ALL ABOUT PHARMACY

Watch WWE Wrestlemania 2011 Part 27th Online (FREE) on WWEspot.com

noreply@blogger.com (Anrique) — Mon, 21 Mar 2011 07:38:00 +0000

Most awaited WWE event of the Year is finally coming on 3rd April 2011. You can watch upcoming mega event WWE Wrestlemania 2011 online on WWEspot.com for Free. WWEspot is a very popular and free source to watch wwe events online for free.

Some good Facts about WWEspot.com :

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Moreover, you can watch every Smack-down and Monday night RAW online in high quality on WWEspot without paying a single penny. WWEspot usually update its fans on their Facebook Fan Page about any new event uploaded on website, also by sending emails if you have subscribed to their email list. Again you will never receive a spam email, they only send event updates.

Due to its simplicity, it became popular among WWE fans within a short period time. According to the stats, WWEspot is now the first choice of 150,000 WWE fans to watch WWE events online. This number is increasing by 30% each month.

So Bookmark this website and watch WWE Wrestlemania 2011 (Part 27th) online for free on 3rd April 2011 on WWEspot.com.

Symbol of Indian Currency (INR) and Font

noreply@blogger.com (Anrique) — Sun, 18 Jul 2010 11:23:00 +0000

As we all know by July 16th 2010, a symbol of Indian Currency have been introduced. As we can see there are symbols for Dollar, Pound, Euro, Yen and other currencies. Indian currency will also be having its identity worldwide.

On the left is shown symbol of Indian Rupee, known as Rs. or INR worldwide. The design was chosen by conducting a competition in India where 5 signs were shortlisted and the final design chosen is designed by a teacher at one of IIT. His name is Mr. Udaya Kumar.

According to the government officials, efforts are underway to include the symbol in Unicode directory such that printing, representation, and processing of the currency symbol is made easy. Ambika Soni, India's information and broadcasting minister, said that the symbol would be incorporated in all software system including keyboards and mobile handsets.

Indian Currency Symbol Font

The font for the word precessors have already available now for you to download so that you can use Indian Currency symbol in your computer.

Click here to download the font and following are the instructions for using it.

Step 1 : Download the file from above link and place it in "Fonts" folder, For Windows Vista and Windows 7 : Control Panel> Appearance and Personalization > Fonts

Step 2 : Start using it :)
- Open your word processor and select "Rupee" font from dropbox.
- Use the " ` " key that is just above "tab" key, this will show our new rupee symbol.
- You can print it . :)

[Note - It will not work on your friends computer if you email this file if they don't have font installed.]

Soumyadip is the first to create a font with Indian Rupee symbol font. Now many companies have launched it. You can use it. Leave comment if you have any questions. Enjoy.

PHARMACY

noreply@blogger.com (Anrique) — Sun, 30 Sep 2007 02:25:00 +0000

Pharmacy (from the Greek φάρμακον = drug) is the health profession that links the health sciences with the chemical sciences, and it is charged with ensuring the safe use of medication. The scope of pharmacy practice includes more traditional roles such as compounding and dispensing medications on the orders of physicians, and it also includes more modern services related to patient care, including clinical services, reviewing medications for safety and efficacy, and providing drug information. Pharmacists, therefore, are experts on drug therapy and are the primary health professionals who optimize medication use to provide patients with positive health outcomes.

Disciplines
The field of Pharmacy can generally be divided into three primary disciplines:
1) Pharmaceutics
2) Medicinal chemistry and Pharmacognosy
3) Pharmacy practice

The boundaries between these disciplines and with other sciences, such as biochemistry, are not always clear-cut; and often, collaborative teams from various disciplines research together. Pharmacology is sometimes considered a fourth discipline of pharmacy. Although pharmacology is essential to the study of pharmacy, it is not specific to pharmacy. Therefore it is usually considered to be a field of the broader sciences.

There are various specialties of pharmacy practice. Specialization in pharmacy practice is typically based on the place of practice or practice roles including: community, hospital, clinical pharmacy, consultant, locum, drug information, regulatory affairs, industry, and academia.
Other specializations in pharmacy practice recognized by the Board of Pharmaceutical Specialties include: cardiovascular, infectious disease, oncology, pharmacotherapy, nuclear, nutrition, and psychiatry. The Commission for Certification in Geriatric Pharmacy certifies pharmacists in geriatric pharmacy practice. The American Board of Applied Toxicology certifies pharmacists and other medical professionals in applied toxicology.

Pharmacy practice

Pharmacy practice is the discipline of pharmacy which involves developing the professional roles of pharmacists.
Areas of pharmacy practice include:

Disease-state management

Clinical interventions (refusal to dispense a drug, recommendation to change and/or add a drug to a patient's pharmacotherapy, dosage adjustments, etc.)

Professional development

Pharmaceutical care

Extemporaneous pharmaceutical compounding

Communication skills

Health psychology

Patient care

Drug abuse prevention

Prevention of drug interactions, including drug-drug interactions or drug-food interactions

Prevention (or minimization) of adverse events

Incompatibility

Drug discovery and evaluation

Detect pharmacotherapy-related problems, such as:

The patient is taking a drug which he/she does not need.

The patient is taking a drug for a specific disease, other than one afflicting the patient.

The patient needs a drug for a specific disease, but is not receiving it.

The patient is taking a drug underdosed.

The patient is taking a drug overdosed.

The patient is having an adverse effect to a specific drug.

The patient is suffering from a drug interaction.

The future of pharmacy

In the coming decades, pharmacists are expected to become more integral within the health care system. Rather than simply dispensing medication, pharmacists will be paid for their patient care skills.

This paradigm shift has already commenced in some countries; for instance, pharmacists in Australia receive remuneration from the Australian Government for conducting comprehensive Home Medicines Reviews. In the United Kingdom, pharmacists (and nurses) who undertake additional training are obtaining prescribing rights. They are also being paid for by the government for medicine use reviews. In the United States, the Clinical pharmacy movement has had an evolving influence on the practice of pharmacy. Moreover, the Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm.D.) degree is now required before entering practice and many pharmacists now complete one or two years of residency training following graduation. In addition, consultant pharmacists, who traditionally operated primarily in nursing homes are now expanding into direct consultation with patients, under the banner of "senior care pharmacy."

PHARMACIST

noreply@blogger.com (Anrique) — Sun, 30 Sep 2007 01:58:00 +0000

Pharmacists are health professionals who practice the art and science of pharmacy. In their traditional role, pharmacists typically take a request for medicines from a prescribing health care provider in the form of a medical prescription and dispense the medication to the patient and counsel them on the proper use and adverse effects of that medication. In this role, pharmacists ensure the safe and effective use of medications. Pharmacists also participate in disease state management, where they optimise and monitor drug therapy – often in collaboration with physicians and/or other health professionals. Pharmacists have many areas of expertise and are a critical source of medical knowledge in clinics, hospitals, and community pharmacies throughout the world.
Pharmacists are sometimes small-business owners, owning the pharmacy in which they practice. They are also very skilled and specialized individuals with specific knowledge that makes them a vital part of any healthcare team. They act as a learned intermediary between patients and other healthcare providers to ensure that proper medical therapy is chosen and implemented in the best way possible.

Pharmacists are sometimes referred to as chemists (or dispensing chemists), which sometimes causes confusion with scientists in the field of chemistry. This term is a historical one, since pharmacists originally were required to complete an undergraduate degree in Pharmaceutical Chemistry (PhC) and were known as "Pharmaceutical Chemists".

Skills and roles

Pharmacists are exceptionally trained in medicine-related fields including pharmacology, chemistry, pharmaceutical chemistry, pharmacy practice (including drug interactions, medicine monitoring, medication management), pharmaceutics, pharmacy law, physiology, anatomy, biochemistry, kinetics, nephrology, hepatology, and compounding medications. Additional curriculum covers basic diagnosis with emphasis on disease state management, therapeutics and prescribing (selecting the most appropriate medication for a given patient).
Pharmacists are often the first point-of-contact for patients with health inquiries. This means that pharmacists have large roles in the primary care of patients. These roles may include, but are not limited to:

clinical medication management

the assessment of patients with undiagnosed or diagnosed conditions and for decisions about the clinical management required, including prescribing

Specialized monitoring of simple and complex disease states

reviewing medication regimens

monitoring of treatment regimens

general health monitoring

Compounding medicines

general health advice

providing specific education to patients about disease states and medications

oversight of dispensing medicines on prescription

provision of non-prescription medicines

counseling and advice on optimal use of medicines

advice and treatment of common ailments

referral to other health professionals if necessary

dosing drugs in renal and hepatic failure

pharmacokinetic evaluation

education of physicians and other healthcare providers on medications and their proper use

prescribing medications in collaboration with other healthcare professionals

Providing pharmaceutical information

promoting public health by administering immunization

Qualifications and registration

The basic requirement for pharmacists to be considered for registration is an undergraduate or postgraduate Pharmacy degree from a recognized university. In most countries this involves a four-year course to attain a Bachelor of Pharmacy (BPharm) degree. However, in the United States, to become a registered pharmacist, students graduating after Jan 1, 2003, must complete a Doctor of Pharmacy degree, which requires completion of four years at an accredited college of pharmacy (most students applying for admission into a college of pharmacy already have an undergraduate degree, however, many schools admit students after completion of 2 years of undergraduate pharmacy prerequisites or directly from highschool into a six-year accelerated program). In the United States, a Bachelor of Science (BPharm) degree in Pharmacy will not be sufficient to become a licensed or registered pharmacist in any state. Any college graduate who has graduated on or prior to Jan 1, 2003, is grandfathered and can register; however, new students after Jan 1, 2003, must complete the Doctor of Pharmacy program or PharmD. Typically it takes 183 credits to graduate in the United States as a Doctor of Pharmacy in most accredited colleges of pharmacy.

To practice as a pharmacist, the person must be registered with the relevant statutory body, which governs the registration and practice of pharmacy within the territory of its jurisdiction. There is often a requirement for the pharmacy graduate to have completed a certain number of hours of experience in a pharmacy, under the supervision of a registered pharmacist. The statutory body will usually administer a written and oral examination to the prospective pharmacist prior to registration.

Australia
In Australia a pharmacist must complete an undergraduate four-year Bachelor of Pharmacy course followed by an internship and independent examinations set by resepective state registration boards. In addition, graduates are required to complete an approved graduate training course for that state, for example the Pharmacist Graduate Training Course (PGTC) offered by the Pharmaceutical Society of Australia . There is the option of a postgraduate two-year Master of Pharmacy (MPharm) course for those with undergraduate science degree background.
Pharmacists are registered by Pharmacy Boards in individual states such as the Pharmacy Board of Victoria. In Western Australia, pharmacists are registered by the Pharmaceutical Council of Western Australia. Individual states have differing requirements for pharmacy graduates for registration, but generally graduates are required to complete approximately one year of practice under the supervision of a registered pharmacist. In addition, graduates are required to complete an approved graduate training course for that state, for example the Pharmacist Graduate Training Course (PGTC) offered by the Pharmaceutical Society of Australia NSW Branch is required in New South Wales. On meeting these requirements, graduates are eligible to sit the registration examination which may involve both written and oral components.

Chile
In Chile, students must study six years to become pharmacists. The best school of pharmacy is at Universidad de Chile, in Santiago de Chile. Chilean pharmacist are very high skilled professionals, prepared not only to dispense and be able to work at clinical and communitary pharmacy, but in Pharmaceutical, Food and Cosmetic industry too at every level, including drug development (a Degree is needed here), manufacturing, management, marketing, etc., due to the very strong scientific preparation they receive, including engineering and pharmaceutical technology topics. The official title for pharmacists in Chile is Químico Farmacéutico (Chemist and Pharmacist), and their degree is Licenciado en Ciencias Químicas y farmacéuticas (Bachelor in Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences).

Denmark
The pharmacist (Danish: farmaceut) education in Denmark takes place at the Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences at the University of Copenhagen.
The Bachelor of Pharmacy (BPharm) degree (Danish: bachelor i farmaci) takes 3 years. The Master of Pharmacy (MPharm) degree (Danish: cand.pharm.) takes 2 more years — a total of 5 years. To work as a pharmacist in a Danish pharmacy a MPharm degree is requested.
After graduation as a pharmacist (MPharm), you can begin the 3 year Doctor of Pharmacy (DPharm) education programme (Danish: dr.pharm.).
Beside the pharmacists, in Denmark there's another professional group with a pharmaceutical tertiary higher education — i.e. the pharmaconomists (experts in pharmaceuticals) whose education takes place at The Danish College of Pharmacy Practice.

France
In France, a six-year PharmD (called "Diplôme d'Etat de Docteur en Pharmacie") must be completed. At the end of these 6 years, young pharmacists can choose to pass a competitive examination: If they succeed, the few students chosen can then follow a four-year post-graduate specialty (like Physician). It is a pharmaceutical residency called "Internat en Pharmacie". During this residency, pharmacists specialized in Laboratory Medicine called "Biologie médicale" or in Hospital Pharmacy.

Greece
In Greece, a five-year University course must be completed. This course is offered by the University of Athens, the University of Thessaloniki and the University of Patras. The course comprises 4 years of theory and laboratory practice and a 5th year of compulsory, full-time in-service training in a community pharmacy and the pharmaceutical department of a hospital. An additional trimester placement in a pharmaceutical industry is also an option, however it does not count towards the acquisition of the license to practice. Upon successful completion of the course, a Degree in Pharmacy is awarded.
The pharmacy graduate may pursue a career in the industry after graduation. A career in this field does not require a license to practice pharmacy. However, pharmacists wishing to open a pharmacy, work in hospitals or in the National Organization of Medicines must first successfully participate in board examinations organized by the Greek Ministry of Health, in order to obtain a License to Practice Pharmacy.

New Zealand
In New Zealand, as with other western nations, a four year BPharm must be completed, followed by an internship at a pharmacy (Community, Hospital, Industry &/or University). Pharmacists are registered with the Pharmacy Council and must meet competence standards as set by the Pharmaceutical Society Of New Zealand. The degree can be taken at University Of Otago in Dunedin and University Of Auckland in Auckland. The School of Pharmacy is divided into three main sections of research focus. These are:
Division of Pharmacy Practice: Focussed on the inter-relationship between pharmacists and the communities they serve. Division of Phamaceutical Sciences: Focussed on the molecular mechanism and biological basis of drug development. Division of Pharmacotherapy: Focussed on the application and effects of pharmaceuticals in clinical settings.
Postgraduate studies include diplomas, Masters, PhD and DPharm. which may be clinical, practice or pharmaceutical specialties.

Republic of Ireland
In the Republic of Ireland, a 4-year BPharm/BSc Pharm degree must be completed followed by one year of post-registration training. The one year of post registration training must be undertaken in a pharmacy approved by the Pharmaceutical Society of Ireland and under the supervision of a Tutor Pharmacist who has received further training for this role. Trinity College, Dublin was the only university offering the BPharm course in the Irish Republic until recently. In 2003 two new Schools of Pharmacy were opened. A Pharmacy department was created at University College, Cork on the southern coast of Ireland as well as another Pharmacy school in the Irish capital, Dublin. (Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland)

Spain
In Spain, the Degree in Pharmacy (called licenciatura en farmacia) is consisting of 5 years. Last one is divided into two semesters, first one is similar as previous years (theory and laboratory practice) but second one is a full-time in-service training in a community pharmacy or at the pharmaceutical department of a hospital. This estructure is changing by another according to European Higher Education Area's System.
After obtaining degree certificate, there is the chance of opening a pharmacy sitting an examination in order to achieve a license. There is also the chance of postgraduate programs as Masters (Industry, Consultant pharmacist, phytotherapy, etc.) and Doctorates and of carrying hospital specialty programs out (FIR or farmacéutico interno-residente, pharmacist intern-resident) by means of an examination like medical specialties (MIR). These specialties are: "Hospital pharmacist", "Clinical microbiology and parasitology", "Clinical biochemistry", "Clinical immunology", "Clinical analysis", "Radiopharmacy" and "Drug and medicines' control and analysis".
There are 15 universities with licenciatura in Pharmacy in Spain, three of them are private universities.

Thailand
In Thailand, there are currently two kinds of programs for Pharmacy studies.1) a regular 5 years program - Bachelor of Pharmacy2) a 6 years program - Pharm D.
The universities in Thailand still base their teachings on the regular 5 years program while preparing itself to be ready for the 6 years Pharm D. program. Anyone graduating with B. Pharm can take extra 2 years course to complete Pharm. D.

United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, integration with the European Union has resulted in the BPharm and BSc courses being superseded by a four-year course for the qualification Master of Pharmacy (MPharm). In Great Britain the Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain is responsible for regulation of pharmacy affairs and in Northern Ireland it is the Pharmaceutical Society of Northern Ireland. Graduates must complete one year of practical training and pass a registration examination before they can be entered on the register of pharmacists, known as the register of pharmaceutical chemists.
Please see the List of schools of pharmacy in the United Kingdom which offer the MPharm course.
Pharmacists registered in other countries can also register in the UK. Overseas pharmacists are required to undertake the Overseas Pharmacists Assessment Programme (OSPAP), a one year intensive course focused on pharmacy practice in Great Britain. OSPAP authorisation can be given by the Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain and the course is undertaken either the University of Sunderland, Aston University or the University of Brighton. However, pharmacists that have obtained their qualifications and are registered in other countries of the European Economic Area can register with the Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain without undergoing additional or pre-registration training.
Pharmacists in the UK can now be accredited to perform a number of enhanced services. These include but are not limited to Medicine Use Reviews (MUR's) and Patient Group Directives (where certain prescription only medicines can be sold by the pharmacist for indications of hair retention, weight loss and erectile dysfunction).
The titles Pharmacist, Pharmaceutical Chemist and Pharmaceutist are legally protected in the United Kingdom[8]. They can only be used by individuals that are registered with the Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain ; any other users are guilty of a criminal offence.

United States
Traditionally in the United States, the Bachelor of Pharmacy was the first-professional degree for pharmacy practice. However, in 1990, the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy (AACP) mandated that a Doctor of Pharmacy would be the new first-professional degree beginning with the class of 2006.

Admissions
Today, individuals seeking to become pharmacists must first complete a pre-pharmacy undergraduate program. This program consists of a minimum of 60-70 semester credit hours (90-100 quarter credit hours) of undergraduate coursework in basic and advanced sciences; however, many students find completion of a four year program (between 120-130 semester credit hours) leading to a Bachelor of Science degree in biology, chemistry, or a similar field enhances their chances of admission. In addition, a PCAT (Pharmacy College Admission Test) score is required at most colleges and schools of pharmacy. Additional requirements for entry may include essays, references, an interview or participation in other on-campus activities.

Professional Coursework
After admission, a student will typically complete a four year pharmacy program, although some schools offer accelerated three year programs. The curriculum typically begins with courses in physiology and pathophysiology, medicinal chemistry, pharmacognosy, pharmacology and toxicology. Once a student is proficient in these core pharmaceutical sciences, instruction in evidence based therapeutic application of pharmacologic agents begins. Aside from usage of agents, students are taught to recognize and assess risk factors for disease, interpret clinical data and recognize interactions of drugs and disease states.
While most schools teach the core science courses separately, some schools take a systems-based approach, teaching all of the material from physiology to therapeutics for a particular body system before moving on to another. Augmenting the pharmaceutical sciences, courses in ethics, management, pharmacy law, communications, public health and advocacy are taught throughout the professional program.
In addition to didactic work, students of pharmacy are required to have practice experience. These experiences are generally directed by the school, conducted under the supervision of a preceptor and are intended to complement work done in the classroom. The final year of most programs consists entirely of practice experience. Successful completion of the practice experience objectives may yield academic credit and satisfy state pharmacy board requirements for internship.
Upon completion of all professional curriculum and practice experiences, the student will graduate and be awarded the Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD) degree and typically seek licensure by examination.

Licensure
Pharmacists must be licensed by the state pharmacy board of the state in which they wish to practice, with one exception: A pharmacist with an active license may practice in a federal facility regardless of the state which issued the license.
In order to obtain an initial license, or license by examination, a candidate must have graduated from an AACP accredited school or college of pharmacy, satisfy requirements for internship, write and pass the North American Pharmacist Licensure Examination (NAPLEX), in some states write and pass the Multi-state Pharmacy Jurisprudence Exam (MPJE) and sometimes an additional state exam. Upon licensure, one may then be designated "Pharmacist" or "Registered Pharmacist" ("R.Ph."), as usage of these titles are generally regulated by state governments
A pharmacist in good standing may reciprocate an active licensure by examination to another state. Typically the requirements for licensure by reciprocity are less intensive and may require as little as passing an additional law exam.
After obtaining a license, it must be periodically renewed by completing continuing education and other requirements as prescribed by the state of licensure.

Post-Graduate Work
A new pharmacy graduate may choose to complete an optional post-graduate residency (one to three years) rather than entering directly into pharmacy practice. A pharmacy residency consists of one to two years of general residency and one to two years of specialized residency. Residencies allow a graduate to further hone their clinical skills in a structured environment.

Specialities

Practice specialisation

Specialties exist within the pharmacy profession, with the place of occupation being the major differentiator. Specialities include:

Academic pharmacist
Clinical pharmacist (consisting of many subspecialities such as Pediatrics, Geriatrics, etc.)

Community pharmacist

Compounding pharmacist

Consultant pharmacist

Drug information pharmacist

Home Health pharmacist

Hospital pharmacist

Industrial pharmacist

Nuclear Pharmacist

Regulatory-affairs pharmacist

Veterinary pharmacist

Specialty practice accreditation

United States
In the United States, a pharmacist can become certified in recognized specialty practice areas by passing an examination administered by one of several credentialing boards.
The Board of Pharmaceutical Specialties certifies pharmacists in five specialties:-

Nuclear pharmacy

Nutrition support pharmacy

Oncology pharmacy

Pharmacotherapy, which has two subspecialties:
(i) Cardiology
(ii) Infectious disease

Psychiatric pharmacy

The Commission for Certification in Geriatric Pharmacy certifies pharmacists in geriatrics specialty practice.

The American Board of Applied Toxicology [10] certifies pharmacists and other medical professionals in applied toxicology.

Australia
In Australia, accreditation exists only for certain specialties and is provided by professional bodies for the following:

Consultant Pharmacist (AACPA), by the Australian Association of Consultant Pharmacy (AACP)

Certified Geriatric Pharmacist (CGP), by the Commission for Certification in Geriatric Pharmacy in conjunction with the Society of Hospital Pharmacists of Australia

France

Biological pharmacist

Clinical pharmacist

Consultant pharmacist

A consultant pharmacist is a specialized pharmacist who focuses on reviewing and managing the medication regimens of patients, particularly those in institutional settings such as nursing homes.

Consultant pharmacists are medication therapy experts who take responsibility for their patients’ medication-related needs; ensure that their patients’ medications are the most appropriate, the most effective, the safest possible, and are used correctly; and identify, resolve, and prevent medication-related problems that may interfere with the goals of therapy. Consultant pharmacists manage and improve drug therapy and improve the quality of life of the senior population and other individuals residing in a variety of environments, including hospitals, nursing facilities, subacute care and assisted living facilities, psychiatric hospitals, hospice care, and home- and community-based care.

The primary association representing consultant pharmacists in the United States is the American Society of Consultant Pharmacists, though several other pharmacy associations also represent consultant pharmacists in various respects. The Australian Association of Consultant Pharmacy is the body in Australia which accredits pharmacists. This allows the pharmacist to be remunerated by the Australian government for conducting medication reviews for residents of aged care facilities and people in their homes.
Unlike retail pharmacists and hospital pharmacists, most consultant pharmacists generally own their own practice or work for one of a handful of specialized pharmacy companies, the largest of which is Omnicare. Many consultant pharmacists do not even dispense drugs, and in many ways they resemble physicians more than the traditional concept of a retail pharmacist.

Veterinary Pharmacist

Pharmacists who have a love for animals may want to consider working as a veterinary pharmacist. The Society of Veterinary Hospital Pharmacists (SVHP)[2] and the American College of Veterinary Pharmacists (ACVP)[3] provide information on special training and certification.

ACVP was established to support the efforts of independent pharmacists in developing and strengthening the services they provide for veterinarians. The group provides educational materials and programs, serves as an information resource, and provides networking opportunities for members. Veterinary pharmacists need specialized training in veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics, and they must have continuing education credits in veterinary disease states. In addition to general educational programs, ACVP offers specialty veterinary compounding courses and programs in advanced canine and feline therapeutics. Veterinary pharmacists must be proficient at compounding, which is a key service for animal patients.
In fact, many medications made for humans must be adapted for use in animals, said Kathleen M. Taylor, RPh, FACVP, a veterinary pharmacist at Animal Pharm, Scituate, Massachusetts. She once got a call from a Boston museum about a tamarin monkey who had a bad infection. The monkey was refusing to take its antibiotic, until Taylor produced a marshmallow flavored version.

Dosing for small or very large animals can also be complex, Taylor said. Another common modification involves changing a drug from an oral to a transdermal form.
"Veterinarians rely heavily on my drug knowledge and on my keeping abreast of current treatments of choice for animals," Taylor said. "Most veterinarians have had only one course in pharmacology, and they need our help and ask for it frequently."

Veterinary pharmacists especially enjoy the ability to interact with customers and their pets.
"Nothing makes me happier than when customers come in skeptical about their dog or cat taking a medicated treat, only to have them call the next day telling me how easy it is to medicate their pets!" Taylor said. "It's a very rewarding pharmacy career."

PHARMACY SCHOOLS

noreply@blogger.com (Anrique) — Fri, 28 Sep 2007 01:44:00 +0000

Argentina

National University of Buenos Aires - Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistr
National University of Cordoba - Department of Pharmacy
John F. Kennedy University of Argentina - School of Pharmacy
National University of La Plata - Department of Biological Sciences
National University of San Luis - Faculty of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmacy

Australia

Australian College of Pharmacy Practice and Management
Charles Sturt University - School of Biomedical
Curtin University of Technology - School of Pharmacy
Griffith University - School of Pharmacy
Latrobe University
Monash University - Victorian College of Pharmacy
Queensland University of Technology - School of Life Science, Faculty of Science
University of Queensland - School of Pharmacy
University of South Australia - School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences
University of Sydney - Faculty of Pharmacy
University of Tasmania - Tasmanian School of Pharmacy

Austria

University of Graz - Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck - Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
University of Vienna - Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry

Bangladesh

Public universities

University of Dhaka - Faculty of Pharmacy
University of Rajshahi - Department of Pharmacy
Jahangirnagar University - Department of Pharmacy

Private universities

North South University - Department of Pharmacy
East West University - Department of Pharmacy
Stamford University - Faculty of Pharmacy
University of Asia Pacific - Faculty of Pharmacy
University of Science and Technology - Faculty of Pharmacy

Belgium

University of Antwerp - Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
Free University of Brussels - Institute of Pharmacy
Vrije Universiteit Brussel - Faculty of Pharmacy
Ghent University - Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology
Catholic University of Leuven - Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences
Catholic University of Louvain - School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science

Bosnia and Herzegovina

University of Sarajevo - Faculty of Pharmacy
University of Tuzla - Faculty of Pharmacy

Brazil

University of Blumenau - School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry
Pontificia Catholic University of Campinas - School of Pharmacy
University of Cuiaba - Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences
University of Estadual Paulista - Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences
Federal University of Juiz de Fora - Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry
Universidade Luterana do Brasil - School of Pharmacy
Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul - Department of Pharmacy and Biochemistry
Federal University of Minas Gerais - Faculty of Pharmacy
Federal University of Para - Department of Pharmacy
University of Estadual de Ponta Grossa - School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry
Pontificia Catholic University of Parana - Faculty of Pharmacy
University of Passo Fundo - Faculty of Pharmacy
Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul State - School of Pharmacy
University of São Paulo - Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences
Federal University of Bahia - Faculty of Pharmacy
Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto - Escola de Farmácia

Bulgaria

Medical University of Sofia - Faculty of Pharmacy

Canada

Dalhousie University - College of Pharmacy
Memorial University of Newfoundland - School of Pharmacy
Université de Montréal - Faculté de pharmacie
Université Laval - Faculté de pharmacie
University of Alberta - Faculty of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences
University of British Columbia - Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences
University of Manitoba - Faculty of Pharmacy
University of Saskatchewan - College of Pharmacy and Nutrition
University of Toronto - Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy
University of Waterloo - School of Pharmacy

China

Beijing Medical University - School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
China Pharmaceutical University
Guangdong College of Pharmacy - Department of Pharmacy
Guilin Medical College - Department of Pharmacy
Guiyang Medical College - Department of Pharmacy
Hebei Medical College - Department of Pharmacy
Hunan Medical Specific School - Department of Pharmacy
Inner Mongolia Medical College - Department of Pharmacy
Jiamusi Medical College - Department of Pharmacy
Kaifeng Medical Specific School - Department of Pharmacy
Lanzhou Medical College - Department of Pharmacy
Naval Medical Specific School - Department of Pharmacy
Second Military Medical University - Department of Pharmacy
Second Tianjin Medical College - Department of Pharmacy
Shandong Medical College - Department of Pharmacy
Shanghai Medical University - School of Pharmacy
Shanxi Medical College - Department of Pharmacy
Shenyang College of Pharmacy
Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
Shihezi Medical College - Department of Pharmacy
Tongji Medical University - School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
West China Medical University - School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
Wuhan University - College of Pharmacy
Xian Medical University - School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
Xinjiang Medical College - Department of Pharmacy
Yanbian Medical College - Department of Pharmacy
Zhejiang Medical University - Department of Pharmacy

Hong Kong

The Chinese University of Hong Kong - School of Pharmacy

Macao

Macao Polytechnic Institute - School of Health Sciences

Chile

Catholic University of the North - School of Pharmacy
University of Concepción - Faculty of Pharmacy
Pontificia Catholic University of Chile - Faculty of Pharmacy
University of Chile - Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences

Colombia

National University of Colombia - Department of Pharmacy
University of Antioquia - Faculty of Pharmaceutical Chemistry

Costa Rica

University of Costa Rica - Faculty of Pharmacy

Czech Republic

Charles University in Prague - Faculty of Pharmacy

Denmark

Dominican Republic

Central University of Este - School of Pharmacy

Egypt

Ain Shams University - Faculty of Pharmacy
Alexandria University - Faculty of Pharmacy
Al-Minya University - Faculty of Pharmacy
Assiut University - Faculty of Pharmacy
Cairo University - Faculty of Pharmacy
German University in Cairo - Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology
MSA University - Faculty of Pharmacy
Tanta University - Faculty of Pharmacy

Fiji

Fiji School of Medicine - School of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy and Therapeutics

Finland

Åbo Akademi University - Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacy
University of Helsinki - Faculty of Pharmacy
University of Kuopio - Faculty of Pharmacy

France

Auvergne University - Faculty of Pharmacy
University of Bordeaux - Faculty of Pharmacy
University of Caen - Faculty of Pharmacy
University Claude Bernard - Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences
University of Franche-Comte - School of Pharmacy
University of Joseph Fourier - Faculty of Pharmacy
University of Lille 2 - Faculty of Pharmacy
University of Limoges - Faculty of Pharmacy
Louis Pasteur University - Strasbourg 1 - Faculty of Pharmacy
University of the Mediterranean - Faculty of Pharmacy
University of Montpellier - Faculty of Pharmacy
University of Nancy 1 - Faculty of Pharmacy
University of Nantes - Faculty of Pharmacy
University of Paris V: René Descartes - Faculty of Pharmacy
University Paris-Sud 11 - Faculty of Pharmacy
University of Picardie Jules Verne - Faculty of Pharmacy
University of Poitiers - School of Pharmacy
University of Reims - Faculty of Pharmacy
University of Rouen - School of Pharmacy
University of Toulouse 3 - Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences

Germany

Free University of Berlin - Faculty of Pharmacy
Humboldt University of Berlin - Institute of Pharmacy
University of Bonn - Faculty of Pharmacy
Technical University at Brunswick - Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology
Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf - Faculty of Pharmacy
Friedrich-Alexander-University, Erlangen-Nuremberg - Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry
Johann Wolfgang Goethe University of Frankfurt am Main - Department of Pharmacy
Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg - Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy
Ernst Moritz Arndt University of Greifswald - Institute of Pharmacy
Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg - College of Phamacy
University of Hamburg - Pharmacy Institute
University of Heidelberg - Faculty of Pharmacy
University of Kiel - Institute of Pharmacy
University of Leipzig - Institute of Pharmacy
Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz - Institute of Pharmacy
Philipps University of Marburg - Department of Pharmacy
Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich - Institute of Pharmacy
University of Muenster - Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy
University of Regensburg - Institute of Pharmacy
Saarland University - Faculty of Pharmacy
University of Tübingen - Institute of Pharmacy
University of Würzburg - Institute of Pharmacy

Greece

University of Athens - Department of Pharmacy
University of Patras - Department of Pharmacy
Aristotle University of Thessaloniki - Department of Pharmacy

Hungary

Semmelweis University - Faculty of Pharmacy
University of Szeged - Faculty of Pharmacy
University of Pécs - Medical School
University of Debrecen - Medical and Health Science Center

India

Al-Ameen College of Pharmacy
Annamalai University - Department of Pharmacy
A.R.Patel and G.H.Patel Institute of Pharmacy
Baba Isher Singh Institute of Sciences and Technology - College of Pharmacy
Banaras Hindu University - Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering
Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi - Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
Birla Institute of Technology and Sciences - Department of Pharmacy
Bombay College of Pharmacy- Kalina, Mumbai
C.L. Baid Metha College of Pharmacy
Farooqia College of Pharmacy
Guru Jambeshwar University - department of pharmaceutical sciences, hissar, haryana
G. Pulla Reddy College of Pharmacy
Dr Harisingh Gaur University - Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
J. S. S. College of Pharmacy
Jamia Hamdard - Faculty of Pharmacy
Jan Nayak Ch. Devi Lal Pharmacy College
K. B. Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research
K. L. E. Society's College of Pharmacy
Maharashtra University of Health Sciences - Pravara Rural College of Pharmacy
Mahatma Gandhi Vidyamandir's Pharmacy College
Manipal Academy of Higher Education - College of Pharmaceutical Sciences
P. E. Society's Modern College of Pharmacy
National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research
Nitte Gulabi Shetty Memorial Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
Panjab University - Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
PSG College of Pharmacy
Pujnabi University - Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Drug Research
Radharaman College of Pharmacy
R. C. Patel College of Pharmacy
SCSSS's Sitabai Thite College of Pharmacy
St. John's Pharmacy College
Shree S.K. Patel College of Pharmaceutical Education and Research
Sree Siddaganga College of Pharmacy
Sri Ramakrishna Institute of Paramedical Sciences - College of Pharmacy
Srinivas College of Pharmacy
Kakatiya university college of Pharmaceutical Sciences(UCPSc)- warangal

Indonesia

Airlangga University - Faculty of Pharmacy
Bandung Institute of Technology - Department of Pharmacy
Gadjah Mada University - Faculty of Pharmacy
University of Indonesia - Department of Pharmacy
Sri adichunchanigiri college of pharmacy
Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta - Faculty of Pharmacy
University of Surabaya - Faculty of Pharmacy
University of Jenderal Soedirman - Faculty of Pharmacy

Iran

Kerman Medical University - School of Pharmacy
Shaheed Beheshti School of Pharmacy
Shiraz University of Medical Sciences - School of Pharmacy
Tabriz Medical Sciences University - Faculty of Pharmacy
Tehran University of Medical Science - School of Pharmacy

Ireland

Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland - School of Pharmacy
Trinity College, Dublin - School of Pharmacy
University College Cork - School of Pharmacy

Israel

Hebrew University of Jerusalem - School of Pharmacy
Ben-Gurion University of the Negev - School of Pharmacy

Italy

University of Bari - Faculty of Pharmacy
University of Bologna - Faculty of Pharmacy
University of Cagliari - Faculty of Pharmacy
University of Camerino - Faculty of Pharmacy
University of Catania - Faculty of Pharmacy
University of Chieti - Faculty of Pharmacy
University of Ferrara - Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
University of Florence - Faculty of Pharmacy
University of Genoa - Faculty of Pharmacy
University of Messina - Faculty of Pharmacy
University of Milan - Faculty of Pharmacy
University of Modena - Faculty of Pharmacy
University of Naples - Faculty of Pharmacy
University of Padova - Faculty of Pharmacy
University of Palermo - Faculty of Pharmacy
University of Parma - Faculty of Pharmacy
University of Pavia - Faculty of Pharmacy
University of Perugia Faculty of Pharmacy
University of Pisa - Faculty of Pharmacy
University of Rome - Faculty of Pharmacy
University of Salerno - Faculty of Pharmacy
University of Sassari - Faculty of Pharmacy
University of Siena - Faculty of Pharmacy
University of Trieste - Faculty of Pharmacy
University of Turin - Faculty of Pharmacy
University of Urbino - Faculty of Pharmacy

Jamaica

University of Technology - School of Pharmacy and Health Science

Japan

Chiba University - Faculty of Pharmaceutial Science
Fukuyama University - Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmeutical Sciences
Gifu Pharmaceutical University
Hiroshima University - Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
Hoshi University - School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
Kanazawa University - Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences
Kitasato University - School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
Kumamoto University - Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences
Kyoto University - Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
Meiji College of Pharmacy
Niigata College of Pharmacy
Okayama University - Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences
Osaka University - Faculty and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
University of Shizuoka - School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
Showa Pharmaceutical University
Teikyo University - School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
Tohoku University - Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
Tokushima Bunri University - Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences
Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science
Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University - Department of Hospital Pharmacy

Jordan

Applied Science University - Faculty of Pharmacy
Jordan University of Science & Technology - Faculty of Pharmacy
Philadelphia University - Faculty of Pharmacy
University of Jordan - Faculty of Pharmacy

Kuwait

Kuwait University - Health Sciences Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy

Lebanon

Lebanese American University - School of Pharmacy
University of Saint Joseph - Faculty of Pharmacy

Lithuania

Kaunas Medical University - Faculty of Pharmacy

Macedonia

University St. Kiril and Methodij - Faculty of Pharmacy

Malaysia

University of Malaya - Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine
National University of Malaysia - Department of Pharmacy
University Sains Malaysia - School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
International Islamic University of Malaysia - Kulliyyah of Pharmacy
Island College of Technology - Department of Pharmacy

Malta

Malta College of Pharmacy Practice
University of Malta - Department of Pharmacy

Mexico

University of Guanajuato - School of Pharmacy
Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon - Faculty of Chemical Sciences
Autonomous University of Puebla - Faculty of Chemical Sciences

Nepal

Institute of Medicine - Department of Pharmacy
Kathmandu University - School of Science, Department of Pharmacy
Pokhara University - Department of Pharmacy

Netherlands

University of Groningen - Department of Pharmacy
Leiden University - Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research (LACDR)
University of Utrecht - Faculty of Pharmacy

New Zealand

University of Auckland - Department of Pharmacy
University of Otago - School of Pharmacy

Nigeria

Ahmadu Bello University - Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences
University of Benin - Faculty of Pharmacy
University of Ibadan - Faculty of Pharmacy
University of Lagos - Faculty of Pharmacy
University of Nigeria - Faculty of Pharmacy
Obafemi Awolowo University - Faculty of Pharmacy
Madonna university okija-Faculty of Pharmacy

Norway

University of Oslo - School of Pharmacy
University of Tromsø - Institute of Pharmacy

Pakistan

(Institutes recognised by Pakistan Pharmacy Council)

Riphah international University,-Department of pharmacy
The University of Lahore,Lahore - Department of pharmacy
Bahauddin Zakariya University,Multan - Faculty of Pharmacy
University of the Punjab,Lahore - College of Pharmacy
University of Karachi,Karachi - Faculty of Pharmacy
University of Peshawar,Peshawar - Faculty of Pharmacy
Gomal University,D.I. Khan - Faculty of Pharmacy
Baqai Medical University,Karachi - Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences

(Institutes not recognised by Pakistan Pharmacy Council)

Hamdard University,Karachi - Faculty of Pharmacy
University of Sargodha,Sargodha - Department of Pharmacy
University of veternary sciences,Lahore
Hajvery University,Lahore
University of Faisalabad,Faisalabad
G.C. University,Faisalabad

Panama

University of Panama - Faculty of Pharmacy

Peru

Catholic University of Santa Maria - Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry
Major National University of San Marcos - Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry

Philippines

Emilio Aguinaldo College - College of Pharmacy
Saint Louis University - Department of Pharmacy
Centro Escolar University - School of Pharmacy
University of the Philippines Manila - College of Pharmacy
University of San Agustin - College of Pharmacy and Medical Technology
University of the Immaculate Conception - College of Pharmacy
Southwestern University - College of Pharmacy
University of Santo Tomas - Faculty of Pharmacy
University of San Carlos - College of Pharmacy
Adamson University - Master of Science in Pharmacy
Manila Central University - College of Pharmacy

Poland

Medical University of Silesia - Faculty of Pharmacy
Nicolaus Copernicus University, Medical College in Bydgoszcz - Faculty of Pharmacy
Medical University of Bialystok - Faculty of Pharmacy
Poznan University of Medical Sciences - Faculty of Pharmacy
Wroclaw Medical University - Faculty of Pharmacy
Medical University of Gdansk - Faculty of Pharmacy
Jagiellonian University - Faculty of Pharmacy and Division of Medical Analytics
Medical University of Lodz - School of Pharmacy
Medical University of Warsaw - Faculty of Pharmacy

Portugal

University of Coimbra - Faculty of Pharmacy
University of Lisbon - Faculty of Pharmacy
University of Porto - Faculty of Pharmacy
Instituto Superior de Ciências da Saúde

Romania

University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova - Faculty of Pharmacy
Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy - Faculty of Pharmacy

Russia

Altai Medical Institute - Pharmaceutical Faculty
Bashkirski Medical Institute - Pharmaceutical Faculty
]Irkutsk Medical Institute - Pharmaceutical Faculty
Kazan Medical Institute - Pharmaceutical Faculty
Kemerovo Medical Institute - Pharmaceutical Faculty
Khabarovsk Pharmaceutical Institute
Kursk Medical Institute - Pharmaceutical Faculty
Moscow Medicinal Academy - Pharmaceutical Faculty
Perm Pharmaceutical Institute
Pyatigorsk State Pharmaceutical Academy
Rjazan Medical Institute - Pharmaceutical Faculty
Samara Medical Institute - Pharmaceutical Faculty
Sibir Medical University - Pharmaceutical Faculty
St. Petersburg Chemopharmaceutical Institute
Tumen Medical Institute - Pharmaceutical Faculty
Yaroslavl Medical Institute - Pharmaceutical Faculty

Rwanda

National University of Rwanda - Department of Pharmacy

Saudi Arabia

King Saud University - Faculty of Pharmacy

Serbia

University of Belgrade - Faculty of Pharmacy

Singapore

National University of Singapore - Department of Pharmacy

Slovakia

Comenius University in Bratislava - Faculty of Pharmacy

Slovenia

University of Ljubljana - Faculty of Pharmacy

South Africa

Potchefstroom University for Christian Higher Education - School of Pharmacy
Rhodes University - School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
University of Port Elizabeth - Department of Pharmacy
University of the Western Cape - School of Pharmacy
University of the Witwatersrand - Department of Pharmacy

South Korea

Chungbuk National University - College of Pharmacy
Kangwon National University - College of Pharmacy
Kyungsung University - College of Pharmacy
Seoul National University - College of Pharmacy
Sookmyung Women's University - College of Pharmacy
Sungkyunkwan University - College of Pharmacy
Wonkwang University - College of Pharmacy
Yeungnam University - College of Pharmacy

Spain

University of Barcelona - Faculty of Pharmacy
Complutense University of Madrid - Faculty of Pharmacy
University of Granada - Faculty of Pharmacy
University of La Laguna - Faculty of Pharmacy
Miguel Hernández University of Elche - Faculty of Pharmacy
University of Navarra - Faculty of Pharmacy
University of País Vasco - Faculty of Pharmacy
University of Salamanca - Faculty of Pharmacy
University of Sevilla - Faculty of Pharmacy
University of Valencia - Faculty of Pharmacy

Sweden

Uppsala University - Faculty of Pharmacy
Gothenburg University - Sahlgrenska akademin

Switzerland

University of Basel - Department of Pharmacy
University of Lausanne - Department of Pharmacy
Swiss Federal Institute of Technology - Department of Pharmacy

Syria

University of Damascus - Faculty of Pharmacy
University of Aleppo - Faculty of Pharmacy
Baath university - Homs - Faculty of Pharmacy
Teshreen uniiversity - Lattakia - Faculty of Pharmacy
Kalmoon university - Deir Attiya - Scool of Pharmacy
Arab European University - Damascus - Daraa highway

Tajikistan

Tajik Medical Institute - Pharmaceutical Faculty

Taiwan (Republic of China)

Chia-Nan University of Pharmacy and Science
China Medical University - Department of Pharmacy
Kaohsiung Medical University - School of Pharmacy
National Defense Medical Center - School of Pharmacy
National Taiwan University - School of Pharmacy
Taipei Medical University - School of Pharmacy
Tajen University - Department of Pharmacy

Tanzania

Muhimbili University College of Health Sciences - School of Pharmacy

Thailand

Chiang Mai University - Faculty of Pharmacy
Chulalongkorn University - Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences
Huachiew Chalermprakiet University - Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences
Khon Kaen University - Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences
Mahidol University - Faculty of Pharmacy
Naresuan University - Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences
Prince of Songkla University - Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences
Rangsit University - School of Pharmacy
Silpakorn University - Faculty of Pharmacy
Srinakharinwirot University - Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences

Trinidad and Tobago

University of the West Indies - School of Continuing Studies, Pharmacy Department

Tunisia

University of Monastir - Faculty of Pharmacy

Turkey

Anadolu University - Faculty of Pharmacy
Ankara University - Faculty of Pharmacy
Atatürk University - Faculty of Pharmacy
Ege University - Faculty of Pharmacy
Erciyes University - Faculty of Pharmacy
Gazi University - Faculty of Pharmacy
Gulhane Medical Academy - Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
Hacettepe University - School of Pharmacy
Istanbul University - Faculty of Pharmacy
İnönü University - Faculty of Pharmacy
Marmara University - Faculty of Pharmacy
University of Mersin - Faculty of Pharmacy
Yeditepe University - Faculty of Pharmacy

Ukraine

Lviv Medical University - Department of Pharmacy
Ukrainian Academy of Pharmacy

Uganda

Makerere University - Department of Pharmacy

United Arab Emirates

Ajman University of Science and Technology - Faculty of Pharmacy and Health Sciences
Dubai Pharmacy College [16]

United Kingdom

List of pharmacy schools in the United Kingdom

Aston University - School of Life and Health Sciences
University of Bath - Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology
University of Bradford - School of Life Sciences
University of Brighton - School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences
University of Central Lancashire - School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
De Montfort University - School of Pharmacy
University of East Anglia - School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy
University of Greenwich/University of Kent - Medway School of Pharmacy
University of Hertfordshire - School of Pharmacy
Keele University - School of Pharmacy
Kingston University - Department of Pharmacy
Liverpool John Moores University - School of Pharmacy and Chemistry
University of London - The School of Pharmacy
King's College London - Department of Pharmacy
University of Manchester - School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
University of Nottingham - School of Pharmacy
University of Portsmouth - School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences
Queen's University Belfast - School of Pharmacy
University of Reading - School of Pharmacy
Robert Gordon University - School of Pharmacy
University of Strathclyde - Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences
University of Sunderland - School of Health, Natural and Social Sciences
University of Wales - Welsh School of Pharmacy
University of Wolverhampton - School of Applied Sciences

United States of America

Alabama

Auburn University - Harrison School of Pharmacy
Samford University - McWhorter School of Pharmacy

Arizona

The University of Arizona - College of Pharmacy
Midwestern University - College of Pharmacy - Glendale

Arkansas

University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences - College of Pharmacy
Harding University - College of Pharmacy

California

University of California, San Diego - Skaggs School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Science
University of California at San Francisco - School of Pharmacy
Loma Linda University - School of Pharmacy
University of the Pacific - Thomas J. Long School of Pharmacy & Health Science
University of Southern California - School of Pharmacy
Touro University - School of Pharmacy
Western University of Health Sciences - College of Pharmacy

Colorado

University of Colorado at Denver & Health Sciences - School of Pharmacy

Connecticut

University of Connecticut - School of Pharmacy

District of Columbia

Howard University - School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Nursing & AHS

Florida

University of Florida - College of Pharmacy
Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University - College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine - School of Pharmacy
Nova Southeastern University - College of Pharmacy
Palm Beach Atlantic University - School of Pharmacy

Georgia

University of Georgia - College of Pharmacy
Mercer University - College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences
South University - School of Pharmacy

Hawaii

University of Hawaii at Hilo - College of Pharmacy

Idaho

Idaho State University - College of Pharmacy

Illinois

University of Illinois at Chicago - College of Pharmacy
Midwestern University - Chicago College of Pharmacy
Southern Illinois University Edwardsville - School of Pharmacy

Indiana

Butler University - College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences
Purdue University - School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

Iowa

Drake University - College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences
The University of Iowa - College of Pharmacy

Kansas

University of Kansas - School of Pharmacy

Kentucky

University of Kentucky College of Pharmacy

Louisiana

University of Louisiana at Monroe - College of Pharmacy
Xavier University of Louisiana - College of Pharmacy

Maine

Husson College - School of Pharmacy
University of New England - School of Pharmacy

Maryland

University of Maryland - School of Pharmacy

Massachusetts

Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences - School of Pharmacy-Boston
Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences - School of Pharmacy-Worcester
Northeastern University - Bouve College of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy

Michigan

Ferris State University - College of Pharmacy
The University of Michigan - College of Pharmacy
Wayne State University - Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences

Minnesota

University of Minnesota - College of Pharmacy

Mississippi

University of Mississippi - School of Pharmacy

Missouri

University of Missouri - Kansas City - School of Pharmacy
St. Louis College of Pharmacy

Montana

The University of Montana - Skaggs School of Pharmacy

Nebraska

Creighton University - School of Pharmacy and Health Professions
University of Nebraska - College of Pharmacy

Nevada

University of Southern Nevada - College of Pharmacy

New Jersey

Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey - Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy

New Mexico

University of New Mexico - College of Pharmacy

New York

University at Buffalo - School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
Long Island University - Arnold & Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences
St. John's University - College of Pharmacy and Allied Health Professions
Union University - Albany College of Pharmacy
Saint John Fisher College - Wegmans School of Pharmacy

North Carolina

Campbell University School of Pharmacy
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill - School of Pharmacy
Wingate University - School of Pharmacy

North Dakota

North Dakota State University - College of Pharmacy, Nursing, and Allied Sciences

Ohio

University of Cincinnati - Academic Health Center - College of Pharmacy
University of Findlay - School of Pharmacy
Northeastern Ohio Universities College of Pharmacy
Ohio Northern University - College of Pharmacy
The Ohio State University - College of Pharmacy
The University of Toledo - College of Pharmacy

Oklahoma

University of Oklahoma - College of Pharmacy
Southwestern Oklahoma State University - College of Pharmacy

Oregon

Oregon State University - College of Pharmacy
Pacific University - College of Pharmacy

Pennsylvania

Duquesne University - Mylan School of Pharmacy
Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine - LECOM School of Pharmacy
University of the Sciences in Philadelphia - Philadelphia College of Pharmacy
University of Pittsburgh - School of Pharmacy
Temple University of the Commonwealth of Higher Education - School of Pharmacy
Wilkes University - Nesbitt School of Pharmacy

Puerto Rico

University of Puerto Rico - School of Pharmacy

Rhode Island

University of Rhode Island - College of Pharmacy

South Carolina

South Carolina College of Pharmacy - MUSC Campus
South Carolina College of Pharmacy - USC Campus

South Dakota

South Dakota State University - College of Pharmacy

Tennessee

East Tennessee State University - College of Pharmacy
University of Tennessee - College of Pharmacy

Texas

University of Texas at Austin - College of Pharmacy
University of Houston - College of Pharmacy
Texas Southern University - College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences
Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center - School of Pharmacy
University of the Incarnate Word - Feik School of Pharmacy
Texas A&M University–Kingsville - Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy

Utah

University of Utah - College of Pharmacy

Virginia

Hampton University - School of Pharmacy
Shenandoah University - Bernard J. Dunn School of Pharmacy
Virginia Commonwealth University - School of Pharmacy
University of Appalachia College of Pharmacy

Washington

University of Washington - School of Pharmacy
Washington State University - College of Pharmacy

West Virginia

West Virginia University - School of Pharmacy
University of Charleston - School of Pharmacy

Wisconsin

University of Wisconsin-Madison - School of Pharmacy

Wyoming

University of Wyoming - School of Pharmacy

Uruguay

University of Uruguay - Faculty of Chemistry

Uzbekistan

Tashkent Pharmaceutical Institute

Venezuela

Central University of Venezuela - Faculty of Pharmacy
University of the Andes, Venezuela - Faculty of Pharmacy
Universidad Santa Maria - Faculty of Pharmacy

Vietnam

Zimbabwe

University of Zimbabwe - Department of Pharmacy

FIRST MONTH IN US AS A STUDENT

noreply@blogger.com (Anrique) — Tue, 25 Sep 2007 04:44:00 +0000

Tips for students for their first month in USA

So you cleared the GRE, jumped all the hoops of getting that visa stamped and are on your way to joining the school of your dreams. But hey, did you ever wonder what the first month in this new country be like. Well guess what, I compiled a list of thing you are likely to encounter in your first month here, and hope it helps:-

MY FIRST MONTH IN USA AS A MASTER'S STUDENT:->

This post is for all the students who would like to know EVERYTHING that you are likely to come across, because I did, from the moment you get out of your plane in the US to the end of your first month in a new country. Here goes the list in sequential order:-

-About 15-20 minutes before your plane is about to land, you are handed an "Immigration Form" that you have to fill out. People generally fill it out on the plane. I DID NOT HAVE A PEN. Yuck, and it sucked to be asking people for a pen. SO do carry a pen with you. And sometimes these ink pens get weird and do not work on airplanes due to the altitude, so a PENCIL is even better

-Ok so we landed, I hate landings by the way, they freak me out. The next thing you do is you FOLLOW THE SIGNS and rush to the "immigration" counter. Now if your flight isn't getting in at odd hours, i.e. if it is not too late in the night or too early in the morning, you will actually see people rushing towards the immigration counter. And they have good reason to do that. The immigration lines can get really long sometimes, so go for it. Who wants to be standing in a line for an hour after a 20 hour flight from India. And then most people have connection flights to catch. So don't be a lazy boy and while you DO NOT HAVE TO ACTUALLY RUN, make sure you get to the immigration counter quickly. Another tip, people in US do not understand "queue", so use the word "line" wherever you see a line..

-While waiting in the line, get you passport, I-20 ready in your hands. Watch the video shown on monitors everywhere to get an idea of what all the immigration officer might ask you to do. Immigration officers like answers to questions they ask, they are not interested in your life-history, so only tell them what they ask you for.

-Unlucky few of you would be selected for a RANDOM check. You would be directed to some other officers, your bags would be checked, and you might be asked a few questions. Be CALM.

-OK, immigration cleared, now you are officially in the UNITED STATES. Believe me, there have been incidents of people who have been turned back from the immigration counter, and they had to go all the way back to India. You should never challenege an immigration officers' judgment. That is why I say, once immigration is cleared, you are officially in US.

-SO now that you are in, RELAX, take a DEEEEP BREATH. But do not relax too much and forget your luggage :). Head for the BAGGAGE CLAIMS carousels. They do announce in flight what carousel your bags would be available at, but chances are you would miss that announcement, or just not understand it. I did not, cause the announcement speakers on my plane sucked, the lady spoke too fast, and it was the accent that I was still not used to. So the idea is, just go to the carousels, and they have nice displays with flight numbers for which the bags will be available at a particular carousel.

-To get a cart at most US airports, you need to pay 3 dollars. And I know how much stuff we carry with us the first time we get there. So please, do spend these 3 dolllars. I know you just entered this country and the dollar to rupee conversion is still going strong in your minds, but for the sake of your back and legs, grab a cart.

-Ok, got the bags IN A CART, proceed to find the people who are there to get you. Most schools offer to pick students up at the airport the first time they get there, so I hope you availed this facility unless you had a chaacha or maama coming to pick you up. Generally the International Student Advisor or one/more of the students working for him/her show up to pick you up. Greet them, talk to them, they are not immigration officers :).

-The next two days would be all about sleeping and eating at weird hours, and these headaches. We all go through these.

-Then its the day you get to go see your school. This is fun. So go with someone, other Indian students, or go to the International Students Office, they generally have organized tours for new students.

-The next most essential thing is getting your SSN (Social Security) number. Again, go to the respective department in your school and get them to take you to the SSN office and get you this card. Until you get this card, you can not get any thing else like a bank account, or your student id etc. You need your SSN, so get this out of your way first.

-The school generally has a few events set up for the next week to welcome you to US and to get you acquainted with the basics of living in US. DO NOT MISS THESE. They are very helpful.

-The school also organizes grocery and garage sale trips for new students. Get all the food you want because they are driving you. The next time you need groceries, you would most likely be taking a bus :(. Garage sales/yard-sales are sales Americans have in their garage/yards. Go to these, and get the basic household stuff to get you set up. Some people are also willing to drop the bigger stuff (mattress, couch, recliner) to your apartment, so ask them politely if they can do that for you. Please spend the money and buy all the stuff you need during this time when the school hasn't started yet. And that is why it is also suggested to come to US at least 15 days before school starts. Once school starts, you will get busy reaaaaaly quickly and would not have time for things like garage sales.

- Ok, so you have the SSN, you have the basic household items (microwave is required, believe me), you got a mattress, and got a good deal on a couch too. GREAAAT. Now whats next. Now go open a back account. School generally have a bank inside the campus, so avail those. It would be convenient for you since you would not have a car right away. Once you have that account set up, deposit your Traveler's Checks. Thats another tension out of the way..

- Another tip, while you are still new in the country, do not venture out alone after dark. And definitely not to the downtown area. While the country is pretty safe, the point is that you are still new. So hang out with those who know the place during your first month here..

Wow, this post got long, so I will cut it here. I am also thinking about posting on HOW and WHICH cell phone to get depending on needs, but I would appreciate if you could tell me if this post was any help. That would motivate me/give me a chance to improve.

Thanks.

PHARMACY ASSOCIATIONS

noreply@blogger.com (Anrique) — Sun, 23 Sep 2007 10:20:00 +0000

International/Multinational

Pharmaceutical Group of the European Union (PGEU)]
European Pharmaceutical Union (EPU)
International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP)
European Association of Hospital Pharmacists (EAHP)
European Society of Clinical Pharmacy (ESCP)
International Pharmaceutical Students' Federation (IPSF)
European Pharmaceutical Student's Association (EPSA)

Australia

Pharmacy Guild of Australia (PGA)
Australian College of Pharmacy Practice and Management (The College)
Pharmaceutical Society of Australia (PSA)
National Australian Pharmacy Students' Association (NAPSA)
Society of Hospital Pharmacists of Australia (SHPA)

Austria

Austrian Association of Hospital Pharmacists (AAHP)

Belgium

Algemene Pharmaceutische Bond - Association Pharmaceutique Belge (APB)

Canada

Chile

Colegio de Químico Farmacéuticos de Chile AG

Denmark

France

Germany

Association of German Hospital Pharmacists (ADKA)

India

Pharmacy Council of India

Ireland

The Pharmaceutical Society of Ireland

Kenya

Pharmaceutical Society of Kenya (pharmacists)

Malaysia

Malaysian Pharmaceutical Society (MPS)

New Zealand

Pharmaceutical Society of New Zealand (PSNZ)

Pakistan

Pakistan Pharmacists Society (PPS)

Portugal

Associação Nacional de Farmácias (ANF)
Instituto Nacional da Farmácia e do Medicamento (Infarmed)
Ordem dos Farmacêuticos

Singapore

Pharmaceutical Society of Singapore (PSS)

United Kingdom

United States

Academy of Managed Care Pharmacy
American College of Clinical Pharmacy (ACCP)
American Pharmacists Association (APhA)
American Society of Consultant Pharmacists (ASCP)
American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP)
American Society of Medication Safety Officers (ASMSO)
National Community Pharmacists Association(NCPA)
National Independent Pharmacy Coalition (NIPC)
National Pharmaceutical Association NPhA
North Carolina Association of Pharmacists (NCAP)
Pediatric Pharmacy Advocacy Group (PPAG)

Customs and Culture in US

noreply@blogger.com (Anrique) — Sat, 22 Sep 2007 07:32:00 +0000

Culture Shock

When moving to a new community, particularly in a different culture, it is common to experience what is known as "Culture Shock." Culture shock may be defined as the feelings you experience when you are taken out of a familiar environment and thrown into a completely new and different one. It is quite normal for a visitor, anywhere, to feel depressed and isolated once the initial excitement of arrival has worn off. You may feel frustrated and confused with foreign ways and idioms. But hopefully, understanding why Americans behave the way they do may help you understand your own feelings. Some helpful ways to cope with culture shock are:

* Get plenty of rest to deal with the stress and jet lag that you may experience.
* Take time to think and/or talk through your own feelings.
* Make an effort to be optimistic, but not to the point of avoiding negatives that should be expressed.
* Make your new home environment as comfortable as possible.
* Make friends as quickly as possible. If there are others of your nationality on campus, get acquainted. It will give you a support system.
* Keep a diary or journal. This is a helpful way to vent some of the frustrations you might be too embarrassed to speak about. It may also be an interesting record of the changes that occur over time.
* Try not to compare your surroundings to your home area. Things are different!
* Enjoy and explore those differences.
* Keep an open mind and a sense of humor.

These suggestions should help you feel more comfortable in your new surroundings. The rest of this section will let you know what to expect in some areas of American culture.

Greetings

In the U.S., "Hi, how are you?", "Hello, how are you?", or when introduced for the first time, "I'm pleased to meet you," are the most common forms of greeting. "So long", "See you soon", "See you later", "We should get together sometime", are also common expressions used for saying, "Good-bye". An expression such as, "Hello, how are you?" does not require a lengthy answer beyond, "Fine, thank you." Likewise, "See you soon" or "Later" do not imply any definite promise about getting in contact with you in the next few hours or days. They are simply forms of saying "Good-bye."

Social Equality

The American dream is equality for all. Unfortunately this dream has not yet been completely achieved. Americans expect that all people respect an individual regardless of occupation, handicap, sex, race, religion, or sexual orientation. All individuals you meet will expect the same consideration and courtesy.

Both men and women in the United States have an active part in community life. Many women have full-time careers outside the home and in many cases both parents take care of small children and share with home chores. Women who hold positions in the work world expect the same professional respect as do their male counterparts.

Names and Titles

First names are used in the U.S. more frequently than elsewhere. People may call each other by their first names immediately after they have met if they are about the same age and status. The Americans' ready use of first names may make it appear to you that they are oblivious to differences in age and status. They are not. There are subtle differences in vocabulary and manner, depending on the relationship between the people involved. For example, an American is less likely to use slang when speaking to a person who is older, whose social standing is higher, or whom she/he does not know very well.

If you meet a person who has a title such as "Doctor," "Ambassador" or "Dean," use that title and the last (family) name. Any faculty member can be addressed as "Professor" whether she/he holds the rank of assistant professor, associate professor, or full professor. Again, people might ask you to address them by their first names, and you should abide by that wish.

Americans do not use a title followed by a first name. For example, you would not address Elizabeth Taylor as Miss Elizabeth but as Miss Taylor, or, if she asked you to, as Elizabeth. Occasionally, married women use their maiden name (family name at birth) instead of their husband's name. Or they may use both their maiden name and their husband's family name. For example, Jane Smith may be married to Sam Jones. However, her name may now be Jane Smith, Jane Jones, Jane Jones-Smith, or Jane Smith-Jones. The chosen form is consistently used.

The use of "nicknames" is fairly common among Americans. A nickname is not the person's real name, but a name assigned to him/her because of certain physical characteristics, behavior patterns, or some other factor. International students often get nicknames if their own names seem long and unpronounceable to Americans. For example, a student whose name is Nakagawa might come to be known as Naka. Being called by a nickname is not usually uncomplimentary. On the contrary, it may indicate that you are viewed with respect and even affection.

If you are in doubt about what to call a person, ask him/her, "What shall I call you?" Americans will sometimes be confused about what to call you. If you see that a person does not know what to call you, tell him or say, "You may call me ________."

Cleanliness

Americans put a great deal of emphasis on personal cleanliness. The standards of personal cleanliness that an individual maintains determine, to a large degree, the extent to which she/he is accepted into society. Most Americans are very sensitive to the smells and odors of the human body --- sometimes their own, but especially someone else's. For this reason, most Americans bathe once a day and sometimes more during hot weather or after strenuous exercise. They use deodorant or an antiperspirant, and they wash their clothes frequently. Americans are also very concerned about having clean hair and fresh breath.

Smoking

A decreasing number of Americans smoke. Because many Americans dislike being exposed to the cigarette smoke of others, you should not assume that it acceptable to smoke indoors. This is especially true of American homes. You should always ask if it is okay that you smoke before you begin whenever you are indoors in the presence of others. Many public buildings, including restaurants, are designated as "smoke free" environment. This applies to buildings on campus. Therefore you should look for signs which indicate that it is designated smoking area before you begin smoking.

Unspoken Language

Because gestures and unspoken signals have become so automatic, we often forget how they may mean different things in different cultures. To avoid misunderstandings, be sure to keep in mind that the unspoken gesture you exchange with people from other cultures may not say what you think it does. If words and gestures seem to disagree, it might be safer to believe the words.

Shaking hands is common in business and in more formal social gatherings (banquets, and special parties) among both men and women. In more casual social encounters, however, men tend to shake hands with each other more often than women shake hands with women. (In a situation where the other person is quite distinguished or is several years older, she/he usually initiates the handshake.) Handshakes are usually accompanied with "How do you do" or "Nice to meet you" or "Nice to see you again." Usually (except in business) people do not shake hands in subsequent meetings.

Aside from hand-shaking, even same-sex physical contact is generally infrequent in American culture. Under certain circumstances physical contact is appropriate. The best way to learn about customs regarding physical contact is to observe Americans as they interact with others.

While talking with someone, how close you stand to the other person is determined by the degree of familiarity in your relationship. Most Americans like to keep a little private distance between each other when walking side by side, while standing in elevators or anywhere else. But when some contact is unavoidable, a person will say, "Excuse me," thereby indicating she/he is sorry for having violated someone else's personal space. And while Americans generally like to make eye contact in conversing with one another, they do stand two to three feet apart while doing so. A closer distance will make them feel crowded and uncomfortable unless they are very familiar with the person. For example, it is acceptable to stand close to a friend while talking, but it would not be appropriate to stand very close to a professor or school official.

Generally, you will find that the atmosphere in a U.S. university is more relaxed than it is in other countries. However, while Americans tend to be informal, they do place great emphasis on their personal privacy. Because a professor, or a university official, is accessible and friendly with students this does not necessarily mean you can call on him/her at the office or at home without first making an appointment.

Friendship and Dating

Americans are generally considered open and warm people who make new acquaintances easily. Because they are very mobile and place great emphasis on the qualities of individuality, independence, and personal privacy, Americans often have many casual and informal relationships and few lasting friendships. However, in spite of this, many Americans are quite capable and more than willing to take the extra step needed to establish an enduring friendship.

American women have more personal freedom than women from some other countries and are not usually shy with Americans or foreigners. It is not unusual for unmarried women in the U.S. to live by themselves, share living quarters with other unmarried women, or go to public places without a male companion.

The rules for dating Americans are flexible. Generally the initiative comes from the man, but this is not always the case. If you want to get to know someone, it is often wise to ask the person to join you for coffee or a soda or to get together to study. Such short events may prove to be the beginning of a strong and durable friendship. On weekends, a man may ask a woman for an evening date, invite her to dinner, a concert, or a movie. It is no longer automatically assumed that the man will pay for expenses on the date. It is especially common on a university campus for the two people to share the expenses.

Remember that two or three dates by no means indicates that a lasting relationship is developing.

Social Invitations

While , we hope that you will meet and spend time with American families. These hints will make you a little more comfortable when you are invited out.

Acceptance

Your prospective hosts will either phone you, speak to you in person, or send you a written invitation. The invitation is usually for you only unless your hosts specifically invite your family or friends. Bringing a guest of your own without asking your hosts' permission ahead of time is considered impolite.

The written invitation will include the date, time, place, and description of the occasion. You should always answer a written invitation, especially if it says R.S.V.P. (repondez, s'il vous plait). You may respond by telephone or by letter. This helps the hosts with their preparations if you do so promptly.

Never accept an invitation unless you plan to go. If you are going to refuse an invitation, it is enough to say "Thank you for the invitation, but I will not be able to come." If an unavoidable problem makes it necessary for you to change plans, be certain to tell the host as soon as possible before the time when you are expected. When accepting an invitation make certain that you ask for directions to the event.

Food

When accepting an invitation for a meal, be sure to explain to your host if there is any food you do not eat. This courtesy will help the host plan food and drink for everyone to enjoy together. If you must refuse something after it is prepared, refuse politely. Never hesitate to ask for any food on the dinner table ("Would you please pass me the vegetables?") since a request for more food is considered a compliment to the hostess.

Drink

Tap water is safe to drink and usually used by Americans as their normal drinking water. At Holiday and elaborate meals you may be given ice water in addition to another beverage. Americans generally do not drink alcoholic beverages with their meals. However, wines are frequently served at meals when guests are present. If you are offered an alcoholic beverage it is acceptable either to drink them in moderation or to decline. In most of the U.S. it is illegal for anyone under the age of 21 to drink alcohol. Those who are under 21 and drink alcoholic beverages, even at parties in private homes, risk being arrested.

Promptness

Being on time is very important in American society. Schools and classes, plays, concerts, public meetings, weddings, and formal dinners begin as scheduled. It is considered impolite to be even a few minutes late. Family dinners are a little more flexible and informal, but you should still be on time. You may attend a cocktail party or reception at any time between the stated hours.

Informality

Dining with a friend or family can either be formal or informal. Formality is an honor, but the informality gives you a chance to get to know your hosts and for them to get to know you. You should ask the host what to wear if the invitation does not give you an idea. Your national dress is always appropriate.

It is not necessary to bring a gift for any member of the family or even for the host or hostess, unless it is a special occasion (such as his/her birthday or an important holiday like Christmas). Although Americans do not usually expect gifts from their guests, it is often a courtesy to do so. If you have visited several times, you may wish to bring a small token of appreciation for the hosts. Always bring a small gift when you are invited as house guest for an extended visit. While edible gifts are usually appropriate, because of food allergies, medical problems, religious reasons, or personal preferences; gifts other than food or drink may by more appreciated by your host.

Gifts

As a rule, gifts are given to relatives and close friends. They are sometimes given to people with whom one has a casual but friendly relationship, such as a host or hostess, but it is not necessary or even common for gifts to be given to such people. Gifts are not usually given to teachers or others who hold official positions. The offering of gifts in these situations is sometimes interpreted as a possibly improper effort to gain favorable treatment from that person. Christmas (December 25) is a gift-giving day, and it is when most Americans give gifts. Gifts are also given on occasions which are special to the recipient --- birthdays, graduation from high school or college, weddings, and childbirths. Gifts are sometimes given when someone has a new house or is moving away.

Generally, an effort is made to select a gift which the giver knows or supposes is one the recipient needs, wants, or would enjoy. The amount spent on the gift is something the giver can afford. Generally, it is not expected that people on limited incomes will spend a large amount of money on a gift. Expensive gifts are to be expected only when the people involved have a very close relationship with each other.

If a gift is opened in the presence of the giver (as is often done), a verbal expression of thanks is appropriate. If a gift is opened in the absence of a giver, a thank-you note should be sent. The note should make specific mention of the particular gift that has been sent.

Tipping

Service charges, or "tips" (meaning "to insure proper service") are most often not added to the bill in American hotels, restaurants, and barber shops/beauty parlors, but are often expected and needed by the employees. In restaurants tip the waiter/waitress about 15% of the check. In a hotel, the bellboy who takes you to your room receives at least $1.00 for his service. The person who cuts your hair may or may not accept tips, however, an average tip would be $1.00. The amount of a tip depends on you and if you feel that you have received good service.

Time Schedules

Accomplishment and progress are measured by the way time is spent. For this reason, punctuality is considered essential in conducting every day activities. One is expected to arrive at the stated time for an appointment with a professor, doctor, or other professional. On social occasions, however, such as parties, dinners and the like, more flexibility is tolerated.

Families: Generally it is considered polite to phone someone after 9 am and before 9 pm and either before or after the dinner hour (5:30 pm - 7:30 pm). If you plan to visit an American home, a phone call prior to going would be appreciated by the people you are visiting.

Business Hours: Most businesses and stores are open Monday through Friday, with many stores and restaurants open on Saturdays and Sundays. Very few stores are open after 9 pm except for supermarkets, drug stores, and convenience stores.

Appointments: It is always wise to call professional offices to make appointments to ensure being able to see someone. Again, promptness is expected in business and professional appointments.