RHCE Study Guide Exam Certification RHCE Exam questions RedHat lessons RHCE

Appropriate Hardware to study for the RHCSA/RHCE exams

2011-08-26T03:31:00.001+03:00

Appropriate Hardware to study for the RHCSA/RHCE exams

Since the 6th edition was released, I've received a number of questions related to the physical hardware needed for people who are studying for their RHCSA/RHCE certs. Yes, in essence, there is an implied hardware requirement. To help answer those questions, I've collected relevant excerpts from my book in this post.

While the Red Hat exams don't test hardware, the RHCSA includes several objectives associated with Kernel-based Virtual Machines (KVM). To meet the RHCE objectives, you'll need to set up multiple systems (which can be on virtual machines), along with knowledge of RHCSA requirements. The packages required to host KVM-based virtual machines are available only on the 64-bit releases of RHEL 6. As Scientific Linux 6 and CentOS 6 use Red Hat source code, KVM-based virtual machines are available only the the 64-bit versions of those distributions as well.

Summary: To meet the objectives associated with the RHCSA/RHCE exams --

1) You should have a 64-bit physical system with hardware virtualization enabled, preferably with multiple CPUs or a CPU with multiple cores
2) You'll need sufficient RAM for at least two virtual machines on the host system (4GB or more would be ideal)
3) While not strictly a hardware requirement, you may want to modify some hardware-related settings to extend the life of some hard drives.

If you're using RHEL 6 (or one of the rebuild distributions such as CentOS-6 or Scientific Linux 6), KVM host software is available only on the 64-bit releases.

As I've noted in the introduction to my book http://www.amazon.com/RHCSA-Linux-Ce...dp/0071765654/ ,

Quote:

The RHCSA objectives specify a number of points associated with virtual machines. The default RHEL 6 solution uses the Kernel based Virtual Machine (KVM). Red Hat supports KVM as a host only on physical systems with 64-bit CPUs. Therefore, to study for the KVM-related objectives for the RHCSA, you’ll need physical hardware that can handle a 64-bit version of RHEL 6.

In the book, at the end of that paragraph, I made a mistake. 32-bit versions of Scientific Linux 6 do not include KVM host software. That will be noted in the errata. (While you may be able to use 32-bit versions of Fedora for KVM, I haven't tested that. Even if it's possible, it would bring up other problems related to the differences between Fedora and RHEL 6.)

The paragraph that follows is also important, and may also apply to some of you who are studying on desktop systems.

Quote:

And you should expect to install two or more virtual machines on that 64-bit physical system. Virtual hosts work better on systems with multiple CPUs or systems with multicore CPUs. So to avoid hardware that slows your studies, you’ll want a 64-bit physical system with at least 2GB and preferably 4GB of RAM. (I prepared this book on a 64-bit system with 8GB of RAM.) If you’re using a laptop system, read the information from https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=667485. If the listed bug has not been resolved by the time you read this, the useful lifetime of your hard drive may depend on it.

In Chapter 1, I supplement this discussion with the following information:

Quote:

If you’re planning to configure VMs on RHEL 6, be sure to choose an architecture that supports hardware-assisted virtualization, along with Basic Input/Output System (BIOS) or Universal Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI) menu options that allow you to activate hardware-assisted virtualization. A configuration that supports hardware-assisted virtualization will have either the vmx (Intel) or svm (AMD) flags in the /proc/cpuinfo file.

Be aware, RHEL 6 installations on 32-bit systems with UEFI menus are not supported.

While I've looked at just a few hardware systems, published reports suggest that computers with appropriate CPUs from AMD automatically have hardware virtualization enabled. I include the following "On The Job" element that should help if you're shopping for an appropriate system:

Quote:

If you’re not sure about a system, see if you can try it out at the “store” with one of the “Live CD” distributions. If allowed by store personnel, boot the system from that Live CD (or DVD). Once booted, you should be able to access the /proc/cpuinfo file from the command line. You may need to tinker a bit with the BIOS or UEFI menus. A system configured to support hardware-assisted virtualization will have the vmx or svm flags in that file, even when read from a Live CD distribution.

While there's no "Live CD" of RHEL 6, there are Live CD versions of both Scientific Linux 6 and CentOS 6.

Finally, if you're using a laptop system (some desktop systems may also be affected), be aware that the default Linux settings (including RHEL 6) may result in very frequent cycling of --some-- hard drives. Without changes, hard drives on some systems have been known to last only a few months. For more information, see https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=667485 and https://ata.wiki.kernel.org/index.ph...ibility_issues . Personally, I've included the following command as a workaround in my /etc/rc.local file:

/sbin/hdparm -B 200 /dev/sda

One common alternative is:

/sbin/hdparm -B 254 /dev/sda

Source

http://www.linuxquestions.org/questions/linux-certification-46/appropriate-hardware-to-study-for-the-rhcsa-rhce-exams-899466/

RH135 Course

2011-08-11T10:27:00.001+03:00

RH135

---------
RH135
Day 10
---------
Automated Installation of Red Hat Enterprise Linux

using kickstart, a system administrator can create a single file (.cfg file) which contains the answers to all the
questions typically asked during an installation. this file can be accessed to the installer (for example RHEL cd/dvd or
rhcectg file in our LAB) to automate installation of RedHat Enterprise Linux.
Steps for kickstart installation

01. Create a kickstart file
- Using system-config-kickstart
- using /root/anaconda-ks.cfg file from a alrady insalled RHEL box

02. Make the Kickstart file available to the Installer
Network servers: FTP, HTTP, NFS
DHCP/TFTP server
USB Disk or CD-ROM
Local hard disk

03. Boot the installer
- Installation Disks
- PXE Boot
- boot.iso

04. Point the installer to the kickstart file
ks=http://server/dir/file
ks=ftp://server/dir/file
ks=nfs:server:/dir/file
ks=hd:/device/dir/file
ks=cdrom:/dir/file
LAB Practice:
http://rubence.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=95&Itemid=88

RH124 Course

2011-08-11T10:24:00.002+03:00

RH124 Course and RH135 Course

Day 01:
---------
Introduction
Linux History
Linux Installation I
Introduction to vi editor
Basic commands I

Day 02:
--------
GNOME Graphical Desktop
Nautilus
NTP
Printer, Print jobs and queues
Basic commands II

Day 03:
--------
Manage Physical Storage I
Manage Logical Volumes
Monitor System Resources
Manage System software

Day 04:
-------
Bash
man, whatis, pinfo
Network concept and configuration
Users, Groups and File Management

Day 05:
-------
File Permissions
Remote access and configuration
Manage Physical Storage II
Linux Installation II

Day 06:
-------
Virtual Machine
Boot Process
File sharing service (Deploying FTP server and Web Server)
Firewall and SELinux

http://rubence.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=77&Itemid=77

RedHat System Administration 1 RH124 Slides

2011-07-22T21:08:00.002+03:00

RH124-RHEL6-en-1-20101029-slides

Course Description

Red Hat System Administration I (RH124) is designed for IT professionals who are new to Linux and require core Red Hat Enterprise Linux skills. Focused on administration tasks that will be encountered in the workplace, this course will actively engage students in task-focused activities, lab-based knowledge checks, and facilitative discussions to ensure maximum skill transfer and retention. In addition, GUI-based tools will be featured to build on the students' existing technical knowledge, while key command line concepts will be introduced to provide a foundation for students planning to become full-time Linux system administrators. By the end of the five-day course, students will be able to perform installation, establish network connectivity, manage physical storage, and perform basic security administration.

Check out the complete course outline for more details.
Audience

Microsoft Windows system administrators who need to quickly learn core Red Hat Enterprise Linux proficiencies
System administrators, network administrators, and other IT professionals who require proficiency performing core tasks in Linux
Non-Linux IT professionals on the path to becoming full-time Linux system administrators

Prerequisites

Previous operating system administration experience is helpful but not required

Course Content

Graphical installation of Linux
Managing physical storage
Introduction to the command line
Learning how to install and configure local components and services
Establishing network and securing network services
Managing and securing files
Administrating users and groups
Deploying file sharing services

http://wenku.baidu.com/view/c8cd16134431b90d6c85c7df.html

RHCE Online Text Book

2011-07-14T01:54:00.001+03:00

RHCE

Red Hat Certified Engineer

(DAY 1)

Section 1 - Installing Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5

-practice time the lab is open

-test is on a Tuesday in 4 weeks

First Stage is available in three supported versions:

boot.iso - used
diskboot.img - is a VFAT file system for use with USB pendrives
pxeboot

The Second Stage is Anaconda

-The Text MOde Installtion Interface can be selected by typing the command 'linux text' at the boot: prompt. This will load an ncurses-based interface. Should only be used if the system is not capable for displaying the GUI.

-The Graphical Installtion Interface is the default interface for Anaconda. This interface will start XOrg

Install Methods

NFS - usually the fastest method
HTTP
FTP

After you have provided Anaconda with the installation method, the installer will detect your hardware, and you will then be prompted...

Virtual Consoles

CTRL + ALT + F1 - text installtion display
CTRL + ALT + F2 - bash shell prompt
CTRL + ALT + F3 - lists a log of installation messages
CTRL + ALT + F4 - lists kernel messages
CTRL + ALT + F5 - lists partition information
CTRL + ALT + F6 - graphical installtion display

note: can change over to the shell to start work early.

Installation Number

NOT a "serial number"
Selects a default set of packages and authorizes the server to offer certain extra "Feature Sets" (package groups) corresponding to things like enhanced virtualization support and the suite of cluster tools.
can be skipped

PART05::RHCSA RHCE RHEL6 Great Materials Resources pdf ppt books slides simulation

2011-07-14T01:51:00.003+03:00

*Note* If user name and password required use the User:linux Password:rhel5

IST193: Linux Security Administration (Shell Script Programming)
This course contains

Catalog Course Description: This course will provide students with the skills necessary to implement and administer basic Linux security policies, including authentication, securing network applications, system monitoring, encryption, and others.

Purpose of the Course: Students will learn how to configure and administer various Linux security features including Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM), TCP Wrappers, and kernel level firewalling using iptables; as well as advanced administration of user authentication, password management, system monitoring, and data encryption.

Lecture Slides , Lecture MP3 Podcasts,workshops and LABS

View Course

PART04::RHCSA RHCE RHEL6 Great Materials Resources pdf ppt books slides simulation

2011-07-14T01:42:00.003+03:00

*Note* If user name and password required use the User:linux Password:rhel5

IST192: Linux Network Applications

Catalog Course Description: This course will provide students with the skills necessary to deploy and administer the core network services in a Linux system, such as Apache Web Server, Samba File Server, BIND Domain Name Service, Network File Service (NFS), and others.

Purpose of the Course: Students will learn how to install and configure Linux network services including Apache Web Server, Squid Proxy Server, Berkley Domain Name Service (BIND), Network File Service (NFS), Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP), Samba File Service (SMB), and Sendmail E-mail Service.

This course contains Lecture Slides , Lecture MP3 Podcasts,workshops and LABS

View Course

PART03::RHCSA RHCE RHEL6 Great Materials Resources pdf ppt books slides simulation

2011-07-14T01:37:00.004+03:00

*Note* If user name and password required use the User:linux Password:rhel5

IST191: Linux Systems Administration

Catalog Course Description: This course will provide students with the skills necessary to administer a Linux system including hardware/software configuration, user and group administration, Linux network configuration, and file system management.

Purpose of the Course: Students will learn to install and configure Linux, manage the Linux filesystem, understand the Linux boot process, administer Linux users and groups, and become familiar with various Linux administrative tools.

This course contains Lecture Slides , Lecture MP3 Podcasts,workshops and LABS

View Course

PART02::RHCSA RHCE RHEL6 Great Materials Resources pdf ppt books slides simulation

2011-07-14T01:28:00.007+03:00

*Note* If user name and password required use the User:linux Password:rhel5

IST190: Linux Essentials

Catalog Course Description: This course will provide students with the fundamental knowledge and concepts of the Linux operating system including command line functions, file systems, user and group administration, process management, text editors, and network applications.

Purpose of the Course: Students will learn to be effective users of Linux systems acquiring skills and understanding of command line functions, file systems, users and groups, bash shell, process management, text editors, network applications, searching and organizing data, and graphical applications.

This course contains Lecture Slides , Lecture MP3 Podcasts,workshops and LABS

View Course

PART01::RHCSA RHCE RHEL6 Great Materials Resources pdf ppt books slides simulation

2011-07-14T00:56:00.007+03:00

1-Rackspace slides by Nathan Isburgh for RHCSA RedHat Enterprise Linux 6

00-Intro.pdf 23-Mar-2011 09:01 1.8M

01-Boot_Process.pdf 23-Mar-2011 09:01 4.1M

02-Package_Managemen..> 23-Mar-2011 09:01 1.9M

03-System_Administra..> 23-Mar-2011 09:02 7.2M

04-Filesystem_Admini..> 24-May-2011 12:41 5.8M

05-Users_and_Groups.pdf 23-Mar-2011 09:02 3.2M

06-Kernel_Features.pdf 23-Mar-2011 09:02 2.9M

07-File_Sharing.pdf 23-Mar-2011 09:02 1.1M

08-Web_Services.pdf 23-Mar-2011 09:03 1.3M

09-Network_Security.pdf 23-Mar-2011 09:03 2.6M

10-Virtualization.pdf 23-Mar-2011 09:03 1.1M

Book.pdf

1-Rackspace slides by Nathan Isburgh for RHCE RedHat Enterprise Linux 6

00-Intro.pdf 11-Jul-2011 03:08 1.7M

01-Boot_Process.pdf 11-Jul-2011 03:08 4.1M

02-Package_Managemen..> 11-Jul-2011 03:08 1.9M

03-System_Administra..> 11-Jul-2011 08:02 7.6M

04-Filesystem_Admini..> 11-Jul-2011 03:07 5.7M

05-Users_and_Groups.pdf 12-Jul-2011 06:02 3.2M

06-Kernel_Features.pdf 11-Jul-2011 15:00 3.2M

07-File_Sharing.pdf 11-Jul-2011 03:07 1.1M

08-Web_Services.pdf 11-Jul-2011 03:07 1.3M

09-Network_Security.pdf 11-Jul-2011 03:06 2.6M

10-Virtualization.pdf 11-Jul-2011 03:06 1.2M

11-System_Administra..> 11-Jul-2011 14:59 3.7M

12-PAM_Kerberos_RAID..> 11-Jul-2011 03:05 1.9M

13-File_Sharing.pdf 11-Jul-2011 03:04 2.6M

14-CGI_Squid.pdf 11-Jul-2011 03:04 1.7M

15-Network_Services.pdf 11-Jul-2011 03:04 1.3M

16-DNS.pdf 11-Jul-2011 03:04 4.0M

17-Email_Services.pdf 11-Jul-2011 03:03 1.8M

18-RPM_iSCSI.pdf 11-Jul-2011 03:03 3.2M

Book.pdf

RHCE rh302 exam questions Part01

2010-05-31T21:19:00.006+03:00

RHCE rh302 exam questions Part02RHCE EXAM

Exam : RH302
Title : Red Hat Certified Engineer on Redhat
Enterprise Linux
Ver : 01.18.08
RH302
QUESTION
1
Change the root Password to redtophat
Answer and
Explanation:
1. Boot the system in Single user mode
2. Use the passwd command
QUESTION
2
Dig Server1.example.com, Resolve to successfully through DNS Where DNS server
is 172.24.254.254
Answer and
Explanation:
#vi /etc/resolv.conf
nameserver 172.24.254.254
# dig server1.example.com
#host server1.example.com
DNS is the Domain Name System, which maintains a database that can help your
computer translate domain names such as www.redhat.com to IP addresses such as
216.148.218.197. As no individual DNS server is large enough to keep a database for the
entire Internet, they can refer requests to other DNS servers.
DNS is based on the named daemon, which is built on the BIND (Berkeley Internet
Name Domain) package developed through the Internet Software Consortium
Users wants to access by name so DNS will interpret the name into ip address. You need
to specify the Address if DNS server in each and every client machine. In Redhat
Enterprise Linux, you need to specify the DNS server into /etc/resolv.conf file.
After Specifying the DNS server address, you can verify using host, dig and nslookup
commands.
QUESTION
3
Create the partition having 100MB size and mount it on /mnt/neo
Answer and
Explanation:
1. Use fdisk /dev/hda-> To create new partition.
2. Type n-> For New partitions
3. It will ask for Logical or Primary Partitions. Press l for logical.
4. It will ask for the Starting Cylinder: Use the Default by pressing Enter Key.
5. Type the Size: +100M-> You can Specify either Last cylinder of Size here.
6. Press P to verify the partitions lists and remember the partitions name.
7. Press w to write on partitions table.
8. Either Reboot or use partprobe command.
9. Use mkfs -t ext3 /dev/hda? Where ? is your partition number
10. Or
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RH302
11. mke2fs -j /dev/hda? To create ext3 filesystem.
12. mkdir /mnt/neo
13. vi /etc/fstab
14. Write:
15. /dev/hda? /mnt/neo ext3 defaults 1 2
16. Verify by mounting on current Sessions also:
17. mount /dev/hda? /mnt/neo
QUESTION
4
Your System is going use as a router for 172.24.0.0/16 and 172.25.0.0/16. Enable the
IP Forwarding.
Answer and
Explanation:
1. echo “1″ >/proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward
2. vi /etc/sysctl.conf
net.ipv4.ip_forward=1
/proc is the virtual filesystem, containing the information about the running kernel. To
change the parameter of running kernel you should modify on /proc. From Next reboot
the system, kernel will take the value from /etc/sysctl.conf.
QUESTION
5
Some users home directory is shared from your system. Using showmount -e
localhost command, the shared directory is not shown. Make access the shared users
home directory.
Answer and
Explanation:
1. Verify the File whether Shared or not ? : cat /etc/exports
2. Start the nfs service: service nfs start
3. Start the portmap service: service portmap start
4. Make automatically start the nfs service on next reboot: chkconfig nfs on
5. Make automatically start the portmap service on next reboot: chkconfig portmap
on
6. Verify either sharing or not: showmount -e localhost
7. Check that default firewall is running on system ? if running flush the iptables
using iptables -F and stop the iptables service.
QUESTION
6
neo user tried by:
dd if=/dev/zero of=/home/neo/somefile bs=1024 count=70
files created successfully. Again neo tried to create file having 70K using following
command:
dd if=/dev/zero of=/home/neo/somefile bs=1024 count=70
But he is unable to create the file. Make the user can create the file less then 70K.
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RH302
Answer and
Explanation:
Very Tricky question from redhat. Actually question is giving scenario to you to
implement quota to neo user. You should apply the quota to neo user on /home that neo
user shouldn’t occupied space more than 70K.
1. vi /etc/fstab
LABEL=/home /home ext3 defaults,usrquota 0 0
To enable the quota on filesystem you should mount the filesystem with usrquota for user
quota and grpquota for group quota.
2. touch /home/aquota.user ->Creating blank quota database file.
3. mount -o remount /home-> Remounting the /home with updated mount options.
You can verify that /home is mounted with usrquota options or not using mount
command.
4. quotacheck -u /home ->Initialization the quota on /home
5. edquota -u neo /home-> Quota Policy editor
See the snapshot
Disk quotas for user neo (uid 500):
Filesystem blocks soft hard inodes soft hard
/dev/mapper/vo-myvol 2 30 70 1 0 0
Can you set the hard limit 70 and soft limit as you think like 30.
Verify using the repquota /home command.
QUESTION
7
One Logical Volume is created named as myvol under vo volume group and is
mounted. The Initial Size of that Logical Volume is 124MB. Make successfully that
the size of Logical Volume 245MB without losing any data. The size of logical
volume 240MB to 255MB will be acceptable.
Answer and
Explanation:
1. First check the size of Logical Volume: lvdisplay /dev/vo/myvol
2. Increase the Size of Logical Volume: lvextend -L+121M /dev/vo/myvol
3. Make Available the size on online: resize2fs /dev/vo/myvol
4. Verify the Size of Logical Volume: lvdisplay /dev/vo/myvol
5. Verify that the size comes in online or not: df -h
We can extend the size of logical Volume using the lvextend command. As well as to
decrease the size of Logical Volume, use the lvresize command. In LVM v2 we can
extend the size of Logical Volume without unmount as well as we can bring the actual
size of Logical Volume on online using ext2online command.
QUESTION
8
Quota is implemented on /data but not working properly. Find out the
Problem and implement the quota to user1 to have a soft limit 60 inodes
(files) and hard limit of 70 inodes (files).
Answer and
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RH302
Explanation:
Quotas are used to limit a user’s or a group of users’ ability to consume disk space. This
prevents a small group of users from monopolizing disk capacity and potentially
interfering with other users or the entire system. Disk quotas are commonly used by ISPs,
by Web hosting companies, on FTP sites, and on corporate file servers to ensure
continued availability of their systems.
Without quotas, one or more users can upload files on an FTP server to the point of
filling a filesystem. Once the affected partition is full, other users are effectively denied
upload access to the disk. This is also a reason to mount different filesystem directories
on different partitions. For example, if you only had partitions for your root (/) directory
and swap space, someone uploading to your computer could fill up all of the space in
your root directory (/). Without at least a little free space in the root directory (/), your
system could become unstable or even crash.
You have two ways to set quotas for users. You can limit users by inodes or by kilobytesized
disk blocks. Every Linux file requires an inode. Therefore, you can limit users by
the number of files or by absolute space. You can set up different quotas for different
filesystems. For example, you can set different quotas for users on the /home and /tmp
directories if they are mounted on their own partitions.
Limits on disk blocks restrict the amount of disk space available to a user on your system.
Older versions of Red Hat Linux included LinuxConf, which included a graphical tool to
configure quotas. As of this writing, Red Hat no longer has a graphical quota
configuration tool. Today, you can configure quotas on RHEL only through the command
line interface.
1. vi /etc/fstab
/dev/hda11 /data ext3 defaults,usrquota 1 2
2. Either Reboot the System or remount the partition.
Mount -o remount /dev/hda11 /data
3. touch /data/aquota.user
4. quotacheck -ufm /data
5. quotaon -u /data
6. edquota -u user1 /data
and Specified the Soft limit and hard limit on opened file.
To verify either quota is working or not:
Soft limit specify the limit to generate warnings to users and hard limit can’t cross by the
user. Use the quota command or repquota command to monitor the quota information.
QUESTION
9
One Logical Volume named lv1 is created under vg0. The Initial Size of that Logical
Volume is 100MB. Now you required the size 500MB. Make successfully the size of
that Logical Volume 500M without losing any data. As well as size should be
increased online.
Answer and
Explanation:
The LVM system organizes hard disks into Logical Volume (LV) groups. Essentially,
physical hard disk partitions (or possibly RAID arrays) are set up in a bunch of equalRH302
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RH302
sized chunks known as Physical Extents (PE). As there are several other concepts
associated with the LVM system, let’s start with some basic definitions:
• Physical Volume (PV) is the standard partition that you add to the LVM mix.
Normally, a physical volume is a standard primary or logical partition. It can also
be a RAID array.
• Physical Extent (PE) is a chunk of disk space. Every PV is divided into a number
of equal sized PEs. Every PE in a LV group is the same size. Different LV groups
can have different sized PEs.
• Logical Extent (LE) is also a chunk of disk space. Every LE is mapped to a
specific PE.
• Logical Volume (LV) is composed of a group of LEs. You can mount a
filesystem such as /home and /var on an LV.
• Volume Group (VG) is composed of a group of LVs. It is the organizational
group for LVM. Most of the commands that you’ll use apply to a specific VG.
1. Verify the size of Logical Volume: lvdisplay /dev/vg0/lv1
2. Verify the Size on mounted directory: df -h or df -h mounted directory name
3. Use : lvextend -L+400M /dev/vg0/lv1
4. resize2fs /dev/vg0/lv1 to bring extended size online.
5. Again Verify using lvdisplay and df -h command.
QUESTION
10
Create one partitions having size 100MB and mount it on /data.
Answer and
Explanation:
1. Use fdisk /dev/hda ->To create new partition.
2. Type n-> For New partitions
3. It will ask for Logical or Primary Partitions. Press l for logical.
4. It will ask for the Starting Cylinder: Use the Default by pressing Enter Key.
5. Type the Size: +100M ->You can Specify either Last cylinder of Size here.
6. Press P to verify the partitions lists and remember the partitions name.
7. Press w to write on partitions table.
8. Either Reboot or use partprobe command.
9. Use mkfs -t ext3 /dev/hda?
Or
mke2fs -j /dev/hda? To create ext3 filesystem.
10. vi /etc/fstab
Write:
/dev/hda? /data ext3 defaults 1 2
11. Verify by mounting on current Sessions also:
mount /dev/hda? /data
QUESTION
11
You are new System Administrator and from now you are going to handle the
system and your main task is Network monitoring, Backup and Restore. But you
don’t know the root password. Change the root password to redhat and login in
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RH302
default Runlevel.
Answer and
Explanation:
When you Boot the System, it starts on default Runlevel specified in /etc/inittab:
Id:?:initdefault:
When System Successfully boot, it will ask for username and password. But you don’t
know the root’s password. To change the root password you need to boot the system into
single user mode. You can pass the kernel arguments from the boot loader.
1. Restart the System.
2. You will get the boot loader GRUB screen.
3. Press a and type 1 or s for single mode
ro root=LABEL=/ rhgb queit s
4. System will boot on Single User mode.
5. Use passwd command to change.
6. Press ctrl+d
QUESTION
12
There are more then 400 Computers in your Office. You are appointed as a System
Administrator. But you don’t have Router. So, you are going to use your One Linux
Server as a Router. How will you enable IP packets forward?
Answer and
Explanation:
1. /proc is the virtual filesystem, we use /proc to modify the kernel parameters at running
time.
# echo “1″ >/proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward
2. /etc/sysctl.conf when System Reboot on next time, /etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit scripts reads
the file /etc/sysctl.conf.-> To enable the IP forwarding on next reboot also you need to set
the parameter.
net.ipv4.ip_forward=1
Here 0 means disable, 1 means enable.
QUESTION
13
You Completely Install the Redhat Enterprise Linux 5 on your System. While start
the system, it’s giving error to load X window System. How will you fix that
problem and make boot successfully run X Window System.
Answer and
Explanation:
Think while Problems occurred on booting System on Runlevel 5 (X Window).
1. /tmp is full or not
2. Quota is already reached
3. Video card or resolution or monitor is misconfigured.
4. xfs service is running or not.
Do These:
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1. df -h /tmp /tmp is full remove the unnecessary file
2. quota username if quota is already reached remove unnecessary file from home
directory.
3. Boot the System in runlevel 3. you can pass the Kernel Argument from boot
loader.
4. Use command: system-config-display It will display a dialog to configure the
monitor, Video card, resolution etc.
5. Set the Default Runlevel 5 in /etc/inittab
id:5:initdefault:
6. Reboot the System you will get the GUI login Screen.
QUESTION
14
There are two different networks, 192.168.0.0/24 and 192.168.1.0/24. Your System is
in 192.168.0.0/24 Network. One RHEL 5 Installed System is going to use as a
Router. All required configuration is already done on Linux Server. Where
192.168.0.254 and 192.168.1.254 IP Address are assigned on that Server. How will
make successfully ping to 192.168.1.0/24 Network’s Host?
Answer and
Explanation:
1. vi /etc/sysconfig/network
GATEWAY=192.168.0.254
OR
vi /etc/sysconf/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0
DEVICE=eth0
BOOTPROTO=static
ONBOOT=yes
IPADDR=192.168.0.?
NETMASK=255.255.255.0
GATEWAY=192.168.0.254
2. service network restart
Explanation: Gateway defines the way to exit the packets. According to question System
working as a router for two networks have IP Address 192.168.0.254 and 192.168.1.254.
To get the hosts on 192.168.1.0/24 should go through 192.168.0.254.
QUESTION
15
Make a swap partition having 100MB. Make Automatically Usable at System Boot
Time.
Answer and
Explanation:
1. Use fdisk /dev/hda ->To create new partition.
2. Type n-> For New partition
3. It will ask for Logical or Primary Partitions. Press l for logical.
4. It will ask for the Starting Cylinder: Use the Default by pressing Enter Key.
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5. Type the Size: +100M ->You can Specify either Last cylinder of Size here.
6. Press P to verify the partitions lists and remember the partitions name. Default
System ID is 83 that means Linux Native.
7. Type t to change the System ID of partition.
8. Type Partition Number
9. Type 82 that means Linux Swap.
10. Press w to write on partitions table.
11. Either Reboot or use partprobe command.
12. mkswap /dev/hda? ->To create Swap File system on partition.
13. swapon /dev/hda? ->To enable the Swap space from partition.
14. free -m ->Verify Either Swap is enabled or not.
15. vi /etc/fstab
/dev/hda? swap swap defaults 0 0
16. Reboot the System and verify that swap is automatically enabled or not.
QUESTION
16
You are a System administrator. Using Log files very easy to monitor the system.
Now there are 50 servers running as Mail, Web, Proxy, DNS services etc. You want
to centralize the logs from all servers into on LOG Server. How will you configure
the LOG Server to accept logs from remote host ?
Answer and
Explanation:
By Default system accept the logs only generated from local host. To accept the Log
from other host configure:
1. vi /etc/sysconfig/syslog
SYSLOGD_OPTIONS=”-m 0 -r”
Where
-m 0 disables ‘MARK’ messages.
-r enables logging from remote machines
-x disables DNS lookups on messages recieved with -r
2. service syslog restart
QUESTION
17
You are giving the debug RHCT exam. The examiner told you that the password of
root is redhat. When you tried to login displays the error message and redisplayed
the login screen. You changed the root password, again unable to login as a root.
How will you make Successfully Login as a root.
Answer and
Explanation:
When root unable to login into the system think:
1. Is password correct?
2. Is account expired?
3. Is terminal Blocked?
Do these Steps:
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• Boot the System on Single user mode.
• Change the password
• Check the account expire date by using chage -l root command.
If account is expired, set net expire date: chage -E “NEVER” root
1. Check the file /etc/securetty Which file blocked to root login from certain
terminal.
2. If terminal is deleted or commented write new or uncomment.
3. Reboot the system and login as a root.
QUESTION
18
You are giving RHCT Exam and in your Exam paper there is a question written,
make successfully ping to 192.168.0.254.
Answer and
Explanation:
In Network problem thinks to check:
1. IP Configuration: use ifconfig command either IP is assigned to interface or not?
2. Default Gateway is set or not?
3. Hostname is set or not?
4. Routing problem is there?
5. Device Driver Module is loaded or not?
6. Device is activated or not?
Check In this way:
1. use ifconfig command and identify which IP is assigned or not.
2. cat /etc/sysconfig/network What, What is written here. Actually here are these
parameters.
NETWORKING=yes or no
GATEWAY=x.x.x.x
HOSTNAME=?
NISDOMAIN=?
- Correct the file
3. Use vi /etc/sysconfig/network-scirpts/ifcfg-eth0 and check the proper options
DEVICE=eth0
ONBOOT=yes
BOOTPROTO=static
IPADDR=x.x.x.x
NETMAKS=x.x.x.x
GATEWAY=x.x.x.x
4. Use service network restart or start command
QUESTION
19
Set the Hostname station?.example.com where ? is your Host IP Address.
Answer and
Explanation:
1. hostname station?.example.com This will set the host name only for current
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session. To set hostname permanently.
2. vi /etc/sysconfig/network
HOSTNAME=station?.example.com
3. service network restart
QUESTION
20
The System you are using is for NFS (Network File Services). Some important data
are shared from your system. Make automatically start the nfs and portmap
services at boot time.
Answer and
Explanation:
We can control the services for current session and for next boot time also. For current
Session, we use service servicename start or restart or stop or status. For automatically on
next reboot time:
1. chkconfig servicename on or off
eg: chkconfig nfs on
chkconfig portmap on
or
ntsysv
Select the nfs and portmap services.
2. Reboot the system and identify whether services are running or not.
QUESTION
21
There is one partition /dev/hda14 mounted on /data. The owner of /data is root user
and root group. And Permission is full to owner user, read and execute to group
member and no permission to others. Now you should give the full permission to
user user1 without changing pervious permission.
Answer and
Explanation:
We know that every files/directories are owned by certain user and group. And
Permissions are defines to owner user, owner group and other.
-rwxr-x—-> Full permission to owner user, read and write to owner group and no
permission to others.
According to question: We should give the full permission to user user1 without
changing the previous permission.
ACL (Access Control List), in ext3 file system we can give permission to certain user
and certain group without changing previous permission. But that partition should
mount using acl option. Follow the steps
1. vi /etc/fstab
/dev/hda14 /data ext3 defaults,acl 0 1
2. Either Reboot or use: mount -o remount /data
3. setfacl -m u:user1:rwx /data
4. Verify using: getfacl /data
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QUESTION
22
There are two different networks 192.168.0.0/24 and 192.168.1.0/24. Where
192.168.0.254 and 192.168.1.254 IP Address are assigned on Server. Verify your
network settings by pinging 192.168.1.0/24 Network’s Host.
Answer and
Explanation:
1. vi /etc/sysconfing/network
NETWORKING=yes
HOSTNAME=station?.example.com
GATEWAY=192.168.0.254
2. service network restart
Or
1. vi /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0
DEVICE=eth0
ONBOOT=yes
BOOTPROTO=static
IPADDR=X.X.X.X
NETMASK=X.X.X.X
GATEWAY=192.168.0.254
2. ifdown eth0
3. ifup eth0
QUESTION
23
Your system is giving error while booting on Runlevel 5 . Make successfully boot
your system in runlevel 5.
Answer and
Explanation:
While you load the X Window System, you will get the problem. To troubleshoot follow
the following steps:
1. Check the /tmp is full ?
2. Check your quota, hard limit is already crossed ?
3. Check xfs service is running ?
4. Boot the system on runlevel 3 and execute the system-config-display command
5. Edit the /etc/inittab to set default runlevel 5.
id:5:initdefault:
QUESTION
24
Your System is configured in 192.168.0.0/24 Network and your nameserver is
192.168.0.254. Make successfully resolve to server1.example.com.
Answer and
Explanation:
Very Easy question, nameserver is specified in question,
1. vi /etc/resolv.conf
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nameserver 192.168.0.254
2. host server1.example.com
Explanation:
DNS is the Domain Name System, which maintains a database that can help your
computer translate domain names such as www.redhat.com to IP addresses such as
216.148.218.197. As no individual DNS server is large enough to keep a database for the
entire Internet, they can refer requests to other DNS servers.
DNS is based on the named daemon, which is built on the BIND (Berkeley Internet
Name Domain) package developed through the Internet Software Consortium
Users wants to access by name so DNS will interpret the name into ip address. You need
to specify the Address if DNS server in each and every client machine. In Redhat
Enterprise Linux, you need to specify the DNS server into /etc/resolv.conf file.
After Specifying the DNS server address, you can verify using host, dig and nslookup
commands.
#host server1.example.com
QUESTION
25
One Package named zsh is dump on ftp://server1.example.com under /pub/updates
directory and your FTP server is 192.168.0.254. Install the package zsh.
Answer and
Explanation:
1. rpm -ivh ftp://server1/example.com/pub/updates/zsh-*
or
1. Login to ftp server : ftp ftp://server1.example.com using anonymous user.
2. Change the directory: cd pub and cd updates
3. Download the package: mget zsh-*
4. Quit from the ftp prompt : bye
5. Install the package
6. rpm -ivh zsh-*
7. Verify either package is installed or not : rpm -q zsh
QUESTION
26
Add a new logical partition having size 100MB and create the /data which will be
the mount point for the new partition.
Answer and
Explanation:
1. Use fdisk /dev/hda ->To create new partition.
2. Type n-> For New partitions
3. It will ask for Logical or Primary Partitions. Press l for logical.
4. It will ask for the Starting Cylinder: Use the Default by pressing Enter Key.
5. Type the Size: +100M ->You can Specify either Last cylinder of Size here.
6. Press P to verify the partitions lists and remember the partitions name.
7. Press w to write on partitions table.
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8. Either Reboot or use partprobe command.
9. Use mkfs -t ext3 /dev/hda?
10. Or
11. mke2fs -j /dev/hda? To create ext3 filesystem.
12. vi /etc/fstab
13. Write:
14. /dev/hda? /data ext3 defaults 0 0
11. Verify by mounting on current Sessions also:
15. mount /dev/hda? /data
QUESTION
27
There is a server having 172.24.254.254 and 172.25.254.254. Your System lies on
172.24.0.0/16. Make successfully ping to 172.25.254.254 by Assigning following IP:
172.24.0.x Where x is your station number.
Answer and
Explanation:
1. vi /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0
DEVICE=eth0
BOOTPROTO=static
ONBOOT=yes
IPADDR=x.x.x.x
NETMASK=x.x.x.x
2. Enter the IP Address as given station number by your examiner: example: 172.24.0.1
3. Enter Subnet Mask
4. Enter Default Gateway and primary name server
5. press on ok
6. ifdown eth0
7. ifup eth0
8. verify using ifconfig
In the lab server is playing the role of router, IP forwarding is enabled. Just set the
Correct IP and gateway, you can ping to 172.25.254.254.
QUESTION
28
Successfully resolv to server1.example.com where your DNS server is 172.24.254.254
Answer and
Explanation:
1. vi /etc/resolv.conf
nameserver 172.24.254.254
2. host server1.example.com
Explanation:
DNS is the Domain Name System, which maintains a database that can help your
computer translate domain names such as www.redhat.com to IP addresses such as
216.148.218.197. As no individual DNS server is large enough to keep a database for the
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entire Internet, they can refer requests to other DNS servers.
DNS is based on the named daemon, which is built on the BIND (Berkeley Internet
Name Domain) package developed through the Internet Software Consortium
Users wants to access by name so DNS will interpret the name into ip address. You need
to specify the Address if DNS server in each and every client machine. In Redhat
Enterprise Linux, you need to specify the DNS server into /etc/resolv.conf file.
After Specifying the DNS server address, you can verify using host, dig and nslookup
commands.
#host server1.example.com
QUESTION
29
Make Successfully Resolve to server1.example.com where DNS Server is
192.168.0.254.
Answer: 1. vi /etc/resolv.conf
Write : nameserver 192.168.0.254
Explanation:
DNS is the Domain Name System, which maintains a database that can help your
computer translate domain names such as www.redhat.com to IP addresses such as
216.148.218.197. As no individual DNS server is large enough to keep a database for the
entire Internet, they can refer requests to other DNS servers.
DNS is based on the named daemon, which is built on the BIND (Berkeley Internet
Name Domain) package developed through the Internet Software Consortium
Users wants to access by name so DNS will interpret the name into ip address. You need
to specify the Address if DNS server in each and every client machine. In Redhat
Enterprise Linux, you need to specify the DNS server into /etc/resolv.conf file.
After Specifying the DNS server address, you can verify using host, dig and nslookup
commands.
#host server1.example.com
QUESTION
30
One Logical Volume is created named as myvol under vo volume group and is
mounted. The Initial Size of that Logical Volume is 400MB. Make successfully that
the size of Logical Volume 200MB without losing any data. The size of logical
volume 200MB to 210MB will be acceptable.
Answer and
Explanation:
1. First check the size of Logical Volume: lvdisplay /dev/vo/myvol
2. Make sure that the filesystem is in a consistent state before reducing:
# fsck -f /dev/vo/myvol
3. Now reduce the filesystem by 200MB.
# resize2fs /dev/vo/myvol 200M
4. It is now possible to reduce the logical volume.
#lvreduce /dev/vo/myvol -L 200M
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4. Verify the Size of Logical Volume: lvdisplay /dev/vo/myvol
5. Verify that the size comes in online or not: df -h
QUESTION
31
You are giving the RHCE exam. Now you should boot your System properly. When
you started your System, You got one message that.
INIT Entering runlevel 9
INIT: no more processes left in this runlevel
How will you boot your System properly?
Answer and
Explanation:
You should know about the /etc/inittab file, where default runlevel will define. And
Much more runlevel specific Scripts are called here.
Actually that problem will occur if you don’t specify the default runlevel.
1. Reboot the system
2. Boot the System on single user mode.
Except for a normal boot of Linux, single-user mode is the most commonly used option.
This is the system maintenance mode for experienced Linux administrators. It allows you
to perform clean backups and restores to any partitions as needed from local hardware. It
also allows you to run administration commands, recover or repair password and shadow
password files, run filesystem checks, and so forth.
3. vi /etc/inittab and Write
id:runlevel:initdefault:
Standard Runlevels in RedHat Enterprise Linux
Runlevel Description
0 Halt
1 Single-user mode, for maintenance (backups/restores) and repairs
2 Multiuser, without networking
3 Multiuser, with networking
4 Unused
5 X11, defaults to a GUI login screen. Logins bring the user to a GUI
desktop.
6 Reboot (never set initdefault in /etc/inittab to this value!)
QUESTION
32
You are giving RHCE exam. You should boot the system in Run level 3. When you
start the system after while it is going on runlevel 6 : like
INIT: Entering Run level 6
Sending TERM Single
Fix the problem and boot the system.
Answer and
Explanation:
It is due to either default runlevel or runlevel specific scripts.
1. id:?:initdefault: Where default runlevel is specified. It shouldn’t be 6.
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2. l3:3:wait:/etc/rc.d/rc 6 It reads the scripts of runlevel 6 while
booting system on rulevel 3.
It should be like:
si::sysinit:/etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit
l0:0:wait:/etc/rc.d/rc 0
l1:1:wait:/etc/rc.d/rc 1
l2:2:wait:/etc/rc.d/rc 2
l3:3:wait:/etc/rc.d/rc 3 Should be like this
l4:4:wait:/etc/rc.d/rc 4
l5:5:wait:/etc/rc.d/rc 5
l6:6:wait:/etc/rc.d/rc 6
QUESTION
33
You are giving RHCE exam. Examiner gave you the Boot related problem and told
to you that make successfully boot the System. While booting system, you saw some
error and stop the boot process by displaying some error messages.
Kernel Panic – not syncing: Attempted to kill init!
And no further boot process. What you will do to boot the system.
Answer and
Explanation:
To understand the role of a boot loader, take a step back from Linux. When you boot
your computer, the BIOS starts by detecting basic hardware, including your hard drives.
Once it’s done, it looks for the boot loader on the Master Boot Record of the first
available disk. If you’re working with an older PC, the BIOS can’t find your boot loader
unless it’s located within the first 1,024 cylinders of the hard disk.
Newer BIOSes overcome this problem with Logical Block Addressing, which is also
known as LBA mode. LBA mode reads ‘logical’ values for the cylinder, head, and sector,
which allows the BIOS to ‘see’ a larger disk drive.
If you have multiple hard drives, there is one more caveat. If your drives are IDE hard
drives, the /boot directory must be on a hard drive attached to the primary IDE controller.
If your drives are all SCSI hard drives, the /boot directory must be located on a hard drive
with SCSI ID 0 or ID 1. If you have a mix of hard drives, the /boot directory must be
located on either the first IDE drive or a SCSI drive with ID 0. In other words, this is not
an issue on the Red Hat exams unless the computer that you’re tested on has more than
two hard drives. And I believe that’s less likely, as that would increase the cost of the
exam.
If you are getting the Kernel panic error, it means it is boot loader related problem.
Redhat Enterprise Linux uses the GRUB boot loader. You can pass the kernel
parameter from the boot loader as well as you can correct the kernel parameter
passing from boot loader from GRUB screen at boot time.
GRUB boot loader configuration file is: /etc/grub.conf
And Correct Configuration is:
default=0
timeout=5
splashimage=(hd0,0)/grub/splash.xpm.gz
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hiddenmenu
title Red Hat Enterprise Linux ES (2.6.9-5.EL)
root (hd0,0)
kernel /vmlinuz-2.6.9-5.EL ro root=LABEL=/ rhgb quiet
initrd /initrd-2.6.9-5.EL.img
Probably miss-configured the boot loader, so giving this problem. You can pass the
correct parameter from GRUB prompt:
Table 3-3: GRUB Editing Commands
Command Description
b Boot the currently listed operating system
d Delete the current line
e Edit the current line
o Create an empty line underneath the current line
O Create an empty line above the current line
If you know all parameters and sequence of the boot loader you can enter in
command prompt also.
Press c on GRUB screen.
Grub> root (hd0,0)
grub> kernel /vmlinuz-2.6.9-5.EL ro root=LABEL=/ rhgb quiet
grub> initrd /initrd-2.6.9-5.EL.img
grub>boot
QUESTION
34
You are giving RHCE exam. Examiner gave you the Boot related problem and told
to you that make successfully boot the System. When you started the system, System
automatically asking the root password for maintenance. How will you fix that
problem?
Answer and
Explanation:
Maintenance mode also known as emergency mode. System boots on emergency mode
when file system error occurred. It is due to unknown partition, bad filesystem specified
in /etc/fstab. To slove follow the steps
1. Give the Root password
2. fdisk -l Verify the Number of parations.
3. Identify the Root partition, e2label /dev/hda1, e2label /dev/hda2…..
4. Remount the root partation on rw mode: mount -o remount,defaults /dev/hda6 /
5. vi /etc/fstab
Correct all partitions, mount point, mount options, file system etc.
6. Press ctrl+d
QUESTION
35
You are working as an Administrator. There is a common data shared (/data) from
192.168.0.254 to all users in your local LAN. When user’s system start, shared data
should automatically mount on /common directory.
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Answer And
Explanation:
To automatically mount at boot time we use the /etc/fstab file. Because /etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit
file reads and mount all file system specified in /etc/fstab. To mount Network Sharing
Files also use the /etc/fstab but filesystem is nfs.
1. vi /etc/fstab
192.168.0.254:/data / common nfs defaults 0 0
2. reboot the system.
QUESTION
36
Boot your System Successfully on runlevel 3.
Answer and
Explanation:
This is boot related problem. There will be same questions repeated two times but
problem is different.
First When you restart the system you will get the Error:
mount: error 15 mounting ext3
mount: error 2 mounting none
switchroot: mount failed: 22
umount /initrd/dev/: 2
Kernel Panic: no syncing: Attempted to kill init !
This error occurred in your system before showing welcome redhat linux. That means
problem in grub boot loader.
Restart the System
Check the grub boot loader configuration by pressing e shortcut key.
You will see like:
root (hd0,0)
kernel /vmlinuz-2.6.9-5.EL ro root= / rhgb quiet
initrd /initrd-2.6.9-5.EL.img
OR
root (hd0,0)
kernel /vmlinuz-2.6.9-5.EL ro root=LABEL=/root rhgb quiet
initrd /initrd-2.6.9-5.EL.img
Then Edit Boot loader to make like
root (hd0,0)
kernel /vmlinuz-2.6.9-5.EL ro root=LABEL=/ rhgb quiet
i nitrd /initrd-2.6.9-5.EL.img
Check all lines and edit as same as above. Press b to boot the system
After booting the system you should correct the /etc/grub.conf file.
QUESTION
37
Boot your System Successfully on run level 3.
Answer and
Explanation:
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After completing the Boot loader problem, you will boot the system, but it goes to
emergency mode. Remember that if System boots on Emergency mode that means file
system problem.
You will get the Shell, remount the / filesystem with read and write mode.
1. First Find out the / filesystem using e2lable /dev/hda1, e2lable /dev/hda2 etc
2. mount -o remount,defaults /dev/hda? /
3. vi /etc/fstab
You will get like:
/root / ext3 defaults 1 1
or / /root ext3 defaults 1 1
4. Edit the file like:
/ / ext3 defaults 1 1
5. Configure the /etc/grub.conf file if just booting system by editing grub from grub
prompt.
6. Reboot the system.
QUESTION
38
Boot your System Successfully on runlevel 3. (Next Question)
Answer and
Explanation:
This is boot related problem. There will be same questions repeated two times but
problem is different.
First When you restart the system you will get the Error:
File Not Found
mount: error 15 mounting ext3
mount: error 2 mounting none
switchroot: mount failed: 22
umount /initrd/dev/: 2
Kernel Panic: no syncing: Attempted to kill init !
Restart the System
Check the grub boot loader configuration by pressing e shortcut key.
You will see like:
root (hd0,0)
kernel /vmlinuz-2.6.9-5.EL ro root= / rhgb quiet
initrd /initrd-2.6.9-5.EL.img
OR
root (hd0,0)
kernel /vmlinuz-2.6.9-5.EL ro root=LABEL=/root rhgb quiet
initrd /initrd-2.6.9-5.EL.img
Then Edit Boot loader to make like
root (hd0,0)
kernel /vmlinuz-2.6.9-5.EL ro root=LABEL=/ rhgb quiet
initrd /initrd-2.6.9-5.EL.img
Check all lines and edit as same as above. Press b to boot the system
After booting the system you should correct the /etc/grub.conf file.
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If still you are getting Error like File not found, it seems that either kernel file or initrd
file is missing. To troubleshoot with these problem, boot the system on rescue mode.
i. linux rescue
ii. chroot /mnt/sysimage
iii. Check the files on /boot, if not available install the kernel package from ftp or
nfs server
iv. Create the initrd image file on boot using: mkinitrd initrd-2.6.9-5.EL.img
`uname -r`
QUESTION
39
Install the Redhat Linux RHEL 5 through NFS. Where your Server is
server1.example.com having IP 172.24.254.254 and shared /var/ftp/pub. The size of
the partitions are listed below:
/ -> 1048
/home -> 1028
/boot -> 512
/var -> 1028
/usr -> 2048
Swap -> 1.5 of RAM Size
/storage configure the RAID Level 0 of remaining all free space.
After completing the installation through NFS solve the following questions. There
are two networks 172.24.0.0/16 and 172.25.0.0/16. As well as there are two domains
example.com on 172.24.0.0/16 network and my133t.org on 172.25.0.0/16 network.
Your system is based on example.com domain. SELinux should be in enforce mode.
Answer and
Explanation:
1. Insert the CD on CD-ROM and start the system.
2. In Boot: Prompt type linux askmethod
3. It will display the language, keyboard selection.
4. It will ask you for the installation method.
5. Select the NFS Image from the list
6. It will ask the IP Address, Net mask, Gateway and Name Server. Select Use
Dynamic IP Configuration: because DHCP Server will be configured in your exam lab.
7. It will ask for the NFS Server Name and Redhat Enterprise Linux Directory.
Specify the NFS Server: 172.24.254.254
Directory: /var/ftp/pub
8. After Connecting to the NFS Server Installation start in GUI. Go up to the partition
screen by selecting the different Options.
9. Create the partition According to the Question because Size and what-what partition
should you create at installation time is specified in your question
10. Create the two RAID partitions having equal size of remaining all free space.
11. Click on RAID button
12. Type mount point /data
13. Select RAID Level 0
14. Click on ok
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15. Then select the MBR Options, time zone and go upto package selections.
It is another Most Important Time of installation. Due to the time limit, you should care
about the installation packages. At Exam time you these packages are enough.
X-Window System
GNOME Desktop
(these two packages are generally not required)
Administration Tools.
System Tools
Windows File Server
FTP Servers
Mail Servers
Web Servers
Network Servers
Editors
Text Based Internet
Server Configuration Tools
Base
Printing Supports
When installation will complete, your system will reboot. Jump for another Question.
QUESTION
40
Create the group named sysusers.
Answer and Explanation
1. groupadd sysusers
groupadd command is used to create the group and all group information is stored in
/etc/group file.
QUESTION
41
Create the user named jeff, marion, harold
Answer and
Explanation:
1. useradd jeff
2. useradd marion
3. useradd harold
useradd command is used to create the user. All user’s information stores in /etc/passwd
and user;s shadow password stores in /etc/shadow.
QUESTION
42
Make Secondary belongs the jeff and marion users on sysusers group. But harold
user should not belongs to sysusers group.
Answer and
Explanation:
1. usermod -G sysusers jeff
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2. usermod -G sysuser marion
3. Verify by reading /etc/group file
Using usermod command we can make user belongs to different group. There are two
types of group one primary and another is secondary. Primary group can be only one but
user can belongs to more than one group as secondary.
usermod -g groupname username To change the primary group of the user
usermod -G groupname username To make user belongs to secondary group.
QUESTION
43
Create the directory /storage and group owner should be the sysusers group.
Answer and
Explanation:
1. chgrp sysusers /storage
2. Verify using ls -ld /storage command. You should get like
drwxr-x— 2 root sysusers 4096 Mar 16 17:59 /storage
chgrp command is used to change the group ownership of particular files or directory.
Another way you can use the chown command.
chown root:sysusers /storage
QUESTION
44
Make on /storage directory that only the user owner and group owner member can
fully access.
Answer and
Explanation:
1. chmod 770 /storage
2. Verify using : ls -ld /storage
Preview should be like:
drwxrwx— 2 root sysusers 4096 Mar 16 18:08 /storage
To change the permission on directory we use the chmod command. According to the
question that only the owner user (root) and group member (sysusers) can fully access the
directory so: chmod 770 /archive
QUESTION
45
Who ever creates the files/directories on /storage group owner should be
automatically should be the same group owner of /storage.
Answer and
Explanation:
1. chmod g+s /storage
2. Verify using: ls -ld /storage
Permission should be like:
drwxrws— 2 root sysusers 4096 Mar 16 18:08 /storage
If SGID bit is set on directory then who every users creates the files on directory group
owner automatically the owner of parent directory.
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To set the SGID bit: chmod g+s directory
To Remove the SGID bit: chmod g-s directory
QUESTION
46
Install the Cron Schedule for jeff user to display “Hello” on daily 5:30.
Answer and
Explanation:
1. Login as a root user
2. cat >schedule.txt
30 05 * * * /bin/echo “Hello”
3. crontab -u jeff schedule.txt
4. service crond restart
The cron system is essentially a smart alarm clock. When the alarm sounds, Linux runs
the commands of your choice automatically. You can set the alarm clock to run at all
sorts of regular time intervals. Alternatively, the at system allows you to run the
command of your choice once, at a specified time in the future.
Red Hat configured the cron daemon, crond. By default, it checks a series of directories
for jobs to run, every minute of every hour of every day. The crond checks the
/var/spool/cron directory for jobs by user. It also checks for scheduled jobs for the
computer under /etc/crontab and in the /etc/cron.d directory.
Here is the format of a line in crontab. Each of these columns is explained in more detail:
#minute, hour, day of month, month, day of week, command
* * * * * command
Entries in a crontab Command Line
Field Value
Minute 0-59
Hour Based on a 24-hour clock; for example, 23 = 11 p.m.
Day of month 1-31
Month 1-12, or jan, feb, mar, etc.
Day of week 0-7; where 0 and 7 are both Sunday; or sun, mon, tue, etc.
Command The command you want to run
QUESTION
47
There is a NFS server 192.168.0.254 and all required packages are dumped in
/var/ftp/pub of that server and the /var/ftp/pub directory is shared. Install the
Redhat Enterprise Linux 5 by creating following partitions:
/ 1000
/boot 200
/home 1000
/var 1000
/usr 4000
swap 2X256 (RAM SIZE)
Answer and
Explanation:
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Note: Examiner will provide you the Installation startup CD. And here mentioned size
may vary see on the exam paper.
1. Insert the CD on CD-ROM and start the system.
2. In Boot: Prompt type linux askmethod
3. It will display the language, keyboard selection.
4. It will ask you for the installation method.
5. Select the NFS Image from the list
6. It will ask the IP Address, Net mask, Gateway and Name Server. Select Use
Dynamic IP Configuration: because DHCP Server will be configured in your exam lab.
7. It will ask for the NFS Server Name and Redhat Enterprise Linux Directory.
Specify the NFS Server: 192.168.0.254
Directory: /var/ftp/pub
8. After Connecting to the NFS Server Installation start in GUI. Go up to the partition
screen by selecting the different Options.
9. Create the partition According to the Question because Size and what-what partition
should you create at installation time is specified in your question
10. Then select the MBR Options, time zone and go upto package selections.
It is another Most Important Time of installation. Due to the time limit, you should care
about the installation packages. At Exam time you these packages are enough.
X-Window System
GNOME Desktop
(these two packages are generally not required)
Administration Tools.
System Tools
Windows File Server
FTP Servers
Mail Servers
Web Servers
Network Servers
Editors
Text Based Internet
Server Configuration Tools
Printing Supports
When installation will complete, your system will reboot. Jump for another Question.
QUESTION
48
There is a FTP server 192.168.0.254 and all required packages are dumped in
/var/ftp/pub of that server and anonymous login is enabled. Install the Redhat
Enterprise Linux 5 as an anonymous by creating following partitions:
/ 1000
/boot 200
/home 1000
/var 1000
/usr 4000
swap 2X256 (RAM SIZE)
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Answer:
Note: Examiner will provide you the Installation startup CD. And here mentioned size
may vary see on the exam paper.
1. Insert the CD on CD-ROM and start the system.
2. In Boot: Prompt type linux askmethod
3. It will display the Language, keyboard selection.
4. It will ask you for the installation method.
5. Select the FTP from the list
6. It will ask the IP Address, Net mask, Gateway and Name Server. Select Use
Dynamic IP Configuration: because DHCP Server will be configured in your exam lab.
7. It will ask for the FTP site name and Redhat Enterprise Linux Directory.
Specify the FTP Server: 192.168.0.254
Directory: pub Because anonymous login on /var/ftp.
8. After Connecting to the FTP Server Installation will start. Go up to the partition screen
by selecting the different Options.
9. Create the partition According to the Question because Size and what-what partition
should you create at installation time is specified in your question
10. Then select the MBR Options, time zone and go upto package selections.
It is another Most Important Time of installation. Due to the time limit, you should be
care about the installation packages. At Exam time you these packages are enough.
X-Window System
GNOME Desktop
(these two packages are generally not required)
Administration Tools.
System Tools
Windows File Server
FTP Servers
Mail Servers
Web Servers
Network Servers
Editors
Text Based Internet
Server Configuration Tools
Printing Supports
When installation will complete, your system will reboot. Jump for another Question.
QUESTION
49
There is a HTTP server 192.168.0.254 and all required packages are dumped in
/var/www/html/rhel5 of that server. Install the Redhat Enterprise Linux 5 by
creating following partitions:
/ 1000
/boot 200
/home 1000
/var 1000
/usr 4000
swap 2X256 (RAM SIZE)
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Answer:
Note: Examiner will provide you the Installation startup CD. And here mentioned size
may vary see on the exam paper.
1. Insert the CD on CD-ROM and start the system.
2. In Boot: Prompt type linux askmethod
3. It will display the Language, keyboard selection.
4. It will ask you for the installation method.
5. Select the HTTP from the list
6. It will ask the IP Address, Net mask, Gateway and Name Server. Select Use
Dynamic IP Configuration: because DHCP Server will be configured in your exam lab.
7. It will ask for the Web site name and Redhat Enterprise Linux Directory.
Specify the HTTP Server: 192.168.0.254
Directory: rhel5-> Because Default Directory for http is /var/www/html
8. After Connecting to the HTTP Server Installation start. Go upto the partition screen by
selecting the different Options.
9. Create the partition According to the Question because Size and what-what partition
should you create at installation time is specified in your question
10. Then select the MBR Options, time zone and go upto package selections.
It is another Most Important Time of installation. Due to the time limit, you should be
care about the installation packages. At Exam time you these packages are enough.
X-Window System
GNOME Desktop
(these two packages are generally not required)
Administration Tools.
System Tools
Windows File Server
FTP Servers
Mail Servers
Web Servers
Network Servers
Editors
Text Based Internet
Server Configuration Tools
Printing Supports
When installation will complete, your system will reboot. Jump for another Question.
QUESTION
50
Create a RAID Device /dev/md0 by creating equal two disks from available free
space on your harddisk and mount it on /data.
Answer and
Explanation:
Redhat Enterprise Linux 5 Supports the RAID LEVEL 0, RAID LEVEL 1, RAID
LEVEL 5 and RAID LEVEL 6 at installation time. You can create it at installation time
later no need to type lots of commands for RAID.
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At Installation Time:
1. Create the partitions using diskdruid.
2. Create the Partitions having File system Type Software RAID.
3. Click on RAID button
4. Type the Mount Point
5. Select File system type
6. Select RAID Level
7. Select Partitions/disks as a member of RAID.
8. Click on ok
After Installation: We can create the RAID Device after Installation on command-line.
1. Create the Two partitions having equal size. (Specify the Size using Cylinder,
find the remaining cylinder and divide by 2).
2. Change the Partition ID to fd (Linux raid Autodetect) by typing t.
3. Type w To write on partitions table.
4. Use partprobe command to synchronic the partition table.
5. Use: mdadm –create /dev/md0 –level=1 –raid-devices=2 /dev/hda?
/dev/hda?
6. Verify the RAID: mdadm –detail /dev/md0
7. mkfs -t ext3 /dev/md0
8. mount /dev/md0 /data
9. vi /etc/fstab
/dev/md0 /data ext3 defaults 0 0
10. Verify mounting devices using mount command.
QUESTION
51
Create the user named user1, user2, user3
Answer and
Explanation:
1. useradd user1
2. useradd user2
3. useradd user3
4. passwd user1
5. passwd user2
6. passwd user3
We create the user using useradd command and we change the password of user using
passwd command. If you want to set the blank password use: passwd -d username.
QUESTION
52
Create the group named training
Answer and
Explanation:
1. groupadd training
To create a group we use the groupadd command.
Verify from: cat /etc/group whether group added or not?
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QUESTION
53
Make user1, user2 and user3 belongs to training group.
Answer and
Explanation:
1. usermod -G training user1
2. usermod -G training user2
3. usermod -G training user3
4. Verify from : cat /etc/group
There are two types of group, I) primary group II) Secondary or supplementary group.
5. Primary Group: Primary group defines the files/directories and process owner
group there can be only one primary group of one user.
6. Secondary Group is used for permission. Where permission are defined for group
members, user can access by belonging to that group.
Here user1, user2 and user3 belong as supplementary to training group. So these users get
the permission of group member.
QUESTION
54
Change the Group Owner of /data to training group.
Answer and
Explanation:
chown or chgrp command is used to change the ownership.
Syntax of chown: chown [-R] username:groupname file/directory
Syntax of chgrp: chgrp [-R] groupname file/directory
Whenever user creates the file or directory, the owner of that file/directory automatically
will be that user and that user’s primary group name.
To change group owner ship
1. chgrp training /data -> Which set the Group Ownership to training
or
chown root.training /data ->Which set the user owner to root and group owner to
training group.
Verify /data using: ls -ld /data
You will get: drwxr-xr-x 2 root training …………..
QUESTION
55
Give Full Permission to owner user and owner group member but no permission to
others on /data.
Answer and
Explanation:
We can change the permission of file/directory either character symbol method or
numeric method.
Permission:
r-Read
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w-Write
x-Execute
Permission Category
u- Owner User
g- Owner Group
o- Others
Operators
+ -> Add the Permissions
- ->Remove the Permissions
= ->Assigns the Permissions
Numeric Method:
4 -> Read
2 -> Write
1 -> Execute
Total: 7, total for owner user, owner group member and for others : 777
1. chmod u+rwx /data
2. chmod g+rwx /data
3. chmod o-rwx /data
or
chmod 770 /data
4. Verify the /data : ls -ld /data
5. You will get drwxrwx—
QUESTION
56
Whoever creates the file on /data make automatically owner group should be the
group owner of /data directory.
Answer and Explanation
When user creates the file/directory, user owner will be user itself and group owner will
be the primary group of the user.
There is one Special Permission SGID , wh en you set the SGID bit on directory,When
users creates the file/directory automatically owner group will be same as a parent.
1. chmod g+s /data
2. Verify using: ls -ld /data
You will get: drwxrws—
QUESTION
57
Make sure on /data that only the owner user can remove files/directories.
Answer and
Explanation:
By default user1 can remove user2′s files due to directory permission to group member.
We can prevent of deleting files from others users using Sticky Bits.
1. chmod o+t /data
2. Verify /data: ls -ld /data
You will get: drwxrwx-T
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QUESTION
58
Add a user named user4 and make primarily belongs to training group. As well
account should expire on 30 days from today.
Answer and
Explanation:
1. useradd username
2. passwd username
3. usermod -e “date”
example: usermod -e “12 Feb 2006″ user4
Verify: chage -l user4
QUESTION
59
One New Kernel is released named kernel-hugemem. Kernel is available on
ftp://server1.example.com under pub directory for anonymous. Install the Kernel
and make previous new kernel is default to boot System.
Answer and Explanation
1. rpm -ivh ftp://server1.example.com/pub/kernel-hugemem-*
2. vi /etc/grub.conf
Set the default to new kernel
default=0
Example of /etc/grub.conf
default=0
timeout=5
splashimage=(hd0,0)/grub/splash.xpm.gz
hiddenmenu
title Red Hat Enterprise Linux ES (2.6.9-5.ELhugemem)
root (hd0,0)
kernel /vmlinuz-2.6.9-5.ELhugemem ro root=LABEL=/1 rhgb quiet
initrd /initrd-2.6.9-5.ELhugemem.img
title Red Hat Enterprise Linux ES (2.6.9-5.EL)
root (hd0,0)
kernel /vmlinuz-2.6.9-5.EL ro root=LABEL=/1 rhgb quiet
initrd /initrd-2.6.9-5.EL.img
rpm command is used to install, update and remove the rpm package. -ivh option is
install, verbose, and display the hash mark.
QUESTION
60
One Package named zsh is dump on ftp://server1.example.com under pub directory.
Install the package from ftp server.
Answer and
Explanation:
1. rpm -ivh ftp://server1.example.com/pub/zsh-*
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2. Package will install
rpm command is used to install, update and remove the package, -i means install, -v
means verbose and -h means display the hash mark.
QUESTION
61
There are Mail servers, Web Servers, DNS Servers and Log Server. Log Server is
already configured. You should configure the mail server, web server and dns
server to send the logs to log server.
Answer and
Explanation:
According to question, log server is already configured. We have to configure the mail,
web and dns server for log redirection.
In mail, web and dns server:
1. vi /etc/syslog.conf
mail.* @logserveraddress
2. service syslog restart
mail is the facility and * means the priority. It sends logs of mail services into log server.
QUESTION
62
Raw (Model) printer named printer1 is installed and shared on 192.168.0.254. You
should install the shared printer on your PC to connect shared printer using IPP
Protocols.
Answer and
Explanation:
IPP( Internet Printing Protocol), allows administrator to manage printer through browser
so CUPS is called Internet Printing Protocol based on HTTP. We can Install the printer
either through: system-confing-printer tool or through Browser.
1. Open the browser and Type on address: http://localhost:631 CUPS (Common
Unix Printing System) used the IPP protocol. CUPS use the 631 port.
2. Click on Manage Printer.
3. Click on Add Printer.
4. Type Printer name, Location, Description.
5. Select Device for bb. (Select IPP).
6. Device URL: ipp://192.168.0.254/ipp/ queue name Same printer name of
shared printer.
7. Select Model/Driver RAW printer.
8. service cups restart
QUESTION
63
You are administrator of Certkiller network. First time you are going to take the full
backup of all user’s home directory. Take the full backup of /home on /tmp/back
file.
Answer and
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Explanation:
1. dump -0u -f /tmp/back /dev/hda4
dump is the standard backup utility. According to the questions, fullback should take. -0
means fullback, -u means update the /etc/dumpdates which maintains the backup record
and -f means filename. If you are directly taking backup into other device, you can
specify the device name.
i.e dump -0u -f /dev/st0 /dev/hda4. Where hda4 is a separate partition mounted on /home.
QUESTION
64
You are working as a System Administrator at Certkiller . Your Linux Server
crashed and you lost every data. But you had taken the full backup of user’s home
directory and other System Files on /dev/st0, how will you restore from that device?
Answer and
Explanation:
1. Go to on that directory where you want to restore.
2. restore -rf /dev/st0
To restore from backup we use the restore command. Here backup will restore from
/dev/st0 on current Directory.
QUESTION
65
Add a job on Cron schedule to display Hello World on every two Seconds in
terminal 8.
Answer and Explanation
1. cat >schedule
*/2 * * * * /bin/echo “Hello World” >/dev/tty8
2. crontab schedule
3. Verify using: crontab -l
4. service crond restart
Cron helps to schedule on recurring events. Pattern of Cron is:
Minute Hour Day of Month Month Day of Week Commands
0-59 0-23 1-31 1-12 0-7 where 0 and 7 means
Sunday.
Note * means every. To execute the command on every two minutes */2.
To add the scheduled file on cron job: crontab filename
To List the Cron Shedule: crontab -l
To Edit the Schedule: crontab -e
To Remove the Schedule: crontab -r
QUESTION
66
Deny to all users except root to run cron schedule.
Answer and Explanation
1. vi /etc/cron.allow
root
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or
vi /etc/cron.deny
Write all user name to deny.
/etc/cron.allow, /etc/cron.deny file is used to control users to allow or deny. If
/etc/cron.allow file is created only that users are allowed to run cron schedule. Another
way to deny to users is /etc/cron.deny write all user name on single line.
QUESTION
67
Add a cron schedule to take full backup of /home on every day at 5:30 pm to
/dev/st0 device.
Answer and
Explanation:
1. vi /var/schedule
30 17 * * * /sbin/dump -0u /dev/st0 /dev/hda7
2. crontab /var/schedule
3. service crond restart
We can add the cron schedule either by specifying the scripts path on /etc/crontab file or
by creating on text file on crontab pattern.
cron helps to schedule on recurring events. Pattern of cron is:
Minute Hour Day of Month Month Day of Week Commands
0-59 0-23 1-31 1-12 0-7 where 0 and 7 means Sunday.
Note * means every. To execute the command on every two minutes */2.
QUESTION
68
One NIS Domain named rhce.com is configured in your lab, server is
192.168.0.254. rhce100, rhce200,rhce300 user are created on domain server.
Make your system as a member of rhce.com domain. Make sure that when nis user
login in your system home directory should get by them. Home directory is
separately shared on server eg /home/stationx/ where x is you station number.
Answer and
Explanation:
1. use the authconfig –nisserver=192.168.0.254 –nisdomain=rhce.com –update or
system-config-authentication
2. Click on Enable NIS
3. Type the NIS Domain: rhce.com
4. Type Server 192.168.0.254 then click on next and ok
5. You will get a ok message.
6. vi /etc/auto.master and write at the end of file
/home/stationx /etc/auto.home –timeout=60
7. vi /etc/auto.home and write
* -rw,soft,intr 192.168.0.254:/home/stationx/&
Note: please specify your station number in the place of x.
8. Service autofs restart
9. Login as the rhce1 or rhce2 or rhce3 on another terminal will be
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Success.
According to question, rhce.com domain is already configured. We have to make a client
of rhce.com domain and automatically mount the home directory on every client. To
make a member of domain, we use the autheconfig or system-config-authentication
command. There a are lots of authentication server i.e NIS, LDAB, SMB etc. NIS is a
RPC related Services, no need to configure the DNS, we should specify the NIS server
address.
Here Automount feature is available. When user tried to login, home directory will
automatically mount. The automount service reads the configuration from
/etc/auto.master file.
On /etc/auto.master file we specified the mount point the configuration file for mount
point.
QUESTION
69
There are three Disk Partitions /dev/hda8, /dev/hda9, /dev/hda10 having size 100MB
of each partition. Create a Logical Volume named testvolume1 and testvolume2
having a size 250MB. Mount each Logical Volume on lvmtest1, lvmtest2 directory.
Answer and
Explanation:
Steps of Creating LVM:
1. pvcreate /dev/hda8 /dev/hda9 /dev/hda10
pvdisplay command is used to display the information of physical volume.
2. vgceate test0 /dev/hda8 /dev/hda9 /dev/hda10
vgdisplay command is used to display the information of Volume Group.
3. lvcreate -L 250M -n testvolume1 test0
lvdisplay command is used to display the information of Logical Volume.
4. lvcreate -L 250M -n testvolume2 test0
5. mkfs -t ext3 /dev/test0/testvolume1
6. mkfs -t ext3 /dev/test0/testvolume2
7. mkdir /lvtest1
8. mkdir /lvtest2
9. mount /dev/test0/testvolume1 /lvtest1
10. mount /dev/test0/testvolume2 /lvtest2
11. vi /etc/fstab
/dev/test0/testvolume2 /lvtest2 ext3 defaults 0 0
/dev/test0/testvolume1 /lvtest1 ext3 defaults 0 0
To create the LVM( Logical Volume Manager) we required the disks having ’8e’ Linux
Physical Disk1 Logical Volume 1
Physical Disk2 Physical Volum Volume Group Logical Volume 2
Physical Disk3 Logical Volume 3
LVM type. First we should create the physical Volume, then we can create the Volume
group from disks belongs to physical Volume. lvcreate command is used to create the
logical volume on volume group. We can specify the size of logical volume with -L
option and name with -n option.
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QUESTION
70
One Logical Volume named /dev/test0/testvolume1 is created. The initial Size of that
disk is 100MB now you required more 200MB. Increase the size of Logical Volume,
size should be increase on online.
Answer and
Explanation:
1. lvextend -L+200M /dev/test0/testvolume1
Use lvdisplay /dev/test0/testvolume1)
2. ext2online -d /dev/test0/testvolume1
lvextend command is used the increase the size of Logical Volume. Other command
lvresize command also here to resize. And to bring increased size on online we use the
ext2online command.
QUESTION
71
We are working on /data initially the size is 2GB. The /dev/test0/lvtestvolume is
mount on /data. Now you required more space on /data but you already added all
disks belong to physical volume. You saw that you have unallocated space around 5
GB on your harddisk. Increase the size of lvtestvolume by 5GB.
Answer and Explanation.
1. Create a partition having size 5 GB and change the syste id ’8e’.
2. use partprobe command
3. pvcreate /dev/hda9 Suppose your partition number is hda9.
4. vgextend test0 /dev/hda9 vgextend command add the physical disk on volume
group.
5. lvextend -L+5120M /dev/test0/lvtestvolume
6. verify using lvdisplay /dev/test0/lvtestvolume.
QUESTION
72
Install the Redhat Linux RHEL 5 through NFS. Where your Server is
server1.example.com having IP 192.168.0.254 and shared /var/ftp/pub. The size of
the partitions are listed below:
/ -> 1048
/home -> 1028
/boot-> 512
/var -> 1028
/usr -> 2048
Swap -> 1.5 of RAM Size
/data configure the RAID Level 0 of remaining all free space.
After completing the installation through NFS solve the following questions. There
are two networks 192.168.0.0/24 and 192.168.1.0/24. As well as there are two
domains example.com on 192.168.0.0/24 network and cracker.org on 192.168.1.0/24
network. Your system is based on example.com domain.
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Answer and
Explanation:
1. Insert the CD on CD-ROM and start the system.
2. In Boot: Prompt type linux askmethod
3. It will display the language, keyboard selection.
4. It will ask you for the installation method.
5. Select the NFS Image from the list
6. It will ask the IP Address, Net mask, Gateway and Name Server. Select Use
Dynamic IP Configuration: because DHCP Server will be configured in your exam lab.
7. It will ask for the NFS Server Name and Redhat Enterprise Linux Directory.
Specify the NFS Server: 192.168.0.254
Directory: /var/ftp/pub
8. After Connecting to the NFS Server Installation start in GUI. Go up to the partition
screen by selecting the different Options.
9. Create the partition According to the Question because Size and what-what partition
should you create at installation time is specified in your question
10. Create the two RAID partitions having equal size of remaining all free space.
11. Click on RAID button
12. Type mount point /data
13. Select RAID Level 0
14. Click on ok
15. Then select the MBR Options, time zone and go upto package selections.
It is another Most Important Time of installation. Due to the time limit, you should care
about the installation packages. At Exam time you these packages are enough.
X-Window System
GNOME Desktop
(these two packages are generally not required)
Administration Tools.
System Tools
Windows File Server
FTP Servers
Mail Servers
Web Servers
Network Servers
Editors
Text Based Internet
Server Configuration Tools
Printing Supports
When installation will complete, your system will reboot. Jump for another Question.
QUESTION
73
Fill up the Form through
http://server1.example.com/form.php
Answer and
Explanation:
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1. Open the Browser and type the above URL.
2. Fill the form as required all information.
QUESTION
74
One Domain RHCE is configured in your lab, your domain server is
server1.example.com. nisuser2001, nisuser2002, nisuser2003 user are created on
your server 192.168.0.254:/rhome/stationx/nisuser2001. Make sure that when NIS
user login in your system automatically mount the home directory. Home directory
is separately shared on server /rhome/stationx/ where x is your Station number.
Answer and
Explanation:
1. use the authconfig –nisserver= –nisdomain= –
update
Example: # authconfig –nisserver=192.168.0.254 –nisdomain=RHCE –update
or system-config-authentication
2. Click on Enable NIS
3. Type the NIS Domain: RHCE
4. Type Server 192.168.0.254 then click on next and ok
5. You will get a ok message.
6. Create a Directory /rhome/stationx where x is your station number.
6. vi /etc/auto.master and write at the end of file
/rhome/stationx /etc/auto.home –timeout=60
7. vi /etc/auto.home and write
* -rw,soft,intr 192.168.0.254:/rhome/stationx/&
Note: please specify your station number in the place of x.
8. Service autofs restart
9. Login as the nisuser2001 or nisuser2002 on another terminal will be
Success.
According to question, RHCE domain is already configured. We have to make a client of
RHCE domain and automatically mount the home directory on your system. To make a
member of domain, we use the authconfig with option or system-config-authentication
command. There a are lots of authentication server i.e NIS, LDAB, SMB etc. NIS is a
RPC related Services, no need to configure the DNS, we should specify the NIS server
address.
Here Automount feature is available. When user tried to login, home directory will
automatically mount. The automount service used the /etc/auto.master file. On
/etc/auto.master file we specified the mount point the configuration file for mount point.
QUESTION
75
Create the group named sysadmin.
Answer and Explanation
1. groupadd sysadmin
groupadd command is used to create the group and all group information is stored in
/etc/group file.
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QUESTION
76
Create the user named jane and john.
Answer and
Explanation:
1. useradd jane
2. useradd john
useradd command is used to create the user. All user’s information stores in /etc/passwd
and user;s shadow password stores in /etc/shadow.
QUESTION
77
Raw printer named printerx where x is your station number is installed and shared
on server1.example.com. Install the shared printer on your PC to connect shared
printer using IPP Protocols. Your server is 192.168.0.254.
Answer and
Explanation:
1. Open the Browser either firefox or links
2. Type : http://localhost:631
3. Click on Manage Printer
4. Click on Add Printer
5. Type Queue name like stationx and click on continue
6. Type Device type or printing Protocol: i.e Internet printing Protocol
7. Click on Continue
8. Type Device URL: ipp://server1.example.com/printers/printerx
9. Click on Continue
10. Select RAW Model printer
11. Click on Continue
12. Test by sending the printing job
QUESTION
78
Make Secondary belongs the both users on sysadmin group.
Answer and
Explanation:
1. usermod -G sysadmin john
2. usermod -G sysadmin jane
3. Verify by reading /etc/group file
Using usermod command we can make user belongs to different group. There are two
types of group one primary and another is secondary. Primary group can be only one but
user can belongs to more than one group as secondary.
usermod -g groupname username To change the primary group of the user
usermod -G groupname username To make user belongs to secondary group.
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QUESTION
79
Create the user named eric but eric should not belong to the sysadmin group.
Answer and
Explanation:
1. useradd eric
Very tricky question given to you that this user should not belongs to sysadmin group.
QUESTION
80
Create the directory /data and group owner should be the sysadmin group.
Answer and
Explanation:
1. chgrp sysadmin /data
2. Verify using ls -ld /data command. You should get like
drwxr-x— 2 root sysadmin 4096 Mar 16 17:59 /data
chgrp command is used to change the group ownership of particular files or directory.
Another way you can use the chown command.
chown root:sysadmin /data
QUESTION
81
Make on /data that only the user owner and group owner member can fully access.
Answer and
Explanation:
1. chmod 770 /data
2. Verify using : ls -ld /data
Preview should be like:
drwxrwx— 2 root sysadmin 4096 Mar 16 18:08 /data
To change the permission on directory we use the chmod command. According to the
question that only the owner user (root) and group member (sysadmin) can fully access
the directory so: chmod 770 /data
QUESTION
82
Who ever creates the files/directories on /data group owner should be automatically
should be the same group owner of /data.
Answer and
Explanation:
1. chmod g+s /data
2. Verify using: ls -ld /data
Permission should be like:
drwxrws— 2 root sysadmin 4096 Mar 16 18:08 /data
If SGID bit is set on directory then who every users creates the files on directory group
owner automatically the owner of parent directory.
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To set the SGID bit: chmod g+s directory
To Remove the SGID bit: chmod g-s directory
QUESTION
83
Your System is going to use as a Router for two networks. One Network is
192.168.0.0/24 and Another Network is 192.168.1.0/24. Both network’s IP address
has assigned. How will you forward the packets from one network to another
network?
Answer and
Explanation:
1. echo “1″ >/proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward
2. vi /etc/sysctl.conf
net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1
If you want to use the Linux System as a Router to make communication between
different networks, you need enable the IP forwarding. To enable on running session just
set value 1 to /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward. As well as automatically turn on the IP
forwarding features on next boot set on /etc/sysctl.conf file.
QUESTION
84
One New Kernel is released named kernel-.2.6.19-11. Kernel is available on
ftp://server1.example.com/pub/updates directory for anonymous. Install the Kernel
and make the kernel-2.6.18-8 default.
Answer and
Explanation:
1. rpm -ivh ftp://server1.example.com/pub/updates/kernel-2.6.19-11.i686.rpm
2. vi /etc/grub.conf
default=1 Change this value to 1
timeout=5
splashimage=(hd0,0)/grub/splash.xpm.gz
hiddenmenu
title Red Hat Enterprise Linux ES (2.6.19-11)
root (hd0,0)
kernel /vmlinuz-2.6.19-11.EL ro root=LABEL=/ rhgb quiet
initrd /initrd-2.6.19-11.EL.img
title Red Hat Enterprise Linux ES (2.6.9-5.EL)
root (hd0,0)
kernel /vmlinuz-2.6.9-5.EL ro root=LABEL=/ rhgb quiet
initrd /initrd-2.6.9-5.EL.img
According question that kernel is available to anonymous user. You can directly install
from the ftp server using rpm command.
When you install the kernel, it will write on /etc/grub.conf file. You can set the default
kernel by changing the default value. See on the output of /etc/grub.conf file that new
kernel is on first title so it’s index is 0 and previous kernel’s index is 1.
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QUESTION
85
Install the dialog-*
Answer and
Explanation:
Questions asking you to install the dialog package from the server. In your Lab FTP
server as well as NFS server are configured. You can install either through FTP or NFS.
1. Just Login to server1.example.com through FTP: ftp server1.example.com
2. Enter to pub directory: cd pub
3. Enter to RedHat/RPMS: cd RedHat/RPMS
4. Download the Package: mget dialog-*
5. Logout from the FTP server: bye
6. Install the package: rpm -ivh dialog-*
7. Verify the package either installed or not: rpm -q dialog
QUESTION
86
Install the Redhat Linux RHEL 5 through NFS. Where your Server is
server1.example.com having IP 172.24.254.254 and shared /var/ftp/pub. The size of
the partitions are listed below:
/ -> 1048
/home -> 1028
/boot -> 512
/var -> 1028
/usr-> 2048
Swap -> 1.5 of RAM Size
/data configure the RAID Level 0 of remaining all free space.
After completing the installation through NFS solve the following questions. There
are two networks 172.24.0.0/16 and 172.25.0.0/16. As well as there are two domains
example.com on 172.24.0.0/16 network and cracker.org on 172.25.0.0/16 network.
Your system is based on example.com domain. SELinux should be in enforcing
mode.
Answer and
Explanation:
1. Insert the CD on CD-ROM and start the system.
2. In Boot: Prompt type linux askmethod
3. It will display the language, keyboard selection.
4. It will ask you for the installation method.
5. Select the NFS Image from the list
6. It will ask the IP Address, Net mask, Gateway and Name Server. Select Use
Dynamic IP Configuration: because DHCP Server will be configured in your exam lab.
7. It will ask for the NFS Server Name and Redhat Enterprise Linux Directory.
Specify the NFS Server: 172.24.254.254
Directory: /var/ftp/pub
8. After Connecting to the NFS Server Installation start in GUI. Go up to the partition
screen by selecting the different Options.
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9. Create the partition According to the Question because Size and what-what partition
should you create at installation time is specified in your question
10. Create the two RAID partitions having equal size of remaining all free space.
11. Click on RAID button
12. Type mount point /data
13. Select RAID Level 0
14. Click on ok
15. Then select the MBR Options, time zone and go upto package selections.
It is another Most Important Time of installation. Due to the time limit, you should care
about the installation packages. At Exam time you these packages are enough.
X-Window System
GNOME Desktop
(these two packages are generally not required)
Administration Tools.
System Tools
Windows File Server
FTP Servers
Mail Servers
Web Servers
Network Servers
Editors
Text Based Internet
Server Configuration Tools
Printing Supports
When installation will complete, your system will reboot. Jump for another Question.
QUESTION
87
Create the user named eric and deny to interactive login.
Answer and
Explanation:
1. useradd eric
2. passwd eric
3. vi /etc/passwd
4. eric:x:505:505::/home/eric:/sbin/nologin
Which shell or program should start at login time is specified in /etc/passwd file. By
default Redhat Enterprise Linux assigns the /bin/bash shell to the users. To deny the
interactive login, you should write /sbin/nologin or /bin/false instead of login shell.
QUESTION
88
/data Directory is shared from the server1.example.com server. Mount the shared
directory that:
a. when user try to access, automatically should mount
b. when user doesn’t use mounted directory should unmount
automatically after 50 seconds.
c. Shared directory should mount on /mnt/data on your machine.
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Answer and
Explanation:
1. vi /etc/auto.master
/mnt /etc/auto.misc –timeout=50
2. vi /etc/auto.misc
3. data -rw,soft,intr server1.example.com:/data
4. service autofs restart
5. chkconfig autofs on
When you mount the other filesystem, you should unmount the mounted filesystem,
Automount feature of linux helps to mount at access time and after certain seconds, when
user unaccess the mounted directory, automatically unmount the filesystem.
/etc/auto.master is the master configuration file for autofs service. When you start the
service, it reads the mount point as defined in /etc/auto.master.
QUESTION
89
Install the Redhat Linux RHEL 5 through NFS. Where your Server is
server1.example.com having IP 172.24.254.254 and shared /var/ftp/pub. The size of
the partitions are listed below:
/ -> 1048
/home -> 1028
/boot -> 512
/var -> 1028
/usr-> 2048
Swap -> 1.5 of RAM Size
/document configure the RAID Level 0 of remaining all free space.
After completing the installation through NFS solve the following questions. There
are two networks 172.24.0.0/16 and 172.25.0.0/16. As well as there are two domains
example.com on 172.24.0.0/16 network and cracker.org on 172.25.0.0/16 network.
Your system is based on example.com domain. SELinux Must be on enforcing
mode.
Answer and
Explanation:
1. Insert the CD on CD-ROM and start the system.
2. In Boot: Prompt type linux askmethod
3. It will display the language, keyboard selection.
4. It will ask you for the installation method.
5. Select the NFS Image from the list
6. It will ask the IP Address, Net mask, Gateway and Name Server. Select Use
Dynamic IP Configuration: because DHCP Server will be configured in your exam lab.
7. It will ask for the NFS Server Name and Redhat Enterprise Linux Directory.
Specify the NFS Server: 172.24.254.254
Directory: /var/ftp/pub
8. After Connecting to the NFS Server Installation start in GUI. Go up to the partition
screen by selecting the different Options.
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9. Create the partition According to the Question because Size and what-what partition
should you create at installation time is specified in your question
10. Create the two RAID partitions having equal size of remaining all free space.
11. Click on RAID button
12. Type mount point /document
13. Select RAID Level 0
14. Click on ok
15. Then select the MBR Options, time zone and go upto package selections.
It is another Most Important Time of installation. Due to the time limit, you should care
about the installation packages. At Exam time you these packages are enough.
X-Window System
GNOME Desktop
(these two packages are generally not required)
Administration Tools.
System Tools
Windows File Server
FTP Servers
Mail Servers
Web Servers
Network Servers
Editors
Text Based Internet
Server Configuration Tools
Printing Supports
When installation will complete, your system will reboot. Jump for another Question.
QUESTION
90
Install the Redhat Linux RHEL 5 through NFS. Where your Server is
server1.example.com having IP 172.24.254.254 and shared /var/ftp/pub. The size of
the partitions are listed below:
/ -> 1048
/home -> 1028
/boot -> 512
/var -> 1028
/usr -> 2048
Swap -> 1.5 of RAM Size
/archive configure the RAID Level 0 of remaining all free space.
After completing the installation through NFS solve the following questions. There
are two networks 172.24.0.0/16 and 172.25.0.0/16. As well as there are two domains
example.com on 172.24.0.0/16 network and my133t.org on 172.25.0.0/16 network.
Your system is based on example.com domain. SELinux must be in enforcing mode.
Answer and
Explanation:
1. Insert the CD on CD-ROM and start the system.
2. In Boot: Prompt type linux askmethod
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3. It will display the language, keyboard selection.
4. It will ask you for the installation method.
5. Select the NFS Image from the list
6. It will ask the IP Address, Net mask, Gateway and Name Server. Select Use
Dynamic IP Configuration: because DHCP Server will be configured in your exam lab.
7. It will ask for the NFS Server Name and Redhat Enterprise Linux Directory.
Specify the NFS Server: 172.24.254.254
Directory: /var/ftp/pub
8. After Connecting to the NFS Server Installation start in GUI. Go up to the partition
screen by selecting the different Options.
9. Create the partition According to the Question because Size and what-what partition
should you create at installation time is specified in your question
10. Create the two RAID partitions having equal size of remaining all free space.
11. Click on RAID button
12. Type mount point /archive
13. Select RAID Level 0
14. Click on ok
15. Then select the MBR Options, time zone and go upto package selections.
It is another Most Important Time of installation. Due to the time limit, you should care
about the installation packages. At Exam time you these packages are enough.
X-Window System
GNOME Desktop
(these two packages are generally not required)
Administration Tools.
System Tools
Windows File Server
FTP Servers
Mail Servers
Web Servers
Network Servers
Editors
Text Based Internet
Server Configuration Tools
Printing Supports
When installation will complete, your system will reboot. Jump for another Question.
QUESTION
91
Create the group named sysuser.
Answer and Explanation
1. groupadd sysuser
groupadd command is used to create the group and all group information is stored in
/etc/group file.
QUESTION
92
Create the user named jackie, curtin, david
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Answer and
Explanation:
1. useradd jackie
2. useradd curtin
3. useradd david
useradd command is used to create the user. All user’s information stores in /etc/passwd
and user;s shadow password stores in /etc/shadow.
QUESTION
93
Make Secondary belongs the jackie and curtin users on sysuser group. But david
user should not belongs to sysuser group.
Answer and
Explanation:
1. usermod -G sysuser jackie
2. usermod -G sysuser curtin
3. Verify by reading /etc/group file
Using usermod command we can make user belongs to different group. There are two
types of group one primary and another is secondary. Primary group can be only one but
user can belongs to more than one group as secondary.
usermod -g groupname username To change the primary group of the user
usermod -G groupname username To make user belongs to secondary group.
QUESTION
94
Create the directory /archive and group owner should be the sysuser group.
Answer and
Explanation:
1. chgrp sysuser /archive
2. Verify using ls -ld /archive command. You should get like
drwxr-x— 2 root sysadmin 4096 Mar 16 17:59 /archive
chgrp command is used to change the group ownership of particular files or directory.
Another way you can use the chown command.
chown root:sysuser /archive
QUESTION
95
Make on /archive directory that only the user owner and group owner member can
fully access.
Answer and
Explanation:
1. chmod 770 /archive
2. Verify using : ls -ld /archive
Preview should be like:
drwxrwx— 2 root sysuser 4096 Mar 16 18:08 /archive
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To change the permission on directory we use the chmod command. According to the
question that only the owner user (root) and group member (sysuser) can fully access the
directory so: chmod 770 /archive
QUESTION
96
Who ever creates the files/directories on /archive group owner should be
automatically should be the same group owner of /archive.
Answer and
Explanation:
1. chmod g+s /archive
2. Verify using: ls -ld /archive
Permission should be like:
drwxrws— 2 root sysuser 4096 Mar 16 18:08 /archive
If SGID bit is set on directory then who every users creates the files on directory group
owner automatically the owner of parent directory.
To set the SGID bit: chmod g+s directory
To Remove the SGID bit: chmod g-s directory
QUESTION
97
Install the Cron Schedule for david user to display “Hello” on daily 5:30.
Answer and
Explanation:
3. Login as a root user
4. cat >schedule.txt
30 05 * * * /bin/echo “Hello”
3. crontab -u david schedule.txt
4. service crond restart
The cron system is essentially a smart alarm clock. When the alarm sounds, Linux runs
the commands of your choice automatically. You can set the alarm clock to run at all
sorts of regular time intervals. Alternatively, the at system allows you to run the
command of your choice once, at a specified time in the future.
Red Hat configured the cron daemon, crond. By default, it checks a series of directories
for jobs to run, every minute of every hour of every day. The crond checks the
/var/spool/cron directory for jobs by user. It also checks for scheduled jobs for the
computer under /etc/crontab and in the /etc/cron.d directory.
Here is the format of a line in crontab. Each of these columns is explained in more detail:
#minute, hour, day of month, month, day of week, command
* * * * * command
Entries in a crontab Command Line
Field Value
Minute 0-59
Hour Based on a 24-hour clock; for example, 23 = 11 p.m.
Day of month 1-31
Month 1-12, or jan, feb, mar, etc.
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Day of week 0-7; where 0 and 7 are both Sunday; or sun, mon, tue, etc.
Command The command you want to run
QUESTION
98
Backup of the Redhat Enterprise Linux 5 is on /var/ftp/pub, /var/www/html/pub on
server named server1.example.com. You can install all required packages using
yum by creating the repository file.
Answer and
Explanation:
1. Create the repository file
#vi /etc/yum.repos.d/server1.repo
[station?]
name=station?
baseurl=ftp://server1.example.com/pub/
enabled=1
gpgcheck=1
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-redhat-release
# yum install
QUESTION
99
Configure the DNS for example.com domain, where 192.100.0.20 is associated IP for
www and NS is 192.100.0.X where X is your IP.
Answer and
Explanation:
1. rename the file named.caching-nameserver.conf into named.conf file located into
/var/named/chroot/etc
#mv /var/named/chroot/etc/named.caching-nameserver.conf
/var/named/chroot/etc/named.conf
2. Check the permission and ownership as well as SELinux Context should be like as:
-rw-r—– root named system_u:object_r:named_conf_t
/var/named/chroot/etc/named.conf
If selinux context is mismatch use the restorecon -R /var command
3. vi /var/named/chroot/etc/named.conf
zone “example.com” IN {
type master;
file “example.com.zone”;
};
/var/named/chroot/etc/named.conf file is used to register the zone as well as specify the
global option for DNS server. There are two types of zone, i. Master, which contains the
original data. ii. Slave, backup of master. Here is the example of master zone
configuration.
4. vi /var/named/chroot/var/named/example.com.zone
$TTL 345345
@ IN SOA @ webmaster.example.com.(
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101; Serial Number
1H; Refresh Time
1M; Retry Time
1W; Expire Time
1D; Minimum Time to Live
)
@ IN NS 192.100.0.X
www IN A 192.100.0.20
5. Check the permission as well as SELinux Context should like this:
-rw-r–r– root named root:object_r:named_zone_t
/var/named/chroot/var/named/example.com.zone
If selinux context is mismatch use the restorecon -R /var command
6. service named start
7. rndc reload
8. chkconfig named on
Zone file should create on /var/named/chroot/var/named. Default Directory Path is
specified on /var/named/chroot/etc/named.conf file.
$TTL Time To Live, How much seconds cache server stores the information about
DNS. And Five Parameters specified Serial Number used by slave to synchronize with
master server. Refresh and Retry Time used by slave server. NS is the Name (DNS)
server where lookup the domain. A (Associated IP) for particular host.
QUESTION
100
You are an Administrator of example.com domain. You need to configure the DNS
for www.example.com by providing the round-robin load balancing. You should
load balance to 5 hosts for www having IP: 192.100.0.1, 192.100.0.2, 192.100.0.3,
192.100.0.4 and 192.100.0.5. Where DNS is 192.100.0.X (X is your DNS Server).
Answer and
Explanation:
1. Rename the file named.caching-nameserver.conf into named.conf file located into
/var/named/chroot/etc
#mv /var/named/chroot/etc/named.caching-nameserver.conf
/var/named/chroot/etc/named.conf
2. Check the permission and ownership as well as SELinux Context should be like as:
-rw-r—– root named system_u:object_r:named_conf_t
/var/named/chroot/etc/named.conf
If selinux context is mismatch use the restorecon -R /var command
3. vi /etc/named.conf
zone “example.com” IN {
type master;
file “example.com.zone”;
};
/var/named/chroot/etc/named.conf file is used to register the zone as well as specify the
global option for DNS server. There are two types of zone, i. Master, which contains the
original data. ii. Slave, backup of master. Here is the example of master zone
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configuration.
4. vi /var/named/chroot/var/named/example.com.zone
$TTL 345345
@ IN SOA @ webmaster.example.com.(
101; Serial Number
1H; Refresh Time
1M; Retry Time
1W; Expire Time
1D; Minimum Time to Live
)
@ IN NS 192.100.0.X
www 0 IN A 192.100.0.1
www 0 IN A 192.100.0.2
www 0 IN A 192.100.0.3
www 0 IN A 192.100.0.4
www 0 IN A 192.100.0.5
3. service named start
4. rndc reload
5. chkconfig named on
6. Check the permission as well as SELinux Context should like this:
-rw-r–r– root named root:object_r:named_zone_t
/var/named/chroot/var/named/example.com.zone
If selinux context is mismatch use the restorecon -R /var command
7. service named start
8. rndc reload
9. chkconfig named on
Zone file should create on /var/named/chroot/var/named. Default Directory Path is
specified on /var/named/chroot/etc/named.conf file.
$TTL-> Time To Live, How much seconds cache server stores the information about
DNS. And Five Parameters specified Serial Number used by slave to synchronize with
master server. Refresh and Retry Time used by slave server. NS is the Name (DNS)
server where lookup the domain. A (Associated IP) for particular host.
QUESTION
101
You are working as an administrator of example.com domain. There are five web
servers( www), three mail servers(mail1, mail2, mail). Configure the DNS for www,
mail, mail1, mail2 by specifying mail.example.com is the Primary Mail Server for
example.com domain. Where 192.168.100.1-5 for www, 6,7,8 for mail, mail1, m ail2
and 192.168.0.X for DNS.
Answer and
Explanation:
1. Rename the file named.caching-nameserver.conf into named.conf file located into
/var/named/chroot/etc
#mv /var/named/chroot/etc/named.caching-nameserver.conf
/var/named/chroot/etc/named.conf
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2. Check the permission and ownership as well as SELinux Context should be like as:
-rw-r—– root named system_u:object_r:named_conf_t
/var/named/chroot/etc/named.conf
If selinux context is mismatch use the restorecon -R /var command
3. vi /etc/named.conf
zone “example.com” IN {
type master;
file “example.com.zone”;
};
/var/named/chroot/etc/named.conf file is used to register the zone as well as specify the
global option for DNS server. There are two types of zone, i. Master, which contains the
original data. ii. Slave, backup of master. Here is the example of master zone
configuration.
4. vi /var/named/chroot/var/named/example.com.zone
$TTL 345345
@ IN SOA @ webmaster.example.com.(
101; Serial Number
1H; Refresh Time
1M; Retry Time
1W; Expire Time
1D; Minimum Time to Live
)
@ IN NS 192.100.0.X
www 0 IN A 192.100.0.1
www 0 IN A 192.100.0.2
www 0 IN A 192.100.0.3
www 0 IN A 192.100.0.4
www 0 IN A 192.100.0.5
mail IN A 192.100.0.6
mail1 IN A 192.100.0.7
mail2 IN A 192.100.0.8
@ IN MX 5 mail.example.com.
@ IN MX 8 mail1.example.com.
@ IN MX 10 mail2.example.com.
3. service named start
4. rndc reload
5. chkconfig named on
6. Check the permission as well as SELinux Context should like this:
-rw-r–r– root named root:object_r:named_zone_t
/var/named/chroot/var/named/example.com.zone
If selinux context is mismatch use the restorecon -R /var command
7. service named start
8. rndc reload
9. chkconfig named on
Zone file should create on /var/named/chroot/var/named. Default Directory Path is
specified on /var/named/chroot/etc/named.conf file.
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$TTL Time To Live, How much seconds cache server stores the information about
DNS. And Five Parameters specified Serial Number used by slave to synchronize with
master server. Refresh and Retry Time used by slave server. NS is the Name (DNS)
server where lookup the domain. A (Associated IP) for particular host.
DNS has mechanism to load balance the request from clients. You can verify using host
www.example.com command. MX resource records are used to define mail handler or
exchanger for the domain. MX record must pass the positive integer value. This integer
value is used by remote Mail Transport Agent (MTA) to determine, which host has
delivery priority for the zone. The Lowest integer value will get the priority.
QUESTION
102
Configure the Slave DNS for example.com domain where master DNS is
192.100.0.254.
Answer and
Explanation:
Slave DNS is the backup of master DNS. Automatically within a certain time
slave DNS synchronizes with the Master DNS server.
1. vi /var/named/chroot/etc/named.conf
zone “example.com” IN {
type slave;
masters { 192.100.0.254; };
file “example.com.zone”;
};
named-checkconf command checks the syntax for /var/named/chroot/etc/named.conf file.
3. service named start | restart
QUESTION
103
Configure the caching only-name server for example.com where DNS server is
192.100.0.254.
Answer and
Explanation:
1. vi /var/named/chroot/etc/named.conf
options {
forwarders { 192.168.22.250; };
forward only;
};
2. service named start | restart
Caching-only name server forwards a request to another name server or to the root
name servers in orders to determine the authoritative name server for the resolution.
Once resolution has taken place, the caching-only name server stores the resolved
information in a cache for the designated time to live period.
QUESTION
104
Configure the DNS server by allowing query only from the 192.168.0.0/24 Local
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Network.
Answer and
Explanation:
1. vi /var/named/chroot/etc/named.conf
acl localnet { 192.168.0.0/24; };
options {
allow-query { localnet; };
};
2. service named restart | start
allow-query is a global option on /var/named/chroot/etc/named.conf, specifies an address
match list of hosts allowed to query this server. If this option is not set, any host can
query the server.
QUESTION
105
Configure the DHCP server by matching the following conditions:
• Subnet and netmask should be 192.168.0.0 255.255.255.0
• Gateway Should be 192.168.0.254
• DNS Sever Should be 192.168.0.254
• Domain Name should be example.com
• Range from 192.168.0.10-50
Answer and
Explanation:
1. vi /etc/dhcpd.conf
ddns-update-style none;
option routers 192.168.0.1;
option domain-name “example.com”;
option domain-name-servers 192.168.0.254;
default-lease-time 21600;
max-lease-time 43200;
subnet 192.168.0.0 netmask 255.255.255.0
{
range 192.168.0.10 192.168.0.50;
}
/etc/dhcpd.conf file is used to configure the DHCP. Some global options i.e Gateway,
domainname, DNS server specified using option keyword.
2. Check the SELinux Context, should be like this:
-rw-r–r– root root system_u:object_r:dhcp_etc_t /etc/dhcpd.conf
3. If not use the restorecon -R /etc command to restore the selinux context of the file.
4. service dhcpd start | restart
QUESTION
106
You have DHCP server, which assigns the IP, gateway and DNS server ip to
Clients. There are two DNS servers having MAC address (00:50:FC:98:8D:00,
00:50:FC:98:8C:00), in your LAN, But they always required fixed IP address
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(192.168.0.254, 192.168.0.253). Configure the DHCP server to assign the fixed IP
address to DNS server.
Answer and
Explanation:
1. vi /etc/dhcpd.conf
ddns-update-style none;
option routers 192.168.0.1;
option domain-name “example.com”;
option domain-name-servers 192.168.0.254;
default-lease-time 21600;
max-lease-time 43200;
subnet 192.168.0.0 netmask 255.255.255.0
{
range 192.168.0.1 192.168.0.254;
host dns1 {
hardware ethernet 00:50:FC:98:8D:00;
fixed-address 192.168.0.254;
}
host dns2 {
hardware ethernet 00:50:FC:98:8C:00;
fixed-address 192.168.0.253;
}
}
/etc/dhcpd.conf file is used to configure the DHCP. Some global options i.e Gateway,
domainname, DNS server specified using option keyword. To assign as static ip from
dhcp server, required the mac address of interface.
2. Check the SELinux Context, should be like this:
-rw-r–r– root root system_u:object_r:dhcp_etc_t /etc/dhcpd.conf
3. Use the restorecon -R /etc command to restore the selinux context of the file.
4. service dhcpd start | restart
QUESTION
107
Share /data directory using NFS only to example.com members. These hosts should
get read and write access on shared directory.
Answer and
Explanation:
1. vi /etc/exports
/data *.example.com(rw,sync)
Check the SELinux Context, should be like this:
-rw-r–r– root root system_u:object_r:exports_t /etc/exports
Use the restorecon -R /etc command to restore the selinux context of the file.
2. service nfs start | restart
3. service portmap start | restart
4. chkconfig nfs on
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5. chkconfig portmap on
In Linux to share the data we use the /etc/exports file. Pattern is:
Path client(permission)
Shared Directory Path, Client can be single host or domain name or ip address.
Permission should specify without space with client lists in parentheses. NFS is RPC
service so portmapper service should restart after starting the nfs service.
QUESTION
108
You have a directory /local. You want to make available that directory to all the
members of example.com and trusted.cracker.org. But directory should available in
read and write to all the members of example.com domain and read only to
cracker.org domain.
Answer and
Explanation:
1. vi /etc/exports
/local *.example.com(rw,sync) trusted.cracker.org(ro,sync)
Check the SELinux Context, should be like this:
-rw-r–r– root root system_u:object_r:exports_t /etc/exports
Use the restorecon -R /etc command to restore the selinux context of the file.
2. service nfs start | restart
3. service portmap start | restart
4. chkconfig nfs on
5. chkconfig portmap on
In Linux to share the data we use the /etc/exports file. Pattern is:
Path client(permission)
Shared Directory Path, Client can be single host or domain name or ip address.
Permission should specify without space with client lists in parentheses. NFS is RPC
service so portmapper service should restart after starting the nfs service. We can specify
multiple clients’ list separating by space with different shared option.
QUESTION
109
You have ftp site named ftp.example.com. You want to deny login as an anonymous
on your ftp site. Configure to deny the anonymous.
Answer and
Explanation:
1. vi /etc/vsftpd/vsftpd.conf
anonymous_enable=no
2. service vsftpd restart
/etc/vsftpd/vsftpd.conf file is used to allow or deny to anonymous or real user. To allow
anonymous anonymous_enable=yes should be there. Sample configuration is like.
# Allow anonymous FTP? (Beware – allowed by default if you comment this
out).
anonymous_enable=YES
#
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# Uncomment this to allow local users to log in.
local_enable=YES
#
# Uncomment this to enable any form of FTP write command.
write_enable=YES
#
# Default umask for local users is 077. You may wish to change this to
022,
# if your users expect that (022 is used by most other ftpd’s)
local_umask=022
#
# Uncomment this to allow the anonymous FTP user to upload files. This
only
# has an effect if the above global write enable is activated. Also,
you will
# obviously need to create a directory writable by the FTP user.
#anon_upload_enable=YES
#
# Uncomment this if you want the anonymous FTP user to be able to
create
# new directories.
#anon_mkdir_write_enable=YES
#
# Activate directory messages – messages given to remote users when
they
# go into a certain directory.
dirmessage_enable=YES
#
# Activate logging of uploads/downloads.
xferlog_enable=YES
#
# Make sure PORT transfer connections originate from port 20 (ftpdata).
connect_from_port_20=YES
#
# If you want, you can arrange for uploaded anonymous files to be owned
by
# a different user. Note! Using “root” for uploaded files is not
# recommended!
#chown_uploads=YES
#chown_username=whoever
#
# You may override where the log file goes if you like. The default is
shown
# below.
#xferlog_file=/var/log/vsftpd.log
#
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# If you want, you can have your log file in standard ftpd xferlog
format
xferlog_std_format=YES
#
# You may change the default value for timing out an idle session.
#idle_session_timeout=600
#
# You may change the default value for timing out a data connection.
#data_connection_timeout=120
#
# It is recommended that you define on your system a unique user which
the
# ftp server can use as a totally isolated and unprivileged user.
#nopriv_user=ftpsecure
#
# Enable this and the server will recognise asynchronous ABOR requests.
Not
# recommended for security (the code is non-trivial). Not enabling it,
# however, may confuse older FTP clients.
#async_abor_enable=YES
#
# By default the server will pretend to allow ASCII mode but in fact
ignore
# the request. Turn on the below options to have the server actually do
ASCII
# mangling on files when in ASCII mode.
# Beware that turning on ascii_download_enable enables malicious remote
parties
# to consume your I/O resources, by issuing the command “SIZE
/big/file” in
# ASCII mode.
# These ASCII options are split into upload and download because you
may wish
# to enable ASCII uploads (to prevent uploaded scripts etc. from
breaking),
# without the DoS risk of SIZE and ASCII downloads. ASCII mangling
should be
# on the client anyway..
#ascii_upload_enable=YES
#ascii_download_enable=YES
#
# You may fully customise the login banner string:
#ftpd_banner=Welcome to blah FTP service.
#
# You may specify a file of disallowed anonymous e-mail addresses.
Apparently
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# useful for combatting certain DoS attacks.
#deny_email_enable=YES
# (default follows)
#banned_email_file=/etc/vsftpd.banned_emails
#
# You may specify an explicit list of local users to chroot() to their
home
# directory. If chroot_local_user is YES, then this list becomes a list
of
# users to NOT chroot().
#chroot_list_enable=YES
# (default follows)
#chroot_list_file=/etc/vsftpd.chroot_list
#
# You may activate the “-R” option to the builtin ls. This is disabled
by
# default to avoid remote users being able to cause excessive I/O on
large
# sites. However, some broken FTP clients such as “ncftp” and “mirror”
assume
# the presence of the “-R” option, so there is a strong case for
enabling it.
#ls_recurse_enable=YES
pam_service_name=vsftpd
userlist_enable=YES
#enable for standalone mode
listen=YES
tcp_wrappers=YES
QUESTION
110
You have ftp site named ftp.example.com. You want to allow anonymous users to
upload files on you ftp site. Configure to allow anonymous to upload the files.
Answer and
Explanation:
1. vi /etc/vsftpd/vsftpd.conf
anon_upload_enable=yes
chown_uploads=yes
chown_username=username
2. service vsftpd start| restart
3. directory owner should be ftp user: chown ftp directory path allowed to
upload files.
4. Write permission should be set to owner user.
By default anonymous user can only download files from the ftp. Should write
anon_upload_enable=yes to enable anonymous upload files. Default Directory for
anonymous is /var/ftp.
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QUESTION
111
You want to deny to user1 and user2 users to access files via ftp. Configure to deny
these users to access via ftp.
Answer and
Explanation:
1. vi /etc/vsftpd/ftpusers
user1
user2
2. service vsftpd start| restart
Using /etc/vsftpd/ftpusers file we can deny to certain users to access files via ftp. As well
as there is another file named /etc/vsftpd.user_list can be used to allow or to deny to
users.
QUESTION
112
There are mixed lots of System running on Linux and Windows OS. Some users are
working on Windows Operating System. There is a /data directory on linux server
should make available on windows to only user1 and user2 users with full access.
Configure to make available.
Answer and
Explanation:
1. vi /etc/samba/smb.conf
[global]
netbios?
workgroup = mygroup
server string=Share from Linux Server
security=user
smb passwd file=/etc/samba/smbpasswd
encrypt passwords=yes
[data]
path=/data
writable=yes
public=no
browsable=yes
valid users=user1 user2
2. smbpasswd -a user1
3. smbpasswd -a user2
4. service smb start | restart
5. chkconfig smb on
Samba servers helps to share the data between linux and windows. Configuration file is
/etc/samba/smb.conf. There are some pre-defined section, i. global use to define the
global options, ii. Printers ->use to share the printers, iii. homes use the share the
user’s home directory.
Security=user-> validation by samba username and password. May be there are other
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users also. To allow certain share to certain user we should use valid users option.
smbpasswd-> Helps to change user’s smb password. -a option specifies that the
username following should be added to the local smbpasswd file.
QUESTION
113
There are mixed lots of System running on Linux and Windows OS. Some users are
working on Windows Operating System. There is a /data directory on linux server
should make available on windows to user1 and user2 users on read and write mode
and read only to other samba users.
Answer and
Explanation:
1. vi /etc/samba/smb.conf
[global]
netbios?
workgroup = mygroup
server string=Share from Linux Server
security=user
smb passwd file=/etc/samba/smbpasswd
encrypt passwords=yes
[data]
path=/data
writable=no
public=no
browsable=yes
write list= user1 user2
2. smbpasswd -a user1
3. smbpasswd -a user2
……..
4. service smb start | restart
5. chkconfig smb on
Samba servers helps to share the data between linux and windows. Configuration file is
/etc/samba/smb.conf. There are some pre-defined section, i.-> global use to define the
global options, ii. Printers-> use to share the printers, iii. ->homes use the share the
user’s home directory.
Security=user-> validation by samba username and password. May be there are other
users also. To allow certain share to certain user we should use valid users option.
smbpasswd-> Helps to change user’s smb password. -a option specifies that the
username following should be added to the local smbpasswd file.
If any valid users option is not specified, then all samba users can access the shared data.
By Default shared permission is on writable=no means read only sharing. Write list
option is used to allow write access on shared directory to certain users or group
members.
QUESTION
114
There are mixed lots of System running on Linux and Windows OS. Some users are
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working on Windows Operating System. You want to make available /data
directory to samba users only from 192.168.0.0/24 network. Configure the samba
server.
Answer and
Explanation:
1. vi /etc/samba/smb.conf
[global]
netbios?
workgroup = mygroup
server string=Share from Linux Server
security=user
smb passwd file=/etc/samba/smbpasswd
encrypt passwords=yes
hosts allow=192.168.0.
[data]
path=/data
writable=yes
public=no
browsable=yes
2. service smb start| restart
3. chkconfig smb on
Samba servers helps to share the data between linux and windows. Configuration file is
/etc/samba/smb.conf. There are some pre-defined section, i.-> global use to define the
global options, ii. Printers-> use to share the printers, iii.-> homes use to share the
user’s home directory.
Security=user-> validation by samba username and password. May be there are other
users also. To allow certain share to certain user we should use valid users option.
smbpasswd-> Helps to change user’s smb password. -a option specifies that the
username following should be added to the local smbpasswd file.
If any valid users option is not specified, then all samba users can access the shared data.
By Default shared permission is on writable=no means read only sharing. Write list
option is used to allow write access on shared directory to certain users or group
members.
To allow access the shared directory only from certain network or hosts, there is a option
hosts allow= host or network. If this option is applied on global option, then it will apply
to all shared directory.
QUESTION
115
There are mixed lots of System running on Linux and Windows OS. Some users are
working on Windows Operating System. Your printer is connected on linux server.
You want to share the printer-using samba so that users working on windows also
can print. Configure the samba server to share printer.
Answer and Explanation
1. vi /etc/samba/smb.conf
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[global]
netbios?
workgroup=linuxgroup
security=share
printcap name=/etc/printcap
load printers=yes
printing=cups
[printers]
path=/var/spool/samba
browsable=yes
printable=yes
guest ok=no
writable=no
Samba servers helps to share the data between linux and windows. Configuration file is
/etc/samba/smb.conf. There are some pre-defined section, i. global use to define the
global options, ii. Printers use to share the printers, iii. homes use to share the
user’s home directory.
/etc/printcap file contains all installed printers name. Printing is print system used on
server.
QUESTION
116
Your Local Domain is example.com. Configure the send mail server for you local
LAN.
Answer and
Explanation:
1. vi /etc/mail/local-host-names
example.com
2. vi /etc/mail/sendmail.mc
dnl # DEAMON_OPTIONS(`Port=smtp,Addr=127.0.0.1,Name=MTA`)dnl
3. m4 /etc/mail/sendmail.mc >/etc/mail/sendmail.cf
4. vi /etc/mail/access
example.com RELAY
192.168.0 RELAY
5. service sendmail start | restart
6. chkconfig sendmail on
/etc/mail/local-host-names file contains the aliases to hostname. Mail server program
reads the /etc/mail/sendmail.cf. To change the configuration on mail server, we should
edit the /etc/mail/sendmail.mc file and should generate the sendmail.cf using m4
command.
By default sendmail server allows to connect to local host only. So we should edit the
/etc/mail/sendmail.mc file to allow connect to other hosts.
By default sendmail server will not forward mail. we should specify on /etc/mail/access
to relay or to block mail coming from domain or network or individual email address.
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QUESTION
117
Your Local Domain is example.com. Configure the send mail server for you local
LAN. As well as enable the pop and pop secured protocol.
Answer and
Explanation:
1. vi /etc/mail/local-host-names
example.com
2. vi /etc/mail/sendmail.mc
dnl # DEAMON_OPTIONS(`Port=smtp,Addr=127.0.0.1,Name=MTA`)dnl
3. m4 /etc/mail/sendmail.mc >/etc/mail/sendmail.cf
4. vi /etc/mail/access
192.168.0 RELAY
example.com RELAY
5. service sendmail start | restart
6. chkconfig dovecot on
7. vi /etc/dovecot.conf
protocols = pop3 pop3s
8. service dovecot start | restart
9. chkconfig dovecot on
/etc/mail/local-host-names file contains the aliases to hostname. Mail server program
reads the /etc/mail/sendmail.cf. To change the configuration on mail server, we should
edit the /etc/mail/sendmail.mc file and should generate the sendmail.cf using m4
command.
By default sendmail server allows to connect to local host only. So we should edit the
/etc/mail/sendmail.mc file to allow connect to other hosts.
By default sendmail server will not forward mail. we should specify on /etc/mail/access
to relay or to block mail coming from domain or network or individual email address.
By default dovecot service start only the imap protocol. To start pop protocol with
dovecot, we should write in /etc/dovecot.conf file.
QUESTION
118
Your Local Domain is example.com. Configure the send mail server for you local
LAN by following these conditions.
i. Relay the mail from 192.168.0.0/24 Network
ii. If any mail coming from cracker.org domain block all mails.
iii. user5′s mail should be get by user2.
Answer and
Explanation:
1. vi /etc/mail/local-host-names
example.com
2. vi /etc/mail/sendmail.mc
dnl # DEAMON_OPTIONS(`Port=smtp,Addr=127.0.0.1,Name=MTA`)dnl
3. m4 /etc/mail/sendmail.mc >/etc/mail/sendmail.cf
4. vi /etc/mail/access
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192.168.0 RELAY
@cracker.org REJECT
5. service sendmail start | restart
6. chkconfig dovecot on
7. vi /etc/dovecot.conf
protocols = pop3 pop3s imap imaps
8. service dovecot start | restart
9. chkconfig dovecot on
10. vi /etc/aliases
user5: user2
11. newaliases
/etc/mail/local-host-names file contains the aliases to hostname. Mail server program
reads the /etc/mail/sendmail.cf. To change the configuration on mail server, we should
edit the /etc/mail/sendmail.mc file and should generate the sendmail.cf using m4
command.
By default sendmail server allows to connect to local host only. So we should edit the
/etc/mail/sendmail.mc file to allow connect to other hosts.
By default sendmail server will not forward mail. we should specify on /etc/mail/access
to relay or to block mail coming from domain or network or individual email address.
By default dovecot service start only the imap protocol. To start pop protocol with
dovecot, we should write in /etc/dovecot.conf file.
Using /etc/aliases file we can map the user name to send mail of one user to another user.
To rebuild database we use the newaliases command.
QUESTION
119
Your Local Domain is example.com. Configure the send mail server for you local
LAN by following these conditions.
i. Any mail going from Local LAN should be masquerade to example.com
ii. Any incoming mail for info@example.com virtual address should be mapped
to admin@example.com
iii. All outgoing mail should be send via smtp.abc.com mail server.
Answer and
Explanation:
1. vi /etc/mail/local-host-names
example.com
2. vi /etc/mail/sendmail.mc
dnl # DEAMON_OPTIONS(`Port=smtp,Addr=127.0.0.1,Name=MTA`)dnl
MASQUERADE_AS(`example.com’)dnl
define(`SMART_HOST’,`smtp.abc.com’)
3. m4 /etc/mail/sendmail.mc >/etc/mail/sendmail.cf
4. vi /etc/mail/virtusertable
info@example.com admin@example.com
5. vi /etc/mail/access
192.168.0 RELAY
/etc/mail/local-host-names file contains the aliases to hostname. Mail server program
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reads the /etc/mail/sendmail.cf. To change the configuration on mail server, we should
edit the /etc/mail/sendmail.mc file and should generate the sendmail.cf using m4
command.
By default sendmail server allows to connect to local host only. So we should edit the
/etc/mail/sendmail.mc file to allow connect to other hosts.
By default sendmail server will not forward mail. We should specify on /etc/mail/access
to relay or to block mail coming from domain or network or individual email address.
To masquerade the address, MASQUERADE_AS option is in /etc/mail/sendmail.mc.
SMART_HOST deliver all local mail locally and outgoing mail through another mail server.
/etc/mail/virtusertable file is used map virtual address to real address.
Eg.
info@example.com user1@example.com
enquiry@example.com admin@abc.com
QUESTION
120
Download a index.html file from ftp.server1.example.com and set as default page
for you station?.example.com where ? is your host number. Note file is anonymously
available.
Answer and
Explanation:
1. ftp ftp://server1.example.com
2. Login as an anonymous and download the file.
3. Copy the file in /var/www/html if you downloaded in another location.
4. service httpd restart
5. Test using links: links http://station?.example.com
Check the SELinux context of index.html file, should like this:
-rw-r–r– root root system_u:object_r:httpd_sys_content_t /var/www/html/index.html
If SELinux Context is mismatched, use the restorecon -R /var command
QUESTION
121
There are two sites www.abc.com and www.example.com. Both sites are mappings
to 192.100.0.X IP address where X is your Host address. Configure the Apache web
server for these sites to make accessible on web.
Answer and
Explanation:
1. vi /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf
NameVirtualHost 192.100.0.X

ServerName
www.abc.com
DocumentRoot /var/www/abc/
DirectoryIndex index.html
ServerAdmin
webmaster@abc.com
ErrorLog logs/error_abc.logs
CustomLog logs/custom_abc.logs common
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ServerName
www.example.com
DocumentRoot /var/www/example/
DirectoryIndex index.html
ServerAdmin
webmaster@example.com
ErrorLog logs/error_example.logs
CustomLog logs/custom_example.logs common

2. Create the directory and index page on specified path. (Index page can
download from ftp://server1.example.com at exam time)
Check the SELinux context of index page , should like this:
-rw-r–r– root root system_u:object_r:httpd_sys_content_t /var/www/html/index.html
If SELinux Context is mismatched, use the restorecon -R /var command
3. service httpd start| restart
4. chkconfig httpd on
5. links
http://www.abc.com
6. links http://www.example.com
For Name based Virtual Hosting, we should specified the IP address on which we
are going to host the multiple sites using NameVirtualHost options.
• ServerName means you FQDN, already lookup on DNS
• DirectoryRoot path for web documents for this site.
• DirectoryIndex default page for websites.
QUESTION
122
Configure the web server for www.abc.com associated IP address is 192.100.0.1 by
allowing access to user5 and user6 httpusers.
Answer and Explanation
1. vi /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf

ServerName
www.abc.com
DocumentRoot /var/www/abc/

AllowOverride authconfig

DirectoryIndex index.html
ServerAdmin
webmaster@abc.com
ErrorLog logs/error_abc.logs
CustomLog logs/custom_abc.logs common

2. Create the directory and index page on specified path. (Index page can
download from ftp://server1.example.com at exam time)
Check the SELinux context of index.html file, should be like this:
-rw-r–r– root root system_u:object_r:httpd_sys_content_t /var/www/html/index.html
If SELinux Context is mismatched, use the restorecon -R /var command
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3. vi /var/www/abc/.htaccess
AuthName “Only to Authorized Users”
AuthType basic
AuthUserFile /etc/httpd/conf/mypasswd
require valid-user
Check the SELinux Context, should like this:
-rw-r–r– root root root:object_r:httpd_sys_content_t .htaccess
3. htpasswd -c /etc/httpd/conf/mypasswd user5
4. htpasswd -m /etc/httpd/conf/mypasswd user6
5. chgrp apache /etc/httpd/conf/mypasswd
6. chmod g+r /etc/httpd/conf/mypasswd
Check the SELinux Context, should like this:
-rw-r–r– root root system_u:object_r:httpd_config_t /etc/httpd/conf/mypasswd
Use restorecon command to restore the mismatched SELinux Context of the file.
7. service httpd restart
8. chkconfig httpd on
AllowOverride Authconfig is used to specify which and how much configuration can be
overridden by directory specific .htaccess files.
One of the most common tasks performed in users’ .htaccess files is adding authorization.
Typically, a user will setup authorization for directories that hold sensitive information
with a configuration.
QUESTION
123
Configure the web server for www.abc.com associated IP address is 192.100.0.1 by
allowing access within your example.com domain.
Answer and Explanation
1. vi /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf

ServerName
www.abc.com
DocumentRoot /var/www/abc/

Order Allow, Deny
Allow from .example.com

DirectoryIndex index.html
ServerAdmin
webmaster@abc.com
ErrorLog logs/error_abc.logs
CustomLog logs/custom_abc.logs common

2. Create the directory and index page on specified path. (Index page can
download from ftp://server1.example.com at exam time)
Check the SELinux context of index page , should like this:
-rw-r–r– root root system_u:object_r:httpd_sys_content_t /var/www/html/index.html
If SELinux Context is mismatched, use the restorecon -R /var command
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3. service httpd start|restart
4. chkconfig httpd on
Order allow, deny Allows explicitly allowed clients, denies everyone else; clients
matched by both allow and deny are denied.
Order deny, allow denies explicitly denied clients, allows everyone else, clients
matched by both allow and deny are allowed.
QUESTION
124
You have a domain named www.rhce.com associated IP address is 192.100.0.2.
Configure the Apache web server by implementing the SSL for encryption
communication.
Answer and Explanation
1. vi /etc/httpd/conf.d/ssl.conf

ServerName
www.rhce.com
DocumentRoot /var/www/rhce
DirectoryIndex index.html index.htm
ServerAdmin
webmaster@rhce.com
SSLEngine on
SSLCertificateFile /etc/pki/tls/certs/localhost.crt
SSLCertificateKeyFile /etc/pki/tls/private/localhost.key

2. cd /etc/httpd/conf
3. make testcert
4. Create the directory and index page on specified path. (Index page can download
from ftp://server1.example.com at exam time)
Check the SELinux context of index page , should like this:
-rw-r–r– root root system_u:object_r:httpd_sys_content_t /var/www/html/index.html
If SELinux Context is mismatched, use the restorecon -R /var command
5. service httpd start|restart
6. chkconfig httpd on
Apache can provide encrypted communications using SSL (Secure Socket Layer). To
make use of encrypted communication, a client must request to https protocol, which is
uses port 443. For HTTPS protocol required the certificate file and key file.
QUESTION
125
Configure the Apache webserver for station?.example.com (associated IP is your
host IP address) by downloading the index.html from
ftp://server1.example.com
.
Answer and
Explanation:
1. vi /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf

ServerName station?.example.com
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DocumentRoot /var/www/station?
DirectoryIndex index.html
ServerAdmin
webmaster@example.com

2. Create the directory and index page on specified path. (Index page can
download from ftp://server1.example.com at exam time)
Check the SELinux context of index page , should like this:
-rw-r–r– root root system_u:object_r:httpd_sys_content_t /var/www/html/index.html
If SELinux Context is mismatched, use the restorecon -R /var command
3. service httpd start|restart
4. chkconfig httpd on
QUESTION
126
Share the Internet using squid for your Local LAN. Proxy server should be run on
8080 port.
Answer and
Explanation:
1. vi /etc/squid/squid.conf
#detault:
http_port 8080
#Recommended minimum configuration:
# Near the src acl src section
acl mynet src 192.168.0.0/255.255.255.0
#Default:
# http_access deny all
#Under Here
http_access allow mynet
2. service squid start
3. chkconfig squid on
squid is a proxy caching server, using squid we can share the internet, block the internet, to
certain network. First we should define the port for squid, the standard port for squid is 3128. We
can run squid on different port by specifying http_port portnumber.
To block or allow the Internet access to hosts, we should create the acl (Access Control List). In
this file we can specify only the IP address.
Example: acl aclname src IP/Netmask
After creating acl we can block or allow the internet to specified acl.
http_access allow | deny alcname
QUESTION
127
Using squid block Internet to 192.168.1.0/24 Network and allow to 192.168.0.0/24
Network.
Answer and
Explanation:
1. vi /etc/squid/squid.conf
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#detault:
http_port 8080
#Recommended minimum configuration:
# Near the src acl src section
acl allownet src 192.168.0.0/255.255.255.0
acl denynet src 192.168.1.0/255.255.255.0
#Default:
# http_access deny all
#Under Here
http_access allow allownet
http_access deny denynet
2. service squid start
3. chkconfig squid on
squid is a proxy caching server, using squid we can share the internet, block the internet, to
certain network. First we should define the port for squid, the standard port for squid is 3128. We
can run squid on different port by specifying http_port portnumber.
To block or allow the Internet access to hosts, we should create the acl (Access Control List). In
this file we can specify only the IP address.
Example: acl aclname src IP/Netmask
After creating acl we can block or allow the internet to specified acl.
http_access allow | deny alcname
QUESTION
128
Run the squid proxy server on port 8080 by allowing internet access to
192.168.0.0/24 and block msn.com site to access.
Answer and
Explanation:
1. vi /etc/squid/squid.conf
#detault:
http_port 8080
#Recommended minimum configuration:
# Near the src acl src section
acl allownet src 192.168.0.0/255.255.255.0
acl msnnet dstdomain .msn.com
#Default:
# http_access deny all
#Under Here
http_access deny msnnet
http_access allow allownet
2. service squid start
3. chkconfig squid on
squid is a proxy caching server, using squid we can share the internet, block the internet,
to certain network. First we should define the port for squid, the standard port for squid is
3128. We can run squid on different port by specifying http_port portnumber.
To block or allow the Internet access to hosts, we should create the acl (Access Control
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List). In this file we can specify only the IP address.
Example: acl aclname src IP/Netmask
After creating acl we can block or allow the Internet to specified acl.
http_access allow | deny alcname
QUESTION
129
You are the administrator of example.com domain. Configure to deny local login to
all normal users on your domain server. As well as allow to root login only on First
Terminal.
Answer and
Explanation:
1. touch /etc/nologin
2. vi /etc/securetty
comment all available terminall then first.
If /etc/nologin file is created, then pam modules pan_nologin deny to all non-root users to
login locally.
/etc/pam.d/login file calls the module.
#%PAM-1.0
auth required pam_securetty.so
auth required pam_stack.so service=system-auth
auth required pam_nologin.so
account required pam_stack.so service=system-auth
password required pam_stack.so service=system-auth
# pam_selinux.so close should be the first session rule
session required pam_selinux.so close
session required pam_stack.so service=system-auth
session optional pam_console.so
# pam_selinux.so open should be the last session rule
session required pam_selinux.so multiple open
pam_securetty modules checks the /etc/securetty file, which terminal are available to
root. If terminal is not available in this file then pam_securetty module deny to login on
unavailable terminal to root user.
QUESTION
130
You are the Network Engineer of example.com domain. Configure to allow users
user1, user2 and user3 to login only between 9am to 17pm on very day.
Answer and
Explanation:
1. vi /etc/security/time.conf
login;*;user1|user2|user3;Al0900-1700
2. vi /etc/pam.d/login
account required pam_time.so
For Time based authentication, we should configured in /etc/security/time.conf
Syntax of /etc/security/time.conf
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services;ttys;users;times
services
is a logic list of PAM service names that the rule applies to.
ttys
is a logic list of terminal names that this rule applies to.
users
is a logic list of users to whom this rule applies.
times
the format here is a logic list of day/time-range entries the days are specified by a
sequence of two character entries, MoTuSa for example is Monday Tuesday and
Saturday. Note that repeated days are unset MoMo = no day, and MoWk = all weekdays
bar Monday. The two character combinations accepted are
Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Wk Wd Al
the last two being week-end days and all 7 days of the week respectively. As a final
example, AlFr means all days except Friday.
pam_time modules checks the file /etc/security/time.conf for authentication. So, we
should call the pam_time modules in /etc/pam.d/login.
QUESTION
131
There are some part-time staff in your office. And you gave the username user9 and
user10 to them. Their Office time is 12-2pm on Sunday, Monday and Friday.
Configure to login only on their office time.
Answer and
Explanation:
1. vi /etc/security/time.conf
login;*;user9|user10;SuMoFri1200-1400
2. vi /etc/pam.d/login
account required pam_time.so
For Time based authentication, we should configured in /etc/security/time.conf
Syntax of /etc/security/time.conf
services;ttys;users;times
services
is a logic list of PAM service names that the rule applies to.
ttys
is a logic list of terminal names that this rule applies to.
users
is a logic list of users to whom this rule applies.
times
the format here is a logic list of day/time-range entries the days are specified by a
sequence of two character entries, MoTuSa for example is Monday Tuesday and
Saturday. Note that repeated days are unset MoMo = no day, and MoWk = all weekdays
bar Monday. The two character combinations accepted are
Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Wk Wd Al
the last two being week-end days and all 7 days of the week respectively. As a final
example, AlFr means all days except Friday.
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pam_time modules checks the file /etc/security/time.conf for authentication. So, we
should call the pam_time modules in /etc/pam.d/login.
QUESTION
132
Deny login to user15 and user16 on Saturday.
Answer and
Explanation:
1. vi /etc/security/time.conf
login;*;user15|user16;Sa0000-2400
2. vi /etc/pam.d/login
account required pam_time.so
For Time based authentication, we should configured in /etc/security/time.conf
Syntax of /etc/security/time.conf
services;ttys;users;times
services
s a logic list of PAM service names that the rule applies to.
ttys
is a logic list of terminal names that this rule applies to.
users
is a logic list of users to whom this rule applies.
times
the format here is a logic list of day/time-range entries the days are specified by a
sequence of two character entries, MoTuSa for example is Monday Tuesday and
Saturday. Note that repeated days are unset MoMo = no day, and MoWk = all weekdays
bar Monday. The two character combinations accepted are
Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Wk Wd Al
the last two being week-end days and all 7 days of the week respectively. As a final
example, AlFr means all days except Friday.
pam_time modules checks the file /etc/security/time.conf for authentication. So, we
should call the pam_time modules in /etc/pam.d/login.
QUESTION
133
You are working as a Network Engineer. Due to system processing, you want to
limit the number of process to users. If then, configure that user1 and user2 should
get one login at a time and all the members of training group can get total 5 logins.
Answer and
Explanation:
1. vi /etc/security/limits.conf
user1,user2 - maxlogins 1
@training - maxlogins 5
2. vi /etc/pam.d/system-auth
session required /lib/security/pam_limits.so
To limit the number of process or number of logins, we should configure on
/etc/security/limits.conf. First Columns contains the username separated by comma or
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@group name. Second column either hard or soft limits. Third columns called the item,
maxloigns or nproc etc.
To identify the session of users we should call the pam_limits module in
/etc/pam.d/system-auth.
QUESTION
134
Now a days you are observing that your system being very slow. You observe the
processes that one user named user1 running more than 50 processes. Configure to
limit the number of processes that user1 couldn’t run more than 7 process.
Answer and
Explanation:
1. vi /etc/security/limits.conf
user1 hard nproc 7
2. vi /etc/pam.d/system-auth
session required /lib/security/pam_limits.so
To limit the number of process or number of logins, we should configure on
/etc/security/limits.conf. First Columns contains the username separated by comma or
@group name. Second column either hard or soft limits. Third columns called the item,
maxloigns or nproc etc.
To identify the session of users we should call the pam_limits module in
/etc/pam.d/system-auth.
QUESTION
135
Deny to john user login locally.
Answer and
Explanation:
1. vi /etc/security/access.conf
-:john:LOCAL
2. vi /etc/pam.d/system-auth
account required /lib/security/pam_access.so
/etc/security/access.conf file helps to allow or deny login to users on the basis of origin.
Syntax of /etc/security/access.conf
permission : users : origins
The first field should be a “+” (access granted) or “-” (access denied) character.
The second field should be a list of one or more login names, group names, or ALL
(always matches). A pattern of the form user@host is matched when the login name
matches the “user” part, and when the “host” part matches the local machine name.
The third field should be a list of one or more tty names (for non-networked logins), host
names, domain names (begin with “.”), host addresses, internet network numbers (end
with “.”), ALL (always matches) or LOCAL (matches any string that does not contain a
“.” character).
In our example denied to john user to login locally.
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QUESTION
136
You have a domain in your LAN example.com. Configure to allow login to jack only
from station10.example.com.
Answer and
Explanation:
1. vi /etc/security/access.conf
-:jack:ALL EXCEPT station10.example.com
2. vi /etc/pam.d/system-auth
account required /lib/security/pam_access.so
/etc/security/access.conf file helps to allow or deny login to users on the basis of origin.
Syntax of /etc/security/access.conf
permission : users : origins
The first field should be a “+” (access granted) or “-” (access denied) character.
The second field should be a list of one or more login names, group names, or ALL
(always matches). A pattern of the form user@host is matched when the login name
matches the “user” part, and when the “host” part matches the local machine name.
The third field should be a list of one or more tty names (for non-networked logins), host
names, domain names (begin with “.”), host addresses, internet network numbers (end
with “.”), ALL (always matches) or LOCAL (matches any string that does not contain a
“.” character).
The EXCEPT operator makes it possible to write very compact rules
QUESTION
137
One User named peter working with you as your assistance. His main responsibility
is to manager users. Give the privilege to run useradd, passwd, groupadd, userdel,
groupdel, usermod command using sudo.
Answer and Explanation
1. visudo
# User alias Specification
User_alias LIMITEDTRUST=peter
# Cmnd alias Specification
Cmnd_alias MINIMUM=/usr/sbin/useradd, /usr/bin/passwd, /usr/sbin/groupadd,
/usr/sbin/userdel, /usr/sbin/groupdel, /usr/sbin/usermod
# User Privilege Specification
LIMITEDTRUST ALL=MINIMUM
2. Login as peter user and run sudo useradd username
Using Sudo we can give root level privilege on commands. Visudo is the sudo editor. In
user alias Specification we create the user alias and in Cmnd alias Specification, we
create the command alias. In User Privilege Specification section, list the users, groups
allowed to use the sudo.
QUESTION
138
You have a domain in your LAN named example.com. Allow the FTP connection
only from local domain.
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Answer and
Explanation:
1. vi /etc/hosts.deny
vsftpd:ALL EXCEPT .example.com
We can secure the services using tcp_wrappers. There are main two files, /etc/hosts.allow
and /etc/hosts.deny.
There will be three stage access checking
-Is access explicitly permitted? Means permitted from /etc/hosts.allow?
- Otherwise, Is access explicitly denied? Means denied from /etc/hosts.deny?
- Otherwise, by default permit access if neither condition matched.
To deny the services we can configure /etc/hosts.deny file using ALL and EXCEPT
operation. Pattern of /etc/hosts.allow and /etc/hosts.deny file is:
Demon_list:client_list:options
In Client list can be either domain name or IP address.
QUESTION
139
Allow the NFS service only to example.com, trusted.cracker.org
Answer and
Explanation:
1. vi /etc/hosts.deny
nfs,portmap:ALL EXCEPT .example.com, trusted.cracker.org
We can secure the services using tcp_wrappers. There are main two files, /etc/hosts.allow
and /etc/hosts.deny.
There will be three stage access checking
-Is access explicitly permitted? Means permitted from /etc/hosts.allow?
- Otherwise, Is access explicitly denied? Means denied from /etc/hosts.deny?
- Otherwise, by default permit access if neither condition matched.
To deny the services we can configure /etc/hosts.deny file using ALL and EXCEPT
operation. Pattern of /etc/hosts.allow and /etc/hosts.deny file is:
Demon_list:client_list:options
In Client list can be either domain name or IP address.

RHCE rh302 exam questions Part02

2010-05-31T21:19:00.004+03:00

QUESTION
140
Configure to deny the pop and imap connection from outside local LAN as well as
station20.example.com.
Answer and
Explanation:
1. vi /etc/hosts.deny
dovecot:ALL EXCEPT .example.com EXCEPT station20.example.com
We can secure the services using tcp_wrappers. There are main two files, /etc/hosts.allow
and /etc/hosts.deny.
There will be three stage access checking
-Is access explicitly permitted? Means permitted from /etc/hosts.allow?
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- Otherwise, Is access explicitly denied? Means denied from /etc/hosts.deny?
- Otherwise, by default permit access if neither condition matched.
To deny the services we can configure /etc/hosts.deny file using ALL and EXCEPT
operation. Pattern of /etc/hosts.allow and /etc/hosts.deny file is:
Demon_list:client_list:options
In Client list can be either domain name or IP address.
QUESTION
141
Deny the ALL services to the member of cracker.org but allow to
trusted.cracker.org.
Answer and
Explanation:
1. vi /etc/hosts.deny
ALL:.cracker.org EXCEPT trusted.cracker.org
We can secure the services using tcp_wrappers. There are main two files, /etc/hosts.allow
and /etc/hosts.deny.
There will be three stage access checking
-Is access explicitly permitted? Means permitted from /etc/hosts.allow?
- Otherwise, Is access explicitly denied? Means denied from /etc/hosts.deny?
- Otherwise, by default permit access if neither condition matched.
To deny the services we can configure /etc/hosts.deny file using ALL and EXCEPT
operation. Pattern of /etc/hosts.allow and /etc/hosts.deny file is:
Demon_list:client_list:options
In Client list can be either domain name or IP address.
QUESTION
142
Configure to allow the ssh service only from 192.168.0.0/24 except 192.168.0.4
Answer and
Explanation:
1. vi /etc/hosts.deny
sshd: 192.168.0. EXCEPT 192.168.0.4
We can secure the services using tcp_wrappers. There are main two files, /etc/hosts.allow
and /etc/hosts.deny.
There will be three stage access checking
-Is access explicitly permitted? Means permitted from /etc/hosts.allow?
- Otherwise, Is access explicitly denied? Means denied from /etc/hosts.deny?
- Otherwise, by default permit access if neither condition matched.
To deny the services we can configure /etc/hosts.deny file using ALL and EXCEPT
operation. Pattern of /etc/hosts.allow and /etc/hosts.deny file is:
Demon_list:client_list:options
In Client list can be either domain name or IP address.
QUESTION
143
ssh service is enabled in your Server. Your LAN is connected to WAN also.
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Configure to match following conditions.
i. Deny the ssh from outside the example.com domain members.
ii. If any denied hosts tried for ssh then send the information through mail with
client;s information.
Answer and
Explanation:
1. vi /etc/hosts.deny
sshd:ALL EXCEPT .example.com: spawn echo “Loging attempt from %c to %s” | mail -
s “Login from denied hosts” root
We can secure the services using tcp_wrappers. There are main two files, /etc/hosts.allow
and /etc/hosts.deny.
There will be three stage access checking
-Is access explicitly permitted? Means permitted from /etc/hosts.allow?
- Otherwise, Is access explicitly denied? Means denied from /etc/hosts.deny?
- Otherwise, by default permit access if neither condition matched.
To deny the services we can configure /etc/hosts.deny file using ALL and EXCEPT
operation. Pattern of /etc/hosts.allow and /etc/hosts.deny file is:
Demon_list:client_list:options
In Client list can be either domain name or IP address.
QUESTION
144
Your LAN is 192.168.0.0/24. Block the telnet connection from outside the LAN.
Answer and Explanation
1. vi /etc/hosts.deny
in.telnetd:ALL EXCEPT 192.168.0.
We can secure the services using tcp_wrappers. There are main two files, /etc/hosts.allow
and /etc/hosts.deny.
There will be three stage access checking
-Is access explicitly permitted? Means permitted from /etc/hosts.allow?
- Otherwise, Is access explicitly denied? Means denied from /etc/hosts.deny?
- Otherwise, by default permit access if neither condition matched.
To deny the services we can configure /etc/hosts.deny file using ALL and EXCEPT
operation. Pattern of /etc/hosts.allow and /etc/hosts.deny file is:
Demon_list:client_list:options
In Client list can be either domain name or IP address. Here in.telnetd is the telnet server
program name.
QUESTION
145
Configure the telnet connection only from your local LAN (192.168.0.0/24) between
9-17pm.
Answer and Explanation
1. vi /etc/xinetd.d/telnet
service telnet {
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only_from = 192.168.0.0/24
access_times = 09:00-17:00
}
2. chkconf telnet on
3. service xinetd restart
xinetd based services can manage by specifying host and time parameters. Only_from
means connection allowed network, remaining hosts explicitly deny. access_times
specify when service is available.
QUESTION
146
You have a ftp server having IP address 192.168.0.254. Using iptables, allow the ftp
connection only from the internal network where internal network is 192.168.0.0/24.
Answer and Explanation
1. iptables -t filter -A INPUT -s ! 192.168.0.0/24 -p tcp -d 192.168.0.254 –dport
20 -j DROP
2. iptables -t filter -A INPUT -s ! 192.168.0.0/24 -p tcp -d 192.168.0.254 –dport
21 -j DROP
iptables is the build-in firewall tools, used to filter the packets and for nat. By identifying
Source Address, Destination Address, type of protocol, source and destination port we
can filter the packets.
-s ->Source Address
-d ->Destination Address
-p -> Layer 3 Protocol
-d -> Destination Address
–sport Source Prot
–dport Destination Port
-i -> Incoming Interface
-o -> Outgoing Interface
-t -> Table either filter or nat or mangle
-A ->Chain can be either INPUT, OUTPUT, FORWARD, PREROUTING,
POSTROUTING.
QUESTION
147
Your LAN is connected to WAN also. You want to deny the ssh coming from WAN.
Configure using iptables to allow ssh connection only from the Local LAN where
you LAN IP address is 192.168.0.0/24.
Answer And Explanation
1. iptables -t filter -A INPUT -s ! 192.168.0.0/24 -p tcp –dport 22 -j DROP
iptables is the build-in firewall tools, used to filter the packets and for nat. By identifying
Source Address, Destination Address, type of protocol, source and destination port we
can filter the packets.
-s ->Source Address
-d -> Destination Address
-p ->Layer 3 Protocol
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-d -> Destination Address
–sport Source Prot
–dport Destination Port
-i -> Incoming Interface
-o -> Outgoing Interface
-t -> Table either filter or nat or mangle
-A -> Chain can be either INPUT, OUTPUT, FORWARD, PREROUTING,
POSTROUTING.
ssh service use the 22 port so we can block connection from outside the LAN.
QUESTION
148
You have a dedicated internet line in your LAN and IP from your ISP is 202.2.2.2.
Your LAN is in 192.168.0.0/24. Configure the SNAT that allows all system in your
LAN can access the Internet.
Answer and Explanation
1. iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -s 192.168.0.0/24 -p tcp -j SNAT -to-source
202.2.2.2.
POSTROUTING This filter point handles packets immediately prior leaving the
system.
When Packets leave the system all’s source address change to 202.2.2.2 and can access
the internet.
iptables is the build-in firewall tools, used to filter the packets and for nat. By identifying
Source Address, Destination Address, type of protocol, source and destination port we
can filter the packets.
-s ->Source Address
-d -> Destination Address
-p ->Layer 3 Protocol
-d -> Destination Address
–sport Source Prot
–dport Destination Port
-i ->Incoming Interface
-o -> Outgoing Interface
-t ->Table either filter or nat or mangle
-A -> Chain can be either INPUT, OUTPUT, FORWARD, PREROUTING,
POSTROUTING.
QUESTION
149
ssh service is enabled in your Server. Configure to
- Deny the ssh from cracker.org domain.
- Allow the ssh service only from example.com domain.
Answer and
Explanation:
1. vi /etc/hosts.deny
sshd:ALL EXCEPT .example.com
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or
1. vi /etc/hosts.deny
sshd:ALL
2. vi /etc/hosts.allow
sshd:.example.com
We can secure the services using tcp_wrappers. There are main two files, /etc/hosts.allow
and /etc/hosts.deny.
There will be three stage access checking
- Is access explicitly permitted? Means permitted from /etc/hosts.allow?
- Otherwise, Is access explicitly denied? Means denied from /etc/hosts.deny?
- Otherwise, by default permit access if neither condition matched.
To deny the services we can configure /etc/hosts.deny file using ALL and EXCEPT
operation. Pattern of /etc/hosts.allow and /etc/hosts.deny file is:
Demon_list:client_list:options
In Client list can be either domain name or IP address.
QUESTION
150
You have a domain in your LAN named example.com and cracker.org. Allow the
- Allow the FTP connection only from local domain.
- Deny the FTP connection from cracker.org
Answer and
Explanation:
1. vi /etc/hosts.deny
vsftpd:ALL EXCEPT .example.com
or
1. vi /etc/hosts.deny
vsftpd:ALL
2. vi /etc/hosts.allow
vsftpd:.example.com
We can secure the services using tcp_wrappers. There are main two files, /etc/hosts.allow
and /etc/hosts.deny.
There will be three stage access checking
- Is access explicitly permitted? Means permitted from /etc/hosts.allow?
- Otherwise, Is access explicitly denied? Means denied from /etc/hosts.deny?
- Otherwise, by default permit access if neither condition matched.
To deny the services we can configure /etc/hosts.deny file using ALL and EXCEPT
operation. Pattern of /etc/hosts.allow and /etc/hosts.deny file is:
Demon_list:client_list:options
In Client list can be either domain name or IP address.
QUESTION
151
Configure to allow the pop3 and imap connection from your domain example.com
and cracker.org domain.
Answer and
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Explanation:
1. vi /etc/hosts.deny
dovecot:ALL EXCEPT .example.com, .cracker.org
We can secure the services using tcp_wrappers. There are main two files, /etc/hosts.allow
and /etc/hosts.deny.
There will be three stage access checking
- Is access explicitly permitted? Means permitted from /etc/hosts.allow?
- Otherwise, Is access explicitly denied? Means denied from /etc/hosts.deny?
- Otherwise, by default permit access if neither condition matched.
To deny the services we can configure /etc/hosts.deny file using ALL and EXCEPT
operation. Pattern of /etc/hosts.allow and /etc/hosts.deny file is:
Demon_list:client_list:options
In Client list can be either domain name or IP address.
QUESTION
152
Share the /data directory only to example.com members. These hosts should get
read and write access on shared directory.
Answer and
Explanation:
1. vi /etc/exports
/data *.example.com(rw,sync)
2. service nfs start
3. service portmap restart
4. chkconfig nfs on
5. chkconfig portmap on
In Linux to share the data we use the /etc/exports file. Pattern is:
Path client(permission)
Shared Directory Path, Client can be single host or domain name or ip address.
Permission should specify without space with client lists in parentheses.
QUESTION
153
/data directory on linux server should make available on windows to only john with
full access but read only to other users and make sure that /data can access only
within example.com domain. Configure to make available.
Answer and
Explanation:
1. vi /etc/samba/smb.conf
[global]
netbios?
workgroup=station?
security=user
smb passwd file=/etc/samba/smbpasswd
encrypt passwords=yes
hosts allow= .example.com
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[data]
path=/data
public=no
writable=no
write list=john
browsable=yes
2. smbpasswd -a john
3. service smb start
4. chkconfig smb on
/etc/samba/smb.conf. There are some pre-defined section, i. ->global use to define the
global options, ii. Printers use to share the printers, iii ->. homes use the share the
user’s home directory.
Security=user -> validation by samba username and password. May be there are other
users also. To allow certain share to certain user we should use valid users option.
smbpasswd ->Helps to change user’s smb password. -a option specifies that the
username following should be added to the local smbpasswd file.
If any valid users option is not specified, then all samba users can access the shared data.
By Default shared permission is on writable=no means read only sharing. Write list
option is used to allow write access on shared directory to certain users or group
members.
QUESTION
154
/data directory on linux server should make available on windows system that eric
user should able to access on read only mode within example.com domain.
Answer and
Explanation:
1. vi /etc/samba/smb.conf
[global]
netbios?
workgroup=station?
security=user
smb passwd file=/etc/samba/smbpasswd
encrypt passwords=yes
hosts allow= .example.com
[data]
path=/data
public=no
writable=no
browsable=yes
2. smbpasswd -a eric
3. service smb start
4. chkconfig smb on
/etc/samba/smb.conf. There are some pre-defined section, i. -> global use to define the
global options, ii. Printers ->use to share the printers, iii. -> homes use the share the
user’s home directory.
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Security=user -> validation by samba username and password. May be there are other
users also. To allow certain share to certain user we should use valid users option.
smbpasswd ->Helps to change user’s smb password. -a option specifies that the
username following should be added to the local smbpasswd file.
QUESTION
155
Configure the send mail server for your local LAN. As well as the mail of user john
should get by the jane user.
Answer and
Explanation:
Here your Local LAN means your domain named example.com.
1. vi /etc/mail/local-host-names
example.com
2. vi /etc/mail/sendmail.mc
dnl # DEAMON_OPTIONS(`Port=smtp,Addr=127.0.0.1,Name=MTA`)dnl
3. m4 /etc/mail/sendmail.mc >/etc/mail/sendmail.cf
4. vi /etc/mail/access
192.168.0 RELAY
5. service sendmail start | restart
6. chkconfig sendmail on
/etc/mail/local-host-names file contains the aliases to hostname. Mail server program
reads the /etc/mail/sendmail.cf. To change the configuration on mail server, we should
edit the /etc/mail/sendmail.mc file and should generate the sendmail.cf using m4
command.
By default sendmail server allows to connect to local host only. So we should edit the
/etc/mail/sendmail.mc file to allow connect to other hosts.
By default sendmail server will not forward mail. we should specify on /etc/mail/access
to relay or to block mail coming from domain or network or individual email address.
7. vi /etc/aliases
john: jane
8. newaliases
We can redirect the mail of one user to another user using /etc/aliases file. In example all
mail of john goes to jane user.
QUESTION
156
If any mail coming from outside of the local LAN block all mails.
Answer and
Explanation:
Outside the LAN means cracker.org. All host on exam on example.com domain and
outside domain means cracker.org.
To block the mail coming from cracker.org
1. vi /etc/mail/access
@cracker.rog REJECT
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2. service sendmail start | restart
3. chkconfig sendmail on
QUESTION
157
If root sends the mail to jane, mail should be send to /var/spool/mail/jane.
Answer and
Explanation:
By default all mails to user will send to user’s spool directory. Nothing to do.
QUESTION
158
All mails to cracker.org should get by eric user.
Answer and explanation:
1. vi /etc/mail/virtusertable
@cracker.org eric
2. service sendmail restart
/etc/mail/virtusertable file is used to send the mail coming for virtual user to real user.
According to question, all mail to cracker.org should get by eric user so
@cracker.org eric : Which sends all mail of cracker.org to eric user.
QUESTION
159
All mails to my133t.org should get by marion user.
Answer and explanation:
3. vi /etc/mail/virtusertable
@my133t.org marion
# service sendmail restart
/etc/mail/virtusertable file is used to send the mail coming for virtual user to real user.
According to question, all mail to cracker.org should get by eric user so
@my133t.org eric : Which sends all mail of cracker.org to eric user.
QUESTION
160
If any mail coming from outside of the local LAN block all mails.
Answer and
Explanation:
Outside the LAN means my133t.org. All host on exam on example.com domain and
outside domain means cracker.org.
To block the mail coming from cracker.org
1. vi /etc/mail/access
@my133t.org REJECT
2. service sendmail start | restart
3. chkconfig sendmail on
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QUESTION
161
Any mail coming for accountmanager should get by jeff user.
Answer and
Explanation:
1. vi /etc/mail/virtusertable
accountmanager@ jeff
2. service sendmail restart
QUESTION
162
Your Machine Name is stationx.example.com, (x is your host IP address) which is
already resolved. Set the default page for stationx.example.com by downloading
www.html file from
ftp.server1.example.com
.
Answer and
Explanation:
1. ftp ftp.server1.example.com
a. Download the www.html
Check the SELinux context of index page , should like this:
-rw-r–r– root root system_u:object_r:httpd_sys_content_t /var/www/html/index.html
If SELinux Context is mismatched, use the restorecon -R /var command
2. move the downloaded file into /var/www/html
3. Rename the file into index.html
4. Check using links http://stationx.example.com
/var/www/html is the default directory for httpd service. Index.html is the default
directory index. To set the default page without configuring virtualhost copy the file as a
index.html in /var/www/html.
QUESTION
163
Configure the webserver for your local domain. Download a www.html file from
ftp.server1.example.com/pub/rhce and rename it as index.html.
Answer and
Explanation:
Your local domain mean example.com domain. Lookup the example.com using
host example.com you will get the IP address 192.168.0.254.
1. vi /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf

ServerName sexample.com
DocumentRoot /var/www/example
DirectoryIndex index.html
ServerAdmin
webmaster@example.com

2. mkdir /var/www/example
3. Download the index.html file from the ftp server specified in question
4. Rename the www.html file to index.html
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Check the SELinux context of index page , should like this:
-rw-r–r– root root system_u:object_r:httpd_sys_content_t /var/www/html/index.html
If SELinux Context is mismatched, use the restorecon -R /var command
5. service httpd start|restart
6. chkconfig httpd on
7. check using: links http://example.com
QUESTION
164
Eric user should able to write on Document root directory.
Answer and
Explanation:
Document directive is used in apache configuration file to specify the directory where all
web site related documents are. According to question eric user should able to write into
the Document root directory.
Better set the permission using ACL (Access Control List), to apply the permission using
acl needs to mount the filesystem with acl options. Example in above answer
documentroot is in /var and /var is mounting separate file system so needs to mount the
/var file system with acl option.
1. vi /etc/fstab
LABEL= /var /var ext3 defaults 1 1
2. mount -o remount /var
3. setfacl -m u:eric:rwx /var/www/example
4. getfacl /var/www/example
getfacl and setfacl two commands used to maintain the permission through acl. setfacl is
used to set the permission on file/directory, getfacl is used to display the permission of
file/directory.
QUESTION
165
Port 8080
Configure the squid server to allow the Local Domain and deny to cracker.org
domain.
Answer and
Explanation:
At exam Lab example.com domain resides on 192.168.0.0/24 Network and cracker.org
resides on 192.168.1.0/24 Network.
1. vi /etc/squid/squid.conf
#detault:
http_port 8080
#Recommended minimum configuration:
# Near the src acl src section
acl allownet src 192.168.0.0/255.255.255.0
acl denynet src 192.168.1.0/255.255.255.0
#Default:
# http_access deny all
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#Under Here
http_access allow allownet
http_access deny denynet
2. service squid start
3. chkconfig squid on
squid is a proxy caching server, using squid we can share the internet, block the internet,
to certain network. First we should define the port for squid, the standard port for squid is
3128. We can run squid on different port by specifying http_port portnumber.
QUESTION
166
User jeff should able to access the mail using IMAP over SSL
Answer and
Explanation:
IMAP is a very usefully protocol, but it lacks encryption. The dovecot package
distributed with RHEL includes the ability to use IMAP over SSL, This requires the
creation of a PEM format certificate.
1. cd /etc/pki/tls/ and remove the cert.pem.
2. Go the /etc/pki/tls/certs then use:
3. make dovecot.pem : Which generates the dovecot.pem certificate by reading
MakeFile
4. Enable the imaps with Certificate and Key file protocol from /etc/dovecot.conf
vi /etc/dovecot.conf
protocols = imap imaps
ssl_cert_file = /etc/pki/dovecot/certs/dovecot.pem
ssl_key_file = /etc/pki/dovecot/private/dovecot.pem
5. service dovecot restart : Restart the Dovecot service
QUESTION
167
ssh service is enabled in your Server. Configure to
- Deny the ssh from my133t.org domain.
- Allow the ssh service only from example.com domain.
Answer and
Explanation:
1. vi /etc/hosts.deny
sshd:ALL EXCEPT .example.com
or
1. vi /etc/hosts.deny
sshd:ALL
2. vi /etc/hosts.allow
sshd:.example.com
We can secure the services using tcp_wrappers. There are main two files, /etc/hosts.allow
and /etc/hosts.deny.
There will be three stage access checking
- Is access explicitly permitted? Means permitted from /etc/hosts.allow?
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- Otherwise, Is access explicitly denied? Means denied from /etc/hosts.deny?
- Otherwise, by default permit access if neither condition matched.
To deny the services we can configure /etc/hosts.deny file using ALL and EXCEPT
operation. Pattern of /etc/hosts.allow and /etc/hosts.deny file is:
Demon_list:client_list:options
In Client list can be either domain name or IP address.
QUESTION
168
You have a domain in your LAN named example.com and my133t.org. Allow the
- Allow the FTP connection only from local domain.
- Deny the FTP connection from my133t.org
Answer and
Explanation:
1. vi /etc/hosts.deny
vsftpd:ALL EXCEPT .example.com
or
1. vi /etc/hosts.deny
vsftpd:ALL
2. vi /etc/hosts.allow
vsftpd:.example.com
We can secure the services using tcp_wrappers. There are main two files, /etc/hosts.allow
and /etc/hosts.deny.
There will be three stage access checking
- Is access explicitly permitted? Means permitted from /etc/hosts.allow?
- Otherwise, Is access explicitly denied? Means denied from /etc/hosts.deny?
- Otherwise, by default permit access if neither condition matched.
To deny the services we can configure /etc/hosts.deny file using ALL and EXCEPT
operation. Pattern of /etc/hosts.allow and /etc/hosts.deny file is:
Demon_list:client_list:options
In Client list can be either domain name or IP address.
QUESTION
169
Configure to allow the pop3 and imap connection from your domain example.com
and my133t.org domain.
Answer and
Explanation:
1. vi /etc/hosts.deny
dovecot:ALL EXCEPT .example.com, .my133t.org
We can secure the services using tcp_wrappers. There are main two files, /etc/hosts.allow
and /etc/hosts.deny.
There will be three stage access checking
- Is access explicitly permitted? Means permitted from /etc/hosts.allow?
- Otherwise, Is access explicitly denied? Means denied from /etc/hosts.deny?
- Otherwise, by default permit access if neither condition matched.
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To deny the services we can configure /etc/hosts.deny file using ALL and EXCEPT
operation. Pattern of /etc/hosts.allow and /etc/hosts.deny file is:
Demon_list:client_list:options
In Client list can be either domain name or IP address.
QUESTION
170
Port 8080
Configure the squid server to allow the Local Domain and deny to my133t.org
domain.
Answer and
Explanation:
At exam Lab example.com domain resides on 172.24.0.0/16 Network and my133t.org
resides on 172.25.0.0/16 Network.
1. vi /etc/squid/squid.conf
#detault:
http_port 8080
#Recommended minimum configuration:
# Near the src acl src section
acl allownet src 172.24.0.0/255.255.0.0
acl denynet src 172.25.0.0/255.255.0.0
#Default:
# http_access deny all
#Under Here
http_access allow allownet
http_access deny denynet
2. service squid start
3. chkconfig squid on
squid is a proxy caching server, using squid we can share the internet, block the internet,
to certain network. First we should define the port for squid, the standard port for squid is
3128. We can run squid on different port by specifying http_port portnumber.
QUESTION
171
/storage directory on linux server should make available on windows to only Harold
with full access but read only to other users and make sure that /storage can access
only within example.com domain. Configure to make available.
Answer and
Explanation:
1. vi /etc/samba/smb.conf
[global]
netbios?
workgroup=station?
security=user
smb passwd file=/etc/samba/smbpasswd
encrypt passwords=yes
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hosts allow= .example.com
[data]
path=/storage
public=no
writable=no
write list=harold
browsable=yes
2. smbpasswd -a harold
3. service smb start
4. chkconfig smb on
/etc/samba/smb.conf. There are some pre-defined section, i. -> global use to define the
global options, ii. -> Printers use to share the printers, iii. -> homes use the share the
user’s home directory.
Security=user -> validation by samba username and password. May be there are other
users also. To allow certain share to certain user we should use valid users option.
smbpasswd ->Helps to change user’s smb password. -a option specifies that the
username following should be added to the local smbpasswd file.
If any valid users option is not specified, then all samba users can access the shared data.
By Default shared permission is on writable=no means read only sharing. Write list
option is used to allow write access on shared directory to certain users or group
members.
QUESTION
172
/storage directory on linux server should make available on windows system that
jeff user should able to access on read only mode within example.com domain.
Answer and
Explanation:
1. vi /etc/samba/smb.conf
[global]
netbios?
workgroup=station?
security=user
smb passwd file=/etc/samba/smbpasswd
encrypt passwords=yes
hosts allow= .example.com
[data]
path=/data
public=no
writable=no
browsable=yes
2. smbpasswd -a jeff
3. service smb start
4. chkconfig smb on
/etc/samba/smb.conf. There are some pre-defined section, i. global use to define the
global options, ii. Printers use to share the printers, iii. homes use the share the
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user’s home directory.
Security=user validation by samba username and password. May be there are other
users also. To allow certain share to certain user we should use valid users option.
smbpasswd Helps to change user’s smb password. -a option specifies that the
username following should be added to the local smbpasswd file.
QUESTION
173
Share the /storage directory only to example.com members. These hosts should get
read and write access on shared directory.
Answer and
Explanation:
1. vi /etc/exports
/storage *.example.com(rw,sync)
2. service nfs start
3. service portmap restart
4. chkconfig nfs on
5. chkconfig portmap on
In Linux to share the data we use the /etc/exports file. Pattern is:
Path client(permission)
Shared Directory Path, Client can be single host or domain name or ip address.
Permission should specify without space with client lists in parentheses.
QUESTION
174
Make Successfully Resolve to server1.example.com where DNS Server is
192.168.0.254.
Answer: 1. vi /etc/resolv.conf
Write : nameserver 192.168.0.254
Explanation:
DNS is the Domain Name System, which maintains a database that can help your
computer translate domain names such as www.redhat.com to IP addresses such as
216.148.218.197. As no individual DNS server is large enough to keep a database for the
entire Internet, they can refer requests to other DNS servers.
DNS is based on the named daemon, which is built on the BIND (Berkeley Internet
Name Domain) package developed through the Internet Software Consortium
Users wants to access by name so DNS will interpret the name into ip address. You need
to specify the Address if DNS server in each and every client machine. In Redhat
Enterprise Linux, you need to specify the DNS server into /etc/resolv.conf file.
After Specifying the DNS server address, you can verify using host, dig and nslookup
commands.
#host server1.example.com
QUESTION
175
Quota is implemented on /data but not working properly. Find out the
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Problem and implement the quota to user1 to have a soft limit 60 inodes
(files) and hard limit of 70 inodes (files).
Answer and
Explanation:
Quotas are used to limit a user’s or a group of users’ ability to consume disk space. This
prevents a small group of users from monopolizing disk capacity and potentially
interfering with other users or the entire system. Disk quotas are commonly used by ISPs,
by Web hosting companies, on FTP sites, and on corporate file servers to ensure
continued availability of their systems.
Without quotas, one or more users can upload files on an FTP server to the point of
filling a filesystem. Once the affected partition is full, other users are effectively denied
upload access to the disk. This is also a reason to mount different filesystem directories
on different partitions. For example, if you only had partitions for your root (/) directory
and swap space, someone uploading to your computer could fill up all of the space in
your root directory (/). Without at least a little free space in the root directory (/), your
system could become unstable or even crash.
You have two ways to set quotas for users. You can limit users by inodes or by kilobytesized
disk blocks. Every Linux file requires an inode. Therefore, you can limit users by
the number of files or by absolute space. You can set up different quotas for different
filesystems. For example, you can set different quotas for users on the /home and /tmp
directories if they are mounted on their own partitions.
Limits on disk blocks restrict the amount of disk space available to a user on your system.
Older versions of Red Hat Linux included LinuxConf, which included a graphical tool to
configure quotas. As of this writing, Red Hat no longer has a graphical quota
configuration tool. Today, you can configure quotas on RHEL only through the command
line interface.
1. vi /etc/fstab
/dev/hda11 /data ext3 defaults,usrquota 1 2
2. Either Reboot the System or remount the partition.
Mount -o remount /dev/hda11 /data
3. touch /data/aquota.user
4. quotacheck -ufm /data
5. quotaon -u /data
6. edquota -u user1 /data
and Specified the Soft limit and hard limit on opened file.
To verify either quota is working or not:
Soft limit specify the limit to generate warnings to users and hard limit can’t cross by the
user. Use the quota command or repquota command to monitor the quota information.
QUESTION
176
One Logical Volume named lv1 is created under vg0. The Initial Size of that Logical
Volume is 100MB. Now you required the size 500MB. Make successfully the size of
that Logical Volume 500M without losing any data. As well as size should be
increased online.
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Answer and
Explanation:
The LVM system organizes hard disks into Logical Volume (LV) groups. Essentially,
physical hard disk partitions (or possibly RAID arrays) are set up in a bunch of equalsized
chunks known as Physical Extents (PE). As there are several other concepts
associated with the LVM system, let’s start with some basic definitions:
• Physical Volume (PV) is the standard partition that you add to the LVM mix.
Normally, a physical volume is a standard primary or logical partition. It can also
be a RAID array.
• Physical Extent (PE) is a chunk of disk space. Every PV is divided into a number
of equal sized PEs. Every PE in a LV group is the same size. Different LV groups
can have different sized PEs.
• Logical Extent (LE) is also a chunk of disk space. Every LE is mapped to a
specific PE.
• Logical Volume (LV) is composed of a group of LEs. You can mount a
filesystem such as /home and /var on an LV.
• Volume Group (VG) is composed of a group of LVs. It is the organizational
group for LVM. Most of the commands that you’ll use apply to a specific VG.
1. Verify the size of Logical Volume: lvdisplay /dev/vg0/lv1
2. Verify the Size on mounted directory: df -h or df -h mounted directory name
3. Use : lvextend -L+400M /dev/vg0/lv1
4. ext2online -d /dev/vg0/lv1 to bring extended size online.
5. Again Verify using lvdisplay and df -h command.
QUESTION
177
Create one partitions having size 100MB and mount it on /data.
Answer and
Explanation:
12. Use fdisk /dev/hda -> To create new partition.
13. Type n ->For New partitions
14. It will ask for Logical or Primary Partitions. Press l for logical.
15. It will ask for the Starting Cylinder: Use the Default by pressing Enter Key.
16. Type the Size: +100M ->You can Specify either Last cylinder of Size here.
17. Press P to verify the partitions lists and remember the partitions name.
18. Press w to write on partitions table.
19. Either Reboot or use partprobe command.
20. Use mkfs -t ext3 /dev/hda?
Or
mke2fs -j /dev/hda? -> To create ext3 filesystem.
21. vi /etc/fstab
Write:
/dev/hda? /data ext3 defaults 0 0
11. Verify by mounting on current Sessions also:
mount /dev/hda? /data
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QUESTION
178
You are new System Administrator and from now you are going to handle the
system and your main task is Network monitoring, Backup and Restore. But you
don’t know the root password. Change the root password to redhat and login in
default Runlevel.
Answer and
Explanation:
When you Boot the System, it starts on default Runlevel specified in /etc/inittab:
Id:?:initdefault:
When System Successfully boot, it will ask for username and password. But you
don’t know the root’s password. To change the root password you need to boot the
system into single user mode. You can pass the kernel arguments from the boot
loader.
7. Restart the System.
8. You will get the boot loader GRUB screen.
9. Press a and type 1 or s for single mode
ro root=LABEL=/ rhgb queit s
10. System will boot on Single User mode.
11. Use passwd command to change.
12. Press ctrl+d
QUESTION
179
There are more then 400 Computers in your Office. You are appointed as a System
Administrator. But you don’t have Router. So, you are going to use your One Linux
Server as a Router. How will you enable IP packets forward?
Answer and
Explanation:
1. /proc is the virtual filesystem, we use /proc to modify the kernel parameters at
running time.
# echo “1″ >/proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward
2. /etc/sysctl.conf ->when System Reboot on next time, /etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit scripts
reads the file /etc/sysctl.conf. To enable the IP forwarding on next reboot also you
need to set the parameter.
net.ipv4.ip_forward=1
Here 0 means disable, 1 means enable.
QUESTION
180
You Completely Install the Redhat Enterprise Linux ES 4 on your System. While
start the system, it’s giving error to load X window System. How will you fix that
problem and make boot successfully run X Window System.
Answer and
Explanation:
Think while Problems occurred on booting System on Runlevel 5 (X Window).
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5. /tmp is full or not
6. Quota is already reached
7. Video card or resolution or monitor is misconfigured.
8. xfs service is running or not.
Do These:
1. df -h /tmp /tmp is full remove the unnecessary file
6. quota username if quota is already reached remove unnecessary file from
home directory.
7. Boot the System in runlevel 3. you can pass the Kernel Argument from
boot loader.
8. Use command: system-config-display It will display a dialog to configure
the monitor, Video card, resolution etc.
9. Set the Default Runlevel 5 in /etc/inittab
id:5:initdefault:
6. Reboot the System you will get the GUI login Screen.
QUESTION
181
There are two different networks, 192.168.0.0/24 and 192.168.1.0/24. Your System is
in 192.168.0.0/24 Network. One RHEL 4 Installed System is going to use as a
Router. All required configuration is already done on Linux Server. Where
192.168.0.254 and 192.168.1.254 IP Address are assigned on that Server. How will
make successfully ping to 192.168.1.0/24 Network’s Host?
Answer:
1. vi /etc/sysconfig/network
GATEWAY=192.168.0.254
OR
vi /etc/sysconf/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0
DEVICE=eth0
BOOTPROTO=static
ONBOOT=yes
IPADDR=192.168.0.?
NETMASK=255.255.255.0
GATEWAY=192.168.0.254
2. service network restart
Explanation: Gateway defines the way to exit the packets. According to question
System working as a router for two networks have IP Address 192.168.0.254 and
192.168.1.254. To get the hosts on 192.168.1.0/24 should go through 192.168.0.254.
QUESTION
182
Make a swap partition having 100MB. Make Automatically Usable at System Boot
Time.
Answer and
Explanation:
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1. Use fdisk /dev/hda To create new partition.
17. Type n For New partition
18. It will ask for Logical or Primary Partitions. Press l for logical.
19. It will ask for the Starting Cylinder: Use the Default by pressing Enter Key.
20. Type the Size: +100M You can Specify either Last cylinder of Size here.
21. Press P to verify the partitions lists and remember the partitions name.
Default System ID is 83 that means Linux Native.
22. Type t to change the System ID of partition.
23. Type Partition Number
24. Type 82 that means Linux Swap.
25. Press w to write on partitions table.
26. Either Reboot or use partprobe command.
27. mkswap /dev/hda? To create Swap File system on partition.
28. swapon /dev/hda? To enable the Swap space from partition.
29. free -m Verify Either Swap is enabled or not.
30. vi /etc/fstab
/dev/hda? swap swap defaults 0 0
31. Reboot the System and verify using free command that swap is automatically
enabled or not.
QUESTION
183
You are a System administrator. Using Log files very easy to monitor the system.
Now there are 50 servers running as Mail, Web, Proxy, DNS services etc. You want
to centralize the logs from all servers into on LOG Server. How will you configure
the LOG Server to accept logs from remote host ?
Answer and
Explanation:
By Default system accept the logs only generated from local host. To accept the Log
from other host configure:
3. vi /etc/sysconfig/syslog
SYSLOGD_OPTIONS=”-m 0 -r”
Where
-m 0 disables ‘MARK’ messages.
-r enables logging from remote machines
-x disables DNS lookups on messages recieved with -r
4. service syslog restart
QUESTION
184
You are giving the debug RHCT exam. The examiner told you that the password of
root is redhat. When you tried to login displays the error message and redisplayed
the login screen. You changed the root password, again unable to login as a root.
How will you make Successfully Login as a root.
Answer and
Explanation:
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When root unable to login into the system think:
4. Is password correct?
5. Is account expired?
6. Is terminal Blocked?
Do these Steps:
3. Boot the System on Single user mode.
4. Change the password
5. Check the account expire date by using chage -l root command.
If account is expired, set net expire date: chage -E “NEVER” root
7. Check the file /etc/securetty Which file blocked to root login from
certain terminal.
8. If terminal is deleted or commented write new or uncomment.
9. Reboot the system and login as a root.
QUESTION
185
You are giving RHCT Exam and in your Exam paper there is a question written,
make successfully ping to 192.168.0.254.
Answer and
Explanation:
In Network problem think to check:
7. IP Configuration: use ifconfig command either IP is assigned to interface or
not?
8. Default Gateway is set or not?
9. Hostname is set or not?
10. Routing problem is there?
11. Device Driver Module is loaded or not?
12. Device is activated or not?
Check In this way:
5. use ifconfig command and identify which IP is assigned or not.
6. cat /etc/sysconfig/network What, What is written here. Actually here are
these parameters.
NETWORKING=yes or no
GATEWAY=x.x.x.x
HOSTNAME=?
NISDOMAIN=?
- Correct the file
7. Use netconfig command
- Either Select Automatically from DHCP or assign the static IP
8. Use service network restart or start command
Now try to ping it will work.
QUESTION
186
Set the Hostname station?.example.com where ? is your Host IP Address.
Answer and
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Explanation:
4. hostname station?.example.com This will set the host name only for
current session. To set hostname permanently.
5. vi /etc/sysconfig/network
HOSTNAME=station?.example.com
6. service network restart
QUESTION
187
The System you are using is for NFS (Network File Services). Some important data
are shared from your system. Make automatically start the nfs and portmap
services at boot time.
Answer and
Explanation:
We can control the services for current session and for next reboot time. For
current Session, we use service servicename start or restart or stop or status. For
automatically at next reboot time:
3. chkconfig servicename on or off
eg: chkconfig nfs on
chkconfig portmap on
or
ntsysv
Select the nfs and portmap services.
4. Reboot the system and identify whether services are running or not.
QUESTION
188
There is one partition /dev/hda14 mounted on /data. The owner of /data is root user
and root group. And Permission is full to owner user, read and execute to group
member and no permission to others. Now you should give the full permission to
user user1 without changing pervious permission.
Answer and
Explanation:
We know that every files/directories are owned by certain user and group. And
Permissions are defines to owner user, owner group and other.
-rwxr-x— ->Full permission to owner user, read and write to owner group and
no permission to others.
According to question: We should give the full permission to user user1 without
changing the previous permission.
ACL (Access Control List), in ext3 file system we can give permission to certain
user and certain group without changing previous permission. But that partition
should mount using acl option. Follow the steps
5. vi /etc/fstab
/dev/hda14 /data ext3 defaults,acl 0 1
6. Either Reboot or use: mount -o remount /data
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7. setfacl -m u:user1:rwx /data
8. Verify using: getfacl /data
QUESTION
189
You are giving the RHCE exam. Now you should boot your System properly. When
you started your System, You got one message that.
INIT Entering runlevel 9
INIT: no more processes left in this runlevel
How will you boot your System properly?
Answer and
Explanation:
You should know about the /etc/inittab file, where default runlevel will define. And
Much more runlevel specific Scripts are called here.
Actually that problem will occur if you don’t specify the default runlevel.
4. Reboot the system
5. Boot the System on single user mode.
Except for a normal boot of Linux, single-user mode is the most commonly used
option. This is the system maintenance mode for experienced Linux administrators.
It allows you to perform clean backups and restores to any partitions as needed
from local hardware. It also allows you to run administration commands, recover or
repair password and shadow password files, run filesystem checks, and so forth.
6. vi /etc/inittab and Write
id:runlevel:initdefault:
Standard Runlevels in RedHat Enterprise Linux
Runlevel Description
0 Halt
1 Single-user mode, for maintenance (backups/restores) and repairs
2 Multiuser, without networking
Runlevel Description
3 Multiuser, with networking
4 Unused
5 X11, defaults to a GUI login screen. Logins bring the user to a GUI
desktop.
6 Reboot (never set initdefault in /etc/inittab to this value!)
QUESTION
190
You are giving RHCE exam. You should boot the system in Run level 3. When you
start the system after while it is going on runlevel 6 : like
INIT: Entering Run level 6
Sending TERM Single
Fix the problem and boot the system.
Answer and
Explanation:
It is due to either default runlevel or runlevel specific scripts.
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3. id:?:initdefault: Where default runlevel is specified. It shouldn’t be 6.
4. l3:3:wait:/etc/rc.d/rc 6 It reads the scripts of runlevel 6 while
booting system on rulevel 3.
It should be like:
si::sysinit:/etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit
l0:0:wait:/etc/rc.d/rc 0
l1:1:wait:/etc/rc.d/rc 1
l2:2:wait:/etc/rc.d/rc 2
l3:3:wait:/etc/rc.d/rc 3 Should be like this
l4:4:wait:/etc/rc.d/rc 4
l5:5:wait:/etc/rc.d/rc 5
l6:6:wait:/etc/rc.d/rc 6
QUESTION
191
You are giving RHCE exam. Examiner gave you the Boot related problem and told
to you that make successfully boot the System. While booting system, you saw some
error and stop the boot process by displaying some error messages.
Kernel Panic – not syncing: Attempted to kill init!
And no further boot process. What you will do to boot the system.
Answer and
Explanation:
To understand the role of a boot loader, take a step back from Linux. When you boot
your computer, the BIOS starts by detecting basic hardware, including your hard drives.
Once it’s done, it looks for the boot loader on the Master Boot Record of the first
available disk. If you’re working with an older PC, the BIOS can’t find your boot loader
unless it’s located within the first 1,024 cylinders of the hard disk.
Newer BIOSes overcome this problem with Logical Block Addressing, which is also
known as LBA mode. LBA mode reads ‘logical’ values for the cylinder, head, and sector,
which allows the BIOS to ‘see’ a larger disk drive.
If you have multiple hard drives, there is one more caveat. If your drives are IDE hard
drives, the /boot directory must be on a hard drive attached to the primary IDE controller.
If your drives are all SCSI hard drives, the /boot directory must be located on a hard drive
with SCSI ID 0 or ID 1. If you have a mix of hard drives, the /boot directory must be
located on either the first IDE drive or a SCSI drive with ID 0. In other words, this is not
an issue on the Red Hat exams unless the computer that you’re tested on has more than
two hard drives. And I believe that’s less likely, as that would increase the cost of the
exam.
If you are getting the Kernel panic error, it means it is boot loader related problem.
Redhat Enterprise Linux uses the GRUB boot loader. You can pass the kernel
parameter from the boot loader as well as you can correct the kernel parameter
passing from boot loader from GRUB screen at boot time.
GRUB boot loader configuration file is: /etc/grub.conf
And Correct Configuration is:
default=0
timeout=5
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splashimage=(hd0,0)/grub/splash.xpm.gz
hiddenmenu
title Red Hat Enterprise Linux ES (2.6.9-5.EL)
root (hd0,0)
kernel /vmlinuz-2.6.9-5.EL ro root=LABEL=/ rhgb quiet
initrd /initrd-2.6.9-5.EL.img
Probably miss-configured the boot loader, so giving this problem. You can pass the
correct parameter from GRUB prompt:
Table 3-3: GRUB Editing Commands
Command Description
Table 3-3: GRUB Editing Commands
Command Description
b Boot the currently listed operating system
d Delete the current line
e Edit the current line
o Create an empty line underneath the current line
O Create an empty line above the current line
If you know all parameters and sequence of the boot loader you can enter in
command prompt also.
Press c on GRUB screen.
Grub> root (hd0,0)
grub> kernel /vmlinuz-2.6.9-5.EL ro root=LABEL=/ rhgb quiet
grub> initrd /initrd-2.6.9-5.EL.img
grub>boot
QUESTION
192
You are giving RHCE exam. Examiner gave you the Boot related problem and told
to you that make successfully boot the System. When you started the system, System
automatically asking the root password for maintenance. How will you fix that
problem?
Answer and
Explanation:
Maintenance mode also known as emergency mode. System boots on emergency
mode when file system error occurred. It is due to unknown partition, bad
filesystem specified in /etc/fstab. To slove follow the steps
6. Give the Root password
7. fdisk -l Verify the Number of parations.
8. Identify the Root partition, e2label /dev/hda1, e2label /dev/hda2…..
9. Remount the root partation on rw mode: mount -o remount,defaults
/dev/hda6 /
10. vi /etc/fstab
Correct all partitions, mount point, mount options, file system etc.
6. Press ctrl+d
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QUESTION
193
You are working as an Administrator. There is a common data shared (/data) from
192.168.0.254 to all users in your local LAN. When user’s system start, shared data
should automatically mount on /common directory.
Answer And
Explanation:
To automatically mount at boot time we use the /etc/fstab file. Because
/etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit file reads and mount all file system specified in /etc/fstab. To
mount Network Sharing Files also use the /etc/fstab but filesystem is nfs.
3. vi /etc/fstab
192.168.0.254:/data /common nfs defaults 0 0
4. reboot the system.
QUESTION
194
One Logical Volume is created named as myvol under vo volume group and is
mounted. The Initial Size of that Logical Volume is 124MB. Make successfully that
the size of Logical Volume 245MB without losing any data. The size of logical
volume 240MB to 255MB will be acceptable.
Answer and
Explanation:
1. First check the size of Logical Volume: lvdisplay /dev/vo/myvol
2. Increase the Size of Logical Volume: lvextend -L+121M /dev/vo/myvol
3. Make Available the size on online: ext2online /dev/vo/myvol
4. Verify the Size of Logical Volume: lvdisplay /dev/vo/myvol
5. Verify that the size comes in online or not: df -h
We can extend the size of logical Volume using the lvextend command. As well as to
decrease the size of Logical Volume, use the lvresize command. In LVM v2 we can
extend the size of Logical Volume without unmount as well as we can bring the size
of Logical Volume on online using ext2online command.
QUESTION
195
There are two different networks 192.168.0.0/24 and 192.168.1.0/24. Where
192.168.0.254 and 192.168.1.254 IP Address are assigned on Server. Verify your
network settings by pinging 192.168.1.0/24 Network’s Host.
Answer and
Explanation: At exam time read the Lab Scenario carefully. Actually
there are two different networks one is 192.168.0.0/24 where your system resides
know as example.com domain and another is 192.168.1.0/24 know as cracker.org
domain.
One server named sever1.example.com having 192.168.0.254 and 192.168.1.254 is
running in your exam. If you make a gateway to that server, you will can ping
because IP forwarding is enabled on that server.
1. vi /etc/sysconfing/network
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NETWORKING=yes
HOSTNAME=station?.example.com
GATEWAY=192.168.0.254
2. service network restart
Or
1. vi /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0
DEVICE=eth0
ONBOOT=yes
BOOTPROTO=static
IPADDR=X.X.X.X
NETMASK=X.X.X.X
GATEWAY=192.168.0.254
2. ifdown eth0
3. ifup eth0
Note: If gateway is specified in both file, default gateway takes from interface
specific file.
QUESTION
196
neo user tried by:
dd if=/dev/zero of=/home/neo/somefile bs=1024 count=70
files created successfully. Again neo tried to create file having 70K using following
command:
dd if=/dev/zero of=/home/neo/somefile bs=1024 count=70
But he is unable to create the file. Make the user can create the file less then 70K.
Answer and
Explanation:
Very Tricky question from redhat. Actually question is giving scenario to you to
implement quota to neo user. You should apply the quota to neo user on /home that
neo user shouldn’t occupied space more than 70K.
1. vi /etc/fstab
LABEL=/home /home ext3 defaults,usrquota 0 0
To enable the quota on filesystem you should mount the filesystem with usrquota for
user quota and grpquota for group quota.
2. touch /home/aquota.user -> Creating blank quota database file.
3. mount -o remount /home Remounting the /home with updated mount
options. You can verify that /home ->is mounted with usrquota options or not using
mount command.
4. quotacheck -u /home Initialization the quota on /home
5. edquota -u neo /home Quota Policy editor
See the snapshot
1 Disk quotas for user neo (uid 500):
2 Filesystem block s soft hard inodes soft hard
4 /dev/mapper/vo-myvol 2 30 70 1 0 0
Can you set the hard limit 70 and soft limit as you think like 30.
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QUESTION
197
Your system is giving error to load X window System. Make successfully boot your
system in runlevel5.
Answer and
Explanation: While you load the X Window System, you will get the
problem. Problem may caused by different error.
1. Check the /tmp is full ?
2. Check your quota, hard limit is already crossed ?
3. Check xfs service is running ?
4 Configure the Video card, Resolution, monitor type using: system-configdisplay
(Most Probably in Redhat exam)
5 . Edit the /etc/inittab to set default runlevel 5.
id:5:initdefault:
QUESTION
198
Your System is configured in 192.168.0.0/24 Network and your Domain nameserver
is 192.168.0.254. Make successfully resolve to server1.example.com.
Answer and
Explanation:
Very Easy question, nameserver is specified in question,
1. vi /etc/resolv.conf
nameserver 192.168.0.254
2. host server1.example.com
QUESTION
199
One Package named zsh is dump on ftp://server1.example.com under /pub/updates
directory and your FTP server is 192.168.0.254. Install the package zsh.
Answer and
Explanation:
1. rpm -ivh ftp://server1/example.com/pub/updates/zsh-*
or
1. Login to ftp server : ftp ftp://server1.example.com using anonymous user.
2. Change the directory: cd pub and cd updates
3. Download the package: mget zsh-*
4. Quit from the ftp prompt : bye
5. Install the package
6. rpm -ivh zsh-*
7. Verify Either package installed or not : rpm -q zsh
QUESTION
200
Some users home directory is shared from your system. Using showmount -e
localhost command, the shared directory is not shown. Make access the shared users
home directory.
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Answer and
Explanation:
1. Verify the File whether Shared or not ? : cat /etc/exports
2. Start the nfs service: service nfs start
3. Start the portmap service: service portmap start
4. Make automatically start the nfs service on next reboot: chkconfig nfs on
5. Make automatically start the portmap service on next reboot: chkconfig
portmap on
6. Check default firewall is running in your system
# service iptables status
#iptables -F
#service iptables stop
#chkconfig iptables off
6. Verify Either sharing or not: showmount -e localhost
You will see that some shared directory will display
QUESTION
201
Add a new logical partition having size 100MB and create the /data which will be
the mount point for the new partition.
Answer and
Explanation:
16. Use fdisk /dev/hda -> To create new partition.
17. Type n -> For New partitions
18. It will ask for Logical or Primary Partitions. Press l for logical.
19. It will ask for the Starting Cylinder: Use the Default by pressing Enter Key.
20. Type the Size: +100M ->You can Specify either Last cylinder of Size here.
21. Press P to verify the partitions lists and remember the partitions name.
22. Press w to write on partitions table.
23. Either Reboot or use partprobe command.
24. Use mkfs -t ext3 /dev/hda?
25. Or
26. mke2fs -j /dev/hda? ->To create ext3 filesystem.
27. vi /etc/fstab
28. Write:
29. /dev/hda? /data ext3 defaults 0 0
22. Verify by mounting on current Sessions also:
30. mount /dev/hda? /data
QUESTION
202
Boot your System Successfully on runlevel 3.
Answer and
Explanation:
This is boot related problem. There will be same questions repeated two times but
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problem is different.
First When you restart the system you will get the Error:
mount: error 15 mounting ext3
mount: error 2 mounting none
switchroot: mount failed: 22
umount /initrd/dev/: 2
Kernel Panic: no syncing: Attempted to kill init !
This error occurred in your system before showing welcome redhat linux. That
means problem in grub boot loader.
Restart the System
Check the grub boot loader configuration by pressing e shortcut key.
You will see like:
root (hd0,0)
kernel /vmlinuz-2.6.9-5.EL ro root= / rhgb quiet
initrd /initrd-2.6.9-5.EL.img
OR
root (hd0,0)
kernel /vmlinuz-2.6.9-5.EL ro root=LABEL=/root rhgb quiet
initrd /initrd-2.6.9-5.EL.img
Then Edit Boot loader to make like
root (hd0,0)
kernel /vmlinuz-2.6.9-5.EL ro root=LABEL=/ rhgb quiet
initrd /initrd-2.6.9-5.EL.img
Check all lines and edit as same as above. Press b to boot the system
After booting the system you should correct the /etc/grub.conf file.
QUESTION
203
Boot your System Successfully on run level 3.
Answer and
Explanation:
After completing the Boot loader problem, you will boot the system, but it goes to
emergency mode. Remember that if System boots on Emergency mode that means
file system problem.
You will get the Shell, remount the / filesystem with read and write mode.
1. First Find out the / filesystem using e2lable /dev/hda1, e2lable /dev/hda2 etc
2. mount -o remount,defaults /dev/hda? /
3. vi /etc/fstab
You will get like:
/root / ext3 defaults 1 1
or / /root ext3 defaults 1 1
4. Edit the file like:
/ / ext3 defaults 1 1
5. Configure the /etc/grub.conf file if just booting system by editing grub from
grub prompt.
6. Reboot the system.
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QUESTION
204
24. There is a server having 172.24.254.254 and 172.25.254.254. Your System lies on
172.24.0.0/16. Make successfully ping to 172.25.254.254 by Assigning following IP:
172.24.0.x Where x is your station number.
Answer and
Explanation:
1. Use netconfig command
2. Enter the IP Address as given station number by your examiner: example:
172.24.0.1
3. Enter Subnet Mask
4. Enter Default Gateway and primary name server
5. press on ok
6. ifdown eth0
7. ifup eth0
8. verify using ifconfig
In the lab server is playing the role of router, IP forwarding is enabled. Just set the
Correct IP and gateway, you can ping to 172.25.254.254.
QUESTION
205
Successfully resolv to server1.example.com where your DNS server is 172.24.254.254
Answer and
Explanation:
1. vi /etc/resolv.conf
nameserver 172.24.254.254
2. host server1.example.com
On every clients, DNS server is specified in /etc/resolv.conf. When you request by
name it tries to resolve from DNS server.
QUESTION
206
Your System is going use as a router for 172.24.0.0/16 and 172.25.0.0/16. Enable
the IP Forwarding.
i. echo “1″ >/proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward
ii. vi /etc/sysctl.conf
net.ipv4.ip_forward=1
/proc is the virtual filesystem, containing the information about the running kernel.
Answer and
Explanation:
To change the parameter of running kernel in running state you should modify the
/proc. From Next boot the system, kernel will take the value from /etc/sysctl.conf. If
net.ipv4.ip_forward is 0, it disable the IP forwarding, if 1 then it enable the IP
Forwarding.
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QUESTION
207
Change the root Password to redtophat
Answer and
Explanation:
3. Boot the system in Single user mode
4. Use the passwd command
QUESTION
208
Dig Server1.example.com, Resolve to successfully through DNS Where DNS server
is 172.24.254.254
Answer and
Explanation:
#vi /etc/resolv.conf
nameserver 172.24.254.254
# dig server1.example.com
#host server1.example.com
DNS is the Domain Name System, which maintains a database that can help your
computer translate domain names such as www.redhat.com to IP addresses such as
216.148.218.197. As no individual DNS server is large enough to keep a database for the
entire Internet, they can refer requests to other DNS servers.
DNS is based on the named daemon, which is built on the BIND (Berkeley Internet
Name Domain) package developed through the Internet Software Consortium
Users wants to access by name so DNS will interpret the name into ip address. You need
to specify the Address if DNS server in each and every client machine. In Redhat
Enterprise Linux, you need to specify the DNS server into /etc/resolv.conf file.
After Specifying the DNS server address, you can verify using host, dig and nslookup
commands.
QUESTION
209
Create the partition having 100MB size and mount it on /mnt/neo
Answer and
Explanation:
18. Use fdisk /dev/hda ->To create new partition.
19. Type n ->For New partitions
20. It will ask for Logical or Primary Partitions. Press l for logical.
21. It will ask for the Starting Cylinder: Use the Default by pressing Enter
Key.
22. Type the Size: +100M -> You can Specify either Last cylinder of Size
here.
23. Press P to verify the partitions lists and remember the partitions name.
24. Press w to write on partitions table.
25. Either Reboot or use partprobe command.
26. Use mkfs -t ext3 /dev/hda? -> Where ? is your partition number
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27. Or
28. mke2fs -j /dev/hda? To create ext3 filesystem.
29. mkdir /mnt/neo
30. vi /etc/fstab
31. Write:
32. /dev/hda? /mnt/neo ext3 defaults 1 2
33. Verify by mounting on current Sessions also:
34. mount /dev/hda? /mnt/neo
QUESTION
210
Boot your System Successfully on runlevel 3.
Answer and
Explanation:
This is boot related problem. There will be same questions repeated two times but
problem is different.
First When you restart the system you will get the Error:
File Not Found
mount: error 15 mounting ext3
mount: error 2 mounting none
switchroot: mount failed: 22
umount /initrd/dev/: 2
Kernel Panic: no syncing: Attempted to kill init !
This error occurred in your system before showing welcome redhat linux. That
means problem in grub boot loader.
Restart the System
Check the grub boot loader configuration by pressing e shortcut key.
You will see like:
root (hd0,0)
kernel /vmlinuz-2.6.9-5.EL ro root= / rhgb quiet
initrd /initrd-2.6.9-5.EL.img
OR
root (hd0,0)
kernel /vmlinuz-2.6.9-5.EL ro root=LABEL=/root rhgb quiet
initrd /initrd-2.6.9-5.EL.img
Then Edit Boot loader to make like
root (hd0,0)
kernel /vmlinuz-2.6.9-5.EL ro root=LABEL=/ rhgb quiet
initrd /initrd-2.6.9-5.EL.img
Check all lines and edit as same as above. Press b to boot the system
After booting the system you should correct the /etc/grub.conf file.
If still you are getting Error like File not found, it seems that either kernel file or
initrd file is missing. To troubleshoot with these problem, boot the system on rescue
mode.
v. linux rescue
vi. chroot /mnt/sysimage
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vii. Check the files on /boot, if not available install the kernel package from
ftp or nfs server
viii. Create the initrd image file on boot using: mkinitrd initrd-2.6.9-5.EL.img
`uname -r`
RHCT, Installation and Configuration (51 Questions)
Use these questions to reinforce exam concepts.
Installation and Configuration Section, Introduction
Lab Scenario:
There are two networks 172.24.0.0/16 and 172.25.0.0/16. As well as there are two
domains example.com on 172.24.0.0/16 network and cracker.org on 172.25.0.0/16
network. Your system is based on example.com domain.
QUESTION
211
There is a NFS server 192.168.0.254 and all required packages are dumped in
/var/ftp/pub of that server and the /var/ftp/pub directory is shared. Install the
Redhat Enterprise Linux 4 by creating following partitions:
/ 1000
/boot 200
/home 1000
/var 1000
/usr 4000
swap 2X256 (RAM SIZE)
Answer:
Note: Examiner will provide you the Installation startup CD. And size may vary see on
the exam paper.
1. Insert the CD on CD-ROM and start the system.
2. In Boot: Prompt type linux askmethod
3. It will display the language, keyboard selection.
4. It will ask you for the installation method.
5. Select the NFS Image from the list
6. It will ask the IP Address, Net mask, Gateway and Name Server. Select Use
Dynamic IP Configuration: because DHCP Server will be configured in your exam lab.
7. It will ask for the NFS Server Name and Redhat Enterprise Linux Directory.
Specify the NFS Server: 192.168.0.254
Directory: /var/ftp/pub
8. After Connecting to the NFS Server Installation start in GUI. Go up to the partition
screen by selecting the different Options.
9. Create the partition According to the Question because Size and what-what partition
should you create at installation time is specified in your question
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10. Then select the MBR Options, time zone and go upto package selections.
It is another Most Important Time of installation. Due to the time limit, you should care
about the installation packages. At Exam time you these packages are enough.
X-Window System
GNOME Desktop
(these two packages are generally not required)
Administration Tools.
System Tools
Windows File Server
FTP Servers
Mail Servers
Web Servers
Network Servers
Editors
Text Based Internet
Server Configuration Tools
Printing Supports
When installation will complete, your system will reboot. Jump for another Question.
QUESTION
212
There is a FTP server 192.168.0.254 and all required packages are dumped in
/var/ftp/pub of that server and anonymous login is enabled. Install the Redhat
Enterprise Linux 4 as an anonymous by creating following partitions:
/ 1000
/boot 200
/home 1000
/var 1000
/usr 4000
swap 2X256 (RAM SIZE)
Answer:
Note: Examiner will provide you the Installation startup CD. And here mentioned size
may vary see on the exam paper.
1. Insert the CD on CD-ROM and start the system.
2. In Boot: Prompt type linux askmethod
3. It will display the Language, keyboard selection.
4. It will ask you for the installation method.
5. Select the FTP from the list
6. It will ask the IP Address, Net mask, Gateway and Name Server. Select Use
Dynamic IP Configuration: because DHCP Server will be configured in your exam lab.
7. It will ask for the FTP site name and Redhat Enterprise Linux Directory.
Specify the FTP Server: 192.168.0.254
Directory: pub Because anonymous login on /var/ftp.
8. After Connecting to the FTP Server Installation will start. Go up to the partition screen
by selecting the different Options.
9. Create the partition According to the Question because Size and what-what partition
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should you create at installation time is specified in your question
10. Then select the MBR Options, time zone and go upto package selections.
It is another Most Important Time of installation. Due to the time limit, you should be
care about the installation packages. At Exam time you these packages are enough.
X-Window System
GNOME Desktop
(these two packages are generally not required)
Administration Tools.
System Tools
Windows File Server
FTP Servers
Mail Servers
Web Servers
Network Servers
Editors
Text Based Internet
Server Configuration Tools
Printing Supports
When installation will complete, your system will reboot. Jump for another Question.
QUESTION
213
There is a HTTP server 192.168.0.254 and all required packages are dumped in
/var/www/html/rhel4 of that server. Install the Redhat Enterprise Linux 4 by
creating following partitions:
/ 1000
/boot 200
/home 1000
/var 1000
/usr 4000
swap 2X256 (RAM SIZE)
Answer:
Note: Examiner will provide you the Installation startup CD. And here mentioned size
may vary see on the exam paper.
1. Insert the CD on CD-ROM and start the system.
2. In Boot: Prompt type linux askmethod
3. It will display the Language, keyboard selection.
4. It will ask you for the installation method.
5. Select the HTTP from the list
6. It will ask the IP Address, Net mask, Gateway and Name Server. Select Use
Dynamic IP Configuration: because DHCP Server will be configured in your exam lab.
7. It will ask for the Web site name and Redhat Enterprise Linux Directory.
Specify the HTTP Server: 192.168.0.254
Directory: rhel4 Because Default Directory for http is /var/www/html
8. After Connecting to the HTTP Server Installation start. Go upto the partition screen by
selecting the different Options.
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9. Create the partition According to the Question because Size and what-what partition
should you create at installation time is specified in your question
10. Then select the MBR Options, time zone and go upto package selections.
It is another Most Important Time of installation. Due to the time limit, you should be
care about the installation packages. At Exam time you these packages are enough.
X-Window System
GNOME Desktop
(these two packages are generally not required)
Administration Tools.
System Tools
Windows File Server
FTP Servers
Mail Servers
Web Servers
Network Servers
Editors
Text Based Internet
Server Configuration Tools
Printing Supports
When installation will complete, your system will reboot. Jump for another Question.
QUESTION
214
Create a RAID Device /dev/md0 by creating equal two disks from available free
space on your harddisk and mount it on /data.
Answer and
Explanation:
Redhat Enterprise Linux 4 Supports the RAID LEVEL 0, RAID LEVEL 1, RAID
LEVEL 5 and RAID LEVEL 6 at installation time. You can create it at installation time
later no need to type lots of commands for RAID.
At Installation Time:
ii. Create the partitions using diskdruid.
iii. Create the Partitions having File system Type Software
RAID.
iv. Click on RAID button
v. Type the Mount Point
vi. Select File system type
vii. Select RAID Level
viii. Select Partitions/disks as a member of RAID.
viii. Click on ok
After Installation: We can create the RAID Device after Installation on command-line.
11. Create the Two partitions having equal size. (Specify the Size using Cylinder,
find the remaining cylinder and divide by 2).
12. Change the Partition ID to fd (Linux raid Autodetect) by typing t.
13. Type w To write on partitions table.
14. Use partprobe command to synchronic the partition table.
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15. Use: mdadm –create /dev/md0 –level=1 –raid-devices=2 /dev/hda?
/dev/hda?
16. Verify the RAID: mdadm –detail /dev/md0
17. mkfs -t ext3 /dev/md0
18. mount /dev/md0 /data
19. vi /etc/fstab
/dev/md0 /data ext3 defaults 0 0
20. Verify mounting devices using mount command.
QUESTION
215
Create the user named user1, user2, user3
Answer and
Explanation:
2. useradd user1
3. useradd user2
4. useradd user3
5. passwd user1
6. passwd user2
7. passwd user3
We create the user using useradd command and we change the password of user
using passwd command. If you want to set the blank password use: passwd -d
username.
QUESTION
216
Create the group named training
Answer and
Explanation:
2. groupadd training
To create a group we use the groupadd command.
Verify from: cat /etc/group whether group added or not?
QUESTION
217
Make user1, user2 and user3 belongs to training group.
Answer and
Explanation:
7 . usermod -G training user1
8. usermod -G training user2
9. usermod -G training user3
10. Verify from : cat /etc/group
There are two types of group, I) primary group II) Secondary or supplementary
group.
I) Primary Group: Primary group defines the files/directories
and process owner group there can be only one primary group
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of one user.
II) Secondary Group is used for permission. Where permission
are defined for group members, user can access by belonging
to that group.
Here user1, user2 and user3 belong as supplementary to training group. So these
users get the permission of group member.
QUESTION
218
Change the Group Owner of /data to training group.
Answer and
Explanation:
chown or chgrp command is used to change the ownership.
Syntax of chown: chown [-R] username:groupname file/directory
Syntax of chgrp: chgrp [-R] groupname file/directory
Whenever user creates the file or directory, the owner of that file/directory
automatically will be that user and that user’s primary group name.
To change group owner ship
6. chgrp training /data Which set the Group Ownership to training
or
chown root.training /data Which set the user owner to root and group
owner to training group.
Verify /data using: ls -ld /data
You will get: drwxr-xr-x 2 root training …………..
QUESTION
219
Give Full Permission to owner user and owner group member but no permission to
others on /data.
Answer and
Explanation:
We can change the permission of file/directory either character symbol method or
numeric method.
Permission:
r-Read
w-Write
x-Execute
Permission Category
u- Owner User
g- Owner Group
o- Others
Operators
+-> Add the Permissions
- ->Remove the Permissions
= ->Assigns the Permissions
Numeric Method:
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4-> Read
2-> Write
1 ->Execute
Total: 7, total for owner user, owner group member and for others : 777
6. chmod u+rwx /data
7. chmod g+rwx /data
8. chmod o-rwx /data
or
chmod 770 /data
9. Verify the /data : ls -ld /data
10. You will get drwxrwx—
QUESTION
220
Whoever creates the file on /data make automatically owner group should be the
group owner of /data directory.
Answer and Explanation
When user creates the file/directory, user owner will be user itself and group owner
will be the primary group of the user.
There is one Special Permission SGID bit, when you set the SGID bit on
directory,When users creates the file/directory automatically owner group will be
same as a parent directory.
9. chmod g+s /data
10. Verify using: ls -ld /data
You will get: drwxrws—
QUESTION
221
Make sure on /data that only the owner user can remove files/directories.
Answer and
Explanation:
By default user1 can remove user2′s files due to directory permission to group
member. We can prevent of deleting files from others users using Sticky Bits.
4. chmod o+t /data
5. Verify /data: ls -ld /data
You will get: drwxrwx-T
QUESTION
222
Add a user named user4 and make primarily belongs to training group. As well
account should expire on 30 days from today.
Answer and
Explanation:
4. useradd username
5. passwd username
6. usermod -e “date”
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example: usermod -e “12 Feb 2006″ user4
Verify: chage -l user4
QUESTION
223
One New Kernel is released named kernel-hugemem. Kernel is available on
ftp://server1.example.com under pub directory for anonymous. Install the Kernel
and make previous new kernel is default to boot System.
Answer and Explanation
2. rpm -ivh ftp://server1.example.com/pub/kernel-hugemem-*
2. vi /etc/grub.conf
Set the default to new kernel
default=0
Example of /etc/grub.conf
default=0
timeout=5
splashimage=(hd0,0)/grub/splash.xpm.gz
hiddenmenu
title Red Hat Enterprise Linux ES (2.6.9-5.ELhugemem)
root (hd0,0)
kernel /vmlinuz-2.6.9-5.ELhugemem ro root=LABEL=/1 rhgb quiet
initrd /initrd-2.6.9-5.ELhugemem.img
title Red Hat Enterprise Linux ES (2.6.9-5.EL)
root (hd0,0)
kernel /vmlinuz-2.6.9-5.EL ro root=LABEL=/1 rhgb quiet
initrd /initrd-2.6.9-5.EL.img
rpm command is used to install, update and remove the rpm package. -ivh option is
install, verbose, and display the hash mark.
QUESTION
224
One Package named zsh is dump on ftp://server1.example.com under pub directory.
Install the package from ftp server.
Answer and
Explanation:
1. rpm -ivh ftp://server1.example.com/pub/zsh-*
2. Package will install
rpm command is used to install, update and remove the package, -i means install, -v
means verbose and -h means display the hash mark.
QUESTION
225
There are Mail servers, Web Servers, DNS Servers and Log Server. Log Server is
already configured. You should configure the mail server, web server and dns
server to send the logs to log server.
Answer and
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Explanation:
According to question, log server is already configured. We have to configure
the mail, web and dns server for log redirection.
In mail, web and dns server:
1. vi /etc/syslog.conf
mail.* @logserveraddress
2. service syslog restart
mail is the facility and * means the priority. It sends all logs of mail
service to mail into log server.
QUESTION
226
Raw (Model) printer named printer1 is installed and shared on 192.168.0.254. You
should install the shared printer on your PC to connect shared printer using IPP
Protocols.
Answer and
Explanation:
IPP( Internet Printing Protocol), allows administrator to manage printer through
browser so CUPS is called Internet Printing Protocol based on HTTP. We can
Install the printer either through: system-confing-printer tool or through Br owser.
1. Open the browser and Type on address: http://localhost:631 CUPS
(Common Unix Printing System) used the IPP protocol. CUPS use the 631 port.
2. Click on Manage Printer.
3. Click on Add Printer.
4. Type Printer name, Location, Description.
5. Select Device for bb. (Select IPP).
6. Device URL: ipp://192.168.0.254/ipp/ queue name Same printer name of
shared printer.
7. Select Model/Driver RAW printer.
8. service cups restart
QUESTION
227
You are administrator of Certkiller network. First time you are going to take the full
backup of all user’s home directory. Take the full backup of /home on /tmp/back
file.
Answer and
Explanation:
1. dump -0u -f /tmp/back /dev/hda4
dump is the standard backup utility. According to the questions, fullback
should take. -0 means fullback, -u means update the /etc/dumpdates which
maintains the backup record and -f means filename. If you are directly taking
backup into other device, you can specify the device name.
i.e dump -0u -f /dev/st0 /dev/hda4. Where hda4 is a separate partition mounted on
/home.
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QUESTION
228
You are working as a System Administrator at Certkiller . Your Linux Server
crashed and you lost every data. But you had taken the full backup of user’s home
directory and other System Files on /dev/st0, how will you restore from that device?
Answer and
Explanation:
1. Go to on that directory where you want to restore.
2. restore -rf /dev/st0
To restore from backup we use the restore command. Here backup will restore from
/dev/st0 on current Directory.
QUESTION
229
Add a job on Cron schedule to display Hello World on every two Seconds in
terminal 8.
Answer and Explanation
1. cat >schedule
*/2 * * * * /bin/echo “Hello World” >/dev/tty8
3. crontab schedule
4. Verify using: crontab -l
5. service crond restart
Cron helps to schedule on recurring events. Pattern of Cron is:
Minute Hour Day of Month Month Day of Week Commands
0-59 0-23 1-31 1-12 0-7 where 0 and 7 means
Sunday.
Note * means every. To execute the command on every two minutes */2.
To add the scheduled file on cron job: crontab filename
To List the Cron Shedule: crontab -l
To Edit the Schedule: crontab -e
To Remove the Schedule: crontab -r
QUESTION
230
Deny to all users except root to run cron schedule.
Answer and Explanation
1. vi /etc/cron.allow
root
or
vi /etc/cron.deny
Write all user name to deny.
/etc/cron.allow, /etc/cron.deny file is used to control users to allow or deny. If
/etc/cron.allow file is created only that users are allowed to run cron schedule.
Another way to deny to users is /etc/cron.deny write all user name on single line.
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QUESTION
231
Add a cron schedule to take full backup of /home on every day at 5:30 pm to
/dev/st0 device.
Answer and
Explanation:
1. vi /var/schedule
30 17 * * * /sbin/dump -0u /dev/st0 /dev/hda7
2. crontab /var/schedule
3. service crond restart
We can add the cron schedule either by specifying the scripts path on /etc/crontab
file or by creating on text file on crontab pattern.
cron helps to schedule on recurring events. Pattern of cron is:
Minute Hour Day of Month Month Day of Week Commands
0-59 0-23 1-31 1-12 0-7 where 0 and 7 means Sunday.
Note * means every. To execute the command on every two minutes */2.
QUESTION
232
One NIS Domain named rhce.com is configured in your lab, server is
192.168.0.254. rhce100, rhce200,rhce300 user are created on domain server.
Make your system as a member of rhce.com domain. Make sure that when nis user
login in your system home directory should get by them. Home directory is
separately shared on server eg /home/stationx/ where x is you station number.
Answer and
Explanation:
1. use the authconfig or system-config-authentication
2. Select the [*] USE NIS
3. Type the NIS Domain: rhce.com
4. Type Server 192.168.0.254 then click on next and ok
5. You will get a ok message.
6. vi /etc/auto.master and write at the end of file
/home/stationx /etc/auto.home –timeout=60
7. vi /etc/auto.home and write
* -rw,soft,intr 192.168.0.254:/home/stationx/&
Note: please specify your station number in the place of x.
8. Service autofs restart
9. Login as the rhce1 or rhce2 or rhce3 on another terminal will be
Success.
According to question, rhce.com domain is already configured. We have to make a client
of rhce.com domain and automatically mount the home directory on every client. To
make a member of domain, we use the autheconfig or system-config-authentication
command. There are lots of authentication server i.e NIS, LDAB, SMB etc. NIS is a RPC
related Services, no need to configure the DNS, we should specify the NIS server
address.
Here Automount feature is available. When user tried to login, home directory will
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automatically mount. The automount service reads the configuration from
/etc/auto.master file.
On /etc/auto.master file we specified the mount point the configuration file for mount
point.
QUESTION
233
There are three Disk Partitions /dev/hda8, /dev/hda9, /dev/hda10 having size 100MB
of each partition. Create a Logical Volume named testvolume1 and testvolume2
having a size 250MB. Mount each Logical Volume on lvmtest1, lvmtest2 directory.
Answer and
Explanation:
Steps of Creating LVM:
1. pvcreate /dev/hda8 /dev/hda9 /dev/hda10
pvdisplay command is used to display the information of physical volume.
2. vgceate test0 /dev/hda8 /dev/hda9 /dev/hda10
vgdisplay command is used to display the information of Volume Group.
3. lvcreate -L 250M -n testvolume1 test0
lvdisplay command is used to display the information of Logical Volume.
4. lvcreate -L 250M -n testvolume2 test0
5. mkfs -t ext3 /dev/test0/testvolume1
6. mkfs -t ext3 /dev/test0/testvolume2
7. mkdir /lvtest1
8. mkdir /lvtest2
9. mount /dev/test0/testvolume1 /lvtest1
10. mount /dev/test0/testvolume2 /lvtest2
11. vi /etc/fstab
/dev/test0/testvolume2 /lvtest2 ext3 defaults 0 0
/dev/test0/testvolume1 /lvtest1 ext3 defaults 0 0
To create the LVM( Logical Volume Manager) we required the disks having ’8e’
Physical Disk1 Logical Volume 1
Physical Disk2 Physical Volume Volume Group Logical Volume 2
Physical Disk3 Logical Volume 3
Linux LVM type. First we should create the physical Volume, then we can create
the Volume group from disks belongs to physical Volume. lvcreate command is used
to create the logical volume on volume group. We can specify the size of logical
volume with -L option and name with -n option.
QUESTION
234
One Logical Volume named /dev/test0/testvolume1 is created. The initial Size of that
disk is 100MB now you required more 200MB. Increase the size of Logical Volume,
size should be increase on online.
Answer and
Explanation:
1. lvextend -L+200M /dev/test0/testvolume1
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Use lvdisplay /dev/test0/testvolume1)
2. ext2online -d /dev/test0/testvolume1
lvextend command is used the increase the size of Logical Volume. Other command
lvresize command also here to resize. And to bring increased size on online we use
the ext2online command.
QUESTION
235
We are working on /data initially the size is 2GB. The /dev/test0/lvtestvolume is
mount on /data. Now you required more space on /data but you already added all
disks belong to physical volume. You saw that you have unallocated space around 5
GB on your harddisk. Increase the size of lvtestvolume by 5GB.
Answer and Explanation.
1. Create a partition having size 5 GB and change the syste id ’8e’.
2. use partprobe command
3. pvcreate /dev/hda9 Suppose your partition number is hda9.
4. vgextend test0 /dev/hda9 vgextend command add the physical disk on
volume group.
5. lvextend -L+5120M /dev/test0/lvtestvolume
6. verify using lvdisplay /dev/test0/lvtestvolume.
QUESTION
236
Install the Redhat Linux RHEL 4 through NFS. Where your Server is
server1.example.com having IP 192.168.0.254 and shared /var/ftp/pub. The size of
the partitions are listed below:
/ -> 1048
/home -> 1028
/boot -> 512
/var -> 1028
/usr-> 2048
Swap -> 1.5 of RAM Size
/data configure the RAID Level 0 of remaining all free space.
After completing the installation through NFS solve the following questions. There
are two networks 192.168.0.0/24 and 192.168.1.0/24. As well as there are two
domains example.com on 192.168.0.0/24 network and cracker.org on 192.168.1.0/24
network. Your system is based on example.com domain.
Answer and
Explanation:
1. Insert the CD on CD-ROM and start the system.
2. In Boot: Prompt type linux askmethod
3. It will display the language, keyboard selection.
4. It will ask you for the installation method.
5. Select the NFS Image from the list
6. It will ask the IP Address, Net mask, Gateway and Name Server. Select Use
Dynamic IP Configuration: because DHCP Server will be configured in your exam lab.
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7. It will ask for the NFS Server Name and Redhat Enterprise Linux Directory.
Specify the NFS Server: 192.168.0.254
Directory: /var/ftp/pub
8. After Connecting to the NFS Server Installation start in GUI. Go up to the partition
screen by selecting the different Options.
9. Create the partition According to the Question because Size and what-what partition
should you create at installation time is specified in your question
10. Create the two RAID partitions having equal size of remaining all free space.
11. Click on RAID button
12. Type mount point /data
13. Select RAID Level 0
14. Click on ok
15. Then select the MBR Options, time zone and go upto package selections.
It is another Most Important Time of installation. Due to the time limit, you should care
about the installation packages. At Exam time you these packages are enough.
X-Window System
GNOME Desktop
(these two packages are generally not required)
Administration Tools.
System Tools
Windows File Server
FTP Servers
Mail Servers
Web Servers
Network Servers
Editors
Text Based Internet
Server Configuration Tools
Printing Supports
When installation will complete, your system will reboot. Jump for another Question.
QUESTION
237
Fill up the Form through
http://server1.example.com/form.php
Answer and
Explanation:
1. Open the Browser and type the above URL.
2. Fill the form as required all information.
QUESTION
238
One Domain RHCE is configured in your lab, your domain server is
server1.example.com. nisuser2001, nisuser2002, nisuser2003 user are created on
your server 192.168.0.254:/rhome/stationx/nisuser2001. Make sure that when NIS
user login in your system automatically mount the home directory. Home directory
is separately shared on server /rhome/stationx/ where x is your Station number.
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Answer and
Explanation:
1. use the authconfig or system-config-authentication
2. Select the [*] USE NIS
3. Type the NIS Domain: RHCE
4. Type Server 192.168.0.254 then click on next and ok
5. You will get a ok message.
6. Create a Directory /rhome/stationx where x is your station number.
6. vi /etc/auto.master and write at the end of file
/rhome/stationx /etc/auto.home –timeout=60
7. vi /etc/auto.home and write
* -rw,soft,intr 192.168.0.254:/rhome/stationx/&
Note: please specify your station number in the place of x.
8. Service autofs restart
9. Login as the nisuser2001 or nisuser2002 on another terminal will be
Success.
According to question, RHCE domain is already configured. We have to make a
client of RHCE domain and automatically mount the home directory on your
system. To make a member of domain, we use the authconfig or system-configauthentication
command. There a are lots of authentication server i.e NIS, LDAB,
SMB etc. NIS is a RPC related Services, no need to configure the DNS, we should
specify the NIS server address.
Here Automount feature is available. When user tried to login, home directory will
automatically mount. The automount service reads the configuration from
/etc/auto.master file. On /etc/auto.master file we specified the mount point the
configuration file for mount point.
QUESTION
239
Create the group named sysadmin.
Answer and Explanation
1. groupadd sysadmin
groupadd command is used to create the group and all group information is stored
in /etc/group file.
QUESTION
240
Create the user named jane and john.
Answer and
Explanation:
1. useradd jane
2. useradd john
useradd command is used to create the user. All user’s information stores in
/etc/passwd and user;s shadow password stores in /etc/shadow.
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QUESTION
241
Raw printer named printerx where x is your station number is installed and shared
on server1.example.com. Install the shared printer on your PC to connect shared
printer using IPP Protocols. Your server is 192.168.0.254.
Answer and
Explanation:
1. Open the Browser either firefox or links
2. Type : http://localhost:631
3. Click on Manage Printer
4. Click on Add Printer
5. Type Queue name like stationx and click on continue
6. Type Device type or printing Protocol: i.e Internet printing Protocol
7. Click on Continue
8. Type Device URL: ipp://server1.example.com/printers/printerx
9. Click on Continue
10. Select RAW Model printer
11. Click on Continue
12. Test by sending the printing job
QUESTION
242
Make Secondary belongs the both users on sysadmin group.
Answer and
Explanation:
1. usermod -G sysadmin john
2. usermod -G sysadmin jane
3. Verify by reading /etc/group file
Using usermod command we can make user belongs to different group. There are
two types of group one primary and another is secondary. Primary group can be
only one but user can belongs to more than one group as secondary.
usermod -g groupname username To change the primary group of the user
usermod -G groupname username To make user belongs to secondary group.
QUESTION
243
Create the user named eric but eric should not belong to the sysadmin group.
Answer and
Explanation:
1. useradd eric
Very tricky question given to you that this user should not belongs to sysadmin
group.
QUESTION
244
Create the directory /data and group owner should be the sysadmin group.
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Answer and
Explanation:
1. chgrp sysadmin /data
2. Verify using ls -ld /data command. You should get like
drwxr-x— 2 root sysadmin 4096 Mar 16 17:59 /data
chgrp command is used to change the group ownership of particular files or
directory.
Another way you can use the chown command.
chown root:sysadmin /data
QUESTION
245
Make on /data that only the user owner and group owner member can fully access.
Answer and
Explanation:
1. chmod 770 /data
2. Verify using : ls -ld /data
Preview should be like:
drwxrwx— 2 root sysadmin 4096 Mar 16 18:08 /data
To change the permission on directory we use the chmod command. According to
the question that only the owner user (root) and group member (sysadmin) can fully
access the directory so: chmod 770 /data
QUESTION
246
Who ever creates the files/directories on /data group owner should be automatically
should be the same group owner of /data.
Answer and
Explanation:
1. chmod g+s /data
2. Verify using: ls -ld /data
Permission should be like:
drwxrws— 2 root sysadmin 4096 Mar 16 18:08 /data
If SGID bit is set on directory then who every users creates the files on directory
group owner automatically the owner of parent directory.
To set the SGID bit: chmod g+s directory
To Remove the SGID bit: chmod g-s directory
QUESTION
247
Your System is going to use as a Router for two networks. One Network is
192.168.0.0/24 and Another Network is 192.168.1.0/24. Both network’s IP address
has assigned. How will you forward the packets from one network to another
network?
Answer and
Explanation:
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1. echo “1″ >/proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward
2. vi /etc/sysctl.conf
net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1
If you want to use the Linux System as a Router to make communication between
different networks, you need enable the IP forwarding. To enable on running
session just set value 1 to /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward. As well as automatically
turn on the IP forwarding features on next boot set on /etc/sysctl.conf file.
QUESTION
248
One New Kernel is released named kernel-.2.6.9-11. Kernel is available on
ftp://server1.example.com/pub/updates directory for anonymous. Install the Kernel
and make the kernel-2.6.9-5 default.
Answer and
Explanation:
1. rpm -ivh ftp://server1.example.com/pub/updates/kernel-2.6.9-11.i686.rpm
2. vi /etc/grub.conf
default=1 Change this value to 1
timeout=5
splashimage=(hd0,0)/grub/splash.xpm.gz
hiddenmenu
title Red Hat Enterprise Linux ES (2.6.9-11)
root (hd0,0)
kernel /vmlinuz-2.6.9-11.EL ro root=LABEL=/ rhgb quiet
initrd /initrd-2.6.9-11.EL.img
title Red Hat Enterprise Linux ES (2.6.9-5.EL)
root (hd0,0)
kernel /vmlinuz-2.6.9-5.EL ro root=LABEL=/ rhgb quiet
initrd /initrd-2.6.9-5.EL.img
According question that kernel is available to anonymous user. You can directly
install from the ftp server using rpm command.
When you install the kernel, it will write on /etc/grub.conf file. You can set the
default kernel by changing the default value. See on the output of /etc/grub.conf file
that new kernel is on first title so it’s index is 0 and previous kernel’s index is 1.
QUESTION
249
Install the dialog-*
Answer and
Explanation:
Questions asking you to install the dialog package from the server. In your Lab FTP
server as well as NFS server are configured. You can install either through FTP or
NFS.
1. Just Login to server1.example.com through FTP: ftp server1.example.com
2. Enter to pub directory: cd pub
3 . Enter to RedHat/RPMS: cd RedHat/RPMS
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4 . Download the Package: mget dialog-*
5. Logout from the FTP server: bye
6. Install the package: rpm -ivh dialog-*
7. Verify the package either installed or not: rpm -q dialog
QUESTION
250
Install the Redhat Linux RHEL 4 through NFS. Where your Server is
server1.example.com having IP 172.24.254.254 and shared /var/ftp/pub. The size of
the partitions are listed below:
/-> 1048
/home-> 1028
/boot -> 512
/var -> 1028
/usr -> 2048
Swap -> 1.5 of RAM Size
/data configure the RAID Level 0 of remaining all free space.
After completing the installation through NFS solve the following questions. There
are two networks 172.24.0.0/16 and 172.25.0.0/16. As well as there are two domains
example.com on 172.24.0.0/16 network and cracker.org on 172.25.0.0/16 network.
Your system is based on example.com domain.
Answer and
Explanation:
1. Insert the CD on CD-ROM and start the system.
2. In Boot: Prompt type linux askmethod
3. It will display the language, keyboard selection.
4. It will ask you for the installation method.
5. Select the NFS Image from the list
6. It will ask the IP Address, Net mask, Gateway and Name Server. Select Use
Dynamic IP Configuration: because DHCP Server will be configured in your exam
lab.
7. It will ask for the NFS Server Name and Redhat Enterprise Linux Directory.
Specify the NFS Server: 172.24.254.254
Directory: /var/ftp/pub
8. After Connecting to the NFS Server Installation start in GUI. Go up to the
partition screen by selecting the different Options.
9. Create the partition According to the Question because Size and what-what
partition should you create at installation time is specified in your question
10 . Create the two RAID partitions having equal size of remaining all free space.
11. Click on RAID button
12. Type mount point /data
13. Select RAID Level 0
14. Click on ok
15. Then select the MBR Options, time zone and go upto package selections.
It is another Most Important Time of installation. Due to the time limit, you should
care about the installation packages. At Exam time you these packages are enough.
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X-Window System
GNOME Desktop
(these two packages are generally not required)
Administration Tools.
System Tools
Windows File Server
FTP Servers
Mail Servers
Web Servers
Network Servers
Editors
Text Based Internet
Server Configuration Tools
Printing Supports
When installation will complete, your system will reboot. Jump for another
Question.
QUESTION
251
Create the user named eric and deny to interactive login.
Answer and
Explanation:
5. useradd eric
6. passwd eric
7. vi /etc/passwd
8. eric:x:505:505::/home/eric:/sbin/nologin
Which shell or program should start at login time is specified in /etc/passwd file. By
default Redhat Enterprise Linux assigns the /bin/bash shell to the users. To deny the
interactive login, you should write /sbin/nologin or /bin/false instead of login shell.
QUESTION
252
/data Directory is shared from the server1.example.com server. Mount the shared
directory that:
d. when user try to access, automatically should mount
e. when user doesn’t use mounted directory should unmount
automatically after 50 seconds.
f. Shared directory should mount on /mnt/data on your machine.
Answer and
Explanation:
6. vi /etc/auto.master
/mnt /etc/auto.misc –timeout=50
7. vi /etc/auto.misc
8. data -rw,soft,intr server1.example.com:/data
9. service autofs restart
10. chkconfig autofs on
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When you mount the other filesystem, you should unmount the mounted filesystem,
Automount feature of linux helps to mount at access time and after certain seconds,
when user unaccess the mounted directory, automatically unmount the filesystem.
/etc/auto.master is the master configuration file for autofs service. When you start
the service, it reads the mount point as defined in /etc/auto.master.
QUESTION
253
Install the Redhat Linux RHEL 4 through NFS. Where your Server is
server1.example.com having IP 172.24.254.254 and shared /var/ftp/pub. The size of
the partitions are listed below:
/ -> 1048
/home -> 1028
/boot-> 512
/var -> 1028
/usr-> 2048
Swap -> 1.5 of RAM Size
/document configure the RAID Level 0 of remaining all free space.
After completing the installation through NFS solve the following questions. There
are two networks 172.24.0.0/16 and 172.25.0.0/16. As well as there are two domains
example.com on 172.24.0.0/16 network and cracker.org on 172.25.0.0/16 network.
Your system is based on example.com domain.
Answer and
Explanation:
1. Insert the CD on CD-ROM and start the system.
2. In Boot: Prompt type linux askmethod
3. It will display the language, keyboard selection.
4. It will ask you for the installation method.
5. Select the NFS Image from the list
6. It will ask the IP Address, Net mask, Gateway and Name Server. Select Use
Dynamic IP Configuration: because DHCP Server will be configured in your exam
lab.
7. It will ask for the NFS Server Name and Redhat Enterprise Linux Directory.
Specify the NFS Server: 172.24.254.254
Directory: /var/ftp/pub
8. After Connecting to the NFS Server Installation start in GUI. Go up to the
partition screen by selecting the different Options.
9. Create the partition According to the Question because Size and what-what
partition should you create at installation time is specified in your question
10 . Create the two RAID partitions having equal size of remaining all free space.
11. Click on RAID button
12. Type mount point /document
13. Select RAID Level 0
14. Click on ok
15. Then select the MBR Options, time zone and go upto package selections.
It is another Most Important Time of installation. Due to the time limit, you should
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care about the installation packages. At Exam time you these packages are enough.
X-Window System
GNOME Desktop
(these two packages are generally not required)
Administration Tools.
System Tools
Windows File Server
FTP Servers
Mail Servers
Web Servers
Network Servers
Editors
Text Based Internet
Server Configuration Tools
Printing Supports
When installation will complete, your system will reboot. Jump for another
Question.
QUESTION
254
Install the Redhat Linux RHEL 4 through NFS. Where your Server is
server1.example.com having IP 172.24.254.254 and shared /var/ftp/pub. The size of
the partitions are listed below:
/ -> 1048
/home-> 1028
/boot-> 512
/var -> 1028
/usr -> 2048
Swap -> 1.5 of RAM Size
/archive configure the RAID Level 0 of remaining all free space.
After completing the installation through NFS solve the following questions. There
are two networks 172.24.0.0/16 and 172.25.0.0/16. As well as there are two domains
example.com on 172.24.0.0/16 network and my133t.org on 172.25.0.0/16 network.
Your system is based on example.com domain.
Answer and
Explanation:
1. Insert the CD on CD-ROM and start the system.
2. In Boot: Prompt type linux askmethod
3. It will display the language, keyboard selection.
4. It will ask you for the installation method.
5. Select the NFS Image from the list
6. It will ask the IP Address, Net mask, Gateway and Name Server. Select Use
Dynamic IP Configuration: because DHCP Server will be configured in your exam lab.
7. It will ask for the NFS Server Name and Redhat Enterprise Linux Directory.
Specify the NFS Server: 172.24.254.254
Directory: /var/ftp/pub
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8. After Connecting to the NFS Server Installation start in GUI. Go up to the partition
screen by selecting the different Options.
9. Create the partition According to the Question because Size and what-what partition
should you create at installation time is specified in your question
10. Create the two RAID partitions having equal size of remaining all free space.
11. Click on RAID button
12. Type mount point /archive
13. Select RAID Level 0
14. Click on ok
15. Then select the MBR Options, time zone and go upto package selections.
It is another Most Important Time of installation. Due to the time limit, you should care
about the installation packages. At Exam time you these packages are enough.
X-Window System
GNOME Desktop
(these two packages are generally not required)
Administration Tools.
System Tools
Windows File Server
FTP Servers
Mail Servers
Web Servers
Network Servers
Editors
Text Based Internet
Server Configuration Tools
Printing Supports
When installation will complete, your system will reboot. Jump for another Question.
QUESTION
255
Create the group named sysuser.
Answer and Explanation
1. groupadd sysuser
groupadd command is used to create the group and all group information is stored in
/etc/group file.
QUESTION
256
Create the user named jackie, curtin, david
Answer and
Explanation:
1. useradd jackie
2. useradd curtin
3. useradd david
useradd command is used to create the user. All user’s information stores in /etc/passwd
and user;s shadow password stores in /etc/shadow.
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QUESTION
257
Make Secondary belongs the jackie and curtin users on sysuser group. But david
user should not belongs to sysuser group.
Answer and
Explanation:
1. usermod -G sysuser jackie
2. usermod -G sysuser curtin
3. Verify by reading /etc/group file
Using usermod command we can make user belongs to different group. There are two
types of group one primary and another is secondary. Primary group can be only one but
user can belongs to more than one group as secondary.
usermod -g groupname username To change the primary group of the user
usermod -G groupname username To make user belongs to secondary group.
QUESTION
258
Create the directory /archive and group owner should be the sysuser group.
Answer and
Explanation:
1. chgrp sysuser /archive
2. Verify using ls -ld /archive command. You should get like
drwxr-x— 2 root sysadmin 4096 Mar 16 17:59 /archive
chgrp command is used to change the group ownership of particular files or directory.
Another way you can use the chown command.
chown root:sysuser /archive
QUESTION
259
Make on /archive directory that only the user owner and group owner member can
fully access.
Answer and
Explanation:
1. chmod 770 /archive
2. Verify using : ls -ld /archive
Preview should be like:
drwxrwx— 2 root sysuser 4096 Mar 16 18:08 /archive
To change the permission on directory we use the chmod command. According to the
question that only the owner user (root) and group member (sysuser) can fully access the
directory so: chmod 770 /archive
QUESTION
260
Who ever creates the files/directories on /archive group owner should be
automatically should be the same group owner of /archive.
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Answer and
Explanation:
1. chmod g+s /archive
2. Verify using: ls -ld /archive
Permission should be like:
drwxrws— 2 root sysuser 4096 Mar 16 18:08 /archive
If SGID bit is set on directory then who every users creates the files on directory group
owner automatically the owner of parent directory.
To set the SGID bit: chmod g+s directory
To Remove the SGID bit: chmod g-s directory
QUESTION
261
Install the Cron Schedule for david user to display “Hello” on daily 5:30.
Answer and
Explanation:
5. Login as a root user
6. cat >schedule.txt
30 05 * * * /bin/echo “Hello”
3. crontab -u david schedule.txt
4. service crond restart
The cron system is essentially a smart alarm clock. When the alarm sounds, Linux runs
the commands of your choice automatically. You can set the alarm clock to run at all
sorts of regular time intervals. Alternatively, the at system allows you to run the
command of your choice once, at a specified time in the future.
Red Hat configured the cron daemon, crond. By default, it checks a series of directories
for jobs to run, every minute of every hour of every day. The crond checks the
/var/spool/cron directory for jobs by user. It also checks for scheduled jobs for the
computer under /etc/crontab and in the /etc/cron.d directory.
Here is the format of a line in crontab. Each of these columns is explained in more detail:
#minute, hour, day of month, month, day of week, command
* * * * * command
Entries in a crontab Command Line
Field Value
Minute 0-59
Hour Based on a 24-hour clock; for example, 23 = 11 p.m.
Day of month 1-31
Month 1-12, or jan, feb, mar, etc.
Day of week 0-7; where 0 and 7 are both Sunday; or sun, mon, tue, etc.
Command The command you want to run
MORE QUESTION: RHCE, Installation and Configuration
(69 Questions)
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QUESTION
262
Configure the DNS for example.com domain, where 192.100.0.20 is associated IP for
www and NS is 192.100.0.X where X is your IP.
Answer and
Explanation:
1. vi /etc/named.conf
zone “example.com” IN {
type master;
file “example.com.zone”;
};
/etc/named.conf file is used to register the zone as well as specify the global option for
DNS. There are two types of zone, i. Master, which contains the original data. ii. Slave,
backup of master. Here master zone is configured and file name is specified
“example.com.zone”, which should be created in /var/named/chroot/var/named/
2. vi /var/named/chroot/var/named/example.com.zone
$TTL 345345
@ IN SOA @ webmaster.example.com.(
101; Serial Number
1H; Refresh Time
1M; Retry Time
1W; Expire Time
1D; Minimum Time to Live
)
@ IN NS 192.100.0.X
www IN A 192.100.0.20
3. service named start
4. rndc reload
5. chkconfig named on
Zone file should create on /var/named/chroot/var/named. Default Directory Path is
specified on /var/named.conf.
$TTL Time To Live, How much seconds cache server stores the information about
DNS. And Five Parameters specified Serial Number used by slave to synchronize with
master server. Refresh and Retry Time used by slave server. NS is the Name (DNS)
server where lookup the domain. A (Associated IP) for particular host.
QUESTION
263
You are an Administrator of example.com domain. You need to configure the DNS
for www.example.com by providing the round-robin load balancing. You should
load balance to 5 hosts for www having IP: 192.100.0.1, 192.100.0.2, 192.100.0.3,
192.100.0.4 and 192.100.0.5. Where DNS is 192.100.0.X (X is your DNS Server).
Answer and
Explanation:
1. vi /etc/named.conf
zone “example.com” IN {
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type master;
file “example.com.zone”;
};
/etc/named.conf file is used to register the zone as well as specify the global option for
DNS. There are two types of zone, i. Master, which contains the original data. ii. Slave,
backup of master. Here master zone is configured and file name is specified
“example.com.zone”, which should be created in /var/named/chroot/var/named/
2. vi /var/named/chroot/var/named/example.com.zone
$TTL 345345
@ IN SOA @ webmaster.example.com.(
101; Serial Number
1H; Refresh Time
1M; Retry Time
1W; Expire Time
1D; Minimum Time to Live
)
@ IN NS 192.100.0.X
www 0 IN A 192.100.0.1
www 0 IN A 192.100.0.2
www 0 IN A 192.100.0.3
www 0 IN A 192.100.0.4
www 0 IN A 192.100.0.5
3. service named start
4. rndc reload
5. chkconfig named on
Zone file should create on /var/named/chroot/var/named. Default Directory Path is
specified on /var/named.conf.
$TTL-> Time To Live, How much seconds cache server stores the information about
DNS. And Five Parameters specified Serial Number used by slave to synchronize with
master server. Refresh and Retry Time used by slave server. NS is the Name (DNS)
server where lookup the domain. A (Associated IP) for particular host. DNS has
mechanism to load balance the request from clients. You can verify using host
www.example.com command.
QUESTION
264
You are working as an administrator of example.com domain. There are five web
servers( www), three mail servers(mail1, mail2, mail). Configure the DNS for www,
mail, mail1, mail2 by specifying mail.example.com is the Primary Mail Server for
example.com domain. Where 192.168.100.1-5 for www, 6,7,8 for mail, mail1, m ail2
and 192.168.0.X for DNS.
Answer and
Explanation:
1. vi /etc/named.conf
zone “example.com” IN {
type master;
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file “example.com.zone”;
};
/etc/named.conf file is used to register the zone as well as specify the global option for
DNS. There are two types of zone, i. Master, which contains the original data. ii. Slave,
backup of master. Here master zone is configured and file name is specified
“example.com.zone”, which should be created in /var/named/chroot/var/named/
2. vi /var/named/chroot/var/named/example.com.zone
$TTL 345345
@ IN SOA @ webmaster.example.com.(
101; Serial Number
1H; Refresh Time
1M; Retry Time
1W; Expire Time
1D; Minimum Time to Live
)
@ IN NS 192.100.0.X
www 0 IN A 192.100.0.1
www 0 IN A 192.100.0.2
www 0 IN A 192.100.0.3
www 0 IN A 192.100.0.4
www 0 IN A 192.100.0.5
mail IN A 192.100.0.6
mail1 IN A 192.100.0.7
mail2 IN A 192.100.0.8
@ IN MX 5 mail.example.com.
@ IN MX 8 mail1.example.com.
@ IN MX 10 mail2.example.com.
3. service named start
4. rndc reload
5. chkconfig named on
Zone file should create on /var/named/chroot/var/named. Default Directory Path is
specified on /var/named.conf.
$TTL Time To Live, How much seconds cache server stores the information about
DNS. And Five Parameters specified Serial Number used by slave to synchronize with
master server. Refresh and Retry Time used by slave server. NS is the Name (DNS)
server where lookup the domain. A (Associated IP) for particular host. DNS has
mechanism to load balance the request from clients. You can verify using host
www.example.com command. MX resource records are used to define mail handler or
exchanger for the domain. MX record must pass the positive integer value. This integer
value is used by remote Mail Transport Agent (MTA) to determine, which host has
delivery priority for the zone. The Lowest integer value will get the priority.
QUESTION
265
Configure the Slave DNS for example.com domain where master DNS is
192.100.0.254.
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Answer and
Explanation:
Slave DNS is the backup of master DNS. Automatically within a certain time
slave DNS synchronizes with the Master DNS server.
1. vi /etc/named.conf
zone “example.com” IN {
type slave;
masters { 192.100.0.254; };
file “example.com.zone”;
};
6. named-checkconf command checks the syntax for /etc/named.conf file.
7. service named start | restart
QUESTION
266
Configure the caching only-name server for example.com where DNS server is
192.100.0.254.
Answer and
Explanation:
1. vi /etc/named.conf
options {
forwarders { 192.168.22.250; };
forward only;
};
2. service named start | restart
Caching-only name server forwards a request to another name server or to the root
name servers in orders to determine the authoritative name server for the resolution.
Once resolution has taken place, the caching-only name server stores the resolved
information in a cache for the designated time to live period.
QUESTION
267
Configure the DNS server by allowing query only from the 192.168.0.0/24 Local
Network.
Answer and
Explanation:
1. vi /etc/named.conf
acl localnet { 192.168.0.0/24; };
options {
allow-query { localnet; };
};
2. service named restart | start
allow-query is a global option on /etc/named.conf, specifies an address match list
of hosts allowed to query this server. If this option is not set, any host can query
the server.
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QUESTION
268
Configure the DHCP server by matching the following conditions:
1. Subnet and netmask should be 192.168.0.0
255.255.255.0
2. Gateway Should be 192.168.0.254
3. DNS Sever Should be 192.168.0.254
4. Domain Name should be example.com
5. Range from 192.168.0.10-50
Answer and
Explanation:
1. vi /etc/dhcpd.conf
ddns-update-style none;
option routers 192.168.0.1;
option domain-name “example.com”;
option domain-name-servers 192.168.0.254;
default-lease-time 21600;
max-lease-time 43200;
subnet 192.168.0.0 netmask 255.255.255.0
{
range 192.168.0.10 192.168.0.50;
}
/etc/dhcpd.conf file is used to configure the DHCP. Some global options i.e Gateway,
domainname, DNS server specified using option keyword.
11. service dhcpd start | restart
QUESTION
269
You have DHCP server, which assigns the IP, gateway and DNS server ip to
Clients. There are two DNS servers having MAC address (00:50:FC:98:8D:00,
00:50:FC:98:8C:00), in your LAN, But they always required fixed IP address
(192.168.0.254, 192.168.0.253). Configure the DHCP server to assign the fixed IP
address to DNS server.
Answer and
Explanation:
1. vi /etc/dhcpd.conf
ddns-update-style none;
option routers 192.168.0.1;
option domain-name “example.com”;
option domain-name-servers 192.168.0.254;
default-lease-time 21600;
max-lease-time 43200;
subnet 192.168.0.0 netmask 255.255.255.0
{
range 192.168.0.1 192.168.0.254;
host dns1 {
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hardware ethernet 00:50:FC:98:8D:00;
fixed-address 192.168.0.254;
}
host dns2 {
hardware ethernet 00:50:FC:98:8C:00;
fixed-address 192.168.0.253;
}
}
/etc/dhcpd.conf file is used to configure the DHCP. Some global options i.e Gateway,
domainname, DNS server specified using option keyword. To assign as static ip from
dhcp server, required the mac address of interface.
2. service dhcpd start | restart
QUESTION
270
Share /data directory using NFS only to example.com members. These hosts should
get read and write access on shared directory.
Answer and
Explanation:
1. vi /etc/exports
/data *.example.com(rw,sync)
2. service nfs start | restart
3. service portmap start | restart
4. chkconfig nfs on
5. chkconfig portmap on
In Linux to share the data we use the /etc/exports file. Pattern is:
Path client(permission)
Shared Directory Path, Client can be single host or domain name or ip address.
Permission should specify without space with client lists in parentheses. NFS is RPC
service so portmapper service should restart after starting the nfs service.
QUESTION
271
You have a directory /local. You want to make available that directory to all the
members of example.com and trusted.cracker.org. But directory should available in
read and write to all the members of example.com domain and read only to
cracker.org domain.
Answer and
Explanation:
1. vi /etc/exports
/local *.example.com(rw,sync) trusted.cracker.org(ro,sync)
7. service nfs start | restart
8. service portmap start | restart
9. chkconfig nfs on
10. chkconfig portmap on
In Linux to share the data we use the /etc/exports file. Pattern is:
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Path client(permission)
Shared Directory Path, Client can be single host or domain name or ip address.
Permission should specify without space with client lists in parentheses. NFS is RPC
service so portmapper service should restart after starting the nfs service. We can
specify multiple clients’ list separating by space with different shared option.
QUESTION
272
You have ftp site named ftp.example.com. You want to deny login as an anonymous
on your ftp site. Configure to deny the anonymous.
Answer and
Explanation:
1. vi /etc/vsftpd/vsftpd.conf
anonymous_enable=no
2. service vsftpd restart
/etc/vsftpd/vsftpd.conf file is used to allow or deny to anonymous or real user. To
allow anonymous anonymous_enable=yes should be there. Sample configuration is
like.
# Allow anonymous FTP? (Beware – allowed by default if you comment this
out).
anonymous_enable=YES
#
# Uncomment this to allow local users to log in.
local_enable=YES
#
# Uncomment this to enable any form of FTP write command.
write_enable=YES
#
# Default umask for local users is 077. You may wish to change this to
022,
# if your users expect that (022 is used by most other ftpd’s)
local_umask=022
#
# Uncomment this to allow the anonymous FTP user to upload files. This
only
# has an effect if the above global write enable is activated. Also,
you will
# obviously need to create a directory writable by the FTP user.
#anon_upload_enable=YES
#
# Uncomment this if you want the anonymous FTP user to be able to
create
# new directories.
#anon_mkdir_write_enable=YES
#
# Activate directory messages – messages given to remote users when
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they
# go into a certain directory.
dirmessage_enable=YES
#
# Activate logging of uploads/downloads.
xferlog_enable=YES
#
# Make sure PORT transfer connections originate from port 20 (ftpdata).
connect_from_port_20=YES
#
# If you want, you can arrange for uploaded anonymous files to be owned
by
# a different user. Note! Using “root” for uploaded files is not
# recommended!
#chown_uploads=YES
#chown_username=whoever
#
# You may override where the log file goes if you like. The default is
shown
# below.
#xferlog_file=/var/log/vsftpd.log
#
# If you want, you can have your log file in standard ftpd xferlog
format
xferlog_std_format=YES
#
# You may change the default value for timing out an idle session.
#idle_session_timeout=600
#
# You may change the default value for timing out a data connection.
#data_connection_timeout=120
#
# It is recommended that you define on your system a unique user which
the
# ftp server can use as a totally isolated and unprivileged user.
#nopriv_user=ftpsecure
#
# Enable this and the server will recognise asynchronous ABOR requests.
Not
# recommended for security (the code is non-trivial). Not enabling it,
# however, may confuse older FTP clients.
#async_abor_enable=YES
#
# By default the server will pretend to allow ASCII mode but in fact
ignore
# the request. Turn on the below options to have the server actually do
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ASCII
# mangling on files when in ASCII mode.
# Beware that turning on ascii_download_enable enables malicious remote
parties
# to consume your I/O resources, by issuing the command “SIZE
/big/file” in
# ASCII mode.
# These ASCII options are split into upload and download because you
may wish
# to enable ASCII uploads (to prevent uploaded scripts etc. from
breaking),
# without the DoS risk of SIZE and ASCII downloads. ASCII mangling
should be
# on the client anyway..
#ascii_upload_enable=YES
#ascii_download_enable=YES
#
# You may fully customise the login banner string:
#ftpd_banner=Welcome to blah FTP service.
#
# You may specify a file of disallowed anonymous e-mail addresses.
Apparently
# useful for combatting certain DoS attacks.
#deny_email_enable=YES
# (default follows)
#banned_email_file=/etc/vsftpd.banned_emails
#
# You may specify an explicit list of local users to chroot() to their
home
# directory. If chroot_local_user is YES, then this list becomes a list
of
# users to NOT chroot().
#chroot_list_enable=YES
# (default follows)
#chroot_list_file=/etc/vsftpd.chroot_list
#
# You may activate the “-R” option to the builtin ls. This is disabled
by
# default to avoid remote users being able to cause excessive I/O on
large
# sites. However, some broken FTP clients such as “ncftp” and “mirror”
assume
# the presence of the “-R” option, so there is a strong case for
enabling it.
#ls_recurse_enable=YES
pam_service_name=vsftpd
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userlist_enable=YES
#enable for standalone mode
listen=YES
tcp_wrappers=YES
QUESTION
273
You have ftp site named ftp.example.com. You want to allow anonymous users to
upload files on you ftp site. Configure to allow anonymous to upload the files.
Answer and
Explanation:
1. vi /etc/vsftpd/vsftpd.conf
anon_upload_enable=yes
chown_uploads=yes
chown_username=username
2. service vsftpd start| restart
3. directory owner should be ftp user: chown ftp directory path allowed to
upload files.
4. Write permission should be set to owner user.
By default anonymous user can only download files from the ftp. Should write
anon_upload_enable=yes to enable anonymous upload files. Default Directory for
anonymous is /var/ftp.
QUESTION
274
You want to deny to user1 and user2 users to access files via ftp. Configure to deny
these users to access via ftp.
Answer and
Explanation:
1. vi /etc/vsftpd.ftpusers
user1
user2
2. service vsftpd start| restart
Using /etc/vsftpd.ftpusers file we can deny to certain users to access files via ftp. As
well as there is another file named /etc/vsftpd.user_list can be used to allow or to
deny to users.
QUESTION
275
There are mixed lots of System running on Linux and Windows OS. Some users are
working on Windows Operating System. There is a /data directory on linux server
should make available on windows to only user1 and user2 users with full access.
Configure to make available.
Answer and
Explanation:
1. vi /etc/samba/smb.conf
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[global]
netbios?
workgroup = mygroup
server string=Share from Linux Server
security=user
smb passwd file=/etc/samba/smbpasswd
encrypt passwords=yes
[data]
path=/data
writable=yes
public=no
browsable=yes
valid users=user1 user2
2. smbpasswd -a user1
3. smbpasswd -a user2
4. service smb start | restart
5. chkconfig smb on
Samba servers helps to share the data between linux and windows. Configuration file is /etc/samba/smb.conf.
There are some predefined
section, i. global use to define the global options, ii. Printers use to share the printers, iii. homes use the share
the
user’s home directory.
Security=user-> validation by samba username and password. May be there
are other users also. To allow certain share to certain user we should
use valid users option.
smbpasswd ->Helps to change user’s smb password. -a option specifies
that the username following should be added to the local smbpasswd
file.
QUESTION
276
There are mixed lots of System running on Linux and Windows OS. Some users are
working on Windows Operating System. There is a /data directory on linux server
should make available on windows to user1 and user2 users on read and write mode
and read only to other samba users.
Answer and
Explanation:
1. vi /etc/samba/smb.conf
[global]
netbios?
workgroup = mygroup
server string=Share from Linux Server
security=user
smb passwd file=/etc/samba/smbpasswd
encrypt passwords=yes
[data]
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path=/data
writable=no
public=no
browsable=yes
write list= user1 user2
2. smbpasswd -a user1
3. smbpasswd -a user2
……..
4. service smb start | restart
5. chkconfig smb on
Samba servers helps to share the data between linux and windows. Configuration file is
/etc/samba/smb.conf. There are some pre-defined section, i. global use to define the
global options, ii. Printers use to share the printers, iii. homes use the share the user’s
home directory.
Security=user validation by samba username and password. May be there
are other users also. To allow certain share to certain user we should
use valid users option.
smbpasswd Helps to change user’s smb password. -a option specifies
that the username following should be added to the local smbpasswd
file.
If any valid users option is not specified, then all samba users can access the shared data. By
Default shared permission is on writable=no means read only sharing. Write list option is
used to allow write access on shared directory to certain users or group members.
QUESTION
277
There are mixed lots of System running on Linux and Windows OS. Some users are
working on Windows Operating System. You want to make available /data
directory to samba users only from 192.168.0.0/24 network. Configure the samba
server.
Answer and
Explanation:
1. vi /etc/samba/smb.conf
[global]
netbios?
workgroup = mygroup
server string=Share from Linux Server
security=user
smb passwd file=/etc/samba/smbpasswd
encrypt passwords=yes
hosts allow=192.168.0.
[data]
path=/data
writable=yes
public=no
browsable=yes
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2. service smb start| restart
3. chkconfig smb on
Samba servers helps to share the data between linux and windows. Configuration file is
/etc/samba/smb.conf. There are some pre-defined section, i. global use to define the
global options, ii. Printers use to share the printers, iii. homes use to share the user’s
home directory.
Security=user ->validation by samba username and password. May be there
are other users also. To allow certain share to certain user we should
use valid users option.
smbpasswd-> Helps to change user’s smb password. -a option specifies
that the username following should be added to the local smbpasswd
file.
If any valid users option is not specified, then all samba users can access the shared data. By Default shared
permission is on
writable=no means read only sharing. Write list option is used to allow write access on shared directory to
certain users or group
members.
To allow access the shared directory only from certain network or hosts, there is a
option hosts allow= host or network. If this option is applied on global option, then it
will apply to all shared directory.
QUESTION
278
There are mixed lots of System running on Linux and Windows OS. Some users are
working on Windows Operating System. Your printer is connected on linux server.
You want to share the printer-using samba so that users working on windows also
can print. Configure the samba server to share printer.
Answer and Explanation
1. vi /etc/samba/smb.conf
[global]
netbios?
workgroup=linuxgroup
security=share
printcap name=/etc/printcap
load printers=yes
printing=cups
[printers]
path=/var/spool/samba
browsable=yes
printable=yes
guest ok=no
writable=no
Samba servers helps to share the data between linux and windows. Configuration file is /etc/samba/smb.conf.
There are some predefined
section, i. global use to define the global options, ii. Printers use to share the printers, iii. homes use to share the
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user’s home directory.
/etc/printcap file contains all installed printers name. Printing is print system used on server.
QUESTION
279
Your Local Domain is example.com. Configure the send mail server for you local
LAN.
Answer and
Explanation:
1. vi /etc/mail/local-host-names
example.com
2. vi /etc/mail/sendmail.mc
dnl # DEAMON_OPTIONS(`Port=smtp,Addr=127.0.0.1,Name=MTA`)dnl
3. m4 /etc/mail/sendmail.mc >/etc/mail/sendmail.cf
4. vi /etc/mail/access
example.com RELAY
192.169.0 RELAY
5. service sendmail start | restart
6. chkconfig sendmail on
/etc/mail/local-host-names file contains the aliases to hostname. Mail server
program reads the /etc/mail/sendmail.cf. To change the configuration on mail
server, we should edit the /etc/mail/sendmail.mc file and should generate the
sendmail.cf using m4 command.
By default sendmail server allows to connect to local host only. So we should edit the
/etc/mail/sendmail.mc file to allow connect to other hosts.
By default sendmail server will not forward mail. we should specify on
/etc/mail/access to relay or to block mail coming from domain or network or
individual email address.
QUESTION
280
Your Local Domain is example.com. Configure the send mail server for you local
LAN. As well as enable the pop and pop secured protocol.
Answer and
Explanation:
1. vi /etc/mail/local-host-names
example.com
2. vi /etc/mail/sendmail.mc
dnl # DEAMON_OPTIONS(`Port=smtp,Addr=127.0.0.1,Name=MTA`)dnl
3. m4 /etc/mail/sendmail.mc >/etc/mail/sendmail.cf
4. vi /etc/mail/access
192.169.0 RELAY
example.com RELAY
5. service sendmail start | restart
6. chkconfig dovecot on
7. vi /etc/dovecot.conf
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protocols = pop3 pop3s
8. service dovecot start | restart
9. chkconfig dovecot on
/etc/mail/local-host-names file contains the aliases to hostname. Mail server
program reads the /etc/mail/sendmail.cf. To change the configuration on mail
server, we should edit the /etc/mail/sendmail.mc file and should generate the
sendmail.cf using m4 command.
By default sendmail server allows to connect to local host only. So we should edit the
/etc/mail/sendmail.mc file to allow connect to other hosts.
By default sendmail server will not forward mail. we should specify on
/etc/mail/access to relay or to block mail coming from domain or network or
individual email address.
By default dovecot service start only the imap protocol. To start pop protocol with
dovecot, we should write in /etc/dovecot.conf file.
QUESTION
281
Your Local Domain is example.com. Configure the send mail server for you local
LAN by following these conditions.
i. Relay the mail from 192.168.0.0/24 Network
ii. If any mail coming from cracker.org domain block all mails.
iii. user5′s mail should be get by user2.
Answer and
Explanation:
1. vi /etc/mail/local-host-names
example.com
2. vi /etc/mail/sendmail.mc
dnl # DEAMON_OPTIONS(`Port=smtp,Addr=127.0.0.1,Name=MTA`)dnl
3. m4 /etc/mail/sendmail.mc >/etc/mail/sendmail.cf
4. vi /etc/mail/access
192.168.0 RELAY
@cracker.org REJECT
5. service sendmail start | restart
6. chkconfig dovecot on
7. vi /etc/dovecot.conf
protocols = pop3 pop3s imap imaps
8. service dovecot start | restart
9. chkconfig dovecot on
10. vi /etc/aliases
user5: user2
11. newaliases
/etc/mail/local-host-names file contains the aliases to hostname. Mail server
program reads the /etc/mail/sendmail.cf. To change the configuration on mail
server, we should edit the /etc/mail/sendmail.mc file and should generate the
sendmail.cf using m4 command.
By default sendmail server allows to connect to local host only. So we should edit the
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/etc/mail/sendmail.mc file to allow connect to other hosts.
By default sendmail server will not forward mail. we should specify on
/etc/mail/access to relay or to block mail coming from domain or network or
individual email address.
By default dovecot service start only the imap protocol. To start pop protocol with
dovecot, we should write in /etc/dovecot.conf file.
Using /etc/aliases file we can map the user name to send mail of one user to another
user. To rebuild database we use the newaliases command.
QUESTION
282
Your Local Domain is example.com. Configure the send mail server for you local
LAN by following these conditions.
i. Any mail going from Local LAN should be masquerade to example.com
ii. Any incoming mail for info@example.com virtual address should be mapped
to admin@example.com
iii. All outgoing mail should be send via smtp.abc.com mail server.
Answer and
Explanation:
1. vi /etc/mail/local-host-names
example.com
2. vi /etc/mail/sendmail.mc
dnl # DEAMON_OPTIONS(`Port=smtp,Addr=127.0.0.1,Name=MTA`)dnl
MASQUERADE_AS(`example.com’)dnl
define(`SMART_HOST’,`smtp.abc.com’)
3. m4 /etc/mail/sendmail.mc >/etc/mail/sendmail.cf
4. vi /etc/mail/virtusertable
info@example.com admin@example.com
5. vi /etc/mail/access
192.168.0 RELAY
/etc/mail/local-host-names file contains the aliases to hostname. Mail server
program reads the /etc/mail/sendmail.cf. To change the configuration on mail
server, we should edit the /etc/mail/sendmail.mc file and should generate the
sendmail.cf using m4 command.
By default sendmail server allows to connect to local host only. So we should edit the
/etc/mail/sendmail.mc file to allow connect to other hosts.
By default sendmail server will not forward mail. We should specify on
/etc/mail/access to relay or to block mail coming from domain or network or
individual email address.
To masquerade the address, MASQUERADE_AS option is in /etc/mail/sendmail.mc.
SMART_HOST deliver all local mail locally and outgoing mail through another mail
server.
/etc/mail/virtusertable file is used map virtual address to real address.
Eg.
info@example.com
user1@example.com
enquiry@example.com
admin@abc.com
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QUESTION
283
Download a index.html file from ftp.server1.example.com and set as default page
for you station?.example.com where ? is your host number. Note file is anonymously
available.
Answer and
Explanation:
1. ftp ftp://server1.example.com
2. Login as an anonymous and download the file.
3. Copy the file in /var/www/html if you downloaded in another location.
4. service httpd restart
5. Test using links: links http://station?.example.com
Note: In examination Lab DNS will configure for every stations.

rh302 EXam Dumps Exam Questions RedHat RH302: Practice Exam RHCE Exam Dumps Actual Tests And Test King Pass Any Exam AnyTime

2010-05-29T17:35:00.004+03:00

RH302

EXam Dumps Exam Questions RedHat RH302: Practice Exam RHCE Exam Dumps

Actual Tests And Test King Pass Any Exam AnyTime

Sample Questions

QUESTION NO: 1 CORRECT TEXT

Change the root Password to redtophat

Answer and Explanation:Boot the system in Single user modeUse the passwd command

QUESTION NO: 2 CORRECT TEXT

Some users home directory is shared from your system. Using showmount -e localhost command,

the shared directory is not shown. Make access the shared users home directory.

Answer and Explanation:

1. Verify the File whether Shared or not ? : cat /etc/exports

2. Start the nfs service: service nfs start

3. Start the portmap service: service portmap start

4. Make automatically start the nfs service on next reboot: chkconfig nfs on

5. Make automatically start the portmap service on next reboot: chkconfig portmap on

6. Verify either sharing or not: showmount -e localhost

7. Check that default firewall is running on system ? if running flush the iptables using iptables -F

and stop the iptables service.

Download Pdf Version Actual Test RH302

Download Pdf Version Testking RH302

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RHCE and RHCT Exam Preparation Guide

2010-05-29T17:30:00.002+03:00

RHCE and RHCT Exam Preparation Guide

Overview

This guide provides information candidates may use in preparing to take the RHCT or RHCE exam. Red Hat is not responsible for the content or accuracy of other guides, books, online resources, or any other information provided by organizations or individuals other than Red Hat Global Learning Services. Red Hat reserves the right to change this Guide when appropriate, and candidates who have enrolled in forthcoming classes or exams are advised to check this guide periodically for changes.

Performance-based Exams

The Red Hat Certified Engineer (RHCE) and Red Hat Certified Technician (RHCT) exams are performance-based evaluations of Red Hat Enterprise Linux system administration skills and knowledge. Candidates perform a number of routine system administration tasks and are evaluated on whether they have met specific objective criteria. Performance-based testing means that candidates must perform tasks similar to what they must perform on the job.

Prospective employers of RHCEs and RHCTs should verify any and all claims by people claiming to hold one of these certificates by requesting their certificate number and verifying it here.

Read More

Red Hat Certified Architect (RHCA)

2010-05-29T17:22:00.003+03:00

Red Hat Certified Architect (RHCA)

Overview

Red Hat's Enterprise Architect courses provide in-depth, hands-on training for senior Linux system administrators responsible for the deployment and management of many systems in large enterprise environments. Red Hat Certified Architect (RHCA) is a capstone certification to Red Hat Certified Engineer (RHCE) and Red Hat Certified Technician (RHCT), the most recognized, acclaimed, and mature certifications in the Linux space.

Curriculum and Expertise Exams

The full RHCA curriculum consists of four advanced 400-level Enterprise Architect courses and an upper-level security course.

Only current RHCEs are eligible to be certified as a Red Hat Certified Architect (RHCA), while anyone can attend the courses in this track. Verify your RHCE.
Current RHCEs will obtain RHCA certification upon successfully passing all five Expertise Exams.
The courses are not required as the tests can be taken separately but they are strongly recommended.

RHCA Courses (Recommended)	Expertise Exams (Required: Must pass all 5 for RHCA)
RHS333 Red Hat Enterprise Security: Network Services	EX333 Red Hat Enterprise Security: Network Services Expertise Exam
RH401 Red Hat Enterprise Deployment and Systems Management	EX401 Red Hat Enterprise Deployment and Systems Management Expertise Exam
RH423 Red Hat Enterprise Directory Services and Authentication OR RH318 Red Hat Enterprise Virtualization	EX423 Red Hat Enterprise Directory Services and Authentication Expertise Exam OR EX318 Red Hat Enterprise Virtualization Exam
RH436 Red Hat Enterprise Clustering and Storage Management	EX436 Red Hat Enterprise Clustering and Storage Management Expertise Exam
RH442 Red Hat Enterprise System Monitoring and Performance Tuning	EX442 Red Hat Enterprise System Monitoring and Performance Tuning Expertise Exam

Each course in the Enterprise Architect curriculum is followed by a Certificate of Expertise exam on the fifth day. Expertise Exams may be taken immediately following the corresponding course, or at any time. The exams are performance-based and test skills of the job role competencies covered in the prior four days of hands-on training. Passing the Expertise Exam earns the candidate an Certificate of Expertise to his or her RHCE credential for that specific enterprise skillset.

An RHCA has proven the skills required to plan, design and manage open source infrastructure in large complex environments consisting of many Linux systems across the enterprise.

Expertise Exams vary in length from 2 to 8 hours depending on the course, and can only be taken by current RHCEs. Official notification of PASS or DID NOT PASS is sent via email within 5 US business days of the Expertise Exam.

Exam Costs and Bundled Discount

Exams cost $749 on their own or $549 when purchased together with the corresponding class scheduled in same week. To purchase the course and corresponding Expertise Exam, select appropriate RH and EX codes when purchasing. Then, use promotional code "45678" to receive the $200 discount.

Words of Wisdom: Florian Brand

In September 2005, Florian Brand, a Red Hat instructor based in Stuttgart, Germany, was the first person to earn Red Hat Certified Architect (RHCA) certification. Read more about his experience earning an RHCA certification.

Learn More

Red Hat Certified Security Specialist (RHCSS)

2010-05-29T17:20:00.003+03:00

Red Hat Certified Security Specialist (RHCSS)

Overview

Red Hat Certified Security Specialist (RHCSS) is a security certification that proves advanced skills in using Red Hat Enterprise Linux, SELinux, and Red Hat Directory Server to meet the security requirements of today's enterprise environment.

Current RHCEs will obtain RHCSS certification upon successfully passing all three Expertise Exams:

EX333 Red Hat Enterprise Security: Network Services
EX423 Enterprise Directory Services and Authentication
EX429 SELinux Policy Administration

These courses build on the security skills covered in the Red Hat Certified Engineer (RHCE) program, which is a prerequisite.

All upper-level courses are all peer level, meaning each can be taken by someone with RHCE or equivalent skills. Any order is fine.

Curriculum and Expertise Exams

Only current RHCEs are eligible to be certified as a Red Hat Certified Security Specialist (RHCSS), while anyone can attend the courses in this track. Verify your RHCE.
Current RHCEs will obtain RHCSS certification upon successfully passing all three Expertise Exams.
The courses are not required as the tests can be taken separately but they are strongly recommended.

RHCSS Courses (Recommended)	Expertise Exams (Required: Must pass all 3 for RHCSS)
RHS333 Red Hat Enterprise Security: Network Services	EX333 Red Hat Enterprise Security: Network Services Expertise Exam
RH423 Red Hat Enterprise Directory Services and Authentication	EX423 Red Hat Enterprise Directory Services and Authentication Expertise Exam
RHS429 Red Hat Enterprise SELinux Policy Administration	EX429 Red Hat Enterprise SELinux Policy Administration Expertise Exam

Each course in Red Hat's security curriculum is followed by an Expertise Exam on the fifth day. Expertise Exams may be taken immediately following the corresponding course or at any other time. The exams are performance-based and test skills of the job role competencies covered in the prior four days of hands-on training. Passing an Expertise Exam earns the candidate aCertificate of Expertise to his or her RHCE credential for a specific security skillset. Expertise Exams vary in length from 4 to 8 hours depending on the course.

Official notification of PASS or DID NOT PASS is sent via email within 5 US business days of the Expertise Exam.

Exam Costs and Bundled Discount

Beyond RHCSS: Additional Security Courses

Beyond the core RHCSS courses, Red Hat also offers RHS435 Red Hat Enterprise Certificate Management. This course teaches systems engineers to manage the Red Hat Certificate System, the leading open source identity management solution.

In the future, Red Hat may introduce or extend other security-related tools, and support these with additional higher-level Certificates of Expertise to RHCSS similar to the Identity Management Certificate of Expertise.

Other Red Hat security courses include RHS342 Developing Red Hat Firewall Solutions. This course provides intensive hands-on training for senior level system administrators, but is not tied to the RHCSS track.

Learn More

Red Hat Certified Datacenter Specialist

2010-05-29T17:18:00.003+03:00

Overview

An RHCDS has the skills and knowledge necessary to build reliable, available, scalable, and manageable solutions in mission-critical datacenter environments using fully-supported open source technologies from Red Hat.

Current RHCEs will obtain RHCDS certification upon successfully passing all three Expertise Exams:

EX401 Deployment, Virtualization, and Systems Management
EX436 Clustering and Storage Management
EX423 Directory Services and Authentication
OR EX318 Red Hat Enterprise Virtualization

These courses build on system administration skills covered in the Red Hat Certified Engineer (RHCE) program, which is a prerequisite.

All upper-level courses are all peer level, meaning each can be taken by someone with RHCE or equivalent skills. Any order is fine.

Curriculum and Expertise Exams

Only current RHCEs are eligible to be certified as a Red Hat Certified Datacenter Specialist (RHCDS), while anyone can attend the courses in this track. Verify your RHCE.
Current RHCEs will obtain RHCDS certification upon successfully passing all three Expertise Exams.
The courses are not required as the tests can be taken separately but they are strongly recommended.

RHCDS Courses (Recommended)	Expertise Exams (Required: Must pass all 3 for RHCDS)
RH401Deployment and Systems Management	EX401 Deployment and Systems Management Exam
RH436 Clustering and Storage Management	EX436 Clustering and Storage Management Exam
RH423 Directory Services and Authentication OR RH318 Red Hat Enterprise Virtualization	EX423 Directory Services and Authentication Exam OR EX318 Red Hat Enterprise Virtualization

Each course in Red Hat's Datacenter curriculum is followed by an Expertise Exam on the fifth day. Expertise Exams may be taken immediately following the corresponding course or at any other time. The exams are performance-based and test skills of the job role competencies covered in the prior four days of hands-on training. Passing an Expertise Exam earns the candidate a Certificate of Expertise to his or her RHCE credential for a specific security skillset. Expertise Exams vary in length from 4 to 8 hours depending on the course.

Official notification of PASS or DID NOT PASS is sent via email within 5 US business days of the Expertise Exam.

Exam Costs and Bundled Discount

Beyond RHCDS: Security Curriculum

Beyond the core RHCDS courses, Red Hat also offers a security curriculum that teaches advanced skills in using Red Hat Enterprise Linux, SELinux, and Red Hat Directory Server to meet the security requirements of today's enterprise environment. Find out more.

More Info

Beginning the Linux Command Line

2010-04-18T20:19:00.003+03:00

Beginning the Linux Command Line

This is Linux for those of us who don?t mind typing. All Linux users and administrators tend to like the flexibility and speed of Linux administration from the command line in byte?sized chunks, instead of fairly standard GUIs. Beginning the Linux Command Line follows a task?oriented approach and is distribution agnostic.

Work with files and directories.
Administer users and security.
Understand how Linux is organized.

Linux_Journal

2010-04-18T19:48:00.001+03:00

Linux_Journal

Linux Bible (2010)

2010-04-18T19:47:00.000+03:00

Publisher: Wiley; Pap/Dvdr/C edition (December 14, 2009) | Language: English | ISBN-10: 0470485051 | ISBN-13: 978-0470485057

The definitive guide to the basics of one of the most popular operating systems in the world:
Whether you're a first-time Linux user or you're migrating from another operating system, this book is an ideal introductory guide for getting comfortable with the building-block nature of Linux. Written by bestselling author Christopher Negus, this guide is packed with in-depth descriptions on the basics of Linux desktops, servers, and programming tools and gets you up to speed on all the new and exciting features of the newest version: Linux 2010. Negus walks you through transitioning from Windows or Mac and helps you find the Linux distribution that best meets your needs.

You'll explore more than 18 Linux distributions, including the latest versions of Ubuntu, Fedora, Debian, OpenSUSE, Slackware, Knoppix, Gentoo, Mandriva, SLAX, and more. Plus, you'll discover how to set up secure, fully functioning Linux server systems and get up-to-date installation advice.

Topics Covered:
Getting off the Ground with Linux
Running a Linux Desktop
Learning System Administration Skills
Setting Up Linux Servers
Choosing and Installing Different Linux Distributions
Programming in Linux

Linux Bible 2010 Edition walks you through the details of the various Linux distributions and updates you on the latest networking, desktop, and server enhancements.

From the Back Cover
Voted one of the five "Favorite Linux Books of All Time" by readers of Linux Journal!
Try out 18 different Linux distributions to see which one is right for you.
Many Internet sites you visit or gadgets you use are run by Linux systems. Now you can try out Linux on your own PC! Run Linux live or install it side by side with your Windows® or Mac OS® system. This book includes step-by-step instructions and software to use Linux as a desktop, server, or programmer's workstation.
Move to software freedom and find the right Linux for your home, school, small business,
or enterprise.

Install and use the latest Linux systems for desktops and servers
Access free and open source software for e-mail, Web browsing, and games
Launch all your music, video, images, and documents in Linux
Set up your own print, file, e-mail, and Web servers
Get a stable and secure system using Linux firewall and security tools
Create your own cool apps with useful programming tools

Download Unix and Linux: Visual Quick Start Guide (2009)

2010-04-18T18:38:00.007+03:00

Download Unix and Linux: Visual QuickStart Guide, 4th Edition

Deborah S. Ray, Eric J. Ray

Peachpit Press | 2009 | ISBN: 0321636783 | 408 pages | PDF | 2,9 MB

With Unix, 4th Edition: Visual QuickStart Guide, readers can start from the beginning to get a tour of the Unix operating system, or look up specific tasks to learn just what they need to know.

This task-based, visual reference guide uses step-by-step instructions and plenty of screenshots, and includes three years worth of new material based on the latest Unix developments.

This reference guide details all Unix commands and options along with tips that put those commands in context. Leading Unix authorities Deborah S. Ray and Eric J. Ray leverage their expertise as technical writers and working in the industry (Sun Microsystems) as they take readers step-by-step through the most common Unix commands and options.

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Online Help Red Hat Enterprise Linux Documentation

2010-04-10T08:56:00.005+03:00

Online Help Red Hat Enterprise Linux Documentation

The Internet is the best place to get documentation for any distribution of Linux. There are dedicated websites and online forums that help Linux users with specific distributions or Linux in general. Documentation for commercial distributions is available in their respective official websites. These include the release notes of different versions and updates, the deployment guide, the installation guide, and the virtualization guide. For example, the Red Hat documentation can be accessed from the URL, http://www.redhat.com/docs/manuals/enterprise

Docs Manuals include Release Notes, Technical Notes, all architectures, Installation Guide, Deployment Guide, Cluster Administration, LVM Administrator's Guide and Global File System.

Update RH033_Red Hat Linux Essentials Book

2010-04-08T20:53:00.003+03:00

Update RH033_Red Hat Linux Essentials Book

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RedHat Enterprise 5 Update 5 x86/x64 downlaod DVD

2010-04-05T18:16:00.007+03:00

Download DVD RedHat Enterprise 5 Update 5 x86/x64

Redhat Enterprise Linux V5 UPDATE 5 x86/x64 DVD | 3.31GB

Red Hat Enterprise Linux solutions, in combination with other Red Hat technologies-such as JBoss middleware solutions - provide the easy, no-risk path to open source cost savings. Use commodity hardware. Interoperate easily with existing UNIX and Windows infrastructure. Deploy applications you know and trust. Reduce system administration costs through high server/admin ratios and desktop-to-mainframe consistency. Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5, originally released in March 2007, contains more than 1,200 components covering a broad range of functionality. Red Hat Enterprise Linux provides CIOs and IT managers with the means to reduce costs while improving operational flexibility throughout their computing infrastructure.

Features:

Virtualization with Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5
* Virtualization is provided in all Red Hat Enterprise Linux server products and is optionally available for desktop products
* Storage and extended server virtualization are provided with Red Hat Enterprise Linux Advanced Platform
* Red Hat Network supports virtualized guest operating systems
* virt-manager, libvirt/virsh management tools are available for single system or scripted virtualization management
* Integration with Red Hat Enterprise Virtualization is available for enterprise virtualization management

Kernel and performance
* Currently in update 4
* Based on the Linux 2.6.18 kernel
* Optimized for multi-core processors
* Continued hardware support for maximum flexibility
* Development and performance tools, including SystemTap
* advanced I/O performance and virtualization technologies, such as SRIOV
* Large SMP support for both physical and virtual systems
* IPv4/IPv6 fragmentation offload and buffer management
* Dynamically switchable per-queue I/O schedulers
* Kernel buffer splice capability for improved I/O buffer operations

Packaging
Servers:
* Red Hat Enterprise Linux Advanced Platform
* Red Hat Enterprise Linux
* View server comparison chart

Desktops:
* Red Hat Enterprise Linux Desktop
* View desktop comparison chart

Security
* SELinux enhancements include Multi-Level Security and targeted policies for all services
* SEtroubleshooter GUI simplifies SELinux management
* Integrated directory and security capabilities
* IPSEC enhancements improve security and performance
* ExecShield enhancements, such as a call frame Canary word, strengthen hacker defenses
* New Audit features provide powerful new search/reporting and real-time monitoring

Networking & interoperability
* Network storage enhancements include Autofs, FS-Cache, and iSCSI support
* IPv6 support and conformance enhancements
* Improved Microsoft® file/print and Active Directory integration, including support for Windows

Desktop
* Desktop enhancements include updated configuration tools, applications, and laptop support
* Foundational Stateless Linux features (X autoconfigure, NetworkManager, etc.)
* Improved ACPI support with features such as suspend to disk
* Smart card login - with PKI/Kerberos authentication
* Integrated multimedia support
* Enhanced plug and play hardware support (cameras, printers, scanners, etc.)
* Network Manager provides automatic wired and wireless network configuration
* Enhanced graphics using AIGLX/Compiz (with fading, transparency, etc.)

Development environment
* Enhanced application development tools including SystemTap profiler and Frysk debugger
* GCC 4.1 and glibc 2.5 toolchain

Storage
* Support for root device multipath IO (MPIO) improves availability
* Single system/guest version of Red Hat Global File System included in the base server product
* Block device data encryption support

Management
* Numerous installer improvements make system configuration simpler
* Yum/Pup-based updater for Red Hat Network
* Conga cluster and storage management (with Advanced Platform)
* Integrated support with Satellite server

Release Info
supplier.....: TEAM HOT
release date.: 04/03/2010
type.........: Linux
format.......: ISO
files........: 1DVD

Homepage: http://www.redhat.com/rhel/

Redhat.Enterprise.Linux.V5.UPDATE.5.X86_64.DVD-HOTiSO

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Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5.5 Released; RHEL 6 Coming Soon

2010-04-05T18:12:00.004+03:00

Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5.5 Released; RHEL 6 Coming Soon

Red Hat is updating its flagship Linux server, Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL), to version 5.5 providing performance and feature improvements.

The new Red Hat (NYSE:RHT) release takes advantage of the latest Intel and AMD processors as well as advancements in virtualization and Windows interoperability. The release of RHEL 5.5 comes as Red Hat is about to begin to ramp up its next generation Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 platform.

"We overlap on our releases as it takes many years to produce the new version - RHEL 6 - which is currently in development," Tim Burke, vice president of platform engineering at Red Hat, told InternetNews.com. "Within the coming month we'll have our beta release of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6."

Burke added that Red Hat will have some additional announcements on RHEL 6 likely coming out of their Red Hat Summit event in June. RHEL 6 will be the first major version update for Red Hat since the first release of RHEL 5 in 2007.

There is still lots of life left in the RHEL 5 platform though with a new point update to RHEL 5.5 now available. RHEL 5.5 has been in public beta testing since last month. The 5.5 update is the first update to RHEL in 2010; the RHEL 5.4 release came out in September of 2009.

One of the biggest new items in RHEL 5.5 according to Burke is hardware enablement for the latest Intel Westmere and AMD Opteron 6000platforms.

"The hardware is of nominal value until you've got the software to enable it and that's what really shines in RHEL 5.5," Burke said. "We've done a huge number of scalability enhancements for both bare metal and virtualization environments."

In RHEL 5.5, Red Hat has improved workload processor scheduling to ensure that the required number of processor cores is being used. Burke added that Red Hat also focuses on I/O optimization in RHEL 5.5 which makes a difference for virtualization.

"In the past, a lot of workloads were not well suited for virtualization because the overhead incurred from an I/O operation could be as much as 30 percent," Burke said. "But because of a lot of the new hardware capabilities that we've been able to optimize in RHEL 5.5, overhead for I/O bound workloads is now down to only 5 percent, so that opens up broad diversity of workload types that can on virtualization."

Part of the I/O improvements come by way of support for Single Root I/O Virtualization (SR-IOV). Burke explained that SR-IOV provides KVM virtual machines with an improved ability to share hardware-bound PCI hardware resources.

New Run-Time Memory Allocation Feature

Virtualization also gets a boost by way of a new run-time memory allocation feature for RHEL 5.5's KVM virtualization guests. Burke said that when an administrator has multiple virtual guests on the same system there is a need to make sure that no one guest can monopolize all of the physical memory. With the new feature, memory can be allocated based on need, policy and availability.

In RHEL 5.5, Red Hat has also improved interoperability with Microsoft's Windows 7, though Burke was quick to note that the interoperability did not come by way of any deal with Microsoft. Rival Linux vendor Novell has a three year old agreement with Microsoft on interoperability and intellectual property related issues. The improved RHEL 5.5 interoperability involved the use of the open source Samba project which enables file and print services sharing between Windows and Linux.

"There is no special business deal related to Window interoperability," Burke said. "It's all work that we have pulled in with Samba and is done purely in the context of the upstream Samba development community of which Red Hat has several key contributors."

Sean Michael Kerner is a senior editor at InternetNews.com, the news service of Internet.com, the network for technology professionals.

Source :http://www.serverwatch.com/news/article.php/3873916/Red-Hat-Enterprise-Linux-55-Released-RHEL-6-Coming-Soon.htm