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Subhash Chandra Bose | Biography

2018-12-30T10:24:00.002+05:30

Subhash Chandra Bose -

Shubhas Chandra Bose .He know as Netaji and He was a president of Indian National Congress and he was freedum .Subhash Chandra Bose was Indian freedom fighters and the cause of Indian freedom. He was known as Netaji. He was the President of as Indian National Congres (INC) from 1938 to 1939. He attempted to get rid of British rule in India during World War II with the help of Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan. Netaji's attempt was partially successful. He was also recognised as the person who founded the Azad Hind Army or Indian National Army with the help of Japan in 1942.

Subhash Chandra Bose

Bose had been a leader of the younger, radical, wing of the Indian National Congress in the late 1920s and 1930s, rising to become Congress President in 1938 and 1939. However, he was ousted from Congress leadership positions in 1939 following differences with Mahatma Gandhi and the Congress high command. He was subsequently placed under house arrest by the British before escaping from India in 1940.

Born -

Subhas Chandra Bose was born on 23 January 1897 (at 12.10 pm) in Cuttack, Orissa Division, Bengal Province, to Prabhavati Dutt Bose and Janakinath Bose, an advocate belonging to a Kayastha family. He was the ninth in a family of 14 children. His family was well to do.

He was admitted to the Protestant European School (presently Stewart High School) in Cuttack, like his brothers and sisters, in January 1902. He continued his studies at this school which was run by the Baptist Mission up to 1909 and then shifted to the Ravenshaw Collegiate School. Here, he was ridiculed by his fellow students because he knew very little Bengali. The day Subhas was admitted to this school, Beni Madhab Das, the headmaster, understood how brilliant and scintillating his genius was. After securing the second position in the matriculation examination in 1913, he got admitted to the Presidency College where he studied briefly. He was influenced by the teachings of Swami Vivekananda and Ramakrishna after reading their works at the age of 16. He felt that his religion was more important than his studies.

In those days, the British in Calcutta often made offensive remarks to the Indians in public places and insulted them openly. This behavior of the British as well as the outbreak of World War I began to influence his thinking.

His nationalistic temperament came to light when he was expelled for assaulting Professor Oaten(who had manhandled some Indian students) for the latter's anti-India comments. He was expelled although he appealed that he only witnessed the assault and did not actually participate in it. He later joined the Scottish Church College at the University of Calcutta and passed his B.A. in 1918 in philosophy. Bose left India in 1919 for England with a promise to his father that he would appear in the Indian Civil Services (ICS) examination. He went to study in Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge and matriculated on 19 November 1919. He came fourth in the ICS examination and was selected, but he did not want to work under an alien government which would mean serving the British. As he stood on the verge of taking the plunge by resigning from the Indian Civil Service in 1921, he wrote to his elder brother Sarat Chandra Bose: "Only on the soil of sacrifice and suffering can we raise our national edifice."

He resigned from his civil service job on 23 April 1921 and returned to India.

Netaji Childhood Photo

Netaji Younger photo

Netaji studie in England

Prabhavati Dutt Bose as Netaji Mother

Netaji Family Photo

Janakinath Bose as Netaji Father

Netaji in Germany -

Bose arrived in Germany in April 1941, where the leadership offered unexpected, if sometimes ambivalent, sympathy for the cause of India's independence, contrasting starkly with its attitudes towards other colonised peoples and ethnic communities. In November 1941, with German funds, a Free India Centre was set up in Berlin, and soon a Free India Radio, on which Bose broadcast nightly. A 3,000-strong Free India Legion, comprising Indians captured by Erwin Rommel's Afrika Korps, was also formed to aid in a possible future German land invasion of India. By spring 1942, in light of Japanese victories in southeast Asia and changing German priorities, a German invasion of India became untenable, and Bose became keen to move to southeast Asia.Adolf Hitler, during his only meeting with Bose in late May 1942, suggested the same, and offered to arrange for a submarine. Identifying strongly with the Axis powers, and no longer apologetically, Bose boarded a German submarine in February 1943. In Madagascar, he was transferred to a Japanese submarine from which he disembarked in Japanese-held Sumatra in May 1943.

Shak hand with German Adolf Hitler

Bose's arrest and subsequent release set the scene for his escape to Germany, via Afghanistan and the Soviet Union. A few days before his escape, he sought solitude and, on this pretext, avoided meeting British guards and grew a beard. Late night 16 January 1941, the night of his escape, he dressed as a Pathan (brown long coat, a black fez-type coat and broad pyjamas) to avoid being identified. Bose escaped from under British surveillance from his Elgin Road house in Calcutta about 01:25AM on 17 January 1941, accompanied by his nephew Sisir Kumar Bose in a German-made Wanderer W24 Sedan car, which would take him to Gomoh Railway Station in then state of Bihar, India. The car (Registration No. BLA 7169) was bought by Subhash Chandra Bose's elder brother Sarat Chandra Bose in 1937. The car is now on display at his Elgin Road home in Calcutta, India.

Netaji & with German Force

He journeyed to Peshawar with the help of the Abwehr, where he was met by Akbar Shah, Mohammed Shah and Bhagat Ram Talwar. Bose was taken to the home of Abad Khan, a trusted friend of Akbar Shah's. On 26 January 1941, Bose began his journey to reach Russia through British India's North West frontier with Afghanistan. For this reason, he enlisted the help of Mian Akbar Shah, then a Forward Bloc leader in the North-West Frontier Province. Shah had been out of India en route to the Soviet Union, and suggested a novel disguise for Bose to assume. Since Bose could not speak one word of Pashto, it would make him an easy target of Pashto speakers working for the British. For this reason, Shah suggested that Bose act deaf and dumb, and let his beard grow to mimic those of the tribesmen. Bose's guide Bhagat Ram Talwar, unknown to him, was a Soviet agent.

Supporters of the Aga Khan III helped him across the border into Afghanistan where he was met by an Abwehr unit posing as a party of road construction engineers from the Organization Todt who then aided his passage across Afghanistan via Kabul to the border with Soviet Russia. After assuming the guise of a Pashtun insurance agent ("Ziaudddin") to reach Afghanistan, Bose changed his guise and travelled to Moscow on the Italian passport of an Italian nobleman "Count Orlando Mazzotta". From Moscow, he reached Rome, and from there he travelled to Germany.Once in Russia the NKVD transported Bose to Moscow where he hoped that Russia's traditional enmity to British rule in India would result in support for his plans for a popular rising in India. However, Bose found the Soviets' response disappointing and was rapidly passed over to the German Ambassador in Moscow, Count von der Schulenburg. He had Bose flown on to Berlin in a special courier aircraft at the beginning of April where he was to receive a more favourable hearing from Joachim von Ribbentrop and the Foreign Ministry officials at the Wilhelmstrasse

Netaji and with Greman Magers

In Germany, he was attached to the Special Bureau for India under Adam von Trott zu Solz which was responsible for broadcasting on the German-sponsored Azad Hind Radio.He founded the Free India Center in Berlin, and created the Indian Legion (consisting of some 4500 soldiers) out of Indian prisoners of war who had previously fought for the British in North Africa prior to their capture by Axis forces. The Indian Legion was attached to the Wehrmacht, and later transferred to the Waffen SS. Its members swore the following allegiance to Hitler and Bose: "I swear by God this holy oath that I will obey the leader of the German race and state, Adolf Hitler, as the commander of the German armed forces in the fight for India, whose leader is Subhas Chandra Bose". This oath clearly abrogates control of the Indian legion to the German armed forces whilst stating Bose's overall leadership of India. He was also, however, prepared to envisage an invasion of India via the USSR by Nazi troops, spearheaded by the Azad Hind Legion; many have questioned his judgment here, as it seems unlikely that the Germans could have been easily persuaded to leave after such an invasion, which might also have resulted in an Axis victory in the War.

In all, 3,000 Indian prisoners of war signed up for the Free India Legion. But instead of being delighted, Bose was worried. A left-wing admirer of Russia, he was devastated when Hitler's tanks rolled across the Soviet border. Matters were worsened by the fact that the now-retreating German army would be in no position to offer him help in driving the British from India. When he met Hitler in May 1942, his suspicions were confirmed, and he came to believe that the Nazi leader was more interested in using his men to win propaganda victories than military ones. So, in February 1943, Bose turned his back on his legionnaires and slipped secretly away aboard a submarine bound for Japan. This left the men he had recruited leaderless and demoralised in Germany.

Bose lived in Berlin from 1941 until 1943. During his earlier visit to Germany in 1934, he had met Emilie Schenkl, the daughter of an Austrian veterinarian whom he married in 1937. Their daughter is Anita Bose Pfaff.Bose's party, the Forward Bloc, has contested this fact.

Netaji with His Family

Netaji in Japan -

He was transferred to a Japanese submarine from which he disembarked in Japanese-held Sumatra in May 1943.With Japanese support, Bose revamped the Indian National Army (INA), then composed of Indian soldiers of the British Indian army who had been captured in the Battle of Singapore. To these, after Bose's arrival, were added enlisting Indian civilians in Malaya and Singapore. The Japanese had come to support a number of puppet and provisional governments in the captured regions, such as those in Burma, the Philippines and Manchukuo. Before long the Provisional Government of Free India, presided by Bose, was formed in the Japanese-occupied Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Bose had great drive and charisma—creating popular Indian slogans, such as "Jai Hind,"—and the INA under Bose was a model of diversity by region, ethnicity, religion, and even gender. However, Bose was regarded by the Japanese as being militarily unskilled, and his military effort was short-lived. In late 1944 and early 1945 the British Indian Army first halted and then devastatingly reversed the Japanese attack on India. Almost half the Japanese forces and fully half the participating INA contingent were killed. The INA was driven down the Malay Peninsula, and surrendered with the recapture of Singapore. Bose had earlier chosen not to surrender with his forces or with the Japanese, but rather to escape to Manchuria with a view to seeking a future in the Soviet Union which he believed to be turning anti-British. He died from third degree burns received when his plane crashed in Taiwan.Some Indians, however, did not believe that the crash had occurred with many among them, especially in Bengal, believing that Bose would return to gain India's independence.

Netaji meet in Japaness president

In 1943, after being disillusioned that Germany could be of any help in gaining India's independence, he left for Japan. He travelled with the German submarine U-180 around the Cape of Good Hope to the southeast of Madagascar, where he was transferred to the I-29 for the rest of the journey to Imperial Japan. This was the only civilian transfer between two submarines of two different navies in World War II.

The Indian National Army (INA) was the brainchild of Japanese Major (and post-war Lieutenant-General) Iwaichi Fujiwara, head the Japanese intelligence unit Fujiwara Kikan and had its origins, first in the meetings between Fujiwara and the president of the Bangkok chapter of the Indian Independence League, Pritam Singh Dhillon, and then, through Pritam Singh's network, in the recruitment by Fujiwara of a captured British Indian army captain, Mohan Singh on the western Malayan peninsula in December 1941; Fujiwara's mission was "to raise an army which would fight alongside the Japanese army." After the initial proposal by Fujiwara the Indian National Army was formed as a result of discussion between Fujiwara and Mohan Singh in the second half of December 1941, and the name chosen jointly by them in the first week of January 1942.

(INA) Army

This was along the concept of—and with support of—what was then known as the Indian Independence League, headed by expatriate nationalist leader Rash Behari Bose. The first INA was however disbanded in December 1942 after disagreements between the Hikari Kikan and Mohan Singh, who came to believe that the Japanese High Command was using the INA as a mere pawn and propaganda tool. Mohan Singh was taken into custody and the troops returned to the prisoner-of-war camp. However, the idea of an independence army was revived with the arrival of Subhas Chandra Bose in the Far East in 1943. In July, at a meeting in Singapore, Rash Behari Bose handed over control of the organisation to Subhas Chandra Bose. Bose was able to reorganise the fledgling army and organise massive support among the expatriate Indian population in south-east Asia, who lent their support by both enlisting in the Indian National Army, as well as financially in response to Bose's calls for sacrifice for the independence cause. INA had a separate women's unit, the Rani of Jhansi Regiment (named after Rani Lakshmi Bai) headed by Capt. Lakshmi Swaminathan, which is seen as a first of its kind in Asia.

Even when faced with military reverses, Bose was able to maintain support for the Azad Hind movement. Spoken as a part of a motivational speech for the Indian National Army at a rally of Indians in Burma on 4 July 1944, Bose's most famous quote was "Give me blood, and I shall give you freedom!" In this, he urged the people of India to join him in his fight against the British Raj. Spoken in Hindi, Bose's words are highly evocative. The troops of the INA were under the aegis of a provisional government, the Azad Hind Government, which came to produce its own currency, postage stamps, court and civil code, and was recognised by nine Axis states — Germany, Japan, Italian Social Republic, the Independent State of Croatia, Wang Jingwei regime in Nanjing, China, a provisional government of Burma, Manchukuo and Japanese-controlled Philippines. Recent researches[which?] have shown that the USSR too had diplomatic contact with the "Provisional Government of Free India".[citation needed] Of those countries, five were authorities established under Axis occupation. This government participated in the so-called Greater East Asia Conference as an observer in November 1943.

The INA's first commitment was in the Japanese thrust towards Eastern Indian frontiers of Manipur. INA's special forces, the Bahadur Group, were extensively involved in operations behind enemy lines both during the diversionary attacks in Arakan, as well as the Japanese thrust towards Imphal and Kohima, along with the Burmese National Army led by Ba Maw and Aung San.

Netaji Speach in Japan

The Japanese also took possession of Andaman and Nicobar Islands in 1942 and a year later, the Provisional Government and the INA were established in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands with Lt Col. A.D. Loganathan appointed its Governor General. The islands were renamed Shaheed (Martyr) and Swaraj (Independence). However, the Japanese Navy remained in essential control of the island's administration. During Bose's only visit to the islands in early 1944, apparently in the interest of shielding Bose from attaining a full knowledge of ultimate Japanese intentions, Bose's Japanese hosts carefully isolated him from the local population. At that time the island's Japanese administration had been torturing the leader of the island's Indian Independence League, Dr. Diwan Singh, who later died of his injuries in the Cellular Jail. During Bose's visit to the islands several locals attempted to alert Bose to Dr. Singh's plight, but apparently without success. During this time Lt. Col Loganathan became aware of his lack of any genuine administrative control and resigned in protest as Governor General, later returning to the Government's headquarters in Rangoon.

On the Indian mainland, an Indian Tricolour, modelled after that of the Indian National Congress, was raised for the first time in the town of Moirang, in Manipur, in north-eastern India. The adjacent towns of Kohima and Imphal were then encircled and placed under siege by divisions of the Japanese Army, working in conjunction with the Burmese National Army, and with Brigades of the INA, known as the Gandhi and Nehru Brigades. This attempt at conquering the Indian mainland had the Axis codename of Operation U-Go.

During this operation, On 6 July 1944, in a speech broadcast by the Azad Hind Radio from Singapore, Bose addressed Mahatma Gandhi as the "Father of the Nation" and asked for his blessings and good wishes for the war he was fighting. This was the first time that Gandhi was referred to by this appellation.The protracted Japanese attempts to take these two towns depleted Japanese resources, with Operation U-Go ultimately proving unsuccessful. Through several months of Japanese onslaught on these two towns, Commonwealth forces remained entrenched in the towns. Commonwealth forces then counter-attacked, inflicting serious losses on the Axis led forces, who were then forced into a retreat back into Burmese territory. After the Japanese defeat at the battles of Kohima and Imphal, Bose's Provisional Government's aim of establishing a base in mainland India was lost forever.

Still the INA fought in key battles against the British Indian Army in Burmese territory, notable in Meiktilla, Mandalay, Pegu, Nyangyu and Mount Popa. However, with the fall of Rangoon, Bose's government ceased to be an effective political entity.[citation needed] A large proportion of the INA troops surrendered under Lt Col Loganathan. The remaining troops retreated with Bose towards Malaya or made for Thailand. Japan's surrender at the end of the war also led to the surrender of the remaining elements of the Indian National Army. The INA prisoners were then repatriated to India and some tried for treason.

Netaji and (INA) Army

Death -

In the consensus of scholarly opinion, Subhas Chandra Bose death occurred from third-degree burns on 18 August 1945 after his overloaded Japanese plane crashed in Japanese-ruled Formosa (now Taiwan). However, many among his supporters, especially in Bengal, refused at the time, and have refused since, to believe either the fact or the circumstances of his death. Conspiracy theories appeared within hours of his death and have thereafter had a long shelf life, keeping alive various martial myths about Bose.

Netaji death news in newspaper

In Taihoku, at around 2:30 PM as the bomber with Bose on board was leaving the standard path taken by aircraft during take-off, the passengers inside heard a loud sound, similar to an engine backfiring. The mechanics on the tarmac saw something fall out of the plane. It was the portside engine, or a part of it, and the propeller. The plane swung wildly to the right and plummeted, crashing, breaking into two, and exploding into flames. Inside, the chief pilot, copilot and Lieutenant-General Tsunamasa Shidei, the Vice Chief of Staff of the Japanese Kwantung Army, who was to have made the negotiations for Bose with the Soviet army in Manchuria, were instantly killed.Bose's assistant Habibur Rahman was stunned, passing out briefly, and Bose, although conscious and not fatally hurt, was soaked in gasoline. When Rahman came to, he and Bose attempted to leave by the rear door, but found it blocked by the luggage. They then decided to run through the flames and exit from the front.The ground staff, now approaching the plane, saw two people staggering towards them, one of whom had become a human torch. The human torch turned out to be Bose, whose gasoline-soaked clothes had instantly ignited. Rahman and a few others managed to smother the flames, but also noticed that Bose's face and head appeared badly burned. According to Joyce Chapman Lebra, "A truck which served as ambulance rushed Bose and the other passengers to the Nanmon Military Hospital south of Taihoku." The airport personnel called Dr. Taneyoshi Yoshimi, the surgeon-in-charge at the hospital at around 3 PM. Bose was conscious and mostly coherent when they reached the hospital, and for some time thereafter. Bose was naked, except for a blanket wrapped around him, and Dr. Yoshimi immediately saw evidence of third-degree burns on many parts of the body, especially on his chest, doubting very much that he would live. Dr. Yoshimi promptly began to treat Bose and was assisted by Dr. Tsuruta. According to historian Leonard A. Gordon, who interviewed all the hospital personnel later,

Netaji Aircreash Plane

A disinfectant, Rivamol, was put over most of his body and then a white ointment was applied and he was bandaged over most of his body. Dr. Yoshimi gave Bose four injections of Vita Camphor and two of Digitamine for his weakened heart. These were given about every 30 minutes. Since his body had lost fluids quickly upon being burnt, he was also given Ringer solution intravenously. A third doctor, Dr. Ishii gave him a blood transfusion. An orderly, Kazuo Mitsui, an army private, was in the room and several nurses were also assisting. Bose still had a clear head which Dr. Yoshimi found remarkable for someone with such severe injuries.

Soon, in spite of the treatment, Bose went into a coma. A few hours later, between 9 and 10 PM (local time) on Saturday 18 August 1945, Subhas Chandra Bose, aged 48, was dead.

Soon, in spite of the treatment, Bose went into a coma. A few hours later, between 9 and 10 PM (local time) on Saturday 18 August 1945, Subhas Chandra Bose, aged 48, was dead.

Bose's body was cremated in the main Taihoku crematorium two days later, 20 August 1945. On 23 August 1945, the Japanese news agency Do Trzei announced the death of Bose and Shidea. On 7 September a Japanese officer, Lieutenant Tatsuo Hayashida, carried Bose's ashes to Tokyo, and the following morning they were handed to the president of the Tokyo Indian Independence League, Rama Murti. On 14 September a memorial service was held for Bose in Tokyo and a few days later the ashes were turned over to the priest of the Renkōji Temple of Nichiren Buddhism in Tokyo. There they have remained ever since.

Among the INA personnel, there was widespread disbelief, shock, and trauma. Most affected were the young Tamil Indians from Malaya and Singapore, both men and women, who comprised the bulk of the civilians who had enlisted in the INA. The professional soldiers in the INA, most of whom were Punjabis, faced an uncertain future, with many fatalistically expecting reprisals from the British. In India the Indian National Congress's official line was succinctly expressed in a letter Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi wrote to Rajkumari Amrit Kaur.Said Gandhi, "Subhas Bose has died well. He was undoubtedly a patriot, though misguided." Many congressmen had not forgiven Bose for quarrelling with Gandhi and for collaborating with what they considered was Japanese fascism. The Indian soldiers in the British Indian army, some two and a half million of whom had fought during the Second World War, were conflicted about the INA. Some saw the INA as traitors and wanted them punished; others felt more sympathetic. The British Raj, though never seriously threatened by the INA, tried 300 INA officers for treason in the INA trials, but eventually backtracked.

Subhash Chandra Bose Death

Japanese Airtical

Indian National Congress | British Presidency, British India

2018-12-28T15:35:00.004+05:30

Indian National Congress - The Indian National Congress is Indian first political party ,and his playing important rule in Indian freedom.Biggest party of India and more about important information.for "Indian National Congress".

Indian National Congress

Detail -The Indian National Congress is a broadly based political party in India Founded in 1885, it was the first modern nationalist movement to emerge in the British Empire in Asia and Africa. From the late 19th century, and especially after 1920, under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi, Congress became the principal leader of the Indian independence movement. Congress led India to independence from Great Britain and powerfully influenced other anti-colonial nationalist movements in the British Empire.

Congress is a secular party whose social democratic platform is generally considered to be on the centre-left of Indian politics. Congress social policy is based upon the Gandhian principle of Sarvodaya—the lifting up of all sections of society—which involves the improvement of the lives of economically underprivileged and socially marginalised people. The party primarily endorses social democracy—seeking to balance individual liberty and social justice, welfare and secularism—asserting the right to be free from religious rule and teachings.[citation needed] It's constitution states democractic socialism to be it's ideal.

After India's independence in 1947, Congress formed the central government of India, and many regional state governments. Congress became India's dominant political party; as of 2015, in the 15 general elections since independence, it has won an outright majority on six occasions and has led the ruling coalition a further four times, heading the central government for 49 years. There have been seven Congress Prime Ministers, the first being Jawaharlal Nehru (1947–1964), and the most recent Manmohan Singh (2004–2014). Although it did not fare well in the last general elections in India in 2014, it remains one of two major, nationwide, political parties in India, along with the right-wing, Hindu nationalist, Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). In the 2014 general election, Congress had its poorest post-independence general election performance, winning only 44 seats of the 543-member Lok Sabha.

A. O.Hume one of the founder of the
Indian National Congress

Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee

The Indian National Congress conducted its first session in Bombay from 28–31 December 1885 at the initiative of retired Civil Service officer Allan Octavian Hume. In 1883, Hume had outlined his idea for a body representing Indian interests in an open letter to graduates of the University of Calcutta. Its aim was to obtain a greater share in government for educated Indians, and to create a platform for civic and political dialogue between them and the British Raj. Hume took the initiative, and in March 1885 a notice convening the first meeting of the Indian National Union to be held in Poona the following December was issued. Due to a cholera outbreak there, it was moved to Bombay.

Hume organised the first meeting in Bombay with the approval of the Viceroy Lord Dufferin.,Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee was the first president of Congress; the first session was attended by 72 delegates. Representing each province of India. Notable representatives included Scottish ICS officer William Wedderburn , Dadabhai Naoroji, Pherozeshah Mehta of the Bombay Presidency Association, Ganesh Vasudeo Joshi of the Poona Sarvajanik Sabha, social reformer and newspaper editor Gopal Ganesh Agarkar, Justice K. T. Telang, N. G. Chandavarkar, Dinshaw Wacha, Behramji Malabari, journalist and activist Gooty Kesava Pillai, and P. Rangaiah Naidu of the Madras Mahajana Sabha. This small elite group, unrepresentative of the Indian masses at the time functioned more as a stage for elite Indian ambitions than a political party for the first decade of its existence.

first Indian National Congress group Photo in 1885

Congress included a number of prominent political figures. Dadabhai Naoroji, a member of the sister Indian National Association, was elected president of the party in 1886 and was the first Indian Member of Parliament in the British House of Commons (1892–1895). Congress also included Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal, Lala Lajpat Rai, Gopal Krishna Gokhale, and Mohammed Ali Jinnah. Jinnah was a member of the moderate group in the Congress, favouring Hindu–Muslim unity in achieving self-government. Later he became the leader of the Muslim League and instrumental in the creation of Pakistan. Congress was transformed into a mass movement by Surendranath Banerjee during the partition of Bengal in 1905, and the resultant Swadeshi movement.

After Indian independence in 1947, the Indian National Congress became the dominant political party in the country. In 1952, in the first general election held after Independence, the party swept to power in the national parliament and most state legislatures. It held power nationally until 1977, when it was defeated by the Janata coalition. It returned to power in 1980 and ruled until 1989, when it was once again defeated. The party formed the government in 1991 at the head of a coalition, as well as in 2004 and 2009, when it led the United Progressive Alliance. During this period the Congress remained centre-left in its social policies while steadily shifting from a socialist to a neoliberal economic outlook. The Party's rivals at state level have been national parties including the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), the Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPIM), and various regional parties, such as the Telugu Desam Party, Trinamool Congress and Aam Aadmi Party.

A post-partition successor to the party survived as the Pakistan National Congress, a party which represented the rights of religious minorities in the state. The party's support was strongest in the Bengali-speaking province of East Pakistan. After the Bangladeshi War of Independence, it became known as the Bangladeshi National Congress, but was dissolved in 1975 by the government.

Presence in state governments -

As of December 2018, Congress (INC) is in power in the states of Punjab, Chhattisgarh, Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh where the party has majority support. In Karnataka and Puducherry it shares power with alliance partner Janata Dal (Secular) and Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam respectively. The party during the post-independence era has governed most of the States and union territories of India.

Indian National Congress

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Show Boat-First Music Play

2018-12-27T08:05:00.002+05:30

Show Boat - Kern and Hammerstein's musical play ''Show Boat" , considered to be the first true American musical play , open at the Theater on Broadway.

Show Boat

Show Boat is a 'musical' in two acts , with music by 'Jerome Kern' and book and lyrics by "Oscar Hammerstein II" based on 'Edna Ferber's' best-selling 'novel of the same name' .The musical follows the lives of the performers stagehands and dock workers on the Cotton Blossom, a
'Missippi River show boat' , over 40 year from 1887 to 1927 . it themes include . The musical contributed such classic songs as 'OI' Man River", "Make Believe", and "Cant Help Lovin' Dat Man' ".

Did you know :China open a world's longest High-speed rail route which links 'Beijing' and 'Guangzhou' in 26-12-2009..

2018-12-26T14:00:00.000+05:30

.China High-speed rail route :

High-speed rail in 'China' is the country's network of passenger-dedicated railway designed for speeds of 250- 350 km/h (155-217 mph). It is the world's 'longest high-speed railway network'.
and is also the most extensively used. In mid 2018 , HSR (high speed railway) extended to 30 of the country's 33 provincial-level administrative divisions. and almost reached 27,000 km (17,000 ml) in total length , accounting for about two-thirds of the world's high-speed rail tracks in commercial service . The HSR building boom continues with the HSR network set to reach 38,000
km (24,000 ml) in 2025.

List of HSR in China :

Fuxing Hao

CRH5

CRH380AL

CRH2C

.'Beijing- Guangzhou' rail route :

The 'Beijing-Guangzhou-Shenzhen-Hong kong high-speed railway' or 'Jingguangshengang hight-speed railway' from its 'Chinese' name is a high-speed railway corridor name of the CRH passenger service , connecting 'Beijingxi Station' in 'Beijing' and 'Futian Sation' in 'Shenzhen' . It

crosses the border and follows 'Guangzhou-Shenzhen-Hong kong Express Rail Link Hong kong section ' to 'West Kowlonn Sation ' in 'Hong kong'. It is 2,230 kilometers (1,390 ml) long. and is the only Chinese high-speed railway to cross a border that requires immigration and customs clearance . The existing conventional 'Jingguang railway' runs largely parallel to the line. The line

forms part of the 'Beijing - Harbin Beijing - Hong kong (Macau) passageway' based on the "Eight Verticals and Eight Horizontals" railway master plan announced in 2016..

Did you know : The 'Ephraim McDowell' is a first person who to successfully remove an 'ovarian tumor' in 12-12-1809...

2018-12-25T21:59:00.002+05:30

Ephraim McDowell :

Ephraim McDowell (November 11, 1771 - June 25, 1830) was an American physician and pioneer 'surgeon' . The first person to successfully remove an 'ovarian tumor' he was been called 'the father of ovariotomy' as well as founding father of 'abdominal surgery '..

McDowell was born in 'Rockbridge County, Virigina' the ninth child of 'Samuel' and 'Mary McDowell' . His father was a veteran of the 'French and Indian War'. and colonel . In 1784 Samuel
McDowell was appointed land commissioner and moved his family to 'Danville , Kentucky'.

.Education :

McDowell received early education at the classical seminary of 'Worley and James' than spent three years as a medical student under Dr.'Alexander Humphreys ' in 'Staunon, Virgina' . He attended lectures in medicine at the 'University of Edinburgh, Scotland' from 1793 to 1794 and studied privately with 'John Bell'. In 1825 the 'University of Maryland' giving a honorary M.D
degree.

.First ovariotomy :

On December 13, 1809 McDowell was called to see Jane Todd Crawford in 'Green Count, Kentucky' , 60 milles (97 km) from Danville. Her physician thought that Mrs. Crawford was beyond term pregnant. McDowell diagnosed an ovarian tumor. Crawford begged him to keep her from a slow and painful death. He then described her condition and that an operation for cure had
never been performed .He said that the best surgeon in the world thought it impossible . Crawford
said she understood and wanted to proceed. McDowell told her he would remove the tumor if she
would travel to his home in Danville.

On Christmas morning , 1809 McDowell began his operation .The Surgery was performed without
benefit of anesthetic or antisepsis , neither of which was then known to the medical profession. The
tumor McDowell removed weighed 22.5 pounds (10.2 kg) .He determined that it would be difficult
to remove completely , so he tied a 'ligature' around the 'fallopian tube' near the 'uterus' and the cut open the tumor . The whole an procedure took 25 minutes. Crawford made an uncompliced recover She returned a home in 25 day and lived in 32 years. This was the first successfully removal of ovarian tumor in the world...

first world ovarian operation

.Honor :
1.stamp honoring

Commemorative stamp honoring Ephraim McDowell issued December 30, 1959 the 150th anniversary of successful ovarian operation

2. National Statuary Hall Collection Statuse :

McDowell house , office, and apothecary in 'Danville', are preserved as a 'museum' and are designated a 'National Historic Landmark'..

Did you know: in 25-10-1976 the 'Egypt Flight 864' crashes in 'Bangkok, Thailand' , killing all 52 people on board , along with 19 people on the ground..

2018-12-25T13:35:00.000+05:30

EgyptAir Flight 864 :

EgyptAir Flight 864 was flight from 'Rome Fiumicino Airport' to 'Tokyo international Airport' via

'Cairo , Bombay' and 'Bangkok'. On 25 December 25 1976 , the 'Boeing 707' on the rout crased into an industrial complex in Bangkok. All 52 people on board were killed , plus 19 on the ground

in the Crash.

Crash:

Flight 864 was a regularly scheduled international passenger flight from Rome to Tokyo with stopover in Cairo. Bombay and Bangkok. With 9 Crew member and 44 passengers on board flight

864 approached Bangkok .At 20:30 GMT (03:30 local time) the crew contacted the approach controller and reported about the distance of 33 nautical miles (61 km) from the airport's radio beacon At this time , there was a quiet night, cloudiness from 2/8 to 4/8 at the lower border of 300

meters , air temperature of 25 C at a dew point of 24 C , visibility of 400 meters and an airfield

pressure of 1007 mB. Having received the radar vector tho the "BK" DPRM the crew began their approach to runway 21L. The crew reported their observations . The controller cleared the flight

to land , and the crew acknowledged the transmission . Than at about 03:45 , the aircraft crashed

into weaving mill building in an industrial area of the city, located 2 kilometers northeast of the end of runway 21L. The aircraft exploded on impact , and all 52 people on board were killed. The weaving mill was also destroyed , with 19 people killed on the ground . The total number of Victims was 71 people At that time , the crash was the deadliest aviation disaster to occur in Thailand ..

In 25-12-336 First documentary sign of 'Christmas' celebration in 'Rome'...

2018-12-25T09:15:00.004+05:30

Christmas :-

Christmas is an annual festival commemorating the "birth" of 'Jesus Christ' observed primarily
on December 25 as a religious and cultural celebration among billions of people around the world .A feast central to the 'Christian liturgical year' , it is preceded by the season of 'Advent' or the ''
'Nativity Fast' and initiates the season of 'Christmastide' which historically in the West last 'twelve days' and culminates on 'Twelfth Night' in some tradition , Christmastide includes an 'octave'. Christmas Day is a public holiday in 'many of the world's nations' is celebrated religiously by a majority of 'Christmas' as well as 'culturally' by many non-Christians and forms an integral part of the 'holiday season' centered around it.

The traditional Christmas narrative the Nativity of Jesus , delineated in the 'New Testament' says
that Jesus was born in 'Bethlehem' in accordance with 'messianic prophecies'. When 'Joseph' and
'Marry' arrived in the city the inn had no room and so they were offered a 'stable' where the 'Christ Child' was soon born with 'Angles' proclaiming this disseminated the information...

Few images a celebration of Christmas :-

Christmas Celebration in Rome : -

Christmas Celebration in Rome

Italy has deep Catholic roots and with the seat of the church based at the Vatican, it’s no surprise that Christmas remains a traditional affair for many Romans. From universal traditions like decorating homes and public squares with nativity scenes, to lesser-known customs like La Befana, here’s how to celebrate the holidays in the Eternal City.

Go see the Christmas tree at the Vatican

First taking place in 1982, the tradition of placing a giant Christmas tree in St. Peter’s Square is a relatively new way to mark the festival season in Rome. This year’s fir comes from the archdiocese of Elk, in northeastern Poland, and will be decorated with stars and baubles designed by young cancer patients from several Italian hospitals.

.Display a presepe

Presepe directly translates to crib but more accurately describes the nativity scenes on display in many homes and public squares across Italy. Often large, sprawling scenes which depict Jesus’ manger in great detail, presepi are traditionally put up on December 8 and taken down on January 6, the Epiphany. To see just how complex these miniatures can be, head to the annual 100 Presepi exhibition at the Church of Santa Maria del Popolo.

.Piazza Navona Christmas Market

At its best, the Christmas Market in Piazza Navona is composed of stalls selling handmade gifts, sweet treats and festive decorations, an old fashioned carousel, a twinkling Christmas tree and a traditional nativity scene. However, in typical Roman fashion, it often courts controversy over which vendors are awarded permits. As a result, the size and content of the market is always temperamental – but it wouldn’t be Christmas in Rome without heading to Piazza Navona to find out what’s in store this year.

.Wait for La Befana

In Italy, it’s not Santa Claus who showers children with gifts but La Befana. The story goes that the Three Wise Men knocked on her door in search of directions. The old woman couldn’t help but let them stay the night. After they left, she realised she too wanted to join the search. To this day, La Befana still flies around on her broomstick, looking for Christ. On January 5, the eve of the Epiphany, she leaves sweets in the stockings of well-behaved boys and girls. This marks the end of the season’s festivities – l’Epifania, che tutte le feste si porta via!

in Today in 1969 The oil company phillips petroleum made the first oil discovery in the Norwegian sector of 'North Sea'....

2018-12-24T13:38:00.001+05:30

Phillips Petroleum Company :- "Phillips Petroleum Company " was an 'American oil company' incorporated in 1917 that expanded into petroleum refining , marketing and transportation ,natural
gas gathering and the chemical sectors.

on August 30, 2002 , 'Conoco inc.' merged with Phillips Petroleum to from 'ConocoPhillips', becoming the third largest 'energy company' and second-largest refining company inthe United States .The company moved its headquarters to 'Houston'.

in 2012 , 'ConcoPhillips' split into two separate companies. The legacy company kept its name, and spun off the midstream and downstream portions of its business .The new company , which owns the refinery chemical and pipeline assets formerly held in 'ConocoPhillips ' , is named 'Phillips 66'
the brand name and trademark used by the 2002 'ConocoPhillips' merger...

Today' date in 24-12-1999 'Indian Airline Flight 814' is hijacked in India airspace between 'Kathmandu ,Nepal' and 'Delhi' , India. The aircraft landed at 'Kandahar' in 'Afghanistan'. The incident ended on December 3, with the release of 190 survivors (one passenger is killed)

2018-12-24T09:21:00.001+05:30

Indian Airline Flight 814 hijacked :-

Indian Airline Flight 814 commonly known as IC 814 was an 'Indian Airline Airbus A300 ' en route from 'Tribhuvan International Airport' in 'Kathmandu, Nepal' to 'Indira Gandhi International Airport ' in 'Delhi , India' on Friday 24, December 1999, when it was hijacked . 'Harkat-ul-Mujahideen' was accused of the hijacking with the support and active assistance from Pakistan's

The Aircraft was hijacked by gunmen shortly after it entered indian airspace at about 17:30 IST(indian stander time). Hijackers ordered the aircraft to be flown to several location . After touching down in 'Amritsar, Lahore' and 'Dubai' , the hijackers finally forced the aircraft to land
in 'Kandahar, Afghanistan' which at the time was controlled by the 'Taliban'.

The hijackers released 27 of 176 passengers in Dubai but fatally stabbed one and wounded several others..!

.Demands of Hijackers :-
The Indian Government sent in a team of negotiators , headed by Vivek Katju, to discuss the demands of the hijackers , which included the release of .

1. Maulana Masood Azhar :-

. Maulana Masood Azhar :-'Maulana Masood Azhar' founded 'Jasih-e-Muhammed' in 2000 which gained notoriety for its alleged role in the 2001 Indian Parliament attack.!

2.Ahmed Omar Saeed Sheikh : -

.Ahmed Omar Saeed Sheikh :- Arrested in 2002 by Pakistani authorities for the abduction and Murder of 'Daniel Pearl' Omar Saeed Sheikh , who had been imprisoned in connection with in 1994 'Kidnappings of Westersn tourists in Indian' went on the murder 'Daniel Pearl' and also allegedly played a significant role in planning the September 11 attacks in the 'U.S'..!

3.Mushtaq Ahmed Zargar :-

.Mushtaq Ahmed Zargar :- Has played an active role since release in traning Islamic millitants in ' Azad Kashmir'.!

Today's In 23-12-1954 in First successful 'Kidney transplant' is performed by 'J.Hartwell Harrison' and 'Joseph Murray'....

2018-12-23T13:07:00.001+05:30

Kidney Transplant :-

The First 'Kidney Transplant' performed by 'Dr. J. Hartwell Harrsion 'and 'Dr. Joseph Murray
in December 23, 1954 ..!

1. Dr. Hartwell Harrison :-

Dr.'John Hartwell Harrison' (February 16, 1909 - January 20, 1984)
was an American urologic surgeon , who performed the first vital
human organ removal for transplant to another; this was a pivotal
undertaking as a member of the medical team that received the 1961
Amory Prize of the 'American Academy of the Arts and Sciences' for
bringing 'Kidney transplantation' to the World..!

2. Dr .Joseph Murray :-

'Dr. Joseph Edward Murray (April 1, 1919 - November 26, 2012)'
was An American Plastic-surgeon who performed the first successful
human 'Kidney transplant ' on 'Identical twins Richard' and 'Ronald Herrick' on December 23, 1954.
Murray shared the 'Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine' in 1990 with 'E. Donnall Thomas ' for their discoveries cocerning "Organ and cell transplantation in the treatment of human disease"....

In today 23-12-1958 The 'Tokyo Tower' ,then the world's tallest freestanding structure at 332.5 metres (1,091 ft.) are opened Today..

2018-12-23T12:39:00.003+05:30

Tokyo Tower :-

Tokyo Tower is communications and 'observation tower' in the shiba-koen district of 'Minato , Tokyo' japan . At 332.9 metres (1,092 ft.) ,it is the second -tallest structure in japan. The structure is an Eiffel Tower- inspird Lattice tower that is painted 'white' and 'international orange' to comply
with air safety regulations..

.Construction :-

A large broadcasting tower was needed in the Kantō region after NHK, Japan's public broadcasting station, began television broadcasting in 1953. Private broadcasting companies began operating in the months following the construction of NHK's own transmission tower. This communications boom led the Japanese government to believe that transmission towers would soon be built all over Tokyo, eventually overrunning the city. The proposed solution was the construction of one large tower capable of transmitting to the entire region. Furthermore, because of the country's postwar boom in the 1950s, Japan was searching for a monument to symbolize its ascendancy as a global economic powerhouse.

.Construction underway on 25 February 1958 :-

Hisakichi Maeda, founder and president of Nippon Denpatō, the tower's owner and operator, originally planned for the tower to be taller than the Empire State Building, which at 381 meters was the highest structure in the world. However, the plan fell through because of the lack of both funds and materials. The tower's height was eventually determined by the distance the TV stations needed to transmit throughout the Kantō region, a distance of about 150 kilometres (93 mi). Tachū Naitō, renowned designer of tall buildings in Japan, was chosen to design the newly proposed tower. Looking to the Western world for inspiration, Naitō based his design on the Eiffel Tower in Paris, France. With the help of engineering company Nikken Sekkei Ltd., Naitō claimed his design could withstand earthquakes with twice the intensity of the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake or typhoons with wind speeds of up to 220 kilometres per hour (140 mph).

. 23 December 1958 :-

The new construction project attracted hundreds of tobi traditional Japanese construction workers who specialized in the construction of high-rise structures. The Takenaka Corporation broke ground in June 1957 and each day at least 400 laborers worked on the tower. It was constructed of steel, a third of which was scrap metal taken from US tanks damaged in the Korean War. When the 90-metre antenna was bolted into place on 14 October 1958, Tokyo Tower was the tallest freestanding tower in the world, taking the title from the Eiffel Tower by 13 metres. Despite being taller than the Eiffel Tower, Tokyo Tower only weighs about 4,000 tons, 3,300 tons less than the Eiffel Tower. While other towers have since surpassed Tokyo Tower's height, the structure was still the tallest artificial structure in Japan until April 2010, when the new Tokyo Skytree became the tallest structure in Japan. It was opened to the public on 23 December 1958 at a final cost of ¥2.8 billion ($8.4 million in 1958). Tokyo Tower was mortgaged for ¥10 billion in 2000.

in this date 23-12-1970 The North Tower of the "World Trade Center "in 'Manhattan' , 'New York' New York is topped out at 1368 feet (417 m), making it the tallest building in the world...

2018-12-23T08:45:00.002+05:30

World Trade Center :-

The original 'One World Trade Center (also known as the 'North Tower, Tower 1, Building one, or' 1 WTC) was one of the Twin Tower of the "original World Trade Center " in 'New York' City. It was completed in 1972, standing at a height of 417 meter (1,368 ft) and was the 'tallest building in the world' until being surpassed by the 'Sears Tower' in 'Chicago' in 1973. It was distinguishable
from its twin , the original 'Two World Trade Center', also known as the South Tower , by the 110.3- meter (362 ft.) telecommunications antenna , the building stood at a total height of 527.3 meters (1,730 ft.) The building's address was 'One World Trade Center', with th WTC complex having its own ZIP code of 10048 due to its large size..

The original 'World Trade Center' was destroyed in the 'Terrorist attacked' September 11, 2001;
One World Trade Center was the first of the famous Twin Tower to be struck by a "Hijacked aircraft" at 8:46 a.m EDT, and the second tower to 'collapse' at 10:28 a.m of the 2,977 victims , killed in the attacks, 1,402 were in or above the North Tower impact zone..

The North Tower was replaced by the Present-day "One World Trade Center"tower which was opened in November 2014 as the lead building of the redeveloped World Trade Center site..

Today's in 856 b/c The sixth deadliest earthquake in The Persian city of 'Damghan' and Killed a estimated 200,000 people. ......

2018-12-22T08:35:00.000+05:30

Damghan Earthquake :-

The '856 Damghan earthquake' or the '856 Qumis earthquake' occurred on 22 December , 856
(242 AH). The earthquake had an estimated magnitude of 7.9 and maximum intensity of X (Extreme) on the 'Mercalli' intensity Scale. The 'meizoseismal area (area of maximum damage)'
extended for about 350 kilometers (220 mi) along the southern edge of the eastern 'Alborz' mountains of present day 'Iran' including part's of "Tabaristen" and 'Gorgan' .The earthquake
epicenter is estimated to be close to the city of 'Damghan' which was then the capital of the 'Persian' province of 'Qumis' .It caused approximately 200,000 deaths and is listed by the 'USGS'
as the sixth deadliest earthquake in Recorded History......!

In 1937 The World's First full-length animated feature Movie 'Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs' Premieres at the 'Carthay Circle Theatre'....

2018-12-21T14:42:00.001+05:30

Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs :-

Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs is a 1937 American 'animated musical fantasy film' produced by 'Walt Disney Production ' and originally released by 'RKO radio Pictures'. Based on the 'German fairy tale' by the 'Brother Grimm' .It is the first full-length 'cel-animated' feature film
and the earliest 'Disney animated feature film'. The story was adapted by 'Storyboard' artists
'Dorothy Ann Blank' , ' Richard Creedon' , ' Merrill De Maris' , 'Otto Englander' , 'Earl Hurd',
'Dick Rickard', 'Ted Sears', and 'Webb Smith'. 'David Hand' was the supervising director ,' while
William Cottrell', 'Wilfred Jackson', 'Larry Morey' , 'Perce Pearce' , and 'Ben Sharpsteen' directed the film's individual sequences..

'Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs' premiered at the 'Carthay Circle Theatre' One December 21, 1937 followed by a nationwide release on February 4, 1938 .It was a critical and commercial success and with international earnings of $8 million during its initial release briefly assumed the
record of highest-grossing 'Sound film' at the time. The popularity of the film has led to its being
re-released theatrically many times, until its home video release in the 1990's adjusted for inflation , it is one of the 'top-ten performers at the North American box office'....

Today' in 1946 an 8.1 Mw earthquake and subsequent 'tsunami ' in 'Nankaido' japen ,kills over 1,300 people and destroy over 38,000 Homes....

2018-12-21T14:10:00.001+05:30

Nankai Earthquake :-

The 1946 'Nankai earthquake ' was a great earthquake in 'Nankaido, japan'. it occurred on December 21, 1946 at 04:19 JST (December 21, 19:19 UTC) .The earthquake measured between
8:1 and 8:4 on the 'moment magnitude scale' and was felt occurred Norther 'Honshu' to 'Kyushu'
.It occurred almost two years after the 1944 ' Tonankai earthquake ' ,which ruptured the adjacent
part of the Nankai megathrust...

The earthquake caused extensive damage eventually destroying 36,000 Home in southern Honshu
alone The earthquake also caused a huge tsunami that took out another 2,100 homes with its 5-6 metre (16-20 foot) Waves...

Today's in 1995 American Flight 965 ,a Boeing 757 ,Crashes into mountain 50 km north of 'Cali, Colombia ' Killing 159....

2018-12-20T12:08:00.001+05:30

Detail :-

American Airline Flight 965 was a regularly scheduled flight from "Miami International Airport "
on ' Miami' , Florida to 'Alfonso Bonilla Aragon International Airport' in 'Cali' Colombia .On December 20, 1995 the 'Boeing 757-200' flying this route Crashed into a mountain in 'Buga' , Colombia , Killing 151 out the 155 passenger and all eight Crew since the bombing of 'Pan Am Flight 103' in '1988' .Five passengers ,all seated within two rows of each other survived the initial
impact ,but one died two days later of his injuries . In addition to the four human survivors , a dog who had been in a carrier int the cargo hold at the time of the crash ,also survived the Incident...

In 19-12-1997 SilkAir Flight 185 crashes into the Musi River ,near Palembang in indonesia ,Killing 104 person...

2018-12-19T15:32:00.001+05:30

SilkAir Flight 185 Crashes :-

SilkAir Flight 185 was scheduled 'SlikAir' passenger flight operated by a Boeing 737-300 from
'Jakarta' to 'Singapore' that crashed into the "Musi River" near 'Palembang' in southern
'Sumatra' on 19 December ,1997 ,killing all 97 passenger and seven crew on board..

The cause of the crash was independently investigated by two agencies in two countries
the United States 'National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB)' and indonesian 'National Transportation Safety Committec(NTBC) ' .Which had jurisdiction based on 'Boeing' manufacture
of the aircraft in the United States ,investigated the crash under lead investigation 'Greg Feith' .its
investigation concluded that the crash was the result of deliberate flight control input's most likely
by Engineering professor Oetarjo Diran was unable to determine a cause of the crash.....

Today 19-12-1929 in The Indian National Congress promulgates the 'Purna Swaraj (the declaration of the independence of india)'.....

2018-12-19T14:44:00.000+05:30

Purna Swaraj:-

The flag adopted in 1931 and used by Provisional Government during the subsequent years of Second World War.
The Purna Swaraj declaration, or Declaration of the Independence of India, was promulgated by the Indian National Congress on 19 December 1929, resolving the Congress and Indian nationalists to fight for Purna Swaraj, or complete self-rule independent of the British Empire (literally in Sanskrit, purna (Hindi: पूर्ण), "complete", swa (Hindi: स्व), "self," raj (Hindi: राज), "rule," thus "complete self-rule").

The flag of India was hoisted by Jawaharlal Nehru on 31 December 1929 on the banks of Ravi river, in Lahore, modern-day Pakistan. The Congress asked the people of India to observe 26th of January as Independence Day. The flag of India was hoisted publicly across India by Congress volunteers, nationalists and the public.

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Before 1930, Indian political parties had openly embraced the goal of political independence from the United Kingdom. The All India Home Rule League had been advocating Home Rule for India: dominion status within the British Empire, as granted to Australia, Canada, the Irish Free State, Newfoundland, New Zealand, and South Africa. The All India Muslim League favoured dominion status as well, and opposed calls for outright Indian independence. The Indian Liberal Party, by far the most pro-British party, explicitly opposed India's independence and even dominion status if it weakened India's links with the British Empire. The Indian National Congress, the largest Indian political party of the time, was at the head of the national debate. Congress leader and famous poet Hasrat Mohani was the first activist to demand complete independence (Poorna Swaraj) from the British in 1921 from an All-India Congress Forum. Veteran Congress leaders such as Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Aurobindo and Bipin Chandra Pal had also advocated explicit Indian independence from the Empire.

Following the 1919 Amritsar Massacre, there was considerable public outrage against British rule. Europeans, (civilians and officials) were targets and victims of violence across India. In 1920, Gandhi and the Congress committed themselves to Swaraj, described as political and spiritual independence. At the time, Gandhi described this as the basic demand of all Indians; he specifically said that the question of whether India would remain within the Empire or leave it completely would be answered by the behaviour and response of the British. Between 1920 and 1922, Mahatma Gandhi led the Non-Cooperation movement: nationwide civil disobedience to oppose the Rowlatt Acts and the exclusion of Indians from the government, and the denial of political and civil freedoms.

Simon commission and the Nehru report
In 1928, the British government further outraged people across India by appointing a seven-man committee led by Sir John Simon, it was an all - European commission Simon Commission to deliberate on constitutional and political reforms for India. Indian political parties were neither consulted nor asked to involve themselves in the process. Upon arrival in India, Chairman Sir John Simon and other commission members were met with angry public demonstrations, which followed them everywhere. The death of a prominent Indian leader, Lala Lajpat Rai, from severe beatings by British police officials further outraged the Indian public.

The Congress appointed an all-Indian commission to propose constitutional reforms for India. Members of other Indian political parties joined the commission led by Congress President Motilal Nehru. The Nehru Report demanded that India be granted self-government under the dominion status within the Empire. While most other Indian political parties supported the Nehru commission's work, it was opposed by the Indian Liberal Party and the All India Muslim League. The British ignored the commission, its report and refused to introduce political reform.

Dominion or republic?
But the Nehru Report was also controversial within the Congress. Younger nationalist leaders like Subhas Chandra Bose and Jawaharlal Nehru demanded that the Congress resolve to make a complete and explicit break from all ties with the British. Jawaharlal Nehru had been influenced by the idea of Bhagat Singh ("total independence"), which Singh had introduced a resolution demanding in 1927, which was rejected because of Gandhi's opposition. Now Bose and Nehru opposed dominion status, which would retain the Monarch of the United Kingdom as the constitutional head of state of India (although in the separate capacity as King of India), and preserve political powers for the British Parliament in Indian constitutional affairs. They were supported in their stand by a large number of rank-and-file Congressmen.

In December 1928, Congress session was held in Kolkata and Mohandas Gandhi proposed a resolution that called for the British to grant dominion status to India within two years. After Some time Gandhi brokered a further compromise by reducing the time given from two years to one. Jawaharlal Nehru voted for the new resolution, while Subhash Bose told his supporters that he would not oppose the resolution, and abstained from voting himself. The All India Congress Committee voted 118 to 45 in its favour (the 45 votes came from supporters of a complete break from the British). However, when Bose introduced an amendment during the open session of Congress that sought a complete break with the British, Gandhi admonished the move:

You may take the name of independence on your lips but all your muttering will be an empty formula if there is no honour behind it. If you are not prepared to stand by your words, where will independence be

The amendment was rejected, by 1350 to 973, and the resolution was fully adopted.

On 31 October 1929, the Viceroy of India, Lord Irwin announced that the government would meet with Indian representatives in London for a Round Table Conference. To facilitate Indian participation, Irwin met with Mohandas Gandhi, Muhammad Ali Jinnah and out-going Congress President Motilal Nehru to discuss the meeting. Gandhi asked Irwin if the conference would proceed on the basis of dominion status and Irwin said he could not assure that, resulting in the end of the meeting.

The declaration
As a result of the denial of reforms and political rights, and the persistent ignorance of Indian political parties, the Indian National Congress grew increasingly cohesive – unified in the desire to oust the British from India completely. A very large number of Congress volunteers and delegates, members of other political parties and an especially large public gathering attended the session convened in Lahore. Despite the bitterly cold weather, Pattabhi Sitaramayya records that:

The heat of passion and excitement, the resentment at the failure of negotiation, the flushing of faces on hearing the war drums – oh, it was all in marked contrast to the weather.

Jawaharlal Nehru was elected President and veteran leaders like Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari and Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel returned to the Congress Working Committee. They approved a declaration of independence, which stated:

The British government in India has not only deprived the Indian people of their freedom but has based itself on the exploitation of the masses, and has ruined India economically, politically, culturally and spiritually.... Therefore...India must sever the British connection and attain Purna Swaraj or complete independence.

At midnight on New Year's Eve, President Jawaharlal Nehru hoisted the tricolour flag of India upon the banks of the Ravi in Lahore, which later became part of Pakistan. A pledge of independence was read out, which included a readiness to withhold taxes. The massive gathering of public attending the ceremony were asked if they agreed with it, and the vast majority of people were witnessed to raise their hands in approval. One hundred seventy two Indian members of central and provincial legislatures resigned in support of the resolution and in accordance with Indian public sentiment.

The Declaration of Independence was officially promulgated on 26 January 1930. Gandhi and other Indian leaders would immediately begin the planning of a massive national non-violence would encourage the common people not to attack Britishers even if they attacked them. Subsequently, the Salt Satyagraha was initiated by Mahatma Gandhi on 12 March 1930 and what followed gave impetus to the Indian independence movement and sparked off the nationwide Non Cooperation Movement.

The resolution was a short 750-word document; it does not have a legal/constitutional structure – instead, it reads more like a manifesto. The document called for severing ties with the British and claimed ‘Purna Swaraj’ or completes independence. It indicted British rule and succinctly articulated the resulting economic, political and cultural injustice inflicted on Indians. The document spoke on behalf of Indians and made its intention of launching the civil disobedience movement clear[6].

Authorship
There is some dispute as to who drafted the text of the declaration. Gandhi directly claimed authorship in 1940, while other sources either cite Nehru as a major editor[8] or attribute it to Nehru outright.

Legacy
The Congress regularly observed 26 January as the Independence Day of India – commemorating those who campaigned for Indian independence. In 1947, the British agreed to transfer power and political finesse to India, and 15 August became the official Independence Day. However, the new Constitution of India, as drafted and approved by the Constituent Assembly, was mandated to take effect on 26 January 1950, to commemorate the 1930 declaration. On that day in 1950, India became a republic. 26 January is now celebrated as Republic Day of India every year

Today's in 19-12-1932 BBC World Service begins broadcasting as the BBC Empire Service...

2018-12-19T08:37:00.002+05:30

BBC World Service:-

The 'BBC World Service' the World largest 'international broadcaster' broadcaster radio and television news, speech and discussions in more than 40 language to many parts of the world on
'analogue' and 'digital shortwave' platform , 'internet', 'streaming', 'podcasting' ,'satellite', 'DAB(Digital audio broadcasting)' ,'F.M' and 'M.W(medium wave)' relays.In November 2016
the BBC announced again that it would start broadcasting in additional language including 'Amharic (Ethiopian language)' and 'lgbo (Nigeria language)' in its biggest expansion since
the 1940's in 2015 World Service reached an average of 210 million people a week (via TV, Radio, and online). The English-Language service broadcasting 24 hours a day...!