The Encyclopedia

According to Parents Plus Kids

2021-04-03T12:16:00.003+05:30

According to Parents Plus Kids, a 2002 United States Justice Department article stated 39% of all jailed inmates came from fatherless homes. Fathers play a crucial role in a child’s life and can ultimately shape or decide how they will grow up and mature. Yes, they are not solely responsible for the development of that child, but they help aid that child be successful. In To Kill A Mockingbird, by Harper Lee, Atticus Finch is a lawyer in his small rural county of Maycomb County, Alabama. The story takes place in the racist and prejudice south around the 1930s.

Maycomb is a fictional town where most of the town is white. However, a small section of the county is home to the black community in the area.

The black community is very impoverished and is not a place anyone ventures to unless you live there. Atticus spends a good part of the story representing Tom Robinson, a black man who has been accused of raping a white woman. This accusation and trial are the central conflicts in the novel. As white folk seamlessly attack the black community and spill undeniable hate towards them. There is no evidence of Tom committing this act. However, the whole white community believes he did due to their prejudice and the tension between the two races in the town.

Atticus is the father to Jem and Scout.

Scout is a young girl who is very curious about the world and likes to explore and investigate things independently.

Jem is Scout’s older brother, and he is always with Scout on her adventures. Scout narrates the story, so we get everything from her point of view.

The reader gets a first-hand look at the type of father that Atticus is due to Scout being the narrator. Atticus is a great father to his children through the example he sets for them, the way he provides for them, and how he allows his children to experience the world.

Karen Stephens from Parent Exchange believes that “Children, in general, do grow up to be a lot like their parents” (Stephens). Atticus is the only parent after his wife’s death early on in Scout and Jem’s lives, so he is the sole parental role model in the house. Atticus models his kids to work hard and always stand up for what is right no matter the circumstances, along with how to treat anyone and everyone. He says, “I certainly am. I do my best to love everybody... I am hard put, sometimes—baby, it is never an insult to be called what somebody thinks is a bad name” (Lee 100). Atticus accepts being called an inappropriate name because he loves people of all colours and will not apologize for choosing to do so. This is him modelling to his children how to compose yourself in public along with the idea not to be afraid to stand up for what is right. Along with being a positive example for his children, he allows his children to explore and experience the world with little restriction. One of the many jobs for a parent is to prepare their child for the real world.

Atticus allowing Scout and Jem to experience the world and make mistakes for themselves helps to prepare them for life in the future. Scout and Jem can learn real-world lessons and experience the natural world at a younger age and grow and mature quicker. Atticus also practices honesty with his kids. He feels that the best way for his kids to grow up is by hearing what is genuine and not talking to them the way a typical adult might since they are still young. An example of this is how Atticus does not shy away from discussing Tom’s case. He tells his children what is going on and how he feels he will do in the case. These are adult matters, but the children ask, and he feels it is in their best interest to tell them and talk to them like adults about this.

Two of the critical factors in a minor’s success are what they have access to and how much care they are given. The more resources someone has and the more they are taken care of, the higher the chance of success. Atticus provides his children with the father they need and ends up being a mother figure in Calpurnia. Calpurnia is the black housekeeper that Atticus has hired and has kept around since Jem was born. Calpurnia gives the kids the strong female they need in their lives and takes care of the kids when Atticus is at work—having Calpurnia as the housekeeper allows the children to hear from a black woman and understand a little more of what people of colour must endure. Calpurnia takes the children to her church to experience a different culture and understand more of the black community in Maycomb County. This opportunity offers the Finch children a unique experience that no one else in their county that is white has. Atticus tries tirelessly to protect his children as he knows they will be potentially exposed to harm by the community.

Atticus would rarely let his children come with him to Tom’s house because he knows they would be in potential danger. Atticus eventually gives in and lets the kids go with him to Tom’s house late in the book (Lee 219). He gives in and allows them to come, but he gives them strict rules to ensure their safety.

Atticus could be viewed as a bad parent. After all, he did put them in harm’s way by taking the Tom Robinson case in such a turbulent time in history. He takes the case and could be putting his children at risk. Atticus does let his children roam and do whatever they please, and he does not always keep an eye on them. Atticus is a good parent, however. Tom has Calpurnia at home watching over the kids. He also does an excellent job of not stirring the pot with the community to avoid drawing, even more hate towards him and his family. He does not bring them to his work, and he tries his best to keep them out of the whole trial, so they are not put in harm’s way. Scout and Jem are both prepared for the pushback due to Atticus telling them what will probably happen. “You might hear some ugly talk about it at school, but do one thing for me if you will: you just hold your head high and keep those fists down” (Lee 69). Atticus tells Scout what she can expect at school and helps prepare her. He understands the possible threat posed to his children, and he does his best to keep them informed on how to go about their business and what to do if faced with criticism. Thanks to Atticus’ parenting, his children can steer clear of danger. No harm is brought upon them by community members. Atticus cares deeply for his children and fathers them both very well.

Atticus Finch is a great father. This is seen through the care he shows and provides for his children, how he allows his children to experience the world, and the example he sets for his children. Atticus is the definition of a good, honest, and wise man. He stands up for what is right in the face of heavy resistance. Atticus models being caring and loving to everyone. The very even-kill attitude and calm of Atticus are never lost throughout the novel. He can remain calm and not give in to anger and violence, even though many people might have done just that if they were put into his position. He does not give in to the anger and threats that could bring more harm to his family if he were to give in. He accepts being cursed at, name-called, and hated by many in the community, but he never stirs the pot. Scout and Jem both can model themselves after Atticus. Many of Scout and Jem’s peers have a much better role model and have much better parenting thanks to Atticus. Scout and Jem can be raised in a prejudice-free household and can be educated on pressing issues. Atticus allows his children to mature and grow by allowing them to be free and experience the world for themselves. The two can go out and make mistakes on their own and learn from them. This freedom allows them to be a step ahead of their peers who do not get the opportunity to make memories and learn lessons for themselves in the real world.

Throughout the story, it is evident Scout and Jem are the priority of Atticus; he makes sure they are always safe and looks out for their best interest. All of these examples, qualities, and decisions that Atticus makes would align with a good father.

Open Advertisements

2021-04-03T12:13:00.004+05:30

Growth Guide and Requirements

Intro

Here at Open Advertisements, we try our best to provide our members with the hospitality they deserve. We help them with mainly growing their server by advertising, but we do other things as well. As part of the Growth Team, our job is to ensure that our members' servers grow, with a series of services, both paid and non-paid. Our premium services are paid for through Patreon, and they range from advertisement review to server editing. Our basic services are all free, and they range from basic growth advice to banner reviews. All of these services we will go into further depth below. Before we get to those services, let's make sure you know your positions and what responsibilities come along with them.

Description

You will start in the team as a Growth Expert in Training, meaning your Growth Team Leader (TL) will be watching over you very closely, making sure you are fit for the team. As a member of this department, you will have three primary responsibilities, or "tasks," to complete every week or every "checking period." Your first and one of the most common tasks is answering growth questions. In the main server, you will notice a section based on growth. This category is your place of belonging. It's divided into three parts.

Growth-tips: This section is used to direct our members if they need help with growth things before receiving more assistance. Usually, once they read this, they will have found what they were looking for.
Growth-questions: This is where you will fulfil your "answering growth questions" task. You must answer three questions every week. This doesn't apply if we do not have enough coming in.
Server-ideas: This section is where members will share their server ideas!

Another task you will have to fulfil is to chat regularly in both the main and staff server lounges. We ask you to send at least 100 messages between the two per week so our community knows we have an active staff team. Your last task, and possibly most significant, is handling modmails. Our members reach out to staff this way, and this is also where our services are dealt with. You must claim at least one modmail every other week. For all of these tasks, you are welcome to go above and beyond, but think of your fellow team members as well!

Our Services

We have many services available to the members of Open Advertisements, and even many different kinds! Our primary growth-related modmails fit into two distinct categories: Basic and Premium, or Non-paid and Paid, respectively.

Basic Services

Basic Growth Advice

Members sometimes reach out to ask questions through our support bot, which is perfectly fine. These are just simple questions, which you will answer in detail, and if they need further help, help them!

Basic Ad Review

In this service, the User will send their advertisement through the support bot, and you will look over it and send them a couple of things they could do to improve the ad. You will not edit their advertisement but suggest things. If they would like more suggestions, they would have to purchase a premium package.

Basic Server Review

This is where things start to get slightly more complicated. The User would send over an invite link, and you would join, give them 2 or 3 things to build on, and then leave if you don't want to stay a part of that specific server. If they want more, they have to get the premium version of this service.

Basic Banner Review

This service is pretty simple. The User sends over a banner, and you make suggestions. Just a couple or they would have to buy the "Premium Ad Review" as equivalent pricing.

Premium Services

Our Patreon holds all of our Premium Services, and before handling the service, you must have proof that the User has either bought or won the wanted service. You, as a growth staff member, will receive 10% of the premium packages you handle. These modmails must be handled quickly and effectively as well.

Premium Server Review

This starts the same as a basic, but first, make sure they purchased the package. Review as much as you can of the User's server, and send more until you've run out of suggestions to make or they are content with the price. (If they have a "staff" server, and they want you to review that as well, do that as well) Make sure they understand that it will take a little bit of time.

Premium Ad Review/Small Edits

It starts with the checking of purchase; then they send on over their advertisement. If the User wants us to make minor edits, we can do that as well, but make sure that you ask before every little tweak if you can do it. Send as many suggestions as you can until either the User thinks that the Review was worth the price or you run out of tips.

Premium Server Editing

Make sure they paid or won the package, then join the server. When you notice things that the server could change for the better, ask if you can change them. Nothing will be done without the owner saying that it is okay. Don't do too much, but also make sure they are getting their money's worth.

Service Disclaimers

No basic server reviews are to be done with more than one person. One Growth Team Staff member is to work on these basic services, no more.

If you would like to work on a premium service with more than one person, ask the Growth TL. They will deny or approve.

You are not required to hide your identity when answering growth-related modmails, though you still can if you would like to.

When doing a premium package with a server involved (server review, server editing), get the Growth TL to watch over you.

All modmail rules (supplied on the next page, along with information) still apply, other than the use of "!ar," which is at the claimer's discretion.

Weekly Checks

In our Growth Team, we send out a check to you every week to make sure that you have completed the following quota. You will need to have the following done along with acting professionally when communicating with the public. (In the staff server, less professionalism is required, but act professionally when needed.)

(10/10) You are required to answer three growth questions per week. You will get 2 points automatically for answering it, 3 points if done professionally. If you answer all three professionally, you will earn yourself that 10th point in this section.

(5/5) You will be expected to handle at least one modmail every other week. You will receive a score somewhere through 1-5 in this section based on how well you handle the modmail. If you answer more than one modmail within the two weeks, you will most likely earn yourself 5 points in this section.

(5/5) You are expected to send 100 messages between both server lounges every week.

(5/5) Professionalism. You will earn a score of 1-5 depending on how well you show it during the specific week.

Modmails

Modmails come in almost every day from users seeking help. These are the main categories.

1. Growth-related ModMails

2. Reports

3. Partnership Requests

4. Management and HR ModMails

Now, let's go over each one, so you know what to do if you come across one.

1. Growth-Related ModMails

These are the ones that you will be working with within our Growth Team. To start, the User will usually send a request to ask for one of our services, or in some occurrences, just asking for advice. If this modmail isn't already in the growth category, use the command "!transfer growth" to move it there, then you can continue handling the modmail with the use of snippets and messages. If they ask for a basic service, follow through and give them that service. If they ask for a premium service, make sure they send proof of the purchase/winning, put the screenshot in #patreon-confirms if they purchased it. Then, you give them the Review.

The two main scenarios are explained below.

Example One: Premium Services

(Member): Hey

(Staff): Mine

(Staff): !!!hi

(Member): I would like to redeem my premium server review.

(Staff): !transfer

(Staff): !ar/!reply Could you, please send proof of your purchase?

(Member): sends proof

(This is where you would send the proof in the #patreon-confirms channel)

(Staff): !ar/!reply. Alright, send over that server invite link, and we'll get you that Review!

(Member): sends invite link

(Staff, after reviewing the server): sends a detailed review of the server.

(Member): Thanks!

(Staff): Sure thing!

(Staff): !!!morehelp

(Member): Nope! That’s all

(Staff): !!!thanks

(Staff): !close 1h

In a premium modmail like this, you must try to respond as fast as possible and as polite as possible. After all, the User did pay for this service. First, claim the modmail by saying mine, ask for proof of purchase, give the service, and ask if they need more help. If they do require more help, give it to them. If they don't, send "!!!thanks" and do "!close 1h."

Example Two: Basic Services

(Member): Hi

(Staff): Mine

(Staff): !!!hi

(Member): My server is dead; how can I increase the activity?

(Staff): !ar/!reply give a detailed response on ways to increase activity

(Member): Thanks!

(Staff): No problem!

(Staff): !!!morehelp

(Member): Nope.

(Staff): !!!thanks

(Staff): !close 1h

These modmails are simple, though some of our basic services are slightly more difficult. Claim the modmail by saying "mine," then follow through with the service, next ask if they need any more help, then if they don't, set it to close in one hour (with "!close 1h")

2. Reports

Reports are dealt with by moderation, otherwise known as Trust and Safety. If you find one of these in the all-staff section, move it to the moderation team with the command "!transfer trust," They will handle it from there.

3. Partnership Requests

The partnership team does partnerships. If you come across one of these in the all-staff section, move it to the partnership team with the command "!transfer partner," and they will handle it from there.

4. Management, Operations Management, and HR Modmails

If something comes along where it needs to go to HR or management, use "!transfer human" or "!transfer management." If it's a staff report, send it to the Human Resource Team. If it is any of the following, send it up to management.

-Complaints about Open Advertisements

-Sponsor Open Advertisements or booster perks

-Regards the legal side of Open Advertisements

-Inquires about the bots made by Open Advertisements

-United Servers

-Anything in general that needs to be handled by management.

REMEMBER

-Claim the thread before answering by saying "mine."

-The prefix of OA Support is "!"

-If the staff member claimed the thread doesn't respond to the thread after 1 hour, ping them, and wait 30 minutes. If they still do not respond, you have permission to take over the thread by saying "overclaim."

-Only answer if you know the answer! Feel free to ask other staff members for help as needed.

-You are not required to use "!ar" in growth-related modmails. You can use "!reply" if you feel comfortable.

-When you use a snippet, it will be sent anonymously.

-To block users, use "!block" and "!unblock" within a modmail thread.

-If you need help with something, and the Growth Team Leader isn't available (For example, on break), ping a management member to help you.

Social media Platform Facebook has removed a video of Donald Trump from his daughter-in-law Lara Trump's page.

2021-04-03T12:12:00.004+05:30

The social media platform banned Mr Trump from its platform in January following riots by his followers on the Capitol building in Washington DC.

A new Fox News anchor posted a video of herself talking to Mr Trump on multiple points.

She posted a screenshot of an Email which she has received from the Facebook authority.

Lara Trump, the wife of Mr Trump's son Eric, rather than posting the interview for her online show The Right View on the video platform Rumble and linked to it from her Facebook page. Long-time Trump supporter and News TV host Sean Hannity explained the move as "censorship" in a tweet. Suspension of Facebook on Mr Trump's account- a day after the Capitol riots - is being reviewed by its new Oversight Board, set up to rule on controversial moderation decisions. Defending the ban at the time, Facebook founder & CEO Mark Zuckerburg said: "We understand the risks of allowing the US President, Mr Donald Trump, to continue to use our service during this period are simply too great." Recently Former US President Mr Donald Trump was also banned from Social media giants like YouTube and Twitter. Now let's see what steps Trump is going to take?

Social Media

2021-04-03T12:11:00.000+05:30

The learners' social lives have become heavily dependent on social media. It is now regarded as a forum for increasing pupil participation and capabilities. The learners use these platforms to link, communicate, access information and collect data. Especially in today's global era and circumstances, social media is now widely used throughout the entire globe. Our research aims to evaluate social media's repercussions on augmenting the online learning of the grade-9 learners of Fame Academy of Science and Technology (FAST) during the first quarterly period. This study comprises the uses, effects, background, and significance of social networking sites on students' learning via the internet. The survey questionnaire was conducted by distributing survey questions, validated by an instruction specialist from FAST, to chosen grade-9 learners. The results collected from the respondents through surveying online indicates that most of the time used in social media is for social interaction and inquiring study materials. Usage of social networking websites is also found as a way for young adults to look out for their mental health while continuing to learn more. However, along with the good benefits of social media platforms, the results also state that there are adverse effects on the learners. A few detrimental impacts of social media in the school children's studies are by distracting them and influencing their mood to degrade their studying efficiency. Regarding the problems caused by social networking, the lure of accessing other platforms during class, limited data, out-of-date gadgets, and unstable networks, online learning has been very strenuous for many pupils. As a consequence of all the wonders of social media, this could also be harmful to young adults if exposed to long periods.

As a conclusion for our research, social media have helped the learners connect with other individuals to share and collect information in various ways. Nevertheless, it can also serve as a distraction from learning or doing unethical actions during class. But even with all the dilemmas caused by online learning and social networking sites, diamonds from Fame Academy of Science and Technology (FAST) are doing their best to thrive and withstand this ongoing pandemic.

Education in India | The Encyclopedia

2020-09-02T16:36:00.002+05:30

Education in India

Education has been thrust sectors ever since India attained Independence Education care into the Concurrent List in 1976. The year 2010 was a highlight year for education in the country.

Elementary Education:

The government of India introduced the District Primary Education Programme in November 1994 to regulate the elementary education system in India.
There are other programs for mandatory elementary education, especially for girls. The Kasturba Gandhi Shiksha Yojana aims at establishing residential schools for girls in all districts, which have a remarkably low female literacy rate Institutes like National Bal Bhawan encourage children to pursue activities as per their liking, and thus enhance their creative potential Other programs such as the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan and the Mid Day Meal Scheme has been introduced to attract more children And parents) towards literacy.

The RTE Act 2009 lays down norms and standards relating to pupil-teacher buildings and infrastructure school working days and teacher working hours.

Secondary Education:

National Council of Educational Research and Training NCERT

Central Institute of Education Technology (CIET)

Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE)

National Institute of Open Schooling (NIOS)

Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan (KVS)

Navodaya Vidyalaya Sami Central Tibetan Schools Administration (CTSA)

Universities and colleges:

Organizations involved in the higher education system of the country:

It works as a link between elementary and higher education and plays a vital role in this respect. A student's future depends on the education she/he receives at the secondary level, apart from the base of knowledge of a child. Secondary education can be the tool for shaping and directing a child to a bright future. Secondary education includes children between the age group of 14-18 years studying in 9 10, leading to higher and secondary classes of 11th and 12th.

A host of programs and organizations that support Secondary Education under the administrative control of the Union Department of Education are:-

Right to Education Act Education as a fundamental human right, necessary for the empowerment and development of a person and the society as a whole According to the UNESCO s Education for Global Monitoring Report 2010, about 125 countries have constitutional provision for free and non-discriminatory education for all.
With the 86th Constitutional Amendment Act on 12th December 2002. Article 21A was inserted in the Constitution to introduce the Right to Education as a fundamental right

The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act finally came into existence on 1st April 2010. This Act provides free and mandatory education to all children in six to fourteen years.
It is now the Center's legally enforceable duty and the states to provide free and compulsory education.

There are 634-degree awarding institutions in the country, with Tamil Nadu Leading the chart with 59, followed by 58 in Uttar Pradesh, 48n in Rajasthan, 44 Maharashtra, And Karnataka, Gujarat Madhya Pradesh. West Bengal was having 42, 36, 28, and 26 respectively in 1950. The total number of universities was 30 (most of the government-run or funded)—the number of colleges 695, which means, on average, 23 colleges per university. In 2011 the number of universities had grown 30 Old. It was 634 while the numbers of col legs 33,023, averaging 55 colleges per university, thus putting pressure on the university's administration in managing these institutions. Out of these 634 universities, 100 are private.

Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs)

The Indian Institute of Technology (is) are a group of autonomous engineering and technology-oriented institutes of higher education. There are 16 Indian Institutes of Technology. The older ones are at Kharagpur, Bombay Madras, Kanpur, Delhi, Guwahati, and Roorkee. In addition to these seven, its

IIT Bombay

The Institute of Technology Amendment Act 2011 added new institutes to theist. Of these, eight are new Institutes in cedar of establishment IIT Ropar in Rup- Nagar (2008), IT Bhubaneswar (2008), IT Gandhinagar (200a), IT Hyderabad (2008). IT Patna (2008), IT Rajasthan (2008), IT Mandi 2009, and IT Indore (2009). These Uts Vera Wete registered as societies arid are in the various story of consolidation and development. The Ethicon suture of Technology, Banaras Hindu University UET-BHU, an institute under Banaras Hindu University administration, is now named Indian Institute technology (Banaras Hindu University) abbreviated IIT (BHU) Varanasi.

Indian Institutes of Management (IIMs)

Indian Institutes of Management (IIMs) were set up to provide management education to serve the industry through research and consulting services. The IMs award only diplomas and not degrees. There are 13 IIMs in India. The IMs are at Calcutta (West Bengal). Ahmedabad(Gujarati, Bangalore(Kamatakal Lucknow(Uttar Pradesh), Kozhikode (Kerala), Indore Madhya Pradesh), Shillong (Megha laya), Ranchi Jharkhand), Rohtak (Haryana Raipur Chhattisgarh). Tiruchirappalli (Tamil Nadu), Udaipur Rajasthan) and Kashipur (Uttarakhand).

University Grants Commission (UGC) has the unique distinction of being the only grant-giving agency in the country, which has two responsibilities: providing funds and coordination determination and maintaining standards in higher education institutions.
Some professional council include
All India Council for Technical Education (АСТЕ)
Distance Courses Institutes
Indian Council for Agriculture Research (ICAR)
Bar Council of India (BCI)
National Council for Teacher Education (HCTE)
Rehabilitation Council of India (RCH)
Medical Council of India (MCI)
Pharmacy Council of India (PCI)
Dental Council of India (DCI)
Central Council of Homeopathy (CCH)
Central Council of Indian Medicine (CCIM)

Department of Education under the Union Ministry of Human Resource Development is responsible for making a better education system and planning an improved education system and implementing it.

Crime Against Women in India | The Encyclopedia

2020-09-02T15:26:00.003+05:30

Crime Against Women in India

In most civil societies, women and girls, being the victims in the vast majority of certain reported crimes, live under a common security sense. Gender-based violence is the primary threat to women's security. The problem's base lies in attitudes, behaviors, and institutions that sustain unequal power relations between men and women and render women and girls 'acceptable targets' for violence and abuse. Crime Against Women Brutalities against women IS continuing without any check. Suicide is a silent genocide going unnoticed. Here are figures to remind ourselves of the developed, civilized nations of the world. One in three women worldwide has been beaten or otherwise abused. Male partners kill up to 70% of female murder victims. More than 135 million women have undergone genital mutilation. Two females per week are killed by their partners in Britain, five in Zambia.

What are the Crimes against Women?

Although women can be victims of crimes such as' Murder, 'Robbery,' 'Cheating,' etc., only the crimes that (IPC) are explicitly directed against Women are characterized as' Crimes Against Women.

Various laws have been made, and amendments have been made in existing laws to effectively handle these crimes. They are broadly classified under two categories.

The Crimes under the Indian Penal Code Rape (Sec.376 IPC)
Kidnapping & Abduction for specified purposes (Sec.363 - 373 IPC)
Homicide for Dowry, Dowry Deaths or their attempts (Sec. 302/304-B IPC) both mental and physical harassment (Sec 498-A IPC)
Molestation (Sec-354 IPC)
Sexual Harassment (Sec-509 IPC)
Importation of girls (up to 21 years of age) (Sec.366-B IPC)
The Crimes under the Special & Local Laws (115)
The gender-specific laws for which crime statistics have recorded throughout the country are -
Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act, 1956 Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961 prohibition) Act, 1986
Indecent Representation of Women (Pro- Commission of Sati (Prevention) ) Act.1987

Easy ways to get back-links from Wikipedia | The Encyclopedia | Lucky Ali Saifi

2020-08-06T15:23:00.002+05:30

2 Easy and faster ways to get backlinks from Wikipedia

However, Google loves backlinks from Wikipedia. Today, getting backlinks from Wikipedia is very easy and faster to boost your own blog. If you don't know how to get a backlink from Wikipedia, Don't worry, I'm here to help you out.

Hello, guys; I am Lucky Ali. Saifi. Today, I am going to tell you about how to get a backlink from Wikipedia and add your contribution to Wikipedia. Follow the following steps:

Formula No-1

Getting backlink direct from Wikipedia, but if you mess with text, there so much, Wikipedia removes your link or contribution. Because Wikipedia is one of the most authentic and genuine sources of information on the internet.

Step 1:- Firstly, open your blog, which you want to add to Wikipedia, and get a backlink from there. And select the one small paragraph which is not there in Wikipedia.

Step 2:- Now open to Wikipedia. You don't need to make an account on Wikipedia to contribute to it. If you create an account, that's good, but if you provide it without creating an account will lead to sharing your IP address. Well, that's upon you.

Step 3:- Click on the edit button on the upper right corner and add your text to it and give a backlink by selecting the book and added your blog's link to the external link side.

Step 4:- Now your page is ready, click on the publish the page and enter what you add and anti-bot code to print the page.

Formula No-2: WIKIGRABBER

Step 1:- Open Wikigrabber.

Step 2:- Type the keyword of your blog and click on search and select a dead link from below.

Step 3:- Now, select the dead link from Wikipedia. and open it.

Step 4:- Now you got the dead link, and you can now replace the link by your link by using formula 1 mentioned above.

You can also get a backlink from broken links too. By following the same steps but just change dead links to broken links or missing citations.

Formula No-3: Getting Wikipedia backlinks from Google

Step 1:- Search on Google by typing site:wikipedia.org "Your keyword," "dead link."

Step 2:- Now click on the search button and open the suitable link on Wikipedia.

Step 3:- After opening the Wikipedia page, press Ctrl + F and search dead link.

Step 4:- Now you can see the highlighted text you can replace it with your blog's link.

Universal Basic Income in India | The Encyclopedia | Lucky Ali Saifi

2020-07-18T21:56:00.001+05:30

Universal Basic Income in India.

Universal basic income is a government policy in which every citizen of the country will get some specific amount of money each month. India's universal basic income is given to every class of citizens,e Poor, low, middle, and Rich.

The government plans to give India universal basic income to deal with job losses soon due to automation and Artificial Intelligence (AI).

What is the universal basic income in India?

How would you feel if I told you that the government would pay you 1000 rupees every month for free without doing any work? Not only you but every citizen of the country.

You will think it is impossible, but this is an economic policy implemented in so many countries today. This monetary policy is called universal basic income.

Universal means for all and basic income means that a specific income level is given to every person for free.

Why Universal basic income (UBI)?

What are the reasons behind the Universal basic income (UBI)? Why is the government planning to distribute money for free? Where will that money come from?

One of the fundamental reasons behind Universal basic income is job losses in the future due to automation and artificial intelligence.

There will be so many job losses in the future and that not everyone will be able to get a job shortly. Because of unemployment, people will not be able to run their necessary expenses like food, clothes, and shelter. So it is essential to provide them some basic income by which they can afford a basic standard of living.

Some examples of job losses due to automation are:-

In many developed countries, there are self-checkout counters have been installed in malls and supermarkets. Usually, a person sits at the counter and scans the barcode of the products or items. But due to self-checkout counters, there will be no need for that employee who examines the barcode.

Similarly, MacDonald's self-checkout screens have been installed in many countries, which means there will no employee stand at the counter and place your order.

Robot vacuum- Robot vacuum cleaners are also launched recently, fulfilling the need for a house help maid.

Driverless cars- Self-driven cars will also be there in the future. Tesla is working on it and make self-driving to quite a large extent. There will be no need for taxi drivers if driverless cars will manufacture such vehicles.

As technology is upgrading day by day, there will be job losses increase in every sector.

Since the corona-virus crisis has unfolded, there are already so many job losses, and so many businesses have closed.

The idea of UBI is being considered almost in a fast forward manner.

For instance, Spain has declared that it has already started implementing a UBI scheme under which the government will give 462 Euros to every citizen every month.

Note: Following advantages and disadvantages are not yet applied on a large scale, so these are just assumptions.

Positive effects and advantages of universal basic income:

Eradicate poverty: There will be no poverty if everyone gets enough money to afford the basic standard of living, and it will encourage equality in the nation and society.
More freedom to choose jobs: The employee who are getting a minimal amount of money as salary and those who are doing their jobs only to afford necessary expenses, they do not need to do such jobs, and they can pursue their hobbies and do such work that they are compassionate for.
When people are compassionate to their work, this will increase society's overall happiness. In general, innovation will also increase as people are working on such jobs that they are compassionate for.
More quality time with family: The families would get more time to spend with one another, if someone wants to work part-time and does not want to remain employed full time, that's also a choice. It would no longer be a compulsion to stay employed full time.
Opportunities for higher education: The one who wants to study in school or universities will get enough time to learn. There is no need to join a job right after start.
Universal Scheme: It applies to everyone, without any conditions and any paperwork. It would diminish (the need for) bureaucracy, the government can save money in administrative costs. The government would not need to check whether someone is misusing the scheme or whether someone is not following it correctly or not, or if the money is being siphoned off elsewhere where it should not go. All of it would not happen.

In the government's regular unemployment benefits or other welfare schemes, it is tough to regulate to make sure that the money reaches the right destination.

Adverse effects and disadvantages of universal basic income:

Free money will make people lazy: People would become lazy if everyone got money for free, nobody would want to work. If no one would like to work, then how would the nation develop?

Free money will cause inflation: The people would want to spend money on different things. If they're going to spread on other things, then the demand for those things would increase, and the producers of these goods and services would like to produce more, but if the supply chain does not allow the production of more items, then they would increase the cost of their products.

They would see that the demand for things has risen so much in the economy, then they think about raising money and making more profit. If the prices rise, then those things would become unaffordable again, so the value of the basic income would fall, so the value of money would decrease, and the situation would remain as it was. The money does not have enough deal to buy products.

So, then, basic income would no longer remain basic.

Free money will lead to over-dependency: If people depend on that money, then the chances of an economic crash will increase. If that policy stops in the future, people will not be able to run their expenses because people will not know how to bear their costs without that money.
Where will the money come from? : As India is the second-largest populated country, it will be very costly for the government to give 1000 RS to each country's citizens.

Our country's overall growth will stop if the government spent the UBI fund; that fund can be used for public services such as hospitals, colleges, schools, etc.

Reduction in labor supply: It will be hard to get labor because now people are earning enough money to bear their necessary expenses, so they do not need to work as labor, and they will work on their hobby and passion.

How to deal with job losses in the future?

To deal with job losses due to Artificial Intelligence (AI) and automation, the best way to secure a job is to develop new skills as technology improves day by day.

Also search:-

Source of coronavirus | Can bats infect humans directly?

What are locusts? Why are they attacking us?

Consequences of war between India and China

Source of coronavirus | Can bats infect human directly? | The Encyclopedia | Lucky Ali Saifi

2020-06-03T13:57:00.001+05:30

Source of Coronavirus/ COVID-19

Since the Coronavirus spread and came in news that the likely source of the Coronavirus is bats, numerous cases of people killing the bats have surfaced across the world because the people are scared that these bats might infect them, and they might contract the Coronavirus.

So the question is that were the bats so dangerous that they could have spread Coronavirus? If yes, then how and to what extent?

And if you happen to see a bat in your vicinity, how should you react?

Is the Coronavirus originated from bats?

A virus related to COVID-19 has been found in bats in only one specific species of bats, and in total, there are more than 1400 species of bats in the world. So an ancestor of SARS COV 2 has been found in one out of the 1400 species of bats.

Recently, ICMR (Indian Council of Medical Research) came out with a new report that a new coronavirus has been discovered in bats, which is quite similar to SARS COV 2 (the virus which is spreading COVID 19 all across the world today)

Can bats infect humans directly?

The detail is that the Coronavirus found in bats is similar (and not the same). This virus cannot infect humans. It cannot transmit to humans, and neither can you get infect COVID 19 from it. The infection in bats is different, and SARS COV 2 is different. COVID-19 is ultimately a human virus.

Is SARS COV 2 originated from bats?

The virus in bats is similar to SARS COV 2; Scientists believe that the Coronavirus is an ancestor of SARS COV 2 and this virus. that's why it is being concluded in the news that probably, bats are the likely source of SARS COV-2,

Pangolin

The scientists believe that this virus got transmitted from the bats into another animal right now; evidence points that it got transferred into Pangolin. (Pangolin is a scarce animal, is the world's most trafficked animal. This animal is traded most widely in the wildlife trade today.). The bats cannot transmit this virus to humans directly, even if bats are also the source. If there is a bat with SARS COV 2, it cannot send us the virus directly. The virus found in bats, which is similar to SARS COV 2, is called RATG 13. It is a different virus; as per scientific evidence, it got transmitted to the Pangolin and spread to humans from the Pangolins, then it became SARS COV 2.

In the Ebola case, Scientists found that this virus originated in bats, which got transmitted to chimpanzees or deer and then spread to humans from there.

So first, there was an intermediate host- a chimpanzee or a deer.

Should people afraid of bats or not?

No, not at all. There is no need to be afraid of bats related diseases, particularly the COVID 19. There is no need to be scared of bats, bats are wild creatures, and there is a simple way to co-exist with every wild animal- be it a rat or a snake or a tiger. Let them live in their space while you stay in yours. Even if there is a bat outside your home, let it be; there is no need to kill them.

Nipah virus can spread from bats only when they've eaten the fruit; they chew the nut and then throw it. Suppose you make the mistake of picking up a dropped fruit and eating it. In that case, you have chances of contracting the Nipah virus and not only bats if you come into contact with any animal's saliva that if you directly consume an unclean thing- then you will contract some other disease if not Nipah.

Why all these viruses originate in bats?

There are two reasons for this.

Firstly, the immune system of bats is powerful, and bats are the sole mammals that fly. A unique feature about bats is that they have a robust immune system. Most of these viruses originate in bats because they get a live host and a transmitter to transmit it to other animals. The bats' immune system is such string, Immune system of the bat can use it to develop a vaccine in some way.

Several labs are studying the immune system of the bats. The bats live for quite long; they weigh 5-6 grams and live for 20-30 years.

Bats are a significant animal species in reality.

It has two essential functions.

Pollination of flowers and fruits
Control of pests

The bats that control the pests by eating mosquitoes and insects cannot be done even by pesticides; scientists have estimated that the cocoa farmers in Indonesia, the worth of the bats' help in controlling their pests is worth 800 million US dollars. If bats are not there, the farmers would have to spend this much money annually for pest control. Similarly, it has been estimated that in the US, the bats save 22 billion US dollars every year for the corn farmers in pest control.

The population of mosquitoes and insects will grow in the absence of bats. If the people of bats would drop in an area, then it'd mean that the people of mosquitoes in that area would be more, and the diseases spread by them would also rise. For example- Dengue and Chikungunya. A cyclone hit us recently. This time, the hurricane traveled through a path beside the mangroves, but if the storms move through the mangroves, they control the cyclones' force to no small extent.

Bats are the creatures that pollinate the flowers of the mangroves the most, so this is an essential function of the bats. Bats are responsible for saving the mangroves. So it is necessary to protect the bats to deal with future natural disasters.

The bats help in the spread of mangroves. If the mangroves are kept intact along the coasts, it will increase the chances of staying safe from natural calamities like cyclones. So the real reason behind the spread of the Coronavirus is the global wildlife trade. The capturing and sale of animals illegally, for traditional Chinese medicine, can sometimes be used as a luxury food.

As for the example of Pangolin, most experts believe that it is the intermediate host in the spread of corona. This virus got transmitted from the bats to the Pangolins and finally infected humans; Pangolin is the world's most trafficked animal. The extent to which it is illegal trafficked, so we need to end things like this if we want to stop the spread of diseases.

All animals around us have some virus or other, but what is important is the virus gets transmitted to humans; almost all viruses get transmitted to humans, mostly due to human activities.

Our government recently permitted coal mining in the Dehing Patkai Elephant Reserve. How will things work out if forests are cut down like this? We will have to raise your voice on issues like this.

Bats are essential creatures. They are not pests like they are believed to be. We will have to protect them, keeping their importance in mind.

Jobs that will not be there in the coming few years | The Encyclopedia | Lucky Ali Saifi

2020-05-31T14:30:00.001+05:30

What are the jobs that will not be there in the coming few years?

Does your job is safe?

By adopting some methods, you can save your job and earn good money by being prepared for the future.

For the last few years, it has been in discussion around the world that people will have to lose their jobs when AI, Artificial Intelligence, increases machines' efficiency. Many experts say that with the strengthening of AI, many drivers from data entry operators will have to lose their jobs. The remarkable thing is that among those who lost jobs, ordinary employment, and those with adequate mental capacity, including doctors, journalists, and lawyers, their jobs were likely to be threatening after AI-enabled them. But a recent report has also revealed the exact opposite.

This report is from the World Economic Forum (WEF). The annual report of WEF states that AI, i.e., Artificial Intelligence, will create 60 million more jobs than the number of jobs it will finish in the next few years.

When the use of AI starts at work, it will increase productivity and reduce the possibility of mistakes. In such a situation, no one would want to do a lot of work instead of human beings with computers and robots because computers and robots will not make mistakes. However, recently the World Economic Forum has released a report titled 'Future of Jobs' (Future of Jobs).

This report has revealed that in the coming seven years, i.e., by 2025, only 29 percent of humans' real work is done by machines. In such a report, it is believed that 7.5 crore people will have to lose their jobs in such a situation. But it is also a matter of happiness that after the arrival of Artificial Intelligence (AI), 13.3 crore new jobs will again come. In such a situation, 5.8 crores more new jobs will also come in the market.

These jobs will increase rapidly in such conditions.

This report has been prepared after a study done on 1.5 crore people from 12 different industries. The World Economic Forum also said that neither business nor governments are ready for this fourth industrial revolution. The fastest-growing jobs will be developers, e-commerce, and social media specialists. These will be web and software developers, whose demand will be very high by that time. The social media platform for employment, LinkedIn, also said that software engineers and marketing jobs are increasing and will continue to grow.

These sectors will also progress in terms of employment.

Other jobs that can be increased rapidly require human skills - such will increase the positions of those who provide customer service. Whether they provide online service or over the phone, at that time, people will have more devices; in such a situation, more devices will deteriorate, and people will take the help of the customer service to improve them. Apart from this, sales and marketing jobs will also increase, because more people will be needed to sell more machines. Apart from this, the employment of people with training and development is also safe.

People who are working in the field of arts and culture. Such as singing, dancing, painting or making films, their employment will not decrease but will increase because people will have more time for these things then. Also, they will have more platforms to showcase their skills.

Those who are doing jobs, what to do to save your job?

Apart from this, there will also be an increase in NGOs, political parties, and other organization-based places. The employment of those responsible for new experiments will also increase. People engaged in some employment need to re-skill and retrain themselves because if they are not updated and do not get new work, they will have to lose their job. Therefore, they are recommended to keep an eye on recent experiments and discoveries continually happening.

How does MPL works? Disadvantages of MPL gaming App | The Encyclopedia

2020-05-15T17:35:00.004+05:30

What is MPL? How do MPL works? Disadvantages of MPL gaming App.

Know which algorithm it works.

What is MPL (Mobile Premier League)?

MPL is a game application where you can earn money by playing some games. It is not that you will not mind it! In it, you will get to see many games and many challenges, so that you will never feel bored! Yes, you have to pay some money or a token to join all the games on it! When you signup for this game for the first time, you will be given some tickets to play for free! Later you can send receipts and rupees by sending the referral code created by them to your friends.

How is an MPL game played?

To play an MPL game, you have to open the MPL where you will see many games, in which you will find the price of joining in front of the name of the game, it means that all the tokens written in front of that game, you will join the game challenge. You have to pay as many tokens or rupees for this. When you enter the contest, some installation work starts there, and after that, your game starts! Let me tell you that you will get rupees according to the ranking, and then you will have to play as long as possible so that your order is up and you win the rupee. Once you earn the rupees, then you have the limit to withdraw the rupees they have set; after that, you can remove the rupees through Paytm! You also get the Daily Spin Tool in this, in which you can even win the Extra Prize by spinning the Daily.

The disadvantage of MPL Game App

Friends, you must know that every good thing has some big things, yes there is less in some and more in some and today we are talking about the MPL game.

When you are joining it for the first time, you will get outstanding and easy tasks and a lot of money you will earn, but when you play the same games again after a few days, you will get such a formidable challenge not win easily.

On joining for the first time, you will get 100% winning games, but after a short time, you will get the same games with 30% or at most 50%, which will complete even if you have spent all the day completing it!

Conclusion

So, friends, this was the MPL game's truth, so if time is busy, please keep away from the hassle, and if you have more free time, later you can try this game! So that's all in today's post. If you liked anything in this post, neither should you share this post as much as possible.

What if we get a machine to go in the past and kill ourselves behind? | The Encyclopedia | Lucky Ali Saifi

2020-05-13T15:20:00.002+05:30

What if we get a machine to go in the past and kill ourselves behind?

What is Space-time? (The Time Travel Theory)

Albert Einstein explained that time and space are interconnected, called Space-time. Time is the fourth dimension, and the speed of time can be slowed or accelerated.

Time is running like a river in the universe, just as the speed of water is accelerating somewhere in the river, then, in the same way, time in the universe is moving at different rates in different places!

Time travel is possible only by the equation of space-time given by Einstein in relativity theory. According to Einstein's equation of space-time, if the faster an object moves, then the time will slow down for it, and the faster the speed of that object, the slower the time will go for it.

Time travel is possible only at the speed of light! - Time Travel Theory

When you travel on a high-speed train or airplane, the time for you will be slower than the outside world, and when you get out of that train or plane after your journey, you will have reached the future.

However, you will reach as much as a millionth of a second in the future due to the work speed.

This difference in time is very slight to realize this difference in time, and your speed should be equal to the speed of light or up to 95%.

Time Travel and Railway Track

Stephen Hawking, who explained concepts such as the big-bang theory and black holes, envisioned a railway track for time travel built around the earth, and the speed of the train on that track is equal to the speed of light.

When the train moves at the speed of light on the track around the earth, time will slow down for the passengers sitting in the parade so slow that life will be seen faster than passengers on the train. Time passes so quickly that the seconds of the train will change to months on earth.

Although the passengers inside the train will feel like average time inside the train, the train time will be prolonged compared to the outside world.

When the train stops after a week, according to the passengers sitting on the train, the passengers will travel 65 years on the earth in a week's journey and those passengers will find themselves in the future and the boys of those passengers will be older than them.

Is time travel possible in the future? - The Time Travel Theory and Future

According to Einstein's space-time equation, time travel is possible only in the future, i.e., once reached in the future, you cannot come back! One-way Ticket to the Future.

Now a question arises here, is it possible to take a train running at the speed of light? According to our current technology, the answer may be frustrating.

It is not possible to construct such a train right now, according to Einstein's Theory of Relativity, if the speed of an object increases, its mass will also increase.

Need speed of light for time travel - The Infinite Energy For Time Travel

Suppose we have made a train that can run at the speed of light; when this train runs at the speed of light, its mass will become infinite. And Einstein's equation E = mc ^ 2 will require endless energy to run an infinite mass train.

There is not even this much energy in our entire galaxy. If we fill the power of the whole universe in that train, then that train may run at the speed of light.

If we run trains at 90% - 95% of the speed of light, then perhaps the energy of our entire galaxy is required to run that train at such a pace.

Now a question arises here that it is impossible to make a train that runs at the speed of light, then does our time travel imagination stops here. Apart from this principle, there are many other principles through which time travel is possible.

According to Einstein, travel in the past is not possible.

But may become a traveling machine in the past.

So the answer to this can be that we have not come back to our present age, because when we are dead today, how will we exist after ten years.

What happen if 1 rupee becomes equal to 1 dollar? | The Encyclopedia | Lucky Ali Saifi

2020-05-11T20:51:00.002+05:30

What if 1 rupee becomes equal to 1 dollar?

What happened to India when it happened once in history?

First and foremost, $ 1 is equal to ₹ one or ₹ 1 is equal to $ 1 does not indicate that its economic system is robust. On the day that became equal to ₹ 1 = $ 1, India's profits will be meager, but the loss will not withstand. Economists tell that if this happens even for only one day, then the loss may have suffered for many years.

Before knowing the details, I would like to give you the example of Japan. In 1986, Japan'sJapan'sJapan's currency became very strong, which they suffered in 2018. In 1986, the US dollar fell from 280 yen overnight to 140 yen. And with such a significant change, there was such a big shock on Japan's economy, whose loss is still being tolerated by this country.

Why is the rupee weak or strong?

The price of the rupee depends entirely on its demand and supply. It also affects imports and export.

1 rupee equals 1 dollar

The day one rupee becomes one dollar; electronic goods, software, all the goods that India buys from other countries will become very cheap because India will not have to pay 70 times to purchase such services.

We can also buy branded things such as the iPhone, which is sold at the highest prices in our country, we will be able to buy only 600 rupees. Because in the US, it costs 600 dollars, and if 1 rupee = 1 dollar, then we will be able to get iPhone for only 600 rupees.

What will be the loss if 1 Rupee = 1 Dollar?
Population and hunger will increase.

The day $ 1 became equals to one rupee. On the same day, foreign investment abroad, the Indian workers will leave work and return to India, seeing that India's population and unemployment will increase. The citizens of many more countries will move to India 4 times the population. I will go from * 4 * to 8 *. There will be money, but there will be no land to live and food to eat.

If 1 rupee = 1 US dollar, then those things we sell to the country will prove expensive. So why would any foreign country purchase products for more money than other countries? They would like to purchase those things from another country to be available in other countries at lower prices. For this reason, exporting in our country will stop.

Will go on unemployment.

All the call centers IT companies are running in the USA, UK, and Canada because they operate at low prices from India. More than 70% of IT companies in India have call centers in their name. The extent to which unemployment will increase and the money coming from abroad through IT services will stop completely. More importantly, Pakistan will manage all this work.

Reduction in tourism: -

If the value of the dollar increases, then the tourists will also stop coming. Because earlier they used to find India cheap but now it will start to be expensive.

Foreign investment:

Foreign investment is mostly made in Indias' IT sector. IT sector contributes a total of 60% of our country's GDP. 27% of our country's population also gets employment from this sector, which will entirely stop because foreign countries will stop investing in our country.

TAXES will decrease

Tax is going to be affected. If there is no production, then there will be no tax, due to which the government will not have any money.

That's why the Reserve Bank of India has made certain assumptions. Neither the rupee is allowed to fall nor increase because India can also suffer losses in these subjects.

By the way, the RBI is not so much worried about the dollar and rupees, and it is justified to be below it. By the way, too much fluctuation is not suitable for any economy.

What is Demand ?| Economics | CBSE

2020-05-07T21:01:00.003+05:30

What is Demand?

Quantity of a commodity that a consumer is willing and able to purchase in a given period and at a given price. For example, a consumer demand 5 kg of sugar in a month for 40 Rs per kg. Demand is also mentioned as a sufficient Desire.

Two types of demand:

Individual demand

The demand for an individual unit is termed as a particular demand. Example,
the direction of Sharma's household for milk price at 44 Rs per liter, if 50 liters per
month.

Market demand:

It means the total quantity of a commodity that all it's by are willing to purchase at
different price over a given period example demand of all the household for
milk price at 44 Rs Per liter is 20000 per month.

Demand function:

The functional relationship between the demand for a commodity and the factor affecting demand is termed as demand.

Forms of Market | Economics | The Encyclopedia | Lucky Ali Saifi

2019-11-16T14:36:00.001+05:30

Market Forms

Q- Meaning and basis for classifying market form.

Forms of Market:

The market may assume different forms depending on the factors like the number of buyers and sellers, the nature of the product bought and sold, and barriers to firms' entry and exit.
Based on the given factors, there are two primary forms of the market:

Perfect Competition:

It is a form of market where there are many buyers and sellers of a commodity. No individual seller has control over market supply where homogeneous products are sold at a uniform price. There is no restriction of entry and exit of firms. In perfect competition, buyers and sellers have excellent knowledge about the market condition.

Imperfect Competition:

This market is classified into three types are as follow:
Monopoly: It is a market structure in which there is a single seller. There are no close substitutes for the commodity sold by the monopolist. e.g., the government has a monopoly of cable networks, water supply, Indian railways, etc.
Monopolistic Competition: It is a form of the market where there are many sellers of the product, but each seller's product is somehow different. e.g., firms producing various brands of toothpaste, viz Colgate, closeup, pepsodent, etc.
Oligopoly: It is a form of the market where there are a few big sellers of a commodity and many buyers. Each seller has a significant share of the market, e.g., there are only a few auto-producers in the Indian market—Maruti, Tata, Fiat, Ford, and GMare some well-known brand names in this sector.

Q- Define perfect competition. Explain its various features of the ideal match?

Perfect Competition:

It is a form of market where there are many buyers and sellers of a commodity. No individual seller has control over market supply. Where homogeneous products are sold at a uniform price. There is freedom of entry and exit of firms. Buyers and sellers have perfect knowledge about the market condition.

Features of Perfect Competition

Perfect the competitive market exhibits the features given below:
A considerable number of buyers and sellers: There are many buyers and sellers in the market. No individual buyer or seller can influence the price of the commodity in the market. Any change in the output supplied by a single firm will not affect the industry's total outcome, as they are tiny according to the market size. Similarly, any change in one buyer's demand pattern would not affect the market demand because of his insignificant share in the commodity's total order.
Homogeneous product: Firms in this market sell a homogeneous product. Homogeneity of a product implies that one unit of the product is a perfect substitute for another, i.e., there is no difference in the products in any form.
Free entry and exit of firms: In a perfectly competitive market, there are no barriers to firms' entry or exit. Entry or exit may take time, but firms have the freedom to move in and out of an industry without any government intervention.
Perfect knowledge: Firms have all the knowledge about the product market and the factor market. Buyers also have excellent knowledge of the product market.
ExcellentExcellent mobility of production factors: The elements of production can move quickly from one firm to another. Workers can also move between jobs and places.
Absence of transportation cost: Goods can easily be transported from one place to another without additional transportation costs.

Q- Define Monopoly. Discuss its features.

It is a market structure in which there is a single seller. There are no close substitutes for the commodity sold by the monopolist. e.g., the government has a monopoly of cable networks, water supply, Indian railways, etc.
Features of Monopoly:
Monopoly market exhibit the features given below:
One seller and many buyers: Under monopoly, there is a single producer of a commodity. He may be alone, or a group of partners, a joint-stock company, or a state. However, there are a large number of buyers of the product.
Restrictions on the entry of new firms: Under monopoly, there are some restrictions on new firms' threshold into the monopoly industry. Generally, patent rights or exclusive control over a technique or raw material prevents other firms from entering the market.
No close substitutes: A monopoly firm produces a commodity wiwith no close reserves, e.g., there is no close substitute for Microsoft's Microsoft's Microsoft's operating systems. They have a monopoly in this segment.
Full control over price: Being a single seller of the product, a monopolist has complete control over its price. A monopolist thus is a price maker. He can fix whatever price he wishes to set for his product. Therefore, a monopolist is referred to as a price maker.
Price discrimination: A monopolist may charge different fees from different buyers. It is called price discrimination. e.g., electricity boards charge a higher tariff for commercial use than domestic use.
Price maker: Under monopoly, a single seller dealt in the market. He holds power over the price that he charges for a commodity.

Q- Explain monopolistic competition and its features.

It is a form of the market where there are many sellers of the product, but each seller's outcome is somehow different. e.g., firms producing various brands of toothpaste, viz Colgate, closeup, pepsodent, etc.

The monopolistic market exhibits the features given below:
Many buyers and sellers: There are a large number of buyers and sellers of the commodity. No individual seller is big enough to influence the market on his own. No single buyer can exercise any significant influence on the price of the product on his own.
Product differentiation The consequences of the sellers are differentiated but are close substitutes for each other. Product differentiation can be real or artificial. Its effect is that sellers have some control over the price of their product.
Free entry or exit of firms Firms can freely move in and out of a group. In monopolistic competition, the industry concept is undefined as a product of industry; the word group' should be used.
Imperfect knowledge Buyers and sellers do not have perfect or market conditions. Buyer's preferences are guided by advertising and other selling activities undertaken by the sellers.
Cost of sale: A firm under monopolistic competition acquires a charge of the deal, which is the cost of promoting the demand for its product, e.g., advertisement, window displays, salesmen salaries, etc.
The cost of transporting the commodity from one place to another is very high under monopolistic competition.

Q- Distinguish between perfect competition and monopoly?

Basis	Perfect competition	Monopoly
Numbers of Sellers	There are vast numbers of sellers and no individual seller has control over market supply.	There is single seller and the monopolistic has full control over the market supply.
Nature of products	The product is homogeneous. It is identical in all respect.	There is no close substitute of the product.
Entry and exit	There is freedom of entry and exit of firms.	There is restriction on entry and exit. So a firm can earn abnormal profit and loss in the long-run.
Price	Firm is the price-taker as the price is determined by the industry.	Monopolistic is a price-maker as firm and industry are one and the same thing.
Level of Knowledge	Buyers and sellers have a perfect experience of the market condition.	Buyers and sellers do not have perfect knowledge about the market condition.
Selling Cost	No selling cost is incurred.	Selling cost is incurred.

Q- Distinguish between perfect competition and monopolistic competition?

Basis	Perfect competition	Monopolistic competition
Numbers of Sellers	There are vast numbers of sellers and no individual seller has control over market supply.	There are a large number of sellers. So, a firm does not have much impact on market supply.
Nature of products	The product is homogeneous. It is identical in all respect.	Product is differentiated based on Brand, size, color, shape, etc.
Entry and exit	There is freedom of entry and exit of firms. It leads to the absence of abnormal profit and losses in the long-run.	There is freedom on entry and exit. So a firm can earn only an expected profit in the long-run.
Price	Firm is the price-taker as the price is determined by the industry.	Firm has partial control over price due to product differentiation.
Level of Knowledge	Buyers and sellers have a perfect experience of the market condition.	Buyers and sellers do not have perfect knowledge due to differentiation and selling cost incurred by the seller.
Selling Cost	No selling cost is incurred.	Heavy selling cost is incurred.

Q- Discuss the nature of the demand curve under:

Perfect competition

Monopoly

monopolistic competition

Oligopoly competition

Demand curve under perfect competition:

Under perfect competition, the demand curve of the firm is perfectly elastic.

(Ed=∞).

It means that the firm can sell any amount of the prevailing price.

Demand curve under monopoly:

Under monopoly, the firm's demand curve slopes downward from left to right. It means that if a monopolist wants to sell more, he has to reduce the products' price.

The given figure shows the inverse relationship between price and quantity.

Demand curve under monopolistic competition:

Demand curve under monopolistic competition downward sloping from left to right, exhibiting an inverse relationship between price and quantity demanded.

It is because, in a monopolistic competitive market, goods have close substitutes. Hence consumers can easily choose the replacements whenever there is a change in the price of a commodity.

AR curve is the demand curve of a monopolistic competition firm, which is negatively sloped and elastic.

Demand curve under Oligopoly:

The conditions in an oligopoly market are very complicated. It s tricky to determine the firm's demand curve as in this competition, one cannot predict the changing demand.

When a firm lowers its price, demand for its product may not increase as the rival firms may opt for this price cut policy. Hence, the demand curve under this form of the market cannot be determined.

Professor Paul Sweezy had drawn a demand curve known as the kinked demand curve for an oligopoly market, which has two segments in the single turn, one of which is relatively more elastic than the other.

Q- Explain the term 'price maker' and 'price taker.' Under which market form seller is called the price maker and price taker, and why?

Price maker: The firm is called a price maker. As a single seller deals in the market, he holds power over the price he charges for a commodity.

Price taker: The firm is called a price taker. It has to adopt the price determined by the market forces of demand and supply.

Under perfect competition, the industry is determined by the industry because there are many sellers of a homogeneous product. No single seller, by changing the supply, can influence the price. So, the firm is a price taker.

Under monopoly, a monopolist is a single seller and determines the price himself. He is a price maker. There is no challenge to his price decisions as there are no other firms in the market, and there are no close substitutes for his product. Barriers to entry of new firms further strengthen his position as a price maker.

Q- Why are firms said to be interdependent in an Oligopoly market? Explain?

An oligopoly is a form of market in which only a few firms are operating in the market, and each firm is enormous in size. This leads to massive interdependence among the firms. They generally avoid price competition as a price-cut by one firm may lead to a price war, leading to a revenue loss for both firms.