgr backfile restfile listtoc rds lsmntdsk umntdsk removedsk rmvdsk1 open_door backsys sysbackup lsmksysb restmksysb
Security and Users Users Add a User Change a User's Password Change/Show Characteristics of a User Lock/Unlock a User's Account Reset User's Failed Login Count Remove a User List All Users Groups List All Groups Add a Group Change/Show Characteristics of a Group Remove a Group Passwords Change a User's Password Change/Show Password Attributes for a User Login Controls Change/Show Login Attributes for a User Change/Show Login Attributes for a Port Roles Add a Role Change/Show Characteristics of a Role Remove a Role List All Roles	security users mkuser passwd chuser lockuser failed_logins rmuser lsuser groups lsgroup mkgroup chgroup rmgroup passwords passwd passwdattrs logins login_user login_port roles mkrole chrole rmrole lsrole
Communications Applications and Services TCP/IP Minimum Configuration & Startup Further Configuration Hostname Static Routes Network Interfaces Name Resolution Client Network Services Server Network Services Manage Print Server Select BSD style rc Configuration Authentication Configuration Use DHCP for TCPIP Configuration & Startup IPV6 Configuration IPV6 Static Routes IPV6 Network Interfaces IPV6 Daemon/Process Configuration Quality of Service Configuration & Startup Start Using the QoS Subsystem Stop Using the QoS Subsystem NFS Configure TCP/IP (If Not Already Configured) Network File System (NFS) Configure NFS on This System Add a Directory to Exports List Change/Show Attributes of an Exported Directory Remove a Directory from Exports List Add a File System for Mounting Change/Show Attributes of an NFS File System Remove Remove an NFS File System	commo tcpip mktcpip configtcp hostname route netinterface namerslv clientnet ruser server setbootup_option auth_config usedhcp configtcp6 route6 inet6 daemon6 configqos startqos stopqos nfs_menus tcpip nfs nfsconfigure mknfsexp chnfsexp rmnfsexp mknfsmnt chnfsmnt rmnfsmnt
Print Spooling Start a Print Job Manage Print Jobs Cancel a Print Job Show the Status of Print Jobs Prioritize a Print Job Hold/Release a Print Job Move a Job Between Print Queues Manage Print Queues Show Status of Print Queues Stop a Print Queue Start a Print Queue Set the System's Default Print Queue Add a Print Queue Add an Additional Printer to an Existing Print Queue Change/Show Print Queue Characteristics Remove a Print Queue Manage Print Server Programming Tools	spooler qprt jobs qcan qchk qpri qhld qmove pqmanage qstatus qstop qstart qdefault mkpq mkqprt chpq rmpq server pqtools
Problem Determination Error Log Generate Error Report Change/Show Characteristics of the Error Log Clean the Error Log System Dump Change the Primary Dump Device Change the Secondary Dump Device Change the Directory to which Dump is Copied on Boot Copy a System Dump from a Dump Device to a File Copy a System Dump from a Dump Device to Diskette Always Allow System Dump System Dump Compression Check Dump Resources Utility Alog Show an Alog file Change/Show Characteristics of an Alog File Hardware Diagnostics Verify Software Installation and Requisites	problem error errpt errdemon errclear dump dumpchgp dumpchgs dumpchgd dump_copy_file dump_copy_dskt dump_allow dump_comprs dump_checkr alog alog_show alog_change diag verify_install
Performance and Resource Scheduling Resource Status & Monitors Analysis Tools Resource Controls Remove a Process Set Initial Priority of a Process Change Initial Priority of a Process Set System Run Level Schedule Jobs Power Management Configure/Unconfigure Power Management System State Transition from Enable State Display Power Management Battery Workload Management Work on alternate configurations Copy a configuration Create a configuration Select a configuration Enter configuration description Remove a configuration Work on a set of Subclasses Add a class Change/Show Characteristics of a class General characteristics of a class CPU resource management Memory resource management diskIO resource management Remove a class Class assignment rules Create a new Rule Change/Show Characteristics of a Rule Start/Stop/Update WLM Start Workload Management Update Workload Management Stop Workload Management Assign/Unassign processes to a class/subclass	performance monitors analysis controls kill nice renice telinit at pm pmConfig pmState pmDisplaySelect pmBattery wlm wlmconfig wlmconfig_copy wlmconfig_create wlmconfig_select wlmconfig_enter wlmconfig_delete wlmsubclass wlmaddclass wlmchclass wlmclass_gal wlmclass_cpu wlmclass_mem wlmclass_bio wlmrmclass wlmrs crewlmrs chgwlmrs wlmmanage wlmstart wlmupdate wlmoff wlmassign
System Environments Stop the System Assign the Console Change/Show Date and Time Change/Show Date & Time Change Time Zone Using System Defined Values Change Time Zone Using User Inputted Values Manage Language Environment Change/Show Primary Language Environment Add Additional Language Environments Remove Language Environments Change/Show Language Hierarchy Set User Languages Change/Show Applications for a Language Convert System Messages and Flat Files Change/Show Characteristics of Operating System Change/Show Number of Licensed Users Manage AIX Floating User Licenses for this Server Broadcast Message to all Users Manage System Logs Change/Show Characteristics of System Dump Internet and Documentation Services Change/Show Default Browser Change Documentation and Search Server Change/Show Default Documentation Language Web-based System Manager Change System User Interface Change/Show Default Documentation Language Manage Remote Reboot Facility Manage System Hang Detection	system shutdown chcons chtz_date date chtz chtz_user mlang chlang mle_add_lang mle_rm_lang_hdr mle_hier_cmd_hdr chlang_user mle_chapp_menu nu_iconv chgsys chlicense netls_server wall logs dump web_configure change_default_browser change_doc_search_server chdoclang web_based_system_manager dt_config chdoclang rrbtty shd
Processes and Subsystems Processes Remove a Process Bind a Process to a Processor Unbind a Process Subsystems Query a Subsystem Start a Subsystem Stop a Subsystem Stop a Single Subsystem Stop All Subsystems Refresh a Subsystem Trace Subsystem Start Trace Stop Trace Subservers Query a Subserver Start a Subserver Stop a Subserver Trace Subserver Start Trace Stop Trace	src process kill bindproc unbindproc subsys qssys startssys stopssys stopassys stopallssys refresh tracessys tracessyson tracessysoff subserver qserver startserver stopserver traceserver startserver.trace stopserver.trace

Function Keys used in AIX Machine

2011-05-04T19:52:00.002+05:30

Just for your reference!!

The function keys used in an AIX machine are:-

F1= Help

F2= Refresh

F3= Cancel

F6= Show command

F8 = Image

F9= Shell

F10= Exit

Enter= Do

SMIT

2011-05-04T19:51:00.001+05:30

What is smit basically?
SMIT stands for System Management Interface Tool.

Let us see what is smit or smitty.
Smit is bascially a command tool used to run other commands. Smit is an interactive tool with graphical interface(menu based). Smit can run in 2 modes, either ASCII(text based) or graphical mode.

General syntax for SMIT is;
#smit [flag] [FastPath]

At the command interface:-
To use smit in ASCII mode type in
#smit or smitty -a

To use smit in menu based(FastPath) mode type in
#smit -m or #msmit

If you type #smit without any flag, then the system will check whether the system has any graphical capabilities and accordingly proceeds.

The most preferred mode is ASCII mode as it can be used from any machine.

Eg:-
#smit mkuser
You get the menu required in menu format to create users.

AIX Installation

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Snap shots for AIX installation.

Steps to be followed to install AIX on a IBM AIX RS/6000 box.

AIX INSTALLATION PICTURES

AIX installation in pictures

(plus explanatory text)

Boot

Installation starts with booting from media. In this case, from the AIX 7.1 DVD media.

Select Install Screen

First we have to tell AIX which screen we are installing from. AIX sends a message to each screen -
whether it is a tty or lft (low function graphic terminal) with a number. Press that number followed by
the Enter key. The other displays clear and AIX continues with the selected screen.

Install Language

The first choice you need to make is language. English is pre-selected so just press enter.

Welcome to AIX

Although you could go through life accepting defaults, I prefer option 2 when installing AIX.

Installation Settings

Use option 1 to ensure it is a New & Overwrite install - let's be fresh!
Then use option 2 to select your language of choice. I prefer using the USA English.

Set Primary Languge

After you select option 2 note that the default choice is the next screen. Continue scrolling and enter your language number.
The screen after that is the keyboard selection. I always choose the "smaller" keyboard - option 1.

Security

For an initial install the defaults are probably fine, but let's take a peek.
Option 3 please.

Security Models

Do not start with Trusted AIX. That is an advanced topic we shall cover on another day. Since we are
looking at options - Option 2 please.

Standard Security Options

Defaults are all No - and we shall leave them at No.
Option 1. "Secure by Default" installs less of AIX than usual - being more secure than installing everything. Also, "Secure by Default" calls AIX Security Expert during the
first boot to do some automatic system hardening.
Option 2. "CAPP and EAL4+ Configuration Install" - Controlled Access Protection Profile and
European Audit Level 4 with some additions. This used to be known as C2 (from Orange Book days) Security.
http://www.commoncriteriaportal.org/files/ppfiles/capp.pdf
http://publib.boulder.ibm.com/infocenter/aix/v6r1/topic/com.ibm.aix.security/doc/security/capp_eal4plus.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evaluation_Assurance_Level
Option 3. Trusted Computing Base Install. This is the old TCB install. Great in it's day - we do not want it now.
Instead, for AIX 6 and AIX 7 we will use the default TE, Trusted Execution. Note: if you are installing AIX4 or AIX5
the steps are nearly identical - the options for step 3 are different. I used to recommend installing TCB for AIX4
and AIX5 - but that prevents a clean migration from AIX5 to AIX6 and higher (neither TE nor efs (encrypted
file systems) will install. I have also had problems with the new pconsole on migrations from AIX 5.2 and AIX 5.3.
For AIX6 and higher I highly recommend a "New and Overwrite" install - see above please.
Use option 0 now (Continue to more software options)

Install Options

Normally you will leave all these options at yes.
Option 1. Graphics Software. X11 applications can run in client mode. This does not, by default, enable an
X11 server. Unless security policy specifically prohibits it, leave this option at yes.
Option 2. System Management Client Software. Highly recommended to leave this at yes for ease of remote
management of this system.
Option 3. AIX6 and higher is 64-bit kernel. JFS2 is optimized for an 64 bit-kernel. The is really no reason
not to use JFS2. Leave this at yes. You will need to reinstall AIX to get it into JFS2 if you do not.
Option 4. Enable System Backups to install to any system. This is an aid to system cloning. Leaving it to yes means
AIX installs many more filesets (nearly 500) and the install time takes longer. Sooner or later
all the filesets will be installed. Why, how and/or when you ask? When you update AIX to a (new) technology level
one of the side-effects is that all device drivers get installed. This is to prevent a mixture of device
drivers coming from different TL and or service-pack combinations. The recommendation is to leave it at yes.
Press Enter please (option 5 pre-selected)

Install More Software

These options are all no by default.
Option 1: Firefox. If you want to work with Firefox on AIX change this to yes. The install process will prompt
you for the correct DVDs at the appropriate time to install Firefox. You can also do this later
using the smitty easy_install option to install the Firefox bundle.
Option 2: Not many people need Kerberos. If you do - switch to yes and the installation procedure prompts you
at the correct moment for the expansion DVD. What expansion DVD you ask? Then leave this at no. Again,
smitty easy_install will install the kerberos bundle later.
Option 3: Server. Back in the CDROM days you would install extra software from the second CDROM. It all fits
on one DVD now so you want get prompted for Volume 2 anymore. Why this option then? Think of it as the
opposite of "Secure by Default". This options installs the optional server filesets.

Take note: the next default action is to start installation. Press Enter!

Installation Summary

IBM would not be IBM (I guess) if it did not provide a summary screen (rather than a simple "Are you sure Y/N".
This screen summarizes what you have chosen. Default (option 1) is to really start installation, but you can
go back to the main installation menu (option 99) and make any changes you desire.

Installing Base Operating System

Once you see a screen like this, AIX installation has really started. A lot of information will scroll over the screen, but basically, you are done. Installing AIX from a DVD takes from 30 to 60 minutes - depending largely on the speed of the disks being written to. But then I test on systems that are 5+ years old. When I am on new hardware (at customers) installs take about 20 minutes.

When the installation is finished AIX reboots and configuration begins - but that is another story!

AIX Basics- Prerequesite

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AIX short for Advanced Interactive eXecutive was first entered into the market by IBM in February 1990. AIX is an implementation of Unix derived from both AT&T Unix System V and 4.3 BSD. AIX offers the Korn (ksh) shell, Bourne (sh) and C (csh) shells however defaults to the Korn shell. AIX primarily designed for medium to large scale servers and mainframes. However, it can also be used in workstations. It supports standard peripherals like Supports standard peripherals: PCI Slots, SCSI, PS/2 keyboard and mouse, Ethernet.

Ø Levels of AIX

The AIX system is functionally organized at three levels:

- The kernel, which schedules tasks and manages storage;
- The shell, which connects and interprets users' commands, calls programs from memory, and executes them; and
- The tools and applications that offer additional functionality to the operating system.

Ø The Kernel

The heart of the operating system, the kernel controls the hardware and turns part of the system on and off at the programmer’s command. If you ask the computer to list (ls) all the files in a directory, the kernel tells the computer to read all the files in that directory from the disk and display them on your screen. The kernel itself does not interact directly with the user, but rather interacts with the shell and other programs as well as with the hardware devices on the system, including the processor (also called the central processing unit or CPU), memory and disk drives. The kernel is the first part of the operating system to load into memory during booting (i.e., system startup), and it remains there for the entire duration of the computer session because its services are required continuously. Thus it is important for it to be as small as possible while still providing all the essential services needed by the other parts of the operating system and by the various application programs.

When a computer crashes, it actually means the kernel has crashed. If only a single program has crashed but the rest of the system remains in operation, then the kernel itself has not crashed. The kernel provides basic services for all other parts of the operating system, typically including memory management, process management, file management and I/O (input/output) management (i.e., accessing the peripheral devices). These services are requested by other parts of the operating system or by application programs through a specified set of program interfaces referred to as system calls.

Ø Logical Volume Manager (LVM)

LVM is a disk management mechanism that is significantly different from traditional UNIX partitioning schemes. The LVM maps data between logical and physical storage, allowing data to be discontiguous, span multiple disks, flexible and dynamically expanded. One advantage is the ability to allocate additional space to a file system without the need to rebuild the disk. The LVM controls physical disk resources by providing a simplified logical view of the available storage space.

Ø Volume Group, Filesystems and Logical Volumes

The logical storage structure that is the most common is called the volume group (VG). In AIX, storage allocation is performed at the volume group level. Data cannot span volume groups. When the AIX operating system is first installed, a volume group called rootvg is created. The rootvg contains the base operating system files for AIX.

Each individual disk drive is logically represented by a physical volume (PV). Each physical volume consists of a number of partitions called physical partitions (PP). The physical partitions are grouped into something called a logical volume that contains logical partitions. The logical volume, in turn, belongs to a volume group. Logical volumes contain the file systems (like the Journaling File System or JFS).

All of the logical volumes use JFS to store data. This file system uses database journaling techniques to maintain its structural consistency. This prevents damage to the file system when the system is halted abnormally. Other file systems that you might encounter on AIX may include JFS2, NFS (Network File System), and AFS (Andrew File System). The term file system is also used to describe the hierarchical structure (file tree) of files and directories.

Ø The Shell

The shell is a command interpreter that allows an end user to type in commands to communicate to the AIX system. By default, when a user logins, a shell process is started. The default AIX shell is /usr/bin/ksh, which is the Korn Shell, unless and until specified while creating a user. Other available shells are:

- /bin/bsh the Bourne shell

- /bin/csh the C-shell

- /bin/sh the Standard shell

Using the System

Ø Logging in and out

After bootup, the RS/6000 displays a login prompt on what looks like a character-based terminal, where you can enter your username and password to get into the system. Logging in to the RS/6000 follows the typical UNIX login process: The getty process provides the login screen. If a user enters an id at this getty login prompt, getty starts the login process to validate the user. AIX's login program checks not only /etc/passwd, which contains user names, but also a shadow password file, /etc/security/passwd, which contains the encrypted passwords of each of the users. login then starts a login shell as defined in /etc/passwd for the user, which by default is the KornShell (ksh). [4] ksh then reads the user's .profile.

If you are in an X Window session, stopping it by choosing End Session on the Root Menu will usually log you out. However, if your system displays an ASCII screen with a command line prompt (usually a "$" prompt) after you stop X, then you have to take the additional step of closing the shell by typing either the exit command or the logout commands.

Ø The date, cal, who and finger commands

The ‘date’ command displays or set the date or time for a particular system. If the command is run without any flag, it displays the current date and time to standard output.

The ‘cal’ command displays a calendar of the specified year or month.

The ‘who’ command displays information about all users currently on the local system. The information displayed when running the command is login name, tty, date and time of login. Typing who am i or who am I displays your login name, tty, date and time you logged in. If the user is logged in from a remote machine, then the host name of that machine is displayed as well.

The ‘finger’ command displays information about the users currently logged in to a host.

Ø Sending and receiving mail

You can use the ‘mail’ program to create, send, reply, and forward messages to other users or to send ASCII files to other users. An ASCII file may, for example, be a document you have written using a preferred editor or a source file for a program. The mail program provides a line-oriented editor for creating messages. This editor enables you to enter each line of the message, press the Enter key to get a new line, and enter more text. When you create mail with the mail editor, the date: and from: fields are automatically completed by the system. You have the option to complete the subject: and cc: fields. These fields are similar to the body of a standard business letter. Other editors can only be used by using the editor subcommands. You can send messages and files to a user on your local system, on your network, or to a user on another connected network. The recipient does not need to be logged onto the system when you send the information. Mail is sent to a user's address. The address, containing the login name and system name, directs the delivery of the mail message.

Ø The write and wall commands

The ‘write’ command opens a line of communication to send messages to other users on the system in real time.

The ‘wall’ command writes a message to all users that are logged in.

Ø Talk with another user

The ‘talk’ command is used to converse with another user. It allows two users on the same host or on different hosts to have an interactive conversation.

Ø The clear, echo and banner commands

The ‘clear’ command clears the terminal screen.

The ‘echo’ command writes character strings to standard output.

The ‘banner’ command writes ASCII character strings in large letters to standard output.

Ø The wc command

The ‘wc’ command counts the number of lines, words, bytes, or characters in a file.

Files and directories

Ø What is a File?

A file is a collection of letters, numbers and special characters: it may be a program, a database, a dissertation, a reading list, a simple letter etc. Sometimes you may import a file from elsewhere, for example from another computer. If you want to enter your own text or data, you will start by creating a file.

Ø Inodes

In AIX, each file system contains a superblock, inodes, and data blocks. Each file has an inode containing information such as file size and time of last modification. The inodes of small files also contain the addresses of all disk blocks that comprise the file data. A large file can use too many data blocks for an inode to directly address. In such a case, the inode points instead to one or more levels of indirect blocks that are deep enough to hold all of the data block addresses.

Ø File system structure

A file system is a hierarchical structure (file tree) of files and directories. This type of structure resembles an inverted tree with the roots at the top and the branches at the bottom. This file tree uses directories to organize data and programs into groups, allowing the management of many directories and files at one time. The basic type of file system is called the Journaled File System (JFS). This file system uses database journaling techniques to maintain its structural consistency. This prevents damage to the file system when the system is halted abnormally.

Ø Where am I?

In order to know which directory you are currently located in, you can run the command ‘pwd’ and it will display the full path where you are residing. The ‘pwd’ is the acronym for Present Working Directory.

Ø Changing your current directory

The command used to change a directory from the existing one is ‘cd’. It sets the current working directory of a process.

Ø Creating and removing directories

The directories can be created using the command ‘mkdir’ and can be removed using the command ‘rmdir’.

Ø Listing directories

The command ‘ls -ld’ is used for listing the directories.

Ø Long listing of files

The ‘ls -l’ command will give the long listing of the files.

Ø The touch command

The ‘touch’ command updates the access and modification times of each file specified by the file parameter of each directory. If you specify a file that does not exist, the touch command creates the file.

Ø File Permissions

Overview

The file permissions determine who can read and modify the information stored in your files. They are your primary method for protecting the data that you store on your system.

Changing Permissions using the Symbolic notation

To specify a mode in symbolic form, you must specify three sets of flags. The first set of flags specifies who is granted or denied the specified permissions, as: ‘u’ for File Owner, ‘g’ for Group pertaining to the file’s group and ‘o’ for All Others.

The second set of flags specifies whether the permissions are to be removed, applied, or set: ‘-‘ Removes specified permissions, ‘+’ Applies specified permissions, ‘=’ Clears the selected permission field and sets it to the permission specified.

The third set of flags specifies the permissions that are to be removed, applied, or set: ‘r’ for Read Permission, ‘w’ for Write Permission, ‘x’ for Execute Permission.

Changing Permissions using the Octal notation

The chmod command also permits you to use octal notation for the mode. The numeric mode is the sum of one or more of the following values:

4000: Sets user ID on execution, 2000: Sets group ID on execution, 1000: Sets the link permission to directories or sets the save-text attribute for files, 0400: Permits read by owner, 0200: Permits write by owner, 0100: Permits execute or search by owner, 0040: Permits read by group, 0020: Permits write by group, 0010: Permits execute or search by group, 0004: Permits read by others, 0002: Permits write by others and finally 0001: Permits execute or search by others.

The vi Editior

Ø Starting the vi Editor

The Visual Editor (vi) is a screen editor that comes with the AIX operating system. The vi program is used to create and edit text files. When you edit a file, vi makes a copy of the file to a memory buffer. This way, if any unwanted changes are made, the original file is not destroyed. When your work is completeed, you must remeber to save the buffer which contains your changes. The visual editor has two modes of operation: text input mode and command mode. The vi editor can be executed by issuing the command vi <filename>. When editing a file, vi places a tilde (~) as the first character of lines past the end of your file. These lines are not part of your file, and are for display purposes only.

Ø Adding text

The text can be added into a file by opening the file and pressing the ‘i’ key on the keyboard for inserting the text. You can use the ‘x’ key to delete an alphabet and ‘dd’ to remove a line. After adding the text, press the ‘Esc’ key and save the file.

Ø Exiting the Editor

You can exit the editor either by saving the text or without saving the text. After pressing the ‘Esc’ key, you need to press ‘:’ followed by ‘wq!’ to save and exit or just ‘q!’ to exit without save.

Ø Cursor Movement

There are over forty commands that can be used to move the cursor throughout the file. The basic keys used are ‘up’, ‘down’, ‘right’ and ‘left’ arrow keys on the keyboard to move the cursor to the required place.

Ø Deleting text

In order to delete text, you need to take the cursor to the alphabet or word you want to delete and hit the ‘x’ key till the text is deleted. If you would like to delete the whole line, you can move to cursor to that line and press the key ‘d’ twice as ‘dd’. This will delete the whole line.

Ø Searching for text pattern

To search a pattern in the vi screen, you open the file and click on the ‘/’ key. The ‘/’ is entered at the bottom of your screen, where you can add the word to search and hit enter. You can hit the ‘n’ key to search for the same word elsewhere is the file.

Ø Shell Basics

The Shell

Metacharacters and Wildcards

Wildcard characters provide a convenient way to specify multiple file names or directory names. The wildcard characters are asterisk (*) and question mark (?).Use the * to match any sequence or string of characters. The ‘*’ means any characters, including no characters. For example, if you have the following files in your directory:

1test 2test afile1 afile2 bfile1 file file1 file10 file2 file3

and you want to refer to only to the files that begin with file, you would use:

file*

The files selected would be: file file1 file10 file2 file3

Use the ? to match any one character. The ? means any single character.

To refer to only the files that starts with file and end with a single character, use:

file?

The files selected would be: file1 file2 file3

The metacharacters are open and close square brackets ([ ]), hyphen (-), and exclamation mark (!). To refer to only the files that end in 1 or 2, use:

*file[12]

The files selected would be: afile1 afile2 file1 file2

To refer only to the files that start with any number, use:

[0123456789]* or [0-9]*

The files selected would be: 1test 2test

To refer only to the files that don't begin with an a, use:

[!a]*

The files selected would be: 1test 2test bfile1 file file1 file10 file2 file3

Character Substitution in file names

The shell performs file name substitution by scanning each command word specified by the Word variable for certain characters. If a command word includes the *), ? or [ characters, and the -f flag has not been set, the shell regards the word as a pattern. The shell replaces the word with file names, sorted according to the collating sequence in effect in the current locale, that match that pattern. If the shell does not find a file name to match the pattern, it does not change the word.

Input and Output Redirection

The AIX operating system allows you to manipulate the input and output (I/O) of data to and from your system by using specific I/O commands and symbols. You can control input by specifying the location from which to gather data. For example, you can specify to read input while data is entered on the keyboard (standard input) or to read input from a file. You can control output by specifying where to display or store data. You can specify to write output data to the screen (standard output) or to write it to a file. Because AIX is a multitasking operating system, it is designed to handle processes in combination with each other. There are different ways this can be performed. Few of them are listed below.

a. Standard input, standard output, and standard error files

b. Standard output redirection

c. Redirecting output to a file

d. Redirecting output to append to a file

e. Standard input redirection

f. Discarding output with the /dev/null file

g. Standard error and other output redirection

Creating file with cat

Type the command

# cat > name_of_file

Then, type in the required text and press enter to start a new line. When finished typing, enter Ctrl-d. This stops the cat command and returns you to the system prompt.

Pipes and Filters

You can connect two or more commands so that the standard output of one command is used as the standard input of another command. A set of commands connected this way is known as a pipeline. The connection that joins the commands is known as a pipe. Pipes are useful because they let you tie many single-purpose commands into one powerful command. You can direct the output from one command to become the input for another command using a pipeline. The commands are connected by a pipe (|) symbol.

When a command takes its input from another command, modifies it, and sends its results to standard output, it is known as a filter. Filters can be used alone, but they are especially useful in pipelines. The most common filters are sort, more and pg.

Processes

Ø What is a process?

The process is the entity that the operating system uses to control the use of system resources. AIX introduces the use of threads to control processor-time consumption, but most of the system management tools still require the administrator to refer to the process in which a thread is running, rather than to the thread itself.

Some processes run from system boot to shutdown, but most processes come and go rapidly, as tasks start and complete. At times, a process can die a premature, say, due to a crash of a system or application or a particular task.

Ø Parent and Child Processes

Each new process is the spawn of an existing process. Further, each new process, called a “child" process, is a clone of its "parent" process, at least for an instant, until the child continues execution independently.

Ø Monitoring and Terminating Processes

A process can be monitored using the command ‘ps’. It gives the output with the ID associated to the process along with the time stamp and date when the process was started.

When a process terminates, by calling the exit subroutine either explicitly or implicitly, all threads within the process are terminated. Neither the cleanup handlers nor the thread-specific data destructors are called. The reason for this behavior is that there is no state to leave clean and no thread-specific storage to reclaim, because the whole process terminates, including all the threads, and all the process storage is reclaimed, including all thread-specific storage.

Ø Daemons

A daemon is defined to be a process that is intended to run “in the background” without a controlling terminal. That is, the life span of the daemon process does not depend on the life span of a terminal session, the daemon life span does not depend on any control key sequences generated from a terminal session, and a daemon does not interact with users through a terminal. A daemon can be started by the init process, the System Resource Controller, the inetd process, or a shell.

AIX Utilities

Ø System Management Interface Tool

The AIX System Management Interface Tool (SMIT) provides an alternative to the typical method of using complex command syntax, valid parameter values, and custom shell path names for managing and maintaining your operating system configuration. SMIT offers the following features:

a. Two modes of operation

b. An interactive, menu-driven user interface

c. User assistance

d. System management activity logging

e. Fast paths to system management tasks

f. User-added SMIT screens

Ø The find command

The find command recursively searches the directory tree for each specified Path parameter, seeking files that match a Boolean expression written using the terms given in the following text. When the find command is recursively descending directory structures, it will not descend into directories that are symbolically linked into the current hierarchy. The output from the find command depends on the terms specified by the Expression parameter.

Ø The grep command

The grep command search for the pattern specified by the Pattern parameter and then writes each matching line to standard output. The grep command uses a compact non-deterministic algorithm. The grep command displays the name of the file containing the matched line if you specify more than one name in the File parameter. Characters with special meaning to the shell ($, *, [, |, ^, (, ), \ ) must be in quotation marks when they appear in the Pattern parameter. When the Pattern parameter is not a simple string, you usually must enclose the entire pattern in single quotation marks. In an expression such as [a-z], the - (minus sign) cml specifies a range, according to the current collating sequence. A collating sequence may define equivalence classes for use in character ranges.

Ø The sort command

The sort command sorts lines in the files specified by the File parameter and writes the result to standard output. If the File parameter specifies more than one file, the sort

command concatenates the files and sorts them as one file. A - (minus sign) in place of a file name specifies standard input. If you do not specify any file names, the command sorts standard input. An output file can be specified with the -o flag. If no flags are specified, the sort command sorts entire lines of the input file based upon the collation order of the current locale.

Ø The xargs command

The xargs command constructs parameter lists and runs commands. The xargs command limits the command line length.

Ø The which and whereis commands

The which command takes a list of program names and looks for the files that run when these names are given as commands. The which command expands each argument, if it is aliased, and searches for it along the user's path.

The whereis command locates the source, binary, and manuals sections for specified files.

Ø The file command

The file command reads the files specified by the File parameter or the FileList variable, performs a series of tests on each file, and attempts to classify them by type. The command then writes the file types to standard output. The file can be regular file, directory, FIFO(named pipe), block special, character special, symbolic link or sockets type.

Ø Comparing files using diff and cmp

The diff command compares text files. It can compare single files or the contents of directories. The diff command only works with input files that are text files. If the Directory1 and Directory2 parameters are specified, the diff command compares the text files that have the same name in both directories. Binary files that differ, common subdirectories, and files that appear in only one directory are listed. When the diff command is run on regular files, and when comparing text files that differ during directory comparison, the diff command tells what lines must be changed in the files to make them agree. If neither the File1 nor File2 parameter is a directory, then either may be given as - (minus sign), in which case the standard input is used. If the File1 parameter is a directory, then a file in that directory whose file name is the same as the File2 parameter is used.

The cmp command compares files designated by the File1 and File2 parameters and writes the results to standard output. If you specify a - (minus sign) for either the File1

or File2 parameter, the cmp command reads standard input for that file. Only one file can be read from standard input. Under default conditions, the cmp command displays nothing if the files are the same. If they differ, the cmp command displays the byte and line number at which the first difference occurs.

AIX Documentation

Ø The man command

The man command provides reference information on topics, such as commands, subroutines, and files. The man command provides one-line descriptions of commands specified by name. The man command also provides information on all commands whose descriptions contain a set of user-specified keywords. The man command formats a specified set of manual pages. If you specify a section for the Section parameter, the man command searches in that section of the manual pages for the title specified by the Title parameter. The value of the Section parameter can be either an Arabic number from 1 through 8 or a letter.

Ø AIX Web-based documentation

You can go to www.ibm.com site and browse for different options there. Below are few important sites where we can get help.

http://publib16.boulder.ibm.com/cgi-bin/ds_rslt#1 à Documentation Library

http://www.redbooks.ibm.com/ à for various Red Books

http://www14.software.ibm.com/webapp/set2/sas/f/genunix3/aixfixes.html à to download fixes.

http://www14.software.ibm.com/webapp/set2/srchBroker/views/srchBroker.jsp?rs=111 à Technical Help Database.

Appendix A: General Commands used on daily basis.

This section gives an over of some general AIX commands that are used on a daily basis by an AIX System Administrator.

General Commands	AIX
Unique host ID	hostid hostname uname -a
Administrator	smit
Performance monitor	top
Performance monitor	monitor
System activity reporter	sar
Virtual Memory statistics	vmstat
I/O statistics	iostat
Error logs	alog -o -t boot
Error logs	errpt
Display swap size	lsps -a
Activate Swap	swapon -a

Appendix B: Printer Commands

Printers	AIX
Printer Queues	/etc/qconfig
Stop LP	stopsrc -s lpd
Start LP	startsrc -s lpd
Submit print jobs	enq
	lp
	lpr
	qprt
LP statistics	enq -A
	lpq
	lpstat
	qchk
Remove print jobs	cancel
	lprm
	qcan
	enq -x
Add printer queue	smit mkpq
Remove Printer queue	smit rmpq
Make default printer	export LPDEST="pq"

Appendix C: Network Commands

Network	AIX
Network IP configuration	lsattr -E -l inet0
Hosts IP addresses	/etc/hosts
Name service switch	/etc/netsvc.conf
Network parameters	no -a

Appendix D: LVM Commands

LVM	AIX
Filesystem table	/etc/filesystems
Free disk blocks	df -k
Device listing	lsdev -C
Disk information	bootinfo -s hdisk#


Disk Label	lspv -l hdisk#
Display volume group	lsvg -l rootvg
Modify physical volume	chpv
Prepare physical disk	mkdev -c disk -l hdisk#
List physical volume	lspv
Remove disk from volume group	reducevg
Move logical volumes to another physical volumes	migratepv
Create volume group	mkvg
Remove volume group
Volume group availability	chvg
	varyonvg
	varyoffvg
Restore volume group
Exports volume group	exportvg
Imports volume group	importvg
Volume group listing	lsvg
Change logical volume characteristics	chlv
List logical volume	lslv
Make logical volume	mklv
Extend logical volume	extendlv
Remove logical volume	rmlv
Prepare boot volumes	bootlist -m normal
Operating System Backup	mksysb -i /dev/rmt0
Backup	savevg -i rootvg
Restore	restvg
Kernel Parameters	lsattr -E -l sys0


Physical RAM	bootinfo -r
Kernel Bits	bootinfo -K
Crash utility	crash
Machine model	uname -m
Machine model	bootinfo -m
OS Level	oslevel
Run Level	who -r
Core dump files	/var/adm/ras
NTP Daemon	/etc/ntp.conf
NTP Daemon	startsrc -s xntpd

Appendix E: Software related commands

Software	AIX
Install Software	installp -a
Uninstall software	installp -u
List installed software	lslpp -L all
Verify installed software	lppchk -v
Verify installed software	lppchk -v
List all files	lslpp -f fileset
List installed patches	instfix -i
List installed patches	instfix -i
Package owner	lslpp -w path
SW Directory	/usr/lpp

Appendix F: Devices Commands

Devices	AIX
Install devices for attached peripherals	cfgmgr -v
Remove device	rmdev -l
Device drivers	lscfg
CPU	lsdev -Cc processor
List Terminal	lsdev -Cc tty
Diagnostics	diag