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Diabetes prevention: 5 tips for taking control

2016-06-30T07:56:00.001-07:00

When it comes to type 2 diabetes — the most common type of diabetes — prevention is a big deal. It's especially important to make diabetes prevention a priority if you're at increased risk of diabetes, for example, if you're overweight or have a family history of the disease.

Diabetes prevention is as basic as eating more healthfully, becoming more physically active and losing a few extra pounds — and it's never too late to start. Making a few simple changes in your lifestyle now may help you avoid the serious health complications of diabetes down the road, such as nerve, kidney and heart damage. Consider the latest diabetes prevention tips from the American Diabetes Association.

Tip 1: Get more physical activity

There are many benefits to regular physical activity. Exercise can help you:

Lose weight
Lower your blood sugar
Boost your sensitivity to insulin — which helps keep your blood sugar within a normal range

Research shows that both aerobic exercise and resistance training can help control diabetes, but the greater benefit comes from a fitness program that includes both.

Tip 2: Get plenty of fiber

It's rough, it's tough — and it may help you:

Reduce your risk of diabetes by improving your blood sugar control
Lower your risk of heart disease
Promote weight loss by helping you feel full

Foods high in fiber include fruits, vegetables, beans, whole grains, nuts and seeds.

Tip 3: Go for whole grains

Although it's not clear why, whole grains may reduce your risk of diabetes and help maintain blood sugar levels. Try to make at least half your grains whole grains. Many foods made from whole grains come ready to eat, including various breads, pasta products and many cereals. Look for the word "whole" on the package and among the first few items in the ingredient list.

Tip 4: Lose extra weight

If you're overweight, diabetes prevention may hinge on weight loss. Every pound you lose can improve your health, and you may be surprised by how much. Participants in one large study who lost a modest amount of weight — around 7 percent of initial body weight — and exercised regularly reduced the risk of developing diabetes by almost 60 percent.

Tip 5: Skip fad diets and just make healthier choices

Low-carb diets, the glycemic index diet or other fad diets may help you lose weight at first, but their effectiveness at preventing diabetes isn't known nor are their long-term effects. And by excluding or strictly limiting a particular food group, you may be giving up essential nutrients. Instead, think variety and portion control as part of an overall healthy-eating plan.

source: http://www.mayoclinic.org/

Cholera - including symptoms, treatment and prevention

2016-06-30T07:02:00.004-07:00

Cholera is an acute diarrhoeal illness caused by some strains of the bacterium Vibrio cholerae.

The cholera organism is known to be present in some rivers along the eastern Australian coast, but cholera acquired in Australia is very rare. In Australia, because of our high standards of sanitation, water and food quality, cholera outbreaks do not occur. Typically, cholera is seen only in travellers arriving from countries where the disease is still common, such as Africa, Central Europe, Latin America and Asia.

How cholera is spread

Infection occurs when the bacteria are taken in by mouth, usually in food or water contaminated by human faeces.

Cholera is spread by:

drinking contaminated water
eating food contaminated by dirty water, soiled hands or flies
eating fish or shellfish from contaminated waters.

The cholera organism can survive for long periods in water and ice.

Signs and symptoms

Infection is often mild, or without any symptoms, but it can be severe.

Symptoms include:

sudden onset of painless, profuse, watery diarrhoea
nausea and vomiting early in the illness
dehydration.

In severe untreated cases, death may occur within hours, but with simple treatment full recovery can be expected.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis is suspected on clinical signs and confirmed by growing Vibrio cholerae from afaecal specimen.

Incubation period

(time between becoming infected and developing symptoms)

A few hours to 5 days, usually 2 to 3 days.

Infectious period

(time during which an infected person can infect others)

During the acute stage and for a few days after recovery. However, some people (called 'carriers') who do not have symptoms may still carry the bacteria and be infectious, sometimes for months to years.

Treatment

Anyone who has been in a high-risk region within the previous 5 days and develops severe vomiting and diarrhoea should seek urgent medical assessment.

Although cholera can be life-threatening, it is easily treated by immediate rehydration, that is, replacement of the fluid and salts lost through diarrhoea.

Oral rehydration fluid is recommended. This can be obtained from pharmacies.

Patients with severe dehydration or who are unable to keep oral fluids down require hospitalisation and intravenous fluid replacement.

Antibiotics shorten the duration of the illness and lessen the severity, but they are not as important as rehydration.

Prevention

Exclude people with cholera from childcare, preschool, school and work until there has been no diarrhoea for 24 hours. If working as a food handler in a food business, the exclusion period should be until there has been no diarrhoea or vomiting for 48 hours.
Infants, children and adults with cholera infection should not swim until there has been no diarrhoea for 24 hours.
Follow good hand washing procedures.
Severely ill patients should be isolated in hospital.
People who are less severely ill can be nursed at home. Faeces and vomit can be disposed of into the toilet except in areas where there is not an adequate sewage disposal system.
All linen and articles used by the patient should be washed in hot soapy water and the room thoroughly cleaned when the person has recovered.
Vaccines are available but are recommended only for travelers to high-risk countries. They may not protect against all strains of cholera bacteria and protection is for several months only.
When traveling to high-risk countries, seek advice from a travel medical clinic or an experienced general practitioner on how to protect yourself from cholera and other diarrhoeal illnesses. In particular, drink only water that has been boiled or disinfected with iodine or chlorine tablets. Carbonated bottled drinks are usually safe, if no ice is added.
Good food handling procedures should always be followed, including when traveling.
Contacts (for example, family members) of a case should be observed for 5 days from the date of the last exposure to the infected person. A contact is any person who has been close enough to an infected person to be at risk of having acquired the infection from that person.

source: http://www.sahealth.sa.gov.au/

Seven Foods That Fight Inflammation and Belly Fat

2016-06-30T07:02:00.002-07:00

Fruits and vegetables

All fruits and vegetables, due to their rich nutrient and fiber content, help to combat chronic inflammation, so make sure to include adequate amounts of these foods daily. Some types of fresh produce, however, are even more potent than others.

Some terrific anti-inflammatory fruits and vegetables to include in your meal plan include apples, berries, broccoli, mushrooms, papaya, pineapple, and spinach.

source: http://www.dummies.com/

Seven Foods That Fight Inflammation and Belly Fat

2016-06-30T07:02:00.000-07:00

Fruits and vegetables

Some terrific anti-inflammatory fruits and vegetables to include in your meal plan include apples, berries, broccoli, mushrooms, papaya, pineapple, and spinach.

source: http://www.dummies.com/

source:

Natural & Home Remedies for Ulcers

2016-06-30T06:07:00.001-07:00

Stomach ulcers, also known as peptic or gastric ulcers, are open sores in the lining of the stomach. Because of the amount of acid present in the stomach, when ulcers occur, they are often extremely painful. The most common cause of stomach ulcers is the bacteriumHelicobacter pylori, or H. pylori. Ulcers may also be caused by overuse of painkillers, such as aspirin, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories, such as ibuprofen or naproxen.

Stomach ulcers are often treated with antibiotics or medications to reduce, block, or neutralize stomach acid. There are also natural home remedies you can use to help ease the symptoms of a stomach ulcer and help it heal.

Flavonoids

Research suggests that flavonoids, also known as bioflavonoids, may be an effective treatment for stomach ulcers. Flavonoids are compounds that occur naturally in many fruits and vegetables. Foods and drinks rich in flavonoids include:

soybeans
legumes
red grapes
kale
broccoli
apples
berries
teas (especially green tea)

However, some foods and drinks that contain flavonoids — such as citrus fruits and red wines — can irritate a stomach ulcer.

Flavonoids are referred to as “gastroprotective,” which means they defend the lining of the stomach and could allow ulcers to heal. According to the Linus Pauling Institute, there are no side effects of consuming flavonoids in the amount found in a typical diet, but higher amounts of flavonoids may interfere with blood clotting. You can get flavonoids in your diet or take them as supplements.

Deglycyrrhizinated Licorice

Don’t let that long first word give you a stomach ache — deglycyrrhizinated licorice is just plain old licorice with the sweet flavor extracted. One study showed that deglycyrrhizinated licorice might help ulcers heal by inhibiting the growth of H. pylori. Deglycyrrhizinated licorice is available as a supplement. You can’t get this effect from eating licorice candy, though. Too much licorice candy can be bad for some people. Consuming more than 2 ounces daily for more than two weeks can make existing heart problems or high blood pressure worse.

Probiotics

Probiotics are the living bacteria and yeast that help keep your digestive system moving. They are present in many common foods, particularly fermented foods. These include:

buttermilk
yogurt
miso
kimchi

You can also take probiotics in supplement form. Studies have shown that probiotics may be helpful in wiping out H. pylori and increasing recovery rate for patients with ulcers.

Honey

Honey is far from simply sweet. Depending on the plant it’s derived from, honey can contain up to 200 elements, including polyphenols and other antioxidants. Honey is a powerful antibacterial and has been shown to inhibit H. pylori growth. As long as you have normal blood sugar levels, you can enjoy honey as you would any sweetener, with the bonus of soothing your ulcers.

Garlic

Garlic extract has been shown to inhibit H. pylori growth in lab, animal, and human trials. If you don’t like the taste (and lingering aftertaste) of garlic, you can take garlic extract in supplemental form. Garlic acts as a blood thinner, so ask your doctor before taking it if you use warfarin or other prescription blood thinners.

Cranberry

Cranberry is known for its ability to fight urinary tract infections by preventing bacteria from settling on the walls of the bladder. Cranberry and cranberry extract also may help fight H. pylori. You can drink cranberry juice, eat cranberries, or take cranberry supplements.

Unfortunately, no specific amount of consumption is associated with relief. Too much cranberry in any form may cause stomach discomfort whether you have ulcers or not, so start with small amounts and increase gradually. In addition, many commercial cranberry juices are heavily sweetened with sugar and/or high fructose corn syrup, which can also cause stomach upset and add empty calories. Avoid those juices by buying juice sweetened only by other juices.

Mastic

Mastic is the sap of a tree grown in the Mediterranean. Studies of the effectiveness of mastic on ulcers are mixed, but at least one study shows that chewing mastic helps fight H. pylori. If your ulcers are not responding to other treatments, you might want to give mastic gum a try, since it doesn’t seem to be associated with any side effects. You can chew the gum or swallow mastic in supplement form.

Fruits, Vegetables, and Whole Grains

A diet centered on fruits, vegetables, and whole grains is not just good for your overall health. According to the Mayo Clinic, a vitamin-rich diet can help your body heal your ulcer. Foods containing polyphenols, an antioxidant, can protect you from ulcers and help ulcers heal. Polyphenol-rich foods and seasonings include:

dried rosemary
Mexican oregano
dark chocolate
blueberries
black olives

What to Avoid

Some foods can make ulcers worse, while some provide a preventive and healing effect. Greasy and acidic foods are most likely to irritate your stomach, as are spicy foods.

To reduce ulcer pain, avoid:

coffee, including decaf
carbonated beverages
chilis and hot peppers
processed foods
salty red meats
deep fried foods

Milk and Alcohol

Milk’s ability to coat the side of a glass may have you thinking that it also creates a protective barrier in your stomach. In fact, drinking milk may initially soothe your ulcer pain. But in the long run, milk is not good for ulcers. It seems to make things worse by causing your stomach to produce more acid.

If you’ve ever had a hangover, you know the effects that alcohol can have on your stomach. It also is directly associated with H. pylori infections, meaning it contributes to stomach ulcers and can make existing ones worse.

Excessive drinking is considered more than one drink a day for women, and more than two for men. If a couple of drinks after work is how you unwind, you might want to consider a healthier alternative.

Outlook

It can take some time, teamwork, and determination to find the right treatment for your ulcers, but don’t give up hope: Ulcers can be cured. In addition to a treatment plan agreed upon by you and your doctor, you can incorporate natural approaches that can give you some relief and accelerate healing. Adding plenty of fresh fruits and vegetables to your diet and reducing alcohol intake will almost certainly get you on the road to health.

SOURCE: http://www.healthline.com/

The Dangers of Self-Medicating with Prescription and OTC Drugs

2016-06-30T05:51:00.002-07:00

It is often easier to avoid the cost and hassle of visiting a doctor and use over-the-counter or prescription medication to alleviate the symptoms of an illness or physical discomfort. Unfortunately, there are consequences associated with self-medicating that are just not worth the risks.

It is always best to discuss your symptoms and physical ailments with a trained medical professional. Getting a proper diagnosis and a treatment plan is the best way avoid any complications or health risks.

What does Self-Medicating Mean?

Self-medication refers to the practice of using prescriptions or over-the-counter drugs without discussing your symptoms with a medical doctor. Psychology Today (1) explains that the individual acts as his or her own physician in an effort to handle the symptoms of a physical or mental health concern.

The reasons that individuals may decide to self-medicate can depend on their personal situation. The Huffington Post (2) states that individuals may attempt to hide their current condition in plain sight or may be using a substance to mask their condition from others.

It may also be an attempt to resolve the issue without the cost of seeing a medical doctor or as a direct result of personal fears associated with a medical diagnosis.

Dangers of Self-Medicating

Since an individual may use a substance inappropriately, there are dangers associated with self-medicating. The National Institutes of Health (3) explains that individuals are not always responsible with the way they self-medicate and they do not have the training to identify the underlying cause of their symptoms.

Depending on the situation, the risks associated with a medication can vary; however, there are some risks that are common to many individuals.

The risks that are associated with self-medication include:

Inaccurate diagnosis
Using inappropriate medications that cause side effects
Masking the symptoms of a serious condition
Delaying medical advice
Inaccurate dosage that leads to accidental overdose
Mixing medications that are not safe to mix, which may result in legal costs or health concerns
Risk of abuse
Risk of developing an addiction or several addictions

In the worst-case scenario, self-medicating can lead to severe health conditions or even death.

If you or a loved one is experiencing pain, discomfort, or is ill for an extended period of time, then it is time to visit a trained medical doctor.

Talking to a Doctor

Self-medicating is dangerous. It can cause serious problems, so it is important to set up an It is often easier to avoid the cost and hassle of visiting a doctor and use over-the-counter or prescription medication to alleviate the symptoms of an illness or physical discomfort. Unfortunately, there are consequences associated with self-medicating that are just not worth the risks.

What does Self-Medicating Mean?

It may also be an attempt to resolve the issue without the cost of seeing a medical doctor or as a direct result of personal fears associated with a medical diagnosis.

Dangers of Self-Medicating

Depending on the situation, the risks associated with a medication can vary; however, there are some risks that are common to many individuals.

The risks that are associated with self-medication include:

Inaccurate diagnosis
Using inappropriate medications that cause side effects
Masking the symptoms of a serious condition
Delaying medical advice
Inaccurate dosage that leads to accidental overdose
Mixing medications that are not safe to mix, which may result in legal costs or health concerns
Risk of abuse
Risk of developing an addiction or several addictions

source: http://www.alternativesintreatment.com/

Effects of Drug Abuse and Addiction

2016-06-30T05:51:00.001-07:00

Drugs are chemicals. Different drugs, because of their chemical structures, can affect the body in different ways. In fact, some drugs can even change a person's body and brain in ways that last long after the person has stopped taking drugs, maybe even permanently.

Depending on the drug, it can enter the human body in a number of ways, including injection, inhalation, and ingestion. The method of how it enters the body impacts on how the drug affects the person. For example: injection takes the drug directly into the blood stream, providing more immediate effects; while ingestion requires the drug to pass through the digestive system, delaying the effects.

Most abused drugs directly or indirectly target the brain's reward system by flooding the circuit with dopamine. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter present in regions of the brain that regulate movement, emotion, cognition, motivation, and feelings of pleasure. When drugs enter the brain, they can actually change how the brain performs its jobs. These changes are what lead to compulsive drug use, the hallmark of addiction.

Injuries

More deaths, illnesses and disabilities stem from substance abuse than from any other preventable health condition. Today, one in four deaths is attributable to illicit drug use. People who live with substance dependence have a higher risk of all bad outcomes including unintentional injuries, accidents, risk of domestic violence, medical problems, and death.

Health Problems

The impact of drug abuse and dependence can be far-reaching, affecting almost every organ in the human body. Drug use can:

Weaken the immune system, increasing susceptibility to infections.
Cause cardiovascular conditions ranging from abnormal heart rate to heart attacks. Injected drugs can also lead to collapsed veins and infections of the blood vessels and heart valves.
Cause nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain.
Cause the liver to have to work harder, possibly causing significant damage or liver failure.
Cause seizures, stroke and widespread brain damage that can impact all aspects of daily life by causing problems with memory, attention and decision-making, including sustained mental confusion and permanent brain damage.
Produce global body changes such as breast development in men, dramatic fluctuations in appetite and increases in body temperature, which may impact a variety of health conditions.

Effects On The Brain

Although initial drug use may be voluntary, drugs have been shown to alter brain chemistry, which interferes with an individual's ability to make decisions and can lead to compulsive craving, seeking and use. This then becomes a substance dependency.

All drugs of abuse - nicotine, cocaine, marijuana, and others - effect the brain's "reward" circuit, which is part of the limbic system.
Drugs hijack this "reward" system, causing unusually large amounts of dopamine to flood the system.
This flood of dopamine is what causes the "high" or euphoria associated with drug abuse.

Behavioral Problems

Paranoia
Aggressiveness
Hallucinations
Addiction
Impaired Judgment
Impulsiveness
Loss of Self-Control

Birth Defects

Nearly 4 percent of pregnant women in the United States use illicit drugs such as marijuana, cocaine, Ecstasy and other amphetamines, and heroin1. These and other illicit drugs may pose various risks for pregnant women and their babies. Some of these drugs can cause a baby to be born too small or too soon, or to have withdrawal symptoms, birth defects or learning and behavioral problems. Additionally, illicit drugs may be prepared with impurities that may be harmful to a pregnancy.

Finally, pregnant women who use illicit drugs may engage in other unhealthy behaviors that place their pregnancy at risk, such as having extremely poor nutrition or developing sexually transmitted infections.

The Primary Prevention of Breast Cancer

2016-06-30T05:40:00.001-07:00

Primary prevention of cancers is a serious challenge but there are numerous studies that provide a reason for optimism. Although factors outside our control like genetics can play a role as a breast cancer risk, women as well as men can actively engage in behaviors that have been demonstrated to be extremely important in preventing breast and other cancers.

The following is not an exhaustive list but it does represent the conclusions and expert opinions from this year (2010) that provide compelling evidence for the primary prevention of breast cancer. Most of this same research supports conservative strategies to improve survival rates of individuals who have had breast cancer. Chiropractors who engage in a true “wellness” practice should be well versed and educate their patients to prevent breast cancer. The following are presented in no particular order or strength of evidence.

Exercise: “There is strong and consistent evidence that physical activity reduces the risk of several of the major cancer sites, and that between 9% and 19% of cancer cases could be attributed to lack of sufficient physical activity in Europe. Public health recommendations for physical activity and cancer prevention generally suggest 30-60 min of moderate or vigorous-intensity activity done at least 5d per week.”

Vitamin D: “Colorectal cancer risk reduction with adequate vitamin D status is well documented. Protection has also been observed for cancer at all sites, skin, prostate, and breast.”

Saturated Fats & Alcohol: “So far, the only well established nutrition-related risk factors for BC are obesity and alcohol consumption.”

Obesity: “Weight, weight gain, and obesity account for approximately 20% of all cancer cases. Evidence on the relation of each to cancer is summarized, including esophageal, thyroid, colon, renal, liver, melanoma, multiple myeloma, rectum, gallbladder, leukemia, lymphoma, and prostate in men; and postmenopausal breast and endometrium in women.”

Diet: “Our findings support the hypothesis that a diet characterized by vegetables, fruit, and soy has an early-acting protective effect on breast carcinogenesis.” Another study contrasting Asian and Western diets concluded that “A recent meta-analysis showed that soy intake was inversely associated with breast cancer risk in Asian but not Western populations, which indicates that protection against breast cancer may require that women consume levels of soy typical in Asian diets”.

Salt: “Reducing salt intake, especially during pregnancy, also reduces the risk of developing breast cancer and many other diseases, as well as obesity.”

Low Level Radiation: Previous studies have not found a strong association between smoking and breast cancer but this recent research concluded that “Exposure to genotoxic stresses such as radiation and tobacco smoke can cause increased cancer incidence rate as reflected in an in depth meta-analysis of data for women and breast cancer incidence.”

source: http://www.chiroaccess.com/

Six Super Foods That Actively Help Lower Cholesterol

2016-06-30T05:11:00.001-07:00

Some foods punch well above their weight in helping to reduce cholesterol levels – we call them the “Cholesterol busters”. Choosing a healthy diet, low in saturated fat is important in helping to keep your cholesterol low but you can reduce your cholesterol levels further by including these super six foods in your every day diet .

Super Food 1 - Soya Foods

Being naturally low in saturated fat, soya foods help lower cholesterol. The special proteins in soya also appear to influence how the body regulates cholesterol too. Studies show you can lower your cholesterol by around 6% by including as little as 15g soya protein per day.

Choose from: soya alternatives to milk and yogurt, soya desserts, soya meat alternatives, soya nuts, edamame beans and tofu.

See below for suggestions of how to eat 15g of soya protein

Super Food 2 - Nuts

All nuts are rich in vegetable protein, fibre, heart healthy unsaturated fats, vitamin E, magnesium, potassium, natural plant sterols and a host of beneficial plant nutrients. 30-35g a day of nuts (a handful) has the potential to lower cholesterol by an average of 5%.

What is 30-35g of individual nuts - see below?

Super Food 3 - Oats and Barley

Both oats and barley are rich in a form of soluble fibre called beta glucan. Once eaten beta glucan forms a gel which helps bind cholesterol in the intestines and prevent it from being absorbed. It is recommended that we eat about 3g of beta glucan per day. Foods which contain 1g or more of beta glucan can carry a cholesterol lowering claim.

See below for suggestions on how to achieve 3g beta glucans per day

Super Food 4 -Foods fortified with plant sterols and stanols

Plant sterols are structurally similar to cholesterol and can be divided into sterols and stanols. Their cholesterol lowering effects have been known for some time.

Plant sterols/stanols are naturally found in a wide range of foods such as vegetable oils, nuts, seeds, whole grains, fruits and vegetables. However, for most people, it is not possible to achieve the optimum intake from ordinary foods.

An intake of 1.5-2.4g plant sterols/stanols everyday has been shown to reduce cholesterol by 7-10% over 2-3 weeks. They work by blocking cholesterol absorption in the gut. Visit our section on cholesterol-lowering plant sterols & stanols to find out more.

How much is 1.5-2.4g plant sterols/stanols - see below?

Super Food 5 - Fruits and vegetables

All fruits and vegetables are low in saturated fat so eating more helps to keep saturated fat intake low. Fruit and vegetables are also a valuable source of cholesterol lowering soluble fibres. Try to include at least one pulse (beans, peas, lentils) everyday. Other rich sources of soluble fibre include sweet potato, aubergene, okra (ladies finger), broccoli, apples, strawberry and prunes.

Do you know what's an adult portion of fruit or veg - look below for our guide to portion sizes.

Super Food 6 - Foods rich in unsaturated fats

Keeping our daily saturated fat intake below 20g (women) and 30g (men) is vital for cholesterol lowering, but it is equally important to replace this saturated fat with modest amounts of unsaturated fats such as those found in olive, sunflower, corn, rapeseed and other vegetable, nut and seed oils. Other foods rich in unsaturated fats include vegetable spreads, avocado, oily fish and nuts. Avoid coconut and palm oil as, unlike other these vegetable oils, they are rich in saturated fats.

- See more at: https://heartuk.org.uk/cholesterol-and-diet/six-super-foods-for-lower-cholesterol#sthash.6c5tmEcq.dpuf

Migraine Headache

2016-06-30T04:03:00.001-07:00

Migraine is a primary headache disorder characterized by recurrent headaches that are moderate to severe. Typically, the headaches affect one half of the head, are pulsating in nature, and last from two to 72 hours. Associated symptoms may include nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light, sound, or smell. The pain is generally made worse by physical activity. Up to one-third of people have an aura: typically a short period of visual disturbance which signals that the headache will soon occur. Occasionally, an aura can occur with little or no headache following it.

Migraines are believed to be due to a mixture of environmental and genetic factors. About two-thirds of cases run in families. Changing hormone levels may also play a role, as migraines affect slightly more boys than girls before puberty and two to three times more women than men. The risk of migraines usually decreases during pregnancy. The underlying mechanisms are not fully known. It is, however, believed to involve the nerves and blood vessels of the brain.

Although much about the cause of migraines isn't understood, genetics and environmental factors appear to play a role.
Migraines may be caused by changes in the brainstem and its interactions with the trigeminal nerve, a major pain pathway.
Imbalances in brain chemicals — including serotonin, which helps regulate pain in your nervous system — also may be involved. Researchers continue to study the role of serotonin in migraines.
Serotonin levels drop during migraine attacks. This may cause your trigeminal system to release substances called neuropeptides, which travel to your brain's outer covering (meninges). The result is headache pain.

Migraine headache triggers

Whatever the exact mechanism of the headaches, a number of things may trigger them. Common migraine triggers include:

Hormonal changes in women. Fluctuations in estrogen seem to trigger headaches in many women with known migraines. Women with a history of migraines often report headaches immediately before or during their periods, when they have a major drop in estrogen.

Others have an increased tendency to develop migraines during pregnancy or menopause.

Hormonal medications, such as oral contraceptives and hormone replacement therapy, also may worsen migraines. Some women, however, may find their migraines occur less often when taking these medications.
Foods. Aged cheeses, salty foods and processed foods may trigger migraines. Skipping meals or fasting also can trigger attacks.
Food additives. The sweetener aspartame and the preservative monosodium glutamate, found in many foods, may trigger migraines.
Drinks. Alcohol, especially wine, and highly caffeinated beverages may trigger migraines.
Stress. Stress at work or home can cause migraines.
Sensory stimuli. Bright lights and sun glare can induce migraines, as can loud sounds. Unusual smells — including perfume, paint thinner, secondhand smoke and others — can trigger migraines in some people.
Changes in wake-sleep pattern. Missing sleep or getting too much sleep may trigger migraines in some people, as can jet lag.
Physical factors. Intense physical exertion, including sexual activity, may provoke migraines.
Changes in the environment. A change of weather or barometric pressure can prompt a migraine.
Medications. Oral contraceptives and vasodilators, such as nitroglycerin, can aggravate migraines.

Source: mayoclinic.org

What is hepatitis?

2016-06-30T04:01:00.003-07:00

Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver. The condition can be self-limiting or can progress to fibrosis (scarring), cirrhosis or liver cancer. Hepatitis viruses are the most common cause of hepatitis in the world but other infections, toxic substances (e.g. alcohol, certain drugs), and autoimmune diseases can also cause hepatitis.
There are 5 main hepatitis viruses, referred to as types A, B, C, D and E. These 5 types are of greatest concern because of the burden of illness and death they cause and the potential for outbreaks and epidemic spread. In particular, types B and C lead to chronic disease in hundreds of millions of people and, together, are the most common cause of liver cirrhosis and cancer.
Hepatitis A and E are typically caused by ingestion of contaminated food or water. Hepatitis B, C and D usually occur as a result of parenteral contact with infected body fluids. Common modes of transmission for these viruses include receipt of contaminated blood or blood products, invasive medical procedures using contaminated equipment and for hepatitis B transmission from mother to baby at birth, from family member to child, and also by sexual contact.
Acute infection may occur with limited or no symptoms, or may include symptoms such as jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), dark urine, extreme fatigue, nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain.

What are the different hepatitis viruses?

Scientists have identified 5 unique hepatitis viruses, identified by the letters A, B, C, D, and E. While all cause liver disease, they vary in important ways.
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is present in the faeces of infected persons and is most often transmitted through consumption of contaminated water or food. Certain sex practices can also spread HAV. Infections are in many cases mild, with most people making a full recovery and remaining immune from further HAV infections. However, HAV infections can also be severe and life threatening. Most people in areas of the world with poor sanitation have been infected with this virus. Safe and effective vaccines are available to prevent HAV.
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is transmitted through exposure to infective blood, semen, and other body fluids. HBV can be transmitted from infected mothers to infants at the time of birth or from family member to infant in early childhood. Transmission may also occur through transfusions of HBV-contaminated blood and blood products, contaminated injections during medical procedures, and through injection drug use. HBV also poses a risk to healthcare workers who sustain accidental needle stick injuries while caring for infected-HBV patients. Safe and effective vaccines are available to prevent HBV.
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is mostly transmitted through exposure to infective blood. This may happen through transfusions of HCV-contaminated blood and blood products, contaminated injections during medical procedures, and through injection drug use. Sexual transmission is also possible, but is much less common. There is no vaccine for HCV.
Hepatitis D virus (HDV) infections occur only in those who are infected with HBV. The dual infection of HDV and HBV can result in a more serious disease and worse outcome. Hepatitis B vaccines provide protection from HDV infection.
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is mostly transmitted through consumption of contaminated water or food. HEV is a common cause of hepatitis outbreaks in developing parts of the world and is increasingly recognized as an important cause of disease in developed countries. Safe and effective vaccines to prevent HEV infection have been developed but are not widely available.
Source: www.healthline.com

What causes night blindness? 3 possible conditions

2016-06-30T04:00:00.001-07:00

Night blindness is also called “nyctalopia.” It’s a type of vision impairment. People with night blindness experience poor vision at night or in dimly lit environments. Although the term “night blindness” implies that you can’t see at night, this isn’t the case. You may just have more difficulty seeing or driving in darkness.

Some types of night blindness are treatable, and other types aren’t. See your doctor to determine the underlying cause of your vision impairment. Once you know the cause of the problem, you can take steps to correct your vision.

What Are the Symptoms of Night Blindness?

The sole symptom of night blindness is difficulty seeing in the dark. You’re more likely to experience night blindness when your eyes transition from a bright environment to an area of low light, such as when you leave a sunny sidewalk to enter a dimly lit restaurant. You’re likely to experience poor vision when driving due to the intermittent brightness of headlights and streetlights on the road.

What Causes Night Blindness?

A number of eye conditions can cause night blindness, including:

nearsightedness, or blurred vision when looking at faraway objects
cataracts, or clouding of the eye’s lens
retinitis pigmentosa, which occurs when dark pigment collects in your retina and creates tunnel vision
Usher syndrome, which is a genetic condition that affects both hearing and vision

Older adults have a greater risk of developing cataracts. Seniors are therefore more likely to have night blindness due to cataracts than children or young adults.

In rare cases in the United States or in other parts of the world where nutritional diets may vary, vitamin A deficiency can also lead to night blindness. Vitamin A, also called retinol, plays a role in transforming nerve impulses into images in the retina. The retina is a light-sensitive area in the back of your eye.

Patients who have pancreatic insufficiency, such as individuals with cystic fibrosis, have difficulty absorbing fat and are at a greater risk of having vitamin A deficiency because vitamin A is fat-soluble. This puts them at greater risk for developing night blindness.

People who have high blood glucose, or sugar, levels or diabetes also have a higher risk of developing eye diseases, such as cataracts.

What Are the Treatment Options for Night Blindness?

Your eye doctor will take a detailed medical history and examine your eyes to diagnose night blindness. You may also need to give a blood sample. Blood testing can measure your vitamin A and glucose levels.

Night blindness caused by nearsightedness, cataracts, or vitamin A deficiency is treatable. Corrective lenses, such as eyeglasses or contacts, can improve nearsighted vision both during the day and at night. Let your doctor know if you still have trouble seeing in dim light even with corrective lenses.

Cataracts

Clouded portions of your eye’s lens are known as cataracts. Cataracts can be removed through surgery. Your surgeon will replace your cloudy lens with a clear, artificial lens. Your night blindness will improve significantly after surgery if cataracts are the underlying cause.

Vitamin A Deficiency

If your vitamin A levels are low, your doctor might recommend vitamin supplements. Take the supplements exactly as directed. Most people in developed nations don’t have vitamin A deficiency because they have access to proper nutrition.

Genetic Defect

Genetic conditions that cause night blindness, such as retinitis pigmentosa, aren’t treatable. The genetic defect that causes pigment to build up in the retina doesn’t respond to corrective lenses or surgery. People who have this form of night blindness should avoid driving at night.

How Can I Prevent Night Blindness?

You can’t prevent night blindness that’s the result of birth defects or genetic conditions, such as Usher syndrome. You can, however, properly monitor your blood sugar levels and eat a balanced diet to make night blindness less likely.

Eat foods rich in antioxidant vitamins and minerals, which may help prevent cataracts. Also, choose foods that contain high levels of vitamin A to reduce your risk of night blindness. Certain orange-colored foods are excellent sources of vitamin A, including:

cantaloupes
sweet potatoes
carrots
pumpkins
butternut squash
mangoes

Vitamin A is also in:

spinach
collard greens
milk
eggs

What Is the Long-Term Outlook?

If you have night blindness, you should take precautions to keep yourself and others safe. Refrain from driving at night as much as possible until the cause of your night blindness is determined and, if possible, treated.

Arrange to do your driving during the day, or secure a ride from a friend, family member, or taxi service if you need to go somewhere at night. Wearing sunglasses or a brimmed hat can also help reduce glare when you’re in a brightly lit environment, which can ease the transition into a darker environment.

Source: www.healthline.com

Preventing the Flu: Good Health Habits Can Help Stop Germs

2016-06-30T03:59:00.000-07:00

The single best way to prevent seasonal flu is to get vaccinated each year, but good health habits like covering your cough and washing your hands often can help stop the spread of germs and prevent respiratory illnesses like the flu. There also are flu antiviral drugs that can be used to treat and prevent flu.

1. Avoid close contact.

Avoid close contact with people who are sick. When you are sick, keep your distance from others to protect them from getting sick too.

2. Stay home when you are sick.

If possible, stay home from work, school, and errands when you are sick. This will help prevent spreading your illness to others.

3. Cover your mouth and nose.

Cover your mouth and nose with a tissue when coughing or sneezing. It may prevent those around you from getting sick.

4. Clean your hands.

Washing your hands often will help protect you from germs. If soap and water are not available, use an alcohol-based hand rub.

5. Avoid touching your eyes, nose or mouth.

Germs are often spread when a person touches something that is contaminated with germs and then touches his or her eyes, nose, or mouth.

6. Practice other good health habits.

Clean and disinfect frequently touched surfaces at home, work or school, especially when someone is ill. Get plenty of sleep, be physically active, manage your stress, drink plenty of fluids, and eat nutritious food.

Source: http://www.cdc.gov/flu/protect/habits.htm

Malaria - including symptoms, treatment and prevention

2016-06-30T03:57:00.001-07:00

Malaria is caused by a parasite called Plasmodium. There are 5 species of Plasmodium which infect humans:

Plasmodium vivax
Plasmodium falciparum
Plasmodium malariae
Plasmodium ovale
Plasmodium knowlesi which is less common.

Of these, Plasmodium falciparum infection is the most severe and can cause death in up to 10% of cases. It can be rapidly fatal. Pregnant women and children are especially at risk. Other types of malaria are less severe, but still may cause death.

Malaria is a notifiable condition¹

How malaria is spread

The parasite is transmitted to humans by the bite of infected female Anopheles species mosquitoes.
The parasites multiply in the liver and the bloodstream of the infected person. The parasite may be taken up by another mosquito when it bites an infected person. The mosquito is then infected for the duration of its life and can infect other humans when it bites them.
Occasionally malaria is transmitted by blood transfusion. For this reason, people who have travelled to countries where malaria occurs may be deferred from giving blood for a short period. Malaria can also be transmitted from a mother to her fetus.
Malaria occurs in most tropical and sub-tropical areas of the world, including:

Africa
Central and South America
Asia (including southeast Asia)
Papua New Guinea
western Pacific islands.

Over 600,000 people living in these countries die from malaria each year. Many thousands of tourists also get malaria during their travels to countries where malaria is present. Tourists often get severe illness because they have had no previous exposure to malaria and have no resistance to the disease.

Signs and symptoms

Symptoms of malaria may include:

fever, which may come and go, or may be constant
chills
profuse sweating
malaise (feeling of unwellness)
muscle and joint pain
headache
confusion
nausea
loss of appetite
diarrhoea
abdominal pain
cough
anemia.

Plasmodium falciparum may cause cerebral malaria, a serious complication resulting from inflammation of the brain that may cause coma.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis is made by a blood test – sometimes it is necessary to repeat the test a number of times, as the parasites can be difficult to detect.

Incubation period

(time between becoming infected and developing symptoms)
Varies with the type:

P. falciparum: 9 to 14 days
P . vivax: 12 to18 days but some strains may have an incubation period of 8 to 10 months or longer
P. ovale: 12 to 18 days
P. malariae: 18 to 40 days
P. knowlesi 9 to 12 days.

These periods are approximate and may be longer if the person has been taking drugs taken to prevent infection.

Infectious period

(time during which an infected person can infect others)
Direct person-to-person spread does not occur.
A person remains infectious to mosquitoes as long as the parasites are present in the blood. This may be several years if adequate treatment is not given. Parasites disappear from the blood within a few days of commencing appropriate treatment. Mosquitoes remain infected for life.

Treatment

Specific antimalarial treatment is available and must always be started as soon as malaria is diagnosed. There is increasing resistance to currently available drugs and treatment should be carried out by an infectious diseases specialist or other expert in the field.

Prevention

Exclusion from childcare, preschool, school or work is not necessary but cases should avoid being bitten by mosquitoes while they are unwell. Travellers to areas with malaria are usually advised to take preventative anti-malarial drugs.
There is no vaccine to prevent human infection by this parasite.
Personal protection and the environmental management of mosquitoes are important in preventing illness. See Fight the Bite for tips to on how to protect yourself.

Travel in countries where there is malaria

Extensive international programs are undertaken in malarious countries to try to control this disease. For travellers, the following advice is given:

See a travel medicine expert before you go to get specific advice for the places you will be visiting.
Always take malaria prophylaxis drugs exactly as prescribed and take the full course. Be aware of their potential side effects.
Protect yourself from mosquito bites. Travel medical centres have good information on how to do this.
Be aware that no preventive measures are 100% effective, so always seek medical attention immediately if you develop a fever while travelling in, or after return from, a country where malaria occurs.
Always give your doctor the information about your travel if you become sick.

Source: http://www.sahealth.sa.gov.au

Late sleepers have a poorer diet

2016-06-30T03:53:00.000-07:00

People who sleep late are more likely to have an unhealthy diet, according to results of a study being presented at SLEEP 2016 - the 30th Anniversary Meeting of the Associated Professional Sleep Societies LLC, held in Denver, CO.

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 1 in every 3 Americans do not get enough sleep.
The American Academy of Sleep Medicine and the Sleep Research Society suggest that people aged between 18-60 years should have at least 7 hours sleep a night in order to stay healthy.
There is evidence that people who lack sleep are more likely to develop a range of chronic conditions, including diabetes, obesity, diabetes, heart disease, high blood pressure, stroke, and mental health problems.
Previous research has indicated that people who sleep late have a higher body mass index (BMI), poorer diet and are less likely to exercise, but they have not tended to include biological markers or circadian measures.
At least one study has shown that people who lack sleep are more likely to get hungry and eat more.

Fast food consumption correlates with sleeping time

Researchers, led by Kelly Glazer Baron, Ph.D., associate professor of neurology at the Feinberg School of Medicine at Northwestern University in Chicago, IL, measured the habits of 96 healthy adults aged between 18-50.
All the participants were in the habit of sleeping for 6 1/2 hours or more.
The subjects tracked their habits for 7 days. They used wrist actigraphy to measure their sleep, kept food diaries to measure how many calories they consumed and what kind of foods they were eating, and they used SenseWear arm bands to measure their physical activity.
The clinical research unit measured circadian rhythms by assessing dim light melatonin onset (DLMO). They evaluated levels of body fat by using dual axis absorptiometry (DXA).
When the researchers analyzed the data, they took into account the sex, age, sleep efficiency, and sleep duration of participants.
The findings indicate that among healthy adults, sleeping late does not necessarily lead to a higher BMI, intake of calories, or physical activity, but it is linked with a lower quality diet - fast food consumption in particular.
The authors believe this may indicate a link between poor sleep quality and obesity.
"Our results help us further understand how sleep timing in addition to duration may affect obesity risk. It is possible that poor dietary behaviors may predispose individuals with late sleep to increased risk of weight gain."

Kelly Glazer Baron

Dr. Wayne Giles, director of CDC's Division of Population Health, comments that Americans do not get enough sleep.
He suggests establishing healthy habits, such as regular times for going to bed and getting up in the morning and switching off or moving televisions, computers, and mobile devices out of the bedroom.

Source: http://www.medicalnewstoday.com

Important Tips for Good Health

2016-06-30T03:51:00.002-07:00

Health is wealth. It is very well said. Without health nothing can be achieved, nothing can be enjoyed. Health is the most important aspect of ones life. If we have a sound health then we can have a sound life. An unhealthy body makes you feel deprived of energy, ill and despondent. It swaps all the confidence from a person. A healthy body gives strength, confidence and the energy to take up any challenge the life offers. A healthy and fit body can easily manage the day to day stresses. When all the functions and systems of the body are working well we conclude that a body is healthy.
Maintaining a good health is as important as breathing. If you have a poor health and you remain ill most of the time then this is a high time you start thinking about it. For maintaining a healthy life one has to change his daily routine. One has to start exercising and consuming a proper diet. The diet you take up really affects the kind of health you have. Exercising, meditation, yoga are many other options which can help you stay healthier.
Here are some tips for maintaining a healthy body:
1. Your breakfast should be high on fiber.
2. Consumption of tobacco and nicotine should be slowly reduced. Efforts should be made to stop consuming such products.
3. Regular exercising and a small walk after dinner can help you build a stronger stamina and a healthy body.
4. Food high on fat and oil has to be strictly avoided. Fat and oil increases the cholesterol level in the body.
5. It is always advised to consume fresh fruits and vegetables. These fulfil the body’s requirement of nutrients and roughage.
6. The accumulation of fat in the body is the main reason for obesity and other problems. It is therefore advised to walk after eating dinner.
7. Follow a diet which provides you nutrients in the required amount. This can really help you in staying fit. Thus a balanced diet is always recommended.
8. A balanced diet fulfills all the nutrients demand of the body.
9. Over exposure to the sun can cause sun burns, tanning and many other skin problems. So it is advised to use suns cream before stepping out of your home.
10. Always wear seat belts while driving. It reduces the chances of severe injury if an accident occurs.
11. Stress can throw water on all your exercising and balanced eating. So it is recommended not to take stress.
12. Keeping a positive outlook towards life can surely enhance your efforts for a healthy body.
13. Alcohol if consumed in heavy amount can pose a greater risk to life than any other thing can do.
14. Antioxidants work against the functioning of free radicals. Vitamins C and e function as free radical remover. So its intake can help in maintaining a good health.
15. Bone density decreases in women as they reach their 40’s. So calcium and its derived products are very essential for them. It is recommended to add calcium in your die.
16. Iodine is very essential for human body. Its deficiency causes a disease named goiter. Salt is the main source of iodine in body. But some salts do not produce iodine in the required amount. So a salt rich in iodine is very essential.
17. Wine helps you fight against any heart disease almost 68%.
18. Oil which is less on Tran’s fat is good for your heart.
19. A sound sleep of at least 7-8 hours can do wonders for your health. There is no substitute for a good sleep.
20. Sex can also help you get rid from stress. So satisfying sex life is also good mantra for a healthy life.
21. Caffeine if consumed in higher amount can cause insomnia and many other problems. So its intake has to be reduced any how.
22. Getting rid from all the bad habits can help your mind to function efficiently.
Healthy body can help you to achieve better results in every aspect of your life. Proper education regarding the correct things for a healthy life is essentially important. Each and every part of the body is equally important. All the parts function in unity with each other. So you need to focus on the entire body for becoming absolutely fit.

Source: www.healthguidance.org

How Does a Stroke Occur?

2016-06-30T03:49:00.000-07:00

Heart Disease and Stroke

Knowing the signs of a stroke is the first step in stroke prevention. A stroke, sometimes called a "brain attack," occurs when blood flow to an area in the brain is cut off. The brain cells, deprived of the oxygen and glucose needed to survive, die. If a stroke is not caught early, permanent brain damage or death can result.

There are two types of stroke.

Ischemic stroke is similar to a heart attack, except it occurs in the blood vessels of the brain. Clots can form in the brain's blood vessels, in blood vessels leading to the brain, or even in blood vessels elsewhere in the body and then travel to the brain. These clots block blood flow to the brain's cells. Ischemic stroke can also occur when too much plaque (fatty deposits and cholesterol) clogs the brain's blood vessels. About 80% of all strokes are ischemic.
Hemorrhagic (heh-more-raj-ik) strokes occur when a blood vessel in the brain breaks or ruptures. The result is blood seeping into the brain tissue, causing damage to brain cells. The most common causes of hemorrhagic stroke are high blood pressure and brain aneurysms. An aneurysm is a weakness or thinness in the blood vessel wall.

What Are the Symptoms of Stroke?

The most common symptoms of a stroke are:

Weakness or numbness of the face, arm, or leg on one side of the body
Loss of vision or dimming (like a curtain falling) in one or both eyes
Loss of speech, difficulty talking, or understanding what others are saying
Sudden, severe headache with no known cause
Loss of balance or unstable walking, usually combined with another symptom

What Should I Do If I Experience Stroke Symptoms?

Immediately call 911 if you or someone you know has symptoms of a stroke. Stroke is a medical emergency. Immediate treatment can save your life or increase your chances of a full recovery.

Is it Possible to Prevent a Stroke?

Up to 50% of all strokes are preventable. Many risk factors can be controlled before they cause problems.

Controllable Risk Factors for Stroke:

Uncontrollable Risk Factors for Stroke:

Age (>65)
Gender (Men have more strokes, but women have deadlier strokes)
Race (African-Americans are at increased risk)
Family history of stroke

Your doctor can evaluate your risk for stroke and help you control your risk factors. Sometimes, people experience warning signs before a stroke occurs.

These are called transient ischemic attacks (also called TIA or "mini-stroke") and are short, brief episodes of the stroke symptoms listed above. Some people have no symptoms warning them prior to a stroke or symptoms are so mild they are not noticeable. Regular check-ups are important in catching problems before they become serious. Report any symptoms or risk factors to your doctor.

Source: webmd.com

Health Benefits of Vegetables

2016-06-30T03:48:00.000-07:00

People who eat fruit and vegetables as part of their daily diet have a reduced risk of many chronic diseases. USDA's MyPlate encourages making half your plate fruits and vegetables.

Vegetables are important part of healthy eating and provide a source of many nutrients, including potassium, fiber, folate (folic acid) and vitamins A, E and C. Options like broccoli, spinach, tomatoes and garlic provide additional benefits, making them a superfood!

Potassium may help to maintain healthy blood pressure. Dietary fiber from vegetables helps reduce blood cholesterol levels and may lower risk of heart disease.

Folate (folic acid) helps the body form healthy red blood cells. Women of childbearing age who may become pregnant and those in the first trimester of pregnancy need adequate folate to reduce the risk of neural tube defects and spina bifida during fetal development.

Eating Vegetables Provides Health Benefits

The nutrients in vegetables are vital for health and maintenance of your body.
Eating a diet rich in vegetables may reduce risk for stroke, cancer, heart diseases and type-2 diabetes.
One to four cups of vegetables are recommended each day, depending on how many calories you need. To find out how many vegetables you need to eat, use the Healthy Eating Planner.

Source: http://www.healthyeating.org

Health Benefits of Fruit

2016-06-30T03:47:00.000-07:00

Fruit has been recognized as a good source of vitamins and minerals, and for their role in preventing vitamin C and vitamin A deficiencies. People who eat fruit as part of an overall healthy diet generally have a reduced risk of chronic diseases. USDA's MyPlate encourages making half your plate fruits and vegetables for healthy eating.

Fruit are important sources of many nutrients, including potassium, fiber, vitamin C and folate (folic acid). Try incorporating blueberries, citrus fruit, cranberries or strawberries which contain phytochemicals that are being studied for added health benefits.

Eating Fruit Provides Health Benefits

The nutrients in fruit are vital for health and maintenance of your body. The potassium in fruit can reduce your risk of heart disease and stroke. Potassium may also reduce the risk of developing kidney stones and help to decrease bone loss as you age.

Folate (folic acid) helps the body form red blood cells. Women of childbearing age who may become pregnant and those in the first trimester of pregnancy need adequate folate. Folate helps prevent neural tube birth defects, such as spina bifida.

More Health Benefits of Fruit:

Eating a diet rich in fruit may reduce risk for stroke, other cardiovascular diseases and type-2 diabetes.
A fruit containing eating pattern is part of an overall healthy diet and may protect against certain cancers.
Fruit helps maintain optimum health due to the health promoting phytochemicals it contains – many of which are still being identified.
One to 2-1/2 cups of fruit are recommended each day, depending on how many calories you need. To find out how much fruit you need, try the Healthy Eating Planner.

Source: http://www.healthyeating.org/

Brain Tumors in Adults

2016-06-30T03:45:00.003-07:00

What Is a Tumor?

A tumor is a mass of tissue that's formed by an accumulation of abnormal cells. Normally, the cells in your body age, die, and are replaced by new cells. With cancer and other tumors, something disrupts this cycle. Tumor cells grow, even though the body does not need them, and unlike normal old cells, they don't die. As this process goes on, the tumor continues to grow as more and more cells are added to the mass.

Primary brain tumors emerge from the various cells that make up the brain and central nervous system and are named for the kind of cell in which they first form. The most common types of adult brain tumors are gliomas and astrocytic tumors. These tumors form from astrocytes and other types of glial cells, which are cells that help keep nerves healthy.

The second most common type of adult brain tumors are meningeal tumors. These form in the meninges, the thin layer of tissue that covers the brain and spinal cord.

What Are the Symptoms of a Brain Tumor in Adults?

Symptoms of brain tumors vary according to the type of tumor and the location. Because different areas of the brain control different functions of the body, where the tumor lies affects the way symptoms are manifested.

Some tumors have no symptoms until they are quite large and then cause a serious, rapid decline in health. Other tumors may have symptoms that develop slowly.

A common initial symptom of a brain tumor is headaches. Often, they don't respond to the usual headache remedies. Keep in mind that most headaches are unrelated to brain tumors.

Other symptoms include:

Seizures
Changes in speech or hearing
Changes in vision
Balance problems
Problems with walking
Numbness or tingling in the arms or legs
Problems with memory
Personality changes
Inability to concentrate
Weakness in one part of the body

It's important to keep in mind that these symptoms can be caused by a number of different conditions. Don't assume you have a brain tumor just because you experience some of them. Check with your doctor.

How Are Brain Tumors Diagnosed?

To diagnose a brain tumor, the doctor starts by asking questions about your symptoms and taking a personal and family health history. Then he or she performs a physical exam, including a neurological exam. If there's reason to suspect a brain tumor, the doctor may request one or more of the following tests:

Imaging studies such as a CT(CAT) scan or MRI to see detailed images of the brain
Angiogram or MRA, which involve the use of dye and X-rays of blood vessels in the brain to look for signs of a tumor or abnormal blood vessels

The doctor may also ask for a biopsy to determine whether or not the tumor is cancer. A tissue sample is removed from the brain either during surgery to remove the tumor or with a needle inserted through a small hole drilled into the skull before treatment is started. The sample is then sent to a lab for testing.

How Are Brain Tumors Treated?

Surgery to remove the tumor is typically the first option once a brain tumor has been diagnosed. However, some tumors can't be surgically removed because of their location in the brain. In those cases, chemotherapy and radiation therapy are both options for killing and shrinking the tumor. Sometimes, chemotherapy or radiation is also used after surgery to kill any remaining cancer cells. Tumors that are deep in the brain or in areas that are difficult reach may be treated with Gamma Knife therapy, which is a form of highly focused radiation therapy.

Because treatment for cancer also can damage healthy tissue, it's important to discuss possible side and long-term effects of whatever treatment is being used with your doctor. The doctor can explain the risk and the possibility of losing certain faculties. The doctor can also explain the importance of planning for rehabilitation following treatment. Rehabilitation could involve working with several different therapists, such as:

Physical therapist to regain strength and balance
Speech therapist to address problems with speaking, expressing thoughts, or swallowing
Occupational therapist to help manage daily activities such as using the bathroom, bathing, and dressing

Source: webmd.com

About Zika Virus Disease

2016-06-30T03:43:00.001-07:00

Zika virus disease (Zika) is a disease caused by the Zika virus, which is spread to people primarily through the bite of an infected Aedes species mosquito. The most common symptoms of Zika are fever, rash, joint pain, and conjunctivitis (red eyes). The illness is usually mild with symptoms lasting for several days to a week after being bitten by an infected mosquito. People usually don’t get sick enough to go to the hospital, and they very rarely die of Zika. For this reason, many people might not realize they have been infected. However, Zika virus infection during pregnancy can cause a serious birth defect called microcephaly, as well as other severe fetal brain defects. Once a person has been infected, he or she is likely to be protected from future infections.
Zika virus was first discovered in 1947 and is named after the Zika Forest in Uganda. In 1952, the first human cases of Zika were detected and since then, outbreaks of Zika have been reported in tropical Africa, Southeast Asia, and the Pacific Islands. Zika outbreaks have probably occurred in many locations. Before 2007, at least 14 cases of Zika had been documented, although other cases were likely to have occurred and were not reported. Because the symptoms of Zika are similar to those of many other diseases, many cases may not have been recognized.
In May 2015, the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) issued an alert regarding the first confirmed Zika virus infection in Brazil. On February 1, 2016, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared Zika virus a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC). Local transmission has been reported in many other countries and territories. Zika virus will likely continue to spread to new areas.
Specific areas where Zika is spreading are often difficult to determine and are likely to change over time. If traveling, please visit the CDC Travelers' Health site for the most updated travel information.

Source: http://www.cdc.gov/zika/about/

HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE (HYPERTENSION)

2016-05-16T07:17:00.000-07:00

Symptoms

By Mayo Clinic Staff

Most people with high blood pressure have no signs or symptoms, even if blood pressure readings reach dangerously high levels.
A few people with high blood pressure may have headaches, shortness of breath or nosebleeds, but these signs and symptoms aren't specific and usually don't occur until high blood pressure has reached a severe or life-threatening stage.

When to see a doctor

You'll likely have your blood pressure taken as part of a routine doctor's appointment.
Ask your doctor for a blood pressure reading at least every two years starting at age 18. If you're age 40 or older, or you're age 18-39 with a high risk of high blood pressure, ask your doctor for a blood pressure reading every year. Blood pressure generally should be checked in both arms to determine if there is a difference. It's important to use an appropriate-sized arm cuff. Your doctor will likely recommend more frequent readings if you've already been diagnosed with high blood pressure or have other risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Children age 3 and older will usually have blood pressure measured as a part of their yearly checkups.
If you don't regularly see your doctor, you may be able to get a free blood pressure screening at a health resource fair or other locations in your community. You can also find machines in some stores that will measure your blood pressure for free.
Public blood pressure machines, such as those found in pharmacies, may provide helpful information about your blood pressure, but they may have some limitations. The accuracy of these machines depends on several factors, such as a correct cuff size and proper use of the machines. Ask your doctor for advice on using public blood pressure machines.

http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/high-blood-pressure/basics/symptoms/con-20019580

Coartem(reg) (artemether-lumefantrine) most effective malaria treatment in areas of high resistance to conventional anti-malarials

2016-01-08T13:38:00.000-08:00

UNICAF

A new study published in The Lancet suggests that the combination of artemether and lumefantrine, available from Novartis under the brand name Coartem, is the most effective available treatment for malaria in children in areas of Africa where resistance to conventional anti-malarial drugs is high. Developed and produced by Novartis and its Chinese partners, Coartem is currently the only fixed-dose artemisinin-based combination therapy pre-qualified by the World Health Organization (WHO) for procurement by United Nations agencies.

Recently, the Global Fund to Fight HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria approved a grant of USD 170 million to seven African nations for the procurement of Coartem over the next two years.

"These new clinical data confirm that Coartem is the current gold standard to treat malaria in areas of high resistance to conventional anti-malarials and is as such a life-saving drug," said Dr. Daniel Vasella, Chairman and CEO of Novartis. "When combined with the most recent financing commitment from the Global Fund, these results underpin our efforts to rapidly ramp up the production of Coartem."

Since 2001, Novartis has supplied more than six million treatments of artemether-lumefantrine on a non-profit basis for distribution to the public sector in malaria-endemic developing countries. Production of Coartem, currently the leading artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT), has increased from 100,000 treatments in 2002 to a projected 30 million treatments in 2005. The original 2001 agreement between Novartis and the WHO forecast demand for Coartem at just over two million treatments in 2005. Since then, non-binding demand forecasts provided by WHO have continuously increased, including a six-fold jump in the 2005 demand forecast between December 2003 and March 2004. In this three month period, the WHO demand forecast surged from 10 million to 60 million treatments.

Published: Saturday 30 April 2005

AJU GLOBAL LIMITED.: HOW RISKY IS ORAL SEX

2016-01-04T07:24:00.001-08:00

AJU GLOBAL LIMITED.: HOW RISKY IS ORAL SEX: How risky is oral sex? Oral sex is the sucking or licking of someone's external genitalia (penis or vulva) or anus. Most experts agree t...

HOW RISKY IS ORAL SEX

2016-01-04T07:09:00.002-08:00

How risky is oral sex?

Oral sex is the sucking or licking of someone's external genitalia (penis or vulva) or anus. Most experts agree that having unprotected oral sex is not as risky as having unprotected anal or vaginal intercourse. But oral sex is not risk free.

Unprotected oral sex is less risky than unprotected intercourse because the skin inside the mouth is stronger and thicker than the skin inside the vagina or anus. The skin inside your mouth is less likely to tear during oral sex, allowing fewer opportunities for HIV to enter the bloodstream. Also, it is believed that there is a substance in saliva that actually inhibits HIV.

Remember, even though the risk is low for HIV transmission during oral sex with someone who is HIV positive or whose HIV status is not known, many other sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including gonorrhea, chlamidya and herpes can be spread through unprotected oral sex.

Who is at risk?

Body fluids that can transmit HIV include pre-ejaculate fluid, semen, vaginal fluids and blood (including menstrual blood). The receptive partner (the person performing the oral sex act) is at more risk than the insertive partner (the person being stimulated orally). This is due to the fact that the receptive partner comes into contact with more fluids that can transmit the infection.

What increases the risk of HIV getting into my bloodstream?

The risk of HIV entering your bloodstream increases if:
-- You have any cuts or sores in your mouth, even if they are unnoticeable. These tiny cuts could be caused by disease, dental work, flossing, brushing or even from eating ?sharp? foods like chips.
-- The skin in your mouth or on your partner's genitals is torn (even unnoticeably) during rough, very penetrative or prolonged oral sex.

http://www.canadian-health-network.ca