Alzheimer's Club

Alzheimers Disease… What’s It Really Like?

Dr.Koudinov — Mon, 11 Feb 2008 11:00:00 +0000

By Diane L. Christopher
Buffalo, New York

I would like to dedicate this in Honor of my Beloved Mother, diagnosed with Alzheimers Disease, who passed away last April 22, 2006. Just exactly how many people are familiar with this horrible disease? Some may say they have never heard of it. Others may say it’s “hardening of the arteries.” Some may even say it’s just old age “creeping in.” But, the real truth of the matter is, it’s the most debilitating, demoralizing, destructive, and devastating disease within existence.

Does anyone really know what a person with this disease goes through?

How they spend their hours, their days, their nights, their very existence? Just once, we should try and view the world through their eyes. Just once, we should walk the path they walk. And just once, we should be told we can no longer live on our own. That we are incapable of taking proper care of ourselves.

The trouble is everyone is too busy and too caught up in their own daily lives to feel the pain, the anguish, the fears and tears of a person with this disease . “There but by the Grace of God go I.” Please take a moment to just think about it, as this world they now exist in is very confusing, dark, lonely and at times, almost completely void of reality as we know it. To a person with this disease the world can be a pretty frightening place. A clouded, distorted view of life free of warmth, free of past comforts, and even at times free of love because of lack of understanding.

What have we brought into this world? Nothing! What can we take out of this world when we leave it? Nothing! Just once try to put yourselves in their place. Try once to experience first hand the frustration, the emptiness, and the heartache that that fills their day each and every day.

When was the last time you had to have someone feed you, or the last time you had to have someone dress you, or bathe you? Or comb your hair , or for that matter, brush your teeth? This is merely the beginning as the real heartbreaker is when they can no longer walk or talk, or even swallow their food. Sound horrifying? It is!! Once again, “There but by the Grace of God go I.”

Please try and think long and hard. Please try thinking with your hearts and not your schedules. Please try to take out one hour a week, one hour every two weeks, or possibly just one hour a month. Go and visit a Facility where residents with Alzheimers Disease reside. There is no cost….it’s free. The only thing is it may possibly cost you is a smile, a hug, or a reassuring pat on the shoulder. Perhaps just a listening ear, or a tender loving and caring heart. The rewards reaped will be monumental.

Remember 911? Who could ever forget? But, as the days passed, people seemed to do exactly that. We all returned to our old lives, our old ways of living and our busy schedules. Please don’t let this happen here. The time is here and now. Please give of yourselves, your understanding, your love, your time, and put a smile back upon one face, put back a song within one heart and maybe even wipe away one tear or two from a pair of tired eyes. You will be so very much the richer. But most of all, you will fill someone else’s life with warmth and make a difference in someone’s life that otherwise was quite cold and empty.

May God continue to bless them and you.

Maybe this will help if even in a small way... it is my contribution to all those out there suffering from this disease. And to all the loved ones and friends who are caregivers.

Diane L. Christopher
22 Terry Lane
Buffalo, New York 14225-1340
diane22[at]roadrunner.com

Accidental Memory Stimulation Points at Possible Alzheimer's Treatment

Dr.Koudinov — Sat, 09 Feb 2008 17:31:00 +0000

...A study published in the January 29th Annals of Neurology reveals that surgeons operating on an awake obese patient under general anesthesia discovered that brain stimulation evoked detailed autobiographical memories. The procedure was a last attempt to control the patient's morbidly obese weight and involved Bilateral hypothalamic deep brain stimulation. Researchers tried to find appetite-suppressant areas in the hypothalmus.

As surgeons implanted electrodes into the patient's brain, he suddenly began to experience a flood of memories from a visit to a park he had made decades earlier. He recounted events in amazing detail, from the weather to the types of clothes his friends were wearing. As the current on the electrodes intensified, the memories grew richer in detail. He performed better in simple recall tests with the electrodes turned on than when the current was turned off. Subsequently, the same memories were recounted when surgeons at the Toronto Western Hospital applied current to the same area of the brain two months later.

Deep brain stimulation has already shown to be effective against Parkinson's disease. A neurostimulator surgically implanted into the brain of Parkinson's patients results in marked reduction of tremors, rigidity, and stiffness. The patients are also able to increase speed of movement and have less difficulty walking. In the situation of the obese patient, surgeons monitored the changes in brainwave function through EEG monitors and noticed an increase in brainwave frequency. Sufferers of Alzheimer's have decreased brainwave frequency.

Source: associatedcontent.com (9 Feb 2008)

Paper Alert by Alzforum: ABCA1 Protects Against Amyloid Deposition

Dr.Koudinov — Fri, 01 Feb 2008 19:35:00 +0000

A paper in the January 17 Journal of Clinical Investigation online supports the idea that ABCA1 (ATP-binding cassette A1), a protein transporter involved in lipidation, can protect against amyloid buildup. David Holtzman and colleagues from Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, overexpressed ABCA1 in PDAPP transgenic mice. First author Suzanne Wahrle and colleagues report that the mice have a very similar phenotype to ApoE-negative animals. Both ABCA1 overexpression and ApoE loss lead to significantly less amyloid-β in the hippocampus than normal PDAPP mice. What little Aβ is present occurs predominantly in the hilus. There is also a dearth of amyloid plaques, as judged by thioflavin S staining. Alzforum first discussed these findings in our report from the Bar Harbor Workshop, Enabling Technologies for Alzheimer Disease Research (see ARF related news story).

ABCA1 seems crucial for loading ApoE with lipid and loss of the transporter leads to reduced levels of ApoE, but not amyloid, in the brain (see ARF related news story). These latest results support the idea that the lipidation status of ApoE is intimately linked with its effect on Aβ processing and aggregation. The data “support the conclusions that increased ABCA1-mediated lipidation of apoE in the CNS can reduce amyloid burden and that increasing ABCA1 function may have a therapeutic effect on AD,” write the authors.—Tom Fagan.

Reference:Wahrle SE, Jiang H, Parsadanian M, Kim J, Li A, Knoten A, Jain S, Hirsch-Reinshagen V, Wellington CL, Bales KR, Paul SM, Holtzman DM. Overexpression of ABCA1 reduces amyloid deposition in the PDAPP mouse model of Alzheimer disease. J. Clin. Invest. 2008 January 17 online. Full Text at J Clin Investigation Abstract

Source: Alzforum research news (22 January 2008) [FullText and comments]

Drug trials: If you pay, it's a good drug

Dr.Koudinov — Fri, 29 Jun 2007 07:27:00 +0000

The effectiveness of a drug is usually established by a trial, often one that also uses a placebo, or sugar pill, or another drug from the same family. These trials are expensive, and they’re invariably funded by the drug’s manufacturer.And guess what? When the drug company is paying, the results are 20 times more likely to be favourable. Even better, the researchers are 35 times more likely to give their conclusions a favourable spin.The effectiveness of the drug over a sugar pill seems to disappear if the funding is from an independent source.Researchers from the University of California uncovered the ‘research for hire’ practice when they investigated 192 published trials for cholesterol-lowering statin drugs. Of those, just half were upfront about the trial’s sponsors.The drug trial is a very worthwhile investment for the drug company. Once its drug has received a favourable review in a so-called ‘scientific’ trial, it’s well on the road to millions of dollars of sales.(Source: PLos Medicine, June 7, 2007, published online).

Original text: Drug trials: If you pay, it's a good drug What Doctors Don't Tell You - London, UK (21 June 2007)

Alzheimer's media news in brief (25 June 2007)

Dr.Koudinov — Tue, 26 Jun 2007 07:27:00 +0000

Alzheimer's fails to rob Robert Kapuniai of his proud link to the 100th Battalion
Honolulu Star-Bulletin - Honolulu, HI, USA
In what could be the last big gathering for many, about 80 World War II veterans of the widely known 100th Infantry Battalion attended a luncheon yesterday at the Hilton Hawaiian Village commemorating the unit's 65th anniversary. Among the majority who are nisei, or second generation Japanese Americans, is Robert Kapuniai, believed to be the last of the few Hawaiians who served in the volunteer battalion.
Kapuniai, who just turned 90 and has Alzheimer's disease, has sons who pass on his stories. That is the solemn mission of succeeding generations, said speaker Maj. Gen. Jason Kamiya. Robert Kapuniai's Alzheimer's disease does what he tried to do for years with alcohol. It makes him forget his pain. It makes him forget when he stood for days in the river, unable to move, because the Germans were near. Forget the pain of shrapnel as pieces pierced his body, permanently damaging his legs and back. But deep down, as the disease approaches its third stage, he remembers a little. When he hears "100th Battalion" or its nickname, "One Puka Puka," for the group of Japanese-American volunteer soldiers who fought in World War II, he remembers vaguely that he was one of them.

Alzheimer's drug challenge launched
Guardian Unlimited - UK
The Government's medicines watchdog is facing a major legal challenge in the High Court over its decision not to continue funding anti-dementia drugs on the NHS for patients in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease.
Drug companies supported by the Alzheimer's Society are challenging decisions by the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Nice says it made its recommendations because the drug treatment was shown to be not particularly effective for people with mild Alzheimer's disease, and resources should be put into other treatments available on the NHS. The four-day case before Mrs Justice Dobbs at London's High Court centres on the use of acetyl cholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs) in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
Nice recommended that three anti-cholinesterase drugs - Aricept (donepezil), Exelon (rivastigmine) and Reminyl (galantamine) should not be prescribed for use by patients in the early stages of the disease.
The drug marketers, Eisai and Pfizer, argue the effectiveness appraisal process was unfair. They say those consulted by Nice were provided with a "read only" version of the economic model used by the watchdog to evaluate both clinical and cost effectiveness of AChEIs.

David Hyde Pierce Tackles Alzheimer's
News Channel 7 - SC, USA
WASHINGTON (AP) -- David Hyde Pierce is helping start a campaign against Alzheimer's disease, which he saw two family members suffer from. "I think the hardest thing in both cases, with my grandfather and with my dad, were the moments when they understood what was happening to them," Pierce said on ABC's "This Week" program in a segment that aired Sunday. "It's a disease that takes your brain apart, a piece at a time. And it doesn't stop till it kills you." The longtime co-star of the TV series "Frasier" said the Alzheimer's Association's Champions campaign aims to recruit one American for every person with Alzheimer's. A Web site lets people sign up for events, make donations and buy T-shirts. More than 5 million people in the U.S. live with the disease, according to the association. "All we have to do is find a way to slow it down," Pierce said. "We're not trying to keep people from dying. We're trying to keep people from dying this way." The 48-year-old actor won a Tony award earlier this month for his role in "Curtains."

Queen's graduate wins scholarship for pioneering Alzheimer research
Belfast Telegraph - UK
A Queen's University medical graduate has won a prestigious scholarship award to aid pioneering research on Alzheimer's - the first time it has ever gone outside the US. Dr Bernadette McGuinness, from Coalisland in Co Tyrone, was awarded the Paul B. Beeson Career Development Award for her proposed research into Alzheimer's disease and dementia.The £228,000 grant will allow Dr McGuinness and the Queen's team to continue their research which specifically focuses on neuropsychological changes and genetics in early Alzheimer's disease.The Beeson Award is a career development award given to "high calibre individuals seeking to advance research into ageing and medicine for older people". Dr McGuinness was delighted to receive it at a special conference in New York over the weekend.Graduating with an MD in 2006, Dr McGuinness has worked closely with the Dementia Research Group from Queen's School of Medicine (Drs Peter Passmore, Janet Johnston and David Craig). Her research proposal relates to an enzyme thought to be involved in the Alzheimer's process. The team studied activity of an enzyme in platelets and found that the activity was elevated in patients with Alzheimer's...

Emory Participates in Study to Slow Progression of Alzheimer's Disease
DentalPlans.com - Dania, FL, USA
Nutritionists have long endorsed fish as part of a heart-healthy diet, and recent studies have suggested that omega-3 fatty acids found in the oil of certain fish, algae and human breast milk may also benefit the brain by lowering the risk of Alzheimer's disease. In order to test whether an omega-3 fatty acid called docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) can impact the progression of Alzheimer's disease, researchers at Emory University are evaluating DHA in a clinical trial, the gold standard for medical research. The study is supported by the National Institute on Aging (NIA) of the National Institutes of Health. A nationwide consortium of leading Alzheimer's disease researchers is supported by NIA and coordinated by the Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study at the University of California, San Diego. The clinical trial is taking place at 52 sites across the U.S. The study is seeking 400 participants ages 50 and older with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease. James Lah, MD, associate professor of neurology at Emory, will lead Emory's participation. Oregon Health and Science University's Joseph Quinn, MD, associate professor of neurology, is directing the national study. Researchers primarily will evaluate whether taking DHA over many months slows the progression of both cognitive and functional decline in people with mild to moderate Alzheimer's...

Alzheimer's Drug Based On Secretase Inhibitor Begins Clinical Trials
Medical News Today (press release) - UK
A drug based on the design of a Purdue University researcher to treat Alzheimer's disease began the first phase of human clinical trials this week. "Millions of people suffer from this devastating disease and treatment options are very limited," said Arun Ghosh, the Purdue professor who led the creation of the treatment molecule. "Current drugs manage the symptoms, but this could be the first disease-modifying therapy. It may be able to prevent and reverse the disease."CoMentis Inc., a biopharmaceutical company based in San Francisco, is initiating the clinical trials of the experimental drug CTS-21166...

Intellect Neurosciences, Inc. Obtains Validation of European Patent for Clinical Candidate in 18 Countries
PR Newswire UK (press release) - London, UK
Intellect Neurosciences, Inc. (OTC Bulletin Board: ILNS), a biopharmaceutical company focused on development of disease-modifying therapeutic agents for the treatment and prevention of Alzheimer's disease and related disorders, announced today that European Patent No.1056452 covering the use of indole-3-propionic acid to treat multiple indications has been validated in several Europe countries...
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News Alert for Alzheimer's (19 June 2007)

Dr.Koudinov — Tue, 19 Jun 2007 12:00:00 +0000

Stress and Alzheimer's disease
News-Medical.net - Sydney, Australia
Subjecting mice to repeated emotional stress, the kind we experience in everyday life, may contribute to the accumulation of neurofibrillary tangles, one of the hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease, report researchers at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies. While aging is still the greatest risk factor for Alzheimer's disease, a number of studies have pointed to stress as a contributing factor. "A long-term study of about 800 members of religious orders had found that the people who were most prone to stress were twice as likely to develop Alzheimer's disease, but the nature of the link between the two has been elusive," says Paul E. Sawchenko, Ph.D., a professor in the Neuronal Structure and Function Laboratory, who led a phalanx of Salk researchers contributing to the current study. The group's findings, detailed in this week's Journal of Neuroscience, suggest that the brain-damaging effects of negative emotions are relayed through the two known corticotropin-releasing factor receptors, CRFR1 and CRFR2, which are part of a central switchboard that mediates the body's responses to stress and stress-related disorders...

Certain Foie Gras Linked To Diseases Such As Alzheimer's And Arthritis, Animal Study Suggests
Science Daily (press release) - USA
University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine professor and researcher Alan Solomon, M.D., director of the Human Immunology and Cancer/Alzheimer's Disease and Amyloid-Related Disorders Research Program, led a team that discovered a link between foie gras prepared from goose or duck liver and the type of amyloid found in rheumatoid arthritis or tuberculosis. This experimental data has provided the first evidence that a food product can hasten amyloid development. Amyloidosis is a disease process involving the deposit of normal or mutated proteins that have become misfolded. In this unstable state, such proteins form hair-like fibers, or fibrils, that are deposited into vital organs like the heart, kidneys, liver, pancreas and brain. This process leads to organ failure and, eventually, death. There are many types of amyloid-related diseases in addition to rheumatoid arthritis, such as Alzheimer's disease, adult-onset (type-2) diabetes and an illness related to multiple myeloma called primary or AL amyloidosis, an illness that has been a particular focus of study in the Solomon laboratory. Foie gras is a culinary delicacy derived from massively enlarged fatty livers of ducks and geese. It is produced by gorging the fowl over several weeks. Solomon and his research team analyzed commercially sold foie gras from the U.S. and France and found that it contained a type of amyloid called AA. Amyloid deposits are commonly found in waterfowl, but this condition is noticeably increased in force-fed birds. In their study, mice prone to develop AA amyloidosis were injected or fed amyloid extracted from foie gras. Within eight weeks, a majority of the animals developed extensive amyloid deposits in the liver, spleen, intestine and other organs. Based on the findings of the study, Solomon and his team concluded that this and perhaps other forms of amyloidosis might be transmissible, like "mad cow" and other related diseases. Until now, no other infectious sources of food products have been found...

Alzheimer's associated enzyme can disrupt neural activity in brain
HULIQ - Hickory, NC, USA

An enzyme involved in the formation of the amyloid-beta protein associated with Alzheimer's disease can also alter the mechanism by which signals are transmitted between brain cells, the disruption of which can cause seizures. These findings from researchers at the MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders (MGH-MIND) may explain the increased incidence of seizures in Alzheimer's patients and suggest that potential treatments that block this enzyme - called beta-secretase or BACE - may alleviate their occurrence. The report will appear in the journal Nature Cell Biology and is receiving early online release. "We have found a molecular pathway by which BACE can modulate the activity of sodium channels on neuronal cell membranes, says study leader Dora Kovacs, PhD, director of the Neurobiology of Disease Laboratory in the Genetics and Aging Research Unit at MGH-MIND. "That implies that elevated BACE activity may be responsible for the seizures frequently observed in Alzheimer's patients." Alzheimer's disease is characterized by plaques within the brain of the toxic amyloid-beta protein. Amyloid-beta is formed when the larger amyloid precursor protein (APP) is clipped by two enzymes - BACE and gamma-secretase - which releases the amyloid-beta fragment. Signaling impulses in nerve cells are transmitted via voltage-gated sodium channels, structures on the cell membrane that transmit electrochemical signal by admitting charged sodium particles into the cell's interior. Sodium channels consist of an alpha subunit, which makes up the body of the channel, and one or two beta subunits that help to regulate the channels' activity. Previous studies from Kovacs' team and others showed that the BACE and gamma-secretase enzymes that release amyloid-beta from APP also act on the beta2 subunit of neuronal sodium channels. The current study was designed to examine how this processing of the beta2 subunit may alter neuronal function. Lead author Doo Yeon Kim, PhD, and colleagues first confirmed that the beta2 subunit, similar to APP, can be acted on by BACE and gamma-secretase, releasing a portion of the beta2 molecule from the cell membrane. A series of experiments using brain tissue from animal models and from Alzheimer's patients revealed the following series of cellular events: Elevated levels of the free beta2 segment within the cell appear to increase production of the alpha subunits, but those molecules are not incorporated into new sodium channels on the cell surface. The resulting deficit of membrane sodium channels inhibits the passage of neuronal signals into and through the cells. Neuronal sodium-channel dysfunction is known to cause seizures in both mice and humans. In a supplement to the current paper the investigators present evidence that sodium channel metabolism is altered in the brains of Alzheimer's patients compared with non-demented individuals of similar age. "Our study suggests that the BACE inhibitors currently being developed to reduce amyloid-beta generation in Alzheimer's disease patients may also help prevent seizures by alleviating disrupted neural activity," Kovacs explains. "However, complete inhibition of BACE activity could interfere with the enzyme's normal regulation of sodium channels, so therapeutic strategies using those inhibitors will need to be carefully designed." Kovacs is an associate professor of Neurology at Harvard Medical School. -Massachusetts General Hospital.

Motion Sensors Used to Predict Alzheimer's Disease
FOX News - USA
The goal: Shave off that time by spotting subtle changes in mobility and behavior that Alzheimer's specialists are convinced precede the disease's telltale...

Discovery Made on Alzheimer's Disease
WLNS - Lansing, MI, USA
US researchers think they've figured out what is responsible for seizures suffered by Alzheimer's patients. Scientists found that an enzyme that contributes...
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New MRI Image Technique Predicts Early Onset Of Alzheimer's Disease
Medical News Today (press release) - UK
Using new MRI techniques to analyze tissue composition and structure in the brain, researchers from the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine and the National Institute on Aging successfully detected mild cognitive disorder (MCI), a condition in which patients suffer mild memory problems and is often an early symptom of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Results of the research were published in a recent issue of Neurobiology of Aging."This is important because detecting this kind of brain abnormality in its early stages with these techniques could have pivotal importance for the early detection and management of AD," said lead author of the study Cristos Davatzikos, MD, Chief of the Biomedical Image Analysis Section in Penn's Department of Radiology. "The diagnostic power of this technique could work hand-in-hand with the new drugs currently under development that target the early stages of AD before irreversible brain tissue damage sets in."In the first-of-its-kind study, researchers created a unique picture of patients' brains by combining and analyzing MRI images measuring the density and volume of various different tissues and their spatial distribution within the brain. From these images patterns associated with MCI were detected. Using this technique, researchers were able to not only to detect, with 100 % accuracy, those patients in the study with cognitive impairment from those with normal cognitive function, but also those predicted, with 90 percent accuracy, those patients with increasing onset of MCI, thereby demonstrating the diagnostic power of the new tool...

CoMentis Receives FDA Clearance to Begin Human Clinical Trials for Its Disease-Modifying Alzheimer's Therapy: Highly Potent Beta-Secretase Inhibitor to Enter the Clinic
Market Wire (press release) - USA
SOUTH SAN FRANCISCO, CA--(Marketwire - June 18, 2007) - CoMentis, Inc., a privately held biopharmaceutical company, announced today it is initiating a Phase I first-in-man study of its proprietary, orally bioavailable, small-molecule beta-secretase inhibitor CTS-21166, which is being developed as a disease-modifying treatment for Alzheimer's disease (AD). In preclinical studies, CTS-21166 exhibits excellent efficacy, selectivity, brain penetration and pharmacologic activity. "This is a significant achievement for CoMentis and for Alzheimer's disease drug development," stated W. Scott Harkonen, M.D., President and Chief Executive Officer. "CTS-21166 is an entirely new approach to the treatment of AD because it is a disease-modifying agent targeting beta-secretase, a critical enzyme involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease, and it has the potential to become the first-in-class therapeutic agent." The CoMentis initial Phase I trial in healthy volunteers is designed as a dose escalation study to measure the safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of CTS-21166 following intravenous administration. Forty-eight subjects will receive one of several different doses or placebo. The company expects to begin generating human clinical data by the end of 2007 and to begin Phase II studies in Alzheimer's patients in 2008. Beta-Secretase and Alzheimer's Disease: Drs. Jordan Tang and Arun Ghosh, two of the scientific founders of CoMentis, are pioneers in the field of aspartic proteases. Since publication of the first beta-secretase inhibitor in 2000, Dr. Tang has led the characterization of this enzyme's role in Alzheimer's disease and Dr. Ghosh has led the construct of drug candidates to inhibit its activity. The action of this enzyme on the amyloid precursor protein leads to the formation of plaques in the brain and is implicated in the development of Alzheimer's disease. Inhibition of beta-secretase reduces beta amyloid production and could slow the progression of Alzheimer's disease. CTS-21166 is the first of several highly selective and potent beta-secretase inhibitors being developed by CoMentis that are highly active in preclinical models of Alzheimer's disease. "This is the most exciting target today for intervention in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease," said Dr. Tang, who holds the J.G. Puterbaugh Chair in Medical Research at the Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation. "Beta-secretase is involved at a very early stage in the disease, and if we could block the activity of this enzyme, we could prevent many of the harmful steps that follow and drastically reduce the impact of Alzheimer's disease." About CoMentis: CoMentis, Inc. has its headquarters in South San Francisco, with research operations in both South San Francisco and Oklahoma City. The company is engaged in the discovery and development of small-molecule drugs to treat diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and cognitive disorders. The company has two fundamental technology platforms: (i) aspartic protease inhibitors, including beta-secretase inhibitors for Alzheimer's disease; and (ii) nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) agonists and antagonists for the treatment of angiogenesis mediated diseases and cognitive disorders. Originally founded in 2004 as Athenagen, Inc., the company was re-named CoMentis following the August 2006 merger with Zapaq, Inc., which created a leading neurovascular disease franchise. Zapaq was founded in 2001 by Jordan Tang, Ph.D., of the Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, and Arun Ghosh, Ph.D., now at Purdue University, both experts in the field of aspartic proteases. In 2000, Dr. Tang's groundbreaking discovery of beta-secretase, an aspartic protease which is a critical enzyme in beta amyloid production, was published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

CPAP Improves Sleep in Patients With Alzheimer's Disease, Sleep-related Breathing Disorder: Presented at SLEEP
DG News - USA
WESTCHESTER, IL -- Patients with both Alzheimer disease and a sleep-related breathing disorder (SRBD) experience disrupted sleep, resulting in increased nocturnal awakenings and a decreased percentage of REM sleep.However, in another example of the effectiveness of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), CPAP has been found to reduce the amount of time spent awake during the night, increase the time spent in deeper levels of sleep, and improve oxygenation, according to research presented at the 21st Annual Meeting of the Associated Professional Sleep Societies (SLEEP).The study, conducted by Jana R. Cooke, MD, of the University of California at San Diego, focused on 48 adults, with an average age of 77.8 years, with Alzheimer disease and an SRBD. It was discovered that treating the sleep-related breathing disorder with CPAP resulted in these patients spending less time awake during the night as well as sleeping deeper."In general, improved sleep is associated with improvements in quality of life," said Cooke. "Clinicians should consider CPAP treatment for Alzheimer disease patients with a sleep-related breathing disorder, as the potential benefits may be significant."Scientific evidence shows that CPAP is the best treatment for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). CPAP provides a steady stream of pressurized air to patients through a mask that they wear during sleep. This airflow keeps the airway open, preventing the pauses in breathing that characterize OSA and restoring normal oxygen levels. Source: American Academy of Sleep Medicine.

Breakdown of myelin may be the cause of Huntington's disease
News-Medical.net - Sydney, Australia
Last month, Dr. George Bartzokis, director of the UCLA Memory Disorders and Alzheimer's Disease Clinic, suggested in the journal Alzheimer's & Dementia that the breakdown of a type of myelin that develops late in life promotes the buildup of toxic amyloid plaques long associated with Alzheimer's disease. Myelin is the insulation that wraps around nerve axons in the brain. Now, in a new report currently online in the journal Neurochemical Research, Bartzokis turns his attention to Huntington's disease. Again, he suggests that a breakdown of myelin is the cause, but with a twist it is the myelin that develops early in the formation of the brain that breaks down prematurely and eventually leads to the disease's symptoms. Huntington's disease (HD) is a rare, inherited neurological disorder that ultimately deprives individuals of their ability to control their movement, behavior and thinking. It affects approximately 30,000 people in the U.S., with another 150,000 at risk. While it is known that HD is caused by a mutation in a gene called Huntingtin (Htt), the exact mechanism by which the Htt gene causes or contributes to neuronal cell death and HD symptoms remains unclear. Bartzokis research suggests it is Htt's affect on myelin that may prove to be the cause. The earliest parts of the developing brain include systems of neurons that control movement and behavior. These neurons have long axons finger-like projections that serve as the primary transmission lines of the nervous system covered with thick myelin sheaths. The sheaths are nourished by an ongoing supply of a protein called brain-derived neurotrophic factor, which travels down a neuron's axon. Bartzokis believes the Htt gene interferes with this nourishment-delivery system, resulting in a breakdown of the myelin that depends on it. That, in turn, disrupts cell signaling, which results in the neuron's death. The problem is compounded by the continual production of other cells that continue to make myelin. In HD, increasing numbers of these cells, called oligodendrocytes, are produced in an attempt to remyelinate axons whose myelin sheaths have broken down. This results in strikingly elevated numbers of oligodendrocytes years before the appearance of HD symptoms. Such elevation is detrimental because oligodendrocytes are rich with iron, which, while required for myelination, is also a well-known catalyst of free-radical-induced tissue damage. Iron accumulates during normal aging, and abnormal iron metabolism is believed to be involved in many human disorders. This is true for both highly prevalent, chronic disorders of aging, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, and acute disorders, such as stroke, where the extent of tissue damage is also related to iron levels. To spot myelin destruction, neuron death and iron accumulation in the brains of HD subjects, Bartzokis used two magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) machines operating at different field strengths. Measurements of myelin breakdown and iron content were taken from the brains of 11 HD subjects and compared to a control group of 27subjects. Bartzokis found that both the breakdown and the iron accumulation matched the typical progression of the disease from early to late myelinating regions. Thus, according to Bartzokis, earlier myelinated axons, such as the ones controlling movement, bear the brunt of damage from the mutant gene in the disease. And the early symptoms of Huntington's are problems with controlling movement, behavior and eventually thinking," he said. The implications of this are important, Bartzokis noted, since there is a decades-long period during which therapeutic interventions could modify the course of the disease, long before clinical evidence such as behavioral, cognitive and motor problems appear. Thus, it may be possible to develop medication that could be administered in the very early stages using non-invasive in vivo neuroimaging markers of both myelin breakdown and levels of iron. Source: http://www.ucla.edu/

Alzheimer's News in Brief (12 June 2007)

Dr.Koudinov — Tue, 12 Jun 2007 06:50:00 +0000

Alzheimer's Disease Set to Explod. Prediction: 106 Million Alzheimer's Patients by 2050

WebMD USA, by Daniel J. DeNoon (11 June 2007) -- Today, 26.6 million people worldwide suffer Alzheimer's disease. In just over 40 years, that number will quadruple to more than 106 million patients -- and 43% of them will need full-time care in nursing homes. This grim prediction of the global burden of Alzheimer's disease comes from Johns Hopkins researcher Ron Brookmeyer, PhD, and colleagues. The researchers base their forecast on a complex computer model fed United Nations population projections and data on Alzheimer's disease. "We face a looming global epidemic of Alzheimer's disease as the world's population ages," Brookmeyer says in a news release. "By 2050, one in 85 people worldwide will have Alzheimer's disease." The only good news from the computer model is that if new ways are found to slow the disease, it would significantly reduce the global burden of Alzheimer's -- even if these new treatments had only modest effects. Delaying Alzheimer's onset by just one year would reduce the 2050 case load by 12 million patients. But not all breakthroughs are equal. If researchers succeed in slowing Alzheimer's progression as well as delaying onset, there would be only 9.2 million fewer cases by 2050 -- because people with the disease would survive longer. "The worldwide costs will be huge," Brookmeyer and colleagues warn. Currently, nearly half of the people with Alzheimer's disease live in Asia. That proportion is expected to grow to 59% by 2050, with nearly 64 million cases. Brookmeyer's reported the grim numbers to the Second Alzheimer's Association International Conference on Prevention of Dementia, held June 9-12 in Washington. The findings also appear in the Alzheimer's Association journal Alzheimer's & Dementia.

Myriad Genetics Presents Mathematical Comparison of Disease Modification Trial Designs at Alzheimer's Conference. Current Flurizan Phase 3 Study Design May Demonstrate Disease Modification

Salt Lake City, UT, Market Wire (11 June 2007) -- Myriad Genetics announced today that it presented a mathematical comparison of a "Staggered Start" and a "Randomized Withdrawal" clinical trial design with a "Natural History Staggered Start" clinical trial design at the Alzheimer's Association Prevention Conference held June 9 - 12, 2007, in Washington, D.C. The analysis demonstrates that the "Natural History Staggered Start" trial design currently being used in the Flurizan Phase 3 study can provide the same level of disease modification support as the cross-over trial designs, which are challenged by ethical concerns, dropout bias and complications. A disease modifying therapy for Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one that has an impact on the underlying pathology of the disease and thus slows the rate of a patient's decline over the course of long-term treatment. In contrast, the currently available AD medicines are believed to treat the symptoms of AD without impacting the underlying disease process or providing long lasting benefit. The development of robust methods to demonstrate disease modification in AD clinical trials has been a controversial issue in the field, and to date, there have been no studies that provide convincing evidence of disease modification in AD. Two clinical trial designs that could provide evidence for disease modification were originally proposed for AD studies over 10 years ago by Paul Leber, then the head of the Division of Neuropharmacological Drug Products of the FDA. These designs have come to be known as the "Randomized Withdrawal" and "Staggered Start" designs and are based on measuring clinical outcomes in a cross-over type study. In the randomized withdrawal design, patients are withdrawn from therapy after a defined period to determine whether the long-lasting benefit to the patient is maintained, demonstrating disease modification, or if the patient drops back to the level of patients on placebo for the duration of the study. In a staggered start design, one group of patients receives the active study drug for the entire study period, while a second group initially receives placebo and then later is given the active drug. If the second group fails to "catch up" in the level of performance of the first group, this is taken to be evidence for a disease modifying effect of the drug. Unfortunately, these designs are difficult to implement and have rarely been used in clinical trials as they are complicated by very long study durations, leading to high dropout rates that introduce biased results, as well as presenting ethical concerns unacceptable to patients and their families. A team of biostatisticians and mathematicians at Myriad, led by Suzanne Hendrix, Ph.D., Sasha Gutin, Ph.D., and Scott Horton, has proposed an alternative strategy designated the "Natural History Staggered Start" analysis, that compares the slopes of decline of drug treated patients with those of patients receiving placebo and corrects for the severity of disease at baseline. The mathematical analysis presented at the Alzheimer's Association AD Prevention Conference demonstrates that this trial analysis methodology is mathematically equivalent to the "Staggered Start" and "Randomized Withdrawal" designs and provides the same level of evidence of a disease-modifying drug effect in a clinical trial that is not subject to the above-mentioned complications, bias and ethical challenges of the previous designs. "We are excited about this persuasive mathematical comparison of clinical trial designs," said Adrian Hobden, PhD, President of Myriad Pharmaceuticals, Inc. "We believe that this mathematical proof, coupled with the Flurizan trial design may strengthen the Company's position with the FDA in favor of a disease modification label for Flurizan..."

New test may help predict Alzheimer's disease

OCRegister - Orange County, CA, USA (11 June 2007 by Maggie Fox, Reuters, Washington, DC) -- New tests involving blood and brain scans can detect symptoms of Alzheimer's disease, and brief appraisals of real-life functioning can predict who is likely to develop it, researchers said on Sunday. The tests will be critical, experts told a meeting on Alzheimer's disease, because more than 26 million people now have the brain-wasting disease and this number will quadruple, to 106 million, by 2050. "By 2050, 1 in 85 persons worldwide will have Alzheimer's disease," said Ron Brookmeyer of Johns Hopkins University, who led the study on how many people have the disease. No drugs can significantly affect Alzheimer's disease, although four have a very modest impact if given early on. The disease is very difficult to detect until it has progressed from mild memory loss to clear impairment. Patients eventually lose all ability to care for themselves. Detecting the disease early can help patients and their families plan better for the future but can also help researchers develop drugs to treat and perhaps even prevent the disease. Anders Lonneborg and colleagues of DiaGenic, a biotech company based in Oslo, Norway, found a set of 96 genes that look different in the blood of Alzheimer's patients when compared to the same genes in healthy people. Their study of more than 100 older people, half from memory clinics and half from senior centers, found Alzheimer's accurately 85 percent of the time.
They identified genes related to the immune system, to inflammation and to cell division. The company has applied to regulators in the United States and Europe to approve the test, Lonneborg told a meeting of the Alzheimer's Association in Washington...

Biologic Agent from Elan/Wyeth Will Drive the Alzheimer's Disease Drug Market to More Than Triple by 2016, Reaching $8.8 Billion

Earthtimes.org: USA WALTHAM, Mass., (11 June 2007, by PRNewswire) -- Decision Resources, Inc., one of the world's leading research and advisory firms focusing on pharmaceutical and healthcare issues, finds that Elan/Wyeth's bapineuzumab, the first biologic agent for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, will drive the Alzheimer's disease drug market to more than triple by 2016, reaching $8.8 billion. According to the new Pharmacor report Alzheimer's Disease, bapineuzumab -- a monoclonal antibody that is poised to begin Phase III trials and is expected to launch by 2011 in the United States and Europe -- will account for more than $5 billion in sales in 2016. A second monoclonal antibody, Eli Lilly's LY-2062430, may also launch by 2016 and contribute to market expansion. The report finds that bapineuzumab, Neurochem's Alzhemed, and Myriad Genetics' Flurizan -- three disease-modifying therapies that will launch over the next several years -- will account for 82% of Alzheimer's disease drug sales in 2016. Bapineuzumab will garner 61% of sales, while Alzhemed and Flurizan will garner 13% and 8%, respectively. However, the report finds that significant safety concerns may limit the overall sales potential of bapineuzumab. "The launch of bapineuzumab will be the most important factor driving growth in the Alzheimer's disease drug market," said Nitasha Manchanda, Ph.D., analyst at Decision Resources. "Despite being priced considerably lower than monoclonal antibodies in other markets, we expect bapineuzumab to enter the market priced nearly eightfold higher than current small molecule therapies. Nevertheless, we anticipate significant uptake of this agent -- particularly in patients with mild Alzheimer's disease -- despite the safety concerns. Alzhemed and Flurizan, both in Phase III development, have shown modest efficacy in trials to date and are likely to offer a better safety profile than bapineuzumab."

'Natural Protection' To Reduce Spread Of Alzheimer's Disease Possible

Science Daily (press release) - USAScience Daily -- Although numerous drugs have been developed over the years to alleviate the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease, there is still no real cure to halt this progressive, neurodegenerative disorder that causes premature death of nerve cells in the deep brain nuclei, leading to dementia and death. A graduate student in biological chemistry at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem has, however, developed an approach that holds out promise of providing natural brain protection against the spread of this disease. For his work, Erez Podoly, a joint student of Dean of Science Prof. Hermona Soreq and the head of the Wolfson Center for Applied Structural Biology, Prof. Oded Livnah, has been named one of the winners of this year's Kaye Innovation Awards, which were presented on June 6 during the 70th meeting of the Hebrew University Board of Governors. Alzheimer's Disease afflicts 12 million people worldwide, and this figure is expected to almost double over the next 25 years, due to prolonged life expectancy. Alzheimer disease patients develop neurotoxic precipitates ("plaques"), composed of the amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide, which spread as fibrils in the brain and destroy nerve cells. (A peptide is short chain of amino acids).
The several drugs that have been developed for Alzheimer's disease serve to enhance neuronal function, suppress inflammation, block or reduce the generation of oxidative stress in the brain, or minimize cognitive damage. Unfortunately, however, it is still unknown as to how to halt the spread of the neurotoxic plaques.
Podoly, 34, a native New Yorker, and his colleagues set out to design a blocker for the neurotoxic effects of the Aβ peptide, using the Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) protein, which was cloned and engineered in their lab. BChE's brain concentration increases with age, a fact overlooked so far, but which for Podoly and his colleagues seemed highly relevant to the progress of Alzheimer's. The researchers set out in their laboratory to see if they could chemically improve and intensify BChE's effect on the brain fibrils. The researchers were indeed able to show in the lab that BChE purified from human blood and short synthetic peptides of BChE were able to reduce fibril formation. However, supply limitations and health risks limit the value of blood serum-derived human BChE. Fortunately, a breakthrough was achieved when PharmAthene Inc., an American company, was able to produce engineered human BChE that was introduced into the milk of transgenic goats. Recently, in collaboration between the Hebrew University, Yissum -- the technology transfer company of the university -- and PharmAthene, Podoly and his colleagues have succeeded in demonstrating by several independent methods that the goat-derived BChE efficiently interacts with and reduces amyloid fibrils formation. They anticipate that recombinant human BChE produced in the milk of transgenic goats and/or synthetic peptides derived from BChE can become novel prophylactic or therapeutic agents for slowing the progression of senile plaque formations in the brain of Alzheimer's patients. Further research, leading to clinical tests on humans, is planned for the future. Note: This story has been adapted from a news release issued by The Hebrew University of Jerusalem.

Unexplained Late-life Weight Loss May Be Early Predictor Of Alzheimer's

Science Daily, USA (11 June 2007) - Unexplained weight loss late in life, when coupled with other biomarkers, may help to identify those at risk of Alzheimer's disease...

New findings show unexplained weight loss that precedes dementia by more than 10 years is associated with the severity of Alzheimer changes in the brain. Using data from the Nun Study, a prospective study of the causes of dementia in Catholic sisters, University of South Florida researcher James Mortimer, PhD, reported today that the most likely cause of the unexplained weight loss is the severity of the Alzheimer changes in the brain rather than an eating disorder or other condition associated with declining cognition. Dr. Mortimer presented the findings at the Alzheimer's Association International Conference on the Prevention of Dementia in Washington, DC. Although a previous study showed that individuals with lower weight for their height at the time of death had more Alzheimer brain changes at autopsy, this is the first study to show that lower weight up to 10 years earlier is specifically related to the severity of the disease. "While weight one year or less prior to death was related to the amount of cognitive decline, this association could be explained by the severity of the Alzheimer process in the brain seen at autopsy," said Dr. Mortimer, professor of epidemiology at the USF College of Public Health. "Given its very long duration prior to onset of dementia, it is likely that weight loss is specifically associated with the Alzheimer disease process and not to a restriction in food intake due to cognitive decline," he said. "There is considerable evidence that Alzheimer changes in the brain precede the first symptoms of this illness by decades." Unexplained weight loss late in life, when coupled with other biomarkers, may help to identify those at risk of Alzheimer's disease more than a decade in the future. Identification of individuals who are at high risk of Alzheimer's long before cognitive decline becomes evident will be critical to its prevention once agents become available to slow the disease, Dr. Mortimer said.
The Nun Study, begun in 1992, is a study of 678 Catholic sisters, initially 75 to 102 years of age, who are evaluated yearly and who agreed to brain donation at the time of death. The Nun Study is directed by Dr. David Snowdon of the University of Kentucky. Dr. Snowdon is a co-author of the presentation as is Dr. William Markesbery, director of the Sanders-Brown Center on Aging at the University of Kentucky. Dr. Yougui Wu, the third coauthor, is an assistant professor of epidemiology and biostatistics at the USF College of Public Health
The Nun Study is funded by a grant from the National Institute on Aging.

ABC 7 Medical: Alzheimer's Disease

WJLA, ABC7 Medical by Kathy Fowler (11 June 2007) - Washington, DC, USA: Tony Sudler, Alzheimer's Association: "We look for Alzheimer's disease as projecting to bankrupt both Medicaid and Medicare in the future if we cannot...

Anchor: Alzheimer's disease is being called this country's next public health crisis. The number of people sick with this devastating disease is expected to quadruple by 2050. experts worry it's an epidemic that could break the healthcare system. Medical reporter Kathy Fowler joins us with the story.

Researchers at Johns Hopkins project in 40 years more than 100 million people worldwide will have Alzheimer's. Tonight health experts are warning - this is a problem so big it could bankrupt the united states healthcare system.

Story:
Jerome Menefee's mother is 82 years old and in the late stages of Alzheimer's so he quit his job to become her 24 hour caregiver.

Jerome Menefee, caregiver: "When I was born I was two pounds 14 ounces in 1953, you know a preemie; i only survived because of her." He promised to take care of her the way she took care of him.... but it takes a physical and emotional toll.

Jerome Menefee: "it was exhausting... my health was suffering... if i get sick no one else is going to take care of her." Not to mention the financial burden.....

Jerome Menefee" i'm looking at the possibility of selling the house and then taking what's available after taxes into an annuity to give her another income stream and then i'll start over. "

Health experts say right now one in eight people over the age of 65 has Alzheimer's and one in two people get the disease over the age of 85.

That's not even considering the 78 million aging baby bommers.....

Tony Sudler, alzheimer's association: "we look for alzheimer's disease as projecting to bankrupt both medicaid and medicare in the future if we cannot figure out a way to slow the diseases down."

Scientists are scrambling to come up with better treatments and say this is exactly the wrong time for the government to cut research funding.

Dr. Sam Gandy, Farber Institute for Neurosciences: "Alzheimer's funding for the NIH fell for the first time in 30 years. so as the epidemic is upon us, it's becoming more and more difficult to retain good scientist in the field."
Kathy on set:

Scientists say they might be close - maybe three to five years away from developing medicines that can slow down and maybe even prevent alzheimer's.

In the meantime, doctors say everyone can protect their brains by exercising and reducing blood pressure and cholesterol. basically the same things that prevent heart disease can also prevent Alzheimer's.

Dimebon Shows Promise When Treating Alzheimer's Disease

Ecanadanow.com, 11 June 2007 -- Importantly, on every endpoint studied, the benefits of Dimebon over placebo at one year were stable or greater when compared to benefits at six months. Dimebon patients were stabilized over the one year study period, meaning that their level of function was preserved for a full year on all five endpoints. The endpoints spanned all of the most frequently studied aspects of Alzheimer's disease: cognition, overall clinical function, activities of daily living, and behavioral problems. Dimebon was well tolerated throughout the entire one-year treatment period.On the study's primary endpoint, the ADAS-cog, Dimebon caused an improvement over placebo of 6.9 points at one year (observed case analysis; p<0.0001). p="0.006)." p="0.006)." p="0.03)">

Heart Disease a Risk Factor for Alzheimer's

Alz.org press info by HealthDay News - SUNDAY, 10 June 2007 -- There's more evidence that cardiovascular problems help drive Alzheimer's disease, scientists say, and that treating the heart might help protect the brain. The findings "represent hope that interventions with well-known drugs can interfere with the disease's progression," said lead investigator Yan Deschaintre, a neurologist and research fellow at the University Regional Hospital Center in Lille, France. In fact, cognitive impairment, as measured by a standard test, stayed in the low end of the mild range over 36 months for Alzheimer's patients who got treatments for both the neurological disease and their cardiovascular problems, the researchers reported. In contrast, Alzheimer's patients with vascular trouble who did not receive these medications experienced declines in cognition that approached the severe level, Deschaintre's team found. They were slated to present the findings Sunday at the Alzheimer Association's International Conference on Prevention of Dementia, in Washington, D.C... The work done by Deschaintre's team is consistent "with what we've been hearing over the past three to five years" about vascular risk factors increasing the risk for Alzheimer's, Gandy said. The new study, "really nails that down by looking at the other side of the coin by establishing that treating vascular risk factors slows the progression of cognitive decline," he added. He suggested that physicians begin to take vascular risk factors seriously as they treat patients with Alzheimer's. The vascular risk factors for early Alzheimer's patients "certainly should be treated" because it "seems to slow progression," Gandy said. Another expert agreed. The Lille results "reinforce the treatment guidelines for these vascular conditions, such as hypertension and diabetes, and emphasize that Alzheimer's and demented patients should be treated, too," said Hugh C. Hendrie, a professor of psychiatry at the Indiana University Medical School and a scientist at its Center for Aging Research. However, Deschaintre and Hendrie both noted that physicians at times may not treat vascular risk factors in Alzheimer's patients, for a variety of reasons. For example, Alzheimer's disease often leaves patients apathetic, so they may neglect to tell their physicians about vascular symptoms, Hendrie said. And Deschaintre noted that, in the clinic where the research was done, patients with Alzheimer's were less likely than other patients to be treated for vascular risk factors. The reverse was true, as well -- patients with vascular dementia were more likely to be treated for heart risk factors, but not for Alzheimer's. But, "since the majority of patients have both Alzheimer's disease and cerebrovascular disease, and since patients with pure Alzheimer's do seem to benefit from treatment of vascular risk factors, the message is to treat both conditions rather than to focus only on one," he said. Hendrie remained cautious about the scientific impact of Deschaintre's study, however. He said results from a clinical epidemiological study, such as the Lille research, aren't as conclusive or compelling as those from randomized, controlled clinical trials. Two other studies scheduled for release at the Alzheimer's conference on Sunday also emphasized the role of the brain-body connection in cognitive impairment and dementia. Weight loss may signal the onset of Alzheimer's, and the rate of weight loss could be early warning of dementia severity, according to a new review of data from what's known as the Nun's Study. That effort followed health outcomes for a group of 537 non-demented Catholic sisters, aged 75 to 102, for 10 years. In the study, a team led by Dr. James Mortimer, a professor of epidemiology and biostatistics at the University of South Florida, Tampa, found that unexplained weight loss late in life was often linked to Alzheimer's neuropathology in the brain and not to any change in eating habits linked to Alzheimer's. Mortimer explained that, "early weight loss appears to result from the Alzheimer's disease process itself before that process leads to dementia. That's why it is a marker of impending dementia." In a third study, a team from the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minn., found an increased risk of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or dementia among 70- to 89-year-olds who have had a carotid endarterectomy (surgical clearance of the carotid artery, which brings blood to the brain) or a stroke or "mini-stroke," also known as a transient ischemic attack (TIA). In the study, the team compared the medical histories of 295 people with MCI and 590 age and sex-matched controls. "Elderly subjects who have had a carotid endarterectomy or stroke or TIA are about two times more likely to have MCI," lead researcher Dr. Rosebud O. Roberts, a Mayo epidemiologist, said in a prepared statement.

Alzheimer's News in Brief (5 June 2007)

Dr.Koudinov — Wed, 06 Jun 2007 06:50:00 +0000

Alzheimer's on the rise, even locally
Summit Daily News - Frisco, CO, USA (4 June 2007)
FRISCO - The latest report by the National Alzheimer's Association showed a 10 percent increase in Alzheimer's Disease cases, and Summit County is not immune to this surge.In fact, as the population here continues to age, more diagnoses will be made. According to this year's report, one in eight people age 65 and older have the disease and age is the biggest risk factor for it."We believe with the number of baby boomers who will soon be turning 65 that that number (those with Alzheimer's) will increase," said Christy Nelson, volunteer coordinator at the Summit County Community and Senior Center who coordinates the Memory Loss Support Group.The group, that is a partnership with the Colorado Chapter of Alzheimer's Association, is designed to help family, caregivers cope with stress, share tough moments, joys, tips and become educated on the latest research and information.Linda Trenbeath, of Silver Plume, is a facilitator for the support group who has a masters in psychology and personal knowledge of what caring for someone is Alzheimer's is like."It's a devastating disease that has a major impact on any family," she said.While the exact number of those in Summit, Clear Creek, Eagle, Gilpin and Lake counties with the disease is not known, it is known that about 6,500 residents are above the age of 65. The Colorado Chapter of the Alzheimer's Association estimates that 10 percent of these individuals have some form of dementia or suffer from memory loss and that number will likely grow.An estimated 5 million people in the U.S. have Alzheimer's and every 72 seconds someone develops it, according to the national association. By the year 2050, the number of those diagnosed could reach 16 million.Also, 59 percent of care for the nation's elderly falls to women family members between the ages of 45 and 65. As a result of their role as caregivers, they are known to experience greater stress levels and ignore personal health needs.The local support group is designed to help ease some of this stress. Any caregiver of someone with memory loss that could be from stroke or another health issue not just Alzheimer's is welcome at the local meeting. And, "no matter what stage of Alzheimer's they find themselves caregiving, this would be a group for them," Nelson said. Additionally, the support could help someone even if the person they are caring for doesn't live in the county, she added.The group does not consist of medical professionals, but they do offer resources for people with questions and those wanting to understand the difference between normal aging memory loss and the disease, Trenbeath said. A brochure is available and it is online at the National Alzheimer's Association website.Behaviors in patients are "very distinctive," she added. At the monthly group, caregivers help each other understand next steps and how to deal with the confusion, frustration, agitation and other emotions patients go through."They're all there to support each other in a common challenge," Trenbeath said."When you have someone you care about with memory loss, you really get isolated ... You get embarrassed, life is changed and you face difficult things," she later continued. "I encourage people to come. It helps them be less isolated and could improve their life and the life of the one they are caring for."

MU researchers find mechanisms that may unlock answers to Alzheimer's disease, Neurobiology of Lipids is in focus
EurekAlert (press release) - Washington, DC, USA
COLUMBIA, Mo. — Four million people in the United States and 15 to 20 million people worldwide are affected by Alzheimer’s disease. These numbers are likely to triple by 2050 due to the fact that 24 percent of the population will be more than 65 years old. In their attempt to combat the disease, two University of Missouri-Columbia professors have identified new mechanisms that could have major implications in the development of treatments for the disease. The National Institutes of Health recently awarded a $6 million grant to the Mizzou researchers to continue their study. Grace Sun and Gary Weisman, professors of biochemistry in the School of Medicine and the College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, are entering the second phase of an $11 million project aimed at identifying the causes of Alzheimer’s disease. Previous studies have indicated toxic effects of a protein, the amyloid-beta peptide or “A-beta,” which accumulates in amyloid plaques in the brain of Alzheimer’s patients. Despite unknown mechanisms, increased production of this peptide may cause impairments of brain functions. “When the A-beta protein comes together inside the plaque, it will fold into an abnormal shape that is toxic to cells,” Sun said. “While we know this has some effect on brain function, we don’t know how toxic it is or at what stage the toxicity begins. In the past five years, we have started to understand how this disease works. With the new grant, we will be able to go forward and see if there are treatments that can modify the cellular response in the brain.” The abnormal A-beta impairs the synapse connections that occur among neurons. These synapses control the communication among the brain cells, including how memory is processed. Besides neurons, A-beta also attacks astrocytes and microglial cells. Astrocytes are an important cell type that provides nutrients to neurons. Microglia cells are immune cells activated for defense related functions. Effects of A-beta on astrocytes and microglia may create abnormal inflammatory responses that can harm neurons and other brain cells. The next phase of the study includes three projects. Sun will study mechanisms whereby A-beta affects phospholipases, a group of enzymes that, when activated, will destroy membranes in brain cells. Current evidence suggests that A-beta activates some of these enzymes. In the second project, Weisman will study mechanisms of inflammation in the brain and A-beta’s role in creating the inflammatory response. Weisman will explore the role of a group of receptors that control both the function of the enzyme that produces A-beta in brain cells and regulates inflammation. By suppressing this receptor’s function, Weisman hopes to identify new treatments that minimize A-beta production and inflammation. Gibson Wood, professor of pharmacology at the University of Minnesota, will lead the third project, which will study the role of cholesterol in the brain. Wood’s study will evaluate the effects of statin drugs, typically used to treat high cholesterol. Wood’s previous research showed that statins have other beneficial effects in addition to lowering cholesterol. His study will test if the drugs also combat the ill effects of A-beta and limit the progression of Alzheimer’s disease. Findings from the research program have been published in the Journal of Neuroinflammation, the Journal of Neuroscience and the Journal of Biological Chemistry. Funding for the study has come from the National Institute of Aging, part of the National Institutes of Health, and the University of Missouri-Columbia. “Without matching funds from MU and interdisciplinary collaboration, we would not be able to conduct this research,” Sun said. According to the National Institutes of Health, Alzheimer’s disease is the most common form of dementia among older adults and affects areas of the brain that control memory, judgment, behavior and intelligence. The disease was first discovered more than 100 years ago by a German physician, Dr. Alois Alzheimer, when he diagnosed a patient who died of a dementia-type illness at age 55.

Off-Label Use of Alzheimer's Disease Drugs Drives the Market for Mild Cognitive Impairment
American Digital Networks (press release) - Annapolis, MD, USA
WALTHAM, Mass., June 4 PRNewswire — Decision Resources, Inc., one of the world's leading research and advisory firms focusing on pharmaceutical and healthcare issues, finds that because there are no therapies approved specifically for the treatment of mild cognitive impairment, off-label use of Alzheimer's disease drugs currently drives the market and will continue to dominate the market through 2016. The new Pharmacor report entitled Mild Cognitive Impairment finds that it is the lack of regulatory approval that forces mild cognitive impairment therapeutic options to be entirely off-label. "Off-label use restricts the number of patients who can receive such therapies, particularly in Europe where reimbursement is more tightly regulated," said Bethany Kiernan, Ph.D., analyst at Decision Resources. "As a result, drug-treatment rates for mild cognitive impairment are low. However, I expect that diagnosis and drug-treatment rates will increase significantly by 2016 because of the emergence of disease-modifying therapies for Alzheimer's disease and the launch of amyloid biomarkers." The report also finds that treatment options for mild cognitive impairment are limited in Japan. Currently, the only therapy available for mild cognitive impairment is Eisai/Pfizer's Aricept/Bracco's Memac. This lack of therapeutic options has contributed to low drug-treatment rates in this market. However, the launches of Shire/Janssen/Ortho-McNeil Neurologics' Reminyl/ Razadyne, Novartis' Exelon/Esteve/Biofutura's Prometax, and Merz's Azura/Grupo Grunenthal's Akatinol/Lundbeck's Ebixa/Forest Laboratories' Namenda beginning in 2010 will provide additional therapeutic options to Japanese mild cognitive impairment patients and prompt modest sales growth in this market.

About Mild Cognitive Impairment:
Mild cognitive impairment is a diagnosis given to individuals who have cognitive impairments beyond that expected for their age and education, but that do not interfere significantly with their daily activities. It is considered to be the boundary or transitional stage between normal aging and dementia.

Nursing home placement associated with accelerated cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease
RxPG NEWS - Westchester, CA, USA
Key point: The authors considered the possibility that nursing home placement is simply a sign of increased severity of Alzheimer's disease. Yet, the nursing-home-related increase in cognitive decline was observed even after simultaneous control for cognitive and noncognitive indicators of dementia severity at the time of nursing home entry. On average, cognition declined at a gradually increasing rate for all participants. As level of day care use at study onset increased, the association of nursing home placement with accelerated cognitive decline substantially decreased. People using day care 3 to 4 days a week at the beginning of the study showed no increase in cognitive decline upon nursing home placement.

Major result: The findings suggest that the transition from the community to a nursing home is particularly difficult for people with Alzheimer's disease and that those planning for their care should consider the possibility that experience in adult day care programs may help prepare affected persons for institutional living. Patients who had prior adult day care services may be better able to adjust to the unfamiliar environment.

Blocking stress protein decreases Alzheimer's peptide in mice
EurekAlert (press release) - Washington, DC, USA St. Louis (4 June 2007) --
Scientists revealed in November 2006 that stress increases production in mice of a brain peptide critical to Alzheimer's disease. Now the same group has shown that blocking a different brain peptide slows the stress-induced increase, opening a new door to treatment. Researchers from Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis report the results online this week in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Studies of humans and animals have suggested that stress may increase risk of Alzheimer's disease, but the new research is among the first studies to elaborate the basic biomolecular mechanisms that may underlie this increased risk. The results build on earlier findings from coauthors John G. Csernansky, M.D., the Gregory B. Couch Professor of Psychiatry and professor of neurobiology, and Hongxin Dong, Ph.D., instructor in psychiatry. Using mice genetically modified to model human Alzheimer's disease, Csernansky and Dong showed that raising them under isolated conditions in smaller cages accelerated the deposition of brain plaques and declines in cognitive ability. Brain plaques are believed to be a primary cause of the memory loss and other mental damage inflicted by Alzheimer's disease. They are mostly comprised of a peptide known as amyloid beta, so researchers immediately suspected that stress was increasing amyloid beta levels. But because there are other factors that can accelerate plaque build-up, they needed to test the link. For that new test, scientists used a technique known as microdialysis to monitor amyloid beta levels in the brains of mice exposed to the same stressors: isolation and smaller cages. "Stress remarkably elevated soluble amyloid beta levels in the spaces between brain cells," says senior author David Holtzman, M.D., the Andrew B. and Gretchen P. Jones Professor and head of the Department of Neurology. "But we didn't know based on those initial experiments if it was a chronic effect or a much more immediate effect. If it was more immediate, we thought we might be able to identify some of the brain molecules involved in increasing the levels." Lead author Jea-Eun Kang, a graduate student in the Holtzman lab, utilized a quicker way to cause stress: temporarily restrain mice from moving. Three hours of restraint led to a 30 percent increase in amyloid beta levels. The spike in amyloid beta encouraged researchers to start looking for molecules that might be enabling this rapid change. Stress hormones produced by the adrenal gland were natural suspects. In mice, that meant corticosterone, the mouse equivalent of the human hormone cortisol. But a large dose of corticosterone didn't cause a similar rapid change in amyloid beta levels. When they widened their search for molecules released in the mouse brain by stress, the scientists identified one called corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), which is linked to increased levels of brain cell communication. In 2005, Holtzman, John Cirrito, Ph.D., a postdoctoral research associate in neurology and psychiatry, and colleagues showed that increased communication between brain cells also contributed to increased amyloid beta. When they directly placed CRF in the mouse brain, amyloid beta levels rose immediately. Mice given a CRF blocker and then stressed did not display increased amyloid beta. "There are very few known environmental risk factors for Alzheimer's disease," Holtzman notes. "Head trauma increases risk, higher education lowers it. Stress may be another environmental factor that increases risk." Holtzman, Csernansky and their colleagues are intrigued by the possibility that drugs that block CRF or reduce anxiety may provide a new way to decrease amyloid beta and eventually delay or prevent Alzheimer's disease. Holtzman and his colleagues are also continuing to explore connections between brain cell activity and amyloid beta levels.

Yin And Yang -- Balance Could Play Key Role In Progression Of ...
Medical News Today (4 June 2007) - UK
Researchers at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute are challenging current thinking on the causes and prevention of Alzheimer's disease, offering a new hypothesis that could be the key to preventing this form of dementia. The researchers have found that a specific imbalance between two peptides may be the cause of the fatal neurological disease that affects more than five million people in the United States. "We have found that two peptides, AB42 and AB40, must be in balance for normal function," said Chunyu Wang, lead researcher and assistant professor of biology at Rensselaer. "They are like the Yin and Yang in Taiji, an ancient Chinese philosophy. When the peptides are produced in the correct proportions, the brain is healthy; but when that delicate balance is changed, pathological changes will occur in the brain and the person's memories become hazy, leading to eventual dementia." Wang expects that this imbalance could be the main factor in the progression of Alzheimer's disease. If correct, the addition of AB40 may stop the disease's development. Wang notes that further research is needed, but his preliminary results challenge the current mode of thinking about how these peptides contribute to the progression of the disease. The research will be published in the June edition of the Journal of Molecular Biology. Peptides are formed by the linking of different amino acids. The two peptides that Wang investigated were both Amyloid B-peptides (AB) - specifically those composed of 40 and 42 amino acids, called AB40 and AB42. These two peptides have been previously found in deposits, called senile plaques or amyloid plaques, in brains afflicted with Alzheimer-s disease. These plaques, mainly composed of AB42 fibrils, are a hallmark of Alzheimer-s disease. Prior research has uncovered that increased levels of AB42 become toxic to brain cells when individual molecules of AB42, or monomers, combine to form oligomer or fibril chains. This process is called aggregation. But the role of AB40, which is also found in senile plaques and generated from the same protein as AB42, has not been clearly established. Wang set out to determine what role this peptide played in the generation of AB42 aggregates. Wang used the advanced Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) machines within Rensselaer-s Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies to monitor the formation of harmful AB42 fibrils in the presence of different levels of AB40. NMR is an extremely powerful research tool capable of characterizing the three-dimensional structure and dynamics of biological molecules. Using NMR data, Wang found that as AB40 levels increased, the aggregation of AB42 fibrils sharply decreased, protecting benign AB42 monomers. "We have found that the ratio of AB40 to AB42 plays a key role in AB42 aggregation," Wang said. "The current mode of thinking in Alzheimer-s emphasizes the toxic role of AB42 but neglects the protective role of AB40. Combined with previous work on AB40 by many other groups, our data suggest that AB40 has an equally important, protective role in Alzheimer-s. Thus AB42, the bad molecule, and AB40, the good molecule, are like Yin and Yang in Taiji. The brain can only function normally when they are in balance." Wang-s experiments show that when there is 15 times more AB40 than AB42, the formation of AB42 fibrils is almost completely stopped. "This means that the introduction of AB40 to tip the peptide balance toward AB40 could potentially halt or slow down the progression of the Alzheimer-s in the human brain," Wang said. Wang plans to continue investigating how AB40 halts the formation of AB42 fibrils, and he already sees vast implications for this change in thinking about the progression of the disease. "This has the potential to become a simple therapy to prevent the formation of toxic AB42 species," he said. "I plan to continue my research on the role of AB40 and hope that we can test this theory on human neurons, animal models, and someday in clinical trials. One critical advantage of using AB40 for the prevention or therapy for Alzheimer-s is that AB40 is already known to be largely free of side effects at near physiological concentration."

Alzheimer's risk 'rises if oxygen supply hit'
Scotsman - Edinburgh, Scotland, UK (by Rhiannon Edward, 4 June 2007)
An incident of reduced oxygen to the brain caused by a stroke, heart attack, or even heavy snoring could make people more vulnerable to Alzheimer's disease, according to scientists. It can leave the patient more open to the gradual build-up of toxic chemicals which can cause Alzheimer's, a team at Leeds University said. This means a stroke victim may still be more at risk of developing Alzheimer's decades after they have made a full recovery. Professor Chris Peers, of the school of medicine, who led the research, said: "Our research is looking into what happens when oxygen levels in the brain are reduced by a number of factors, from long-term conditions like emphysema and angina, to sudden incidents such as a heart attack, stroke or head trauma. "Even though the patient may outwardly recover, the hidden cell damage may be irreversible. "It could even be an issue for people who snore heavily. It can be anything that stops the heart and lungs working together." Professor Susanne Sorensen, head of research at the Alzheimer's Society, said: "This is exciting because rather than focusing on neurons they looked at processes in the brain, which until now have not been researched in so much detail." Alzheimer's disease accounts for more than half of the 700,000 people in the UK with dementia, the university said. The number of people with dementia will more than double by 2050 because people are living longer, it is predicted. Alzheimer's is a fatal and incurable brain disease. Beyond the age of 65 the chances of developing it double every five years.

Alzheimer's News in Brief (10 April 2007)

Dr.Koudinov — Tue, 10 Apr 2007 07:27:00 +0000

Alzheimer's study highlights programs
BusinessWeek - USA
Recent reports of an early breakthrough study on Alzheimer's disease in Japan brought attention to several Western companies dealing with similar ...

Memory Pharmaceuticals Completes Enrollment in Phase 2a MEM 1003 ...
Drug Newswire (press release) - Oakville, CT, USA
(NASDAQ:MEMY) today announced that it has completed enrollment in its Phase 2a trial of MEM 1003 in Alzheimer's disease. The Company expects to report ...

Diabetes may increase risk for Alzheimer's Disease

Insider Medicine - Kingston, Ontario, Canada

People with diabetes may be at greater risk of developing cognitive impairment- a transitional state to Alzheimer’s disease- say researchers in a report published in the Archives of Neurology. Type 2 diabetes is a metabolic disorder in which the body has trouble using its own insulin to control blood sugar. It is the most common type of diabetes, and is strongly linked to lifestyle factors such as obesity, high blood pressure, and poor diet. In the US, it is estimated that more than 21 million people have diabetes and twice as many are at high risk of developing the disease. Some earlier studies have found a significantly greater risk of mental impairment, and a greater risk of overall dementia and Alzheimer's disease, among people with diabetes. The findings, however, have not been consistent. Alzheimer’s disease affects approximately 4.5 million Americans, robbing them of their memory and leading to profound disability and eventually death.
To investigate the association between diabetes and mental impairment, researchers studied more than 900 healthy people over age 65. At 18-month intervals, the participants underwent an interview, a physical and neurological exam, and a variety of tests to measure learning, memory, reason and language skills. Of the participants, 24% had diabetes, 68% had high blood pressure, 33% had heart disease, and 15% had suffered a stroke. Over the six-year follow-up, about one-third developed mild mental impairment, and diabetes was found to be a significant risk factor. In fact, as much as 11% of mental deterioration was caused directly by diabetes. It is thought that poorly controlled diabetes may impair mental function by compromising the small vessels of the brain due to a build-up of plaques. As a result, small strokes may occur, producing ischemic damage that affects mental function. Lifestyle modifications, including weight management and blood pressure control, are important ways to reduce the risk of developing type 2 diabetes, and perhaps ultimately, Alzheimer’s disease.

Alzheimer's Association urges baby boomers to 'maintain your brain'
Delmarva Daily Times - MD, USA
Baby boomers are entering the age of highest risk for Alzheimer's disease. The focus of the Maintain Your Brain campaign calls attention to the fact that...

UT Southwestern Medical Center Alzheimer's disease forum to focus ...
Pegasus News - Dallas, TX, USA
The Friends of the Alzheimer’s Disease Center will hold its Spring Public Forum on April 24 at UT Southwestern Medical Center. The talk, “Neuropathology One Century After First Description of Alzheimer’s Disease,” will be given by Dr. Charles L. White, professor of pathology at UT Southwestern.
The 7 p.m. forum in the Simmons/Hamon Biomedical Research Buildings on UT Southwestern’s North Campus, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd., is open to the public at no charge. .. Dr. Alois Alzheimer, a German neuropathologist and psychiatrist, studied stained brain slices from a woman with severe dementia in 1906, and discovered the distinctive plaques and tangles characteristic of the disease that now bears his name.
Dr. White is director of the Winspear Family Special Center for Research on the Neuropathology of Alzheimer’s Disease... The Friends of the Alzheimer’s Disease Center was established in 1996 to provide financial support for Alzheimer’s research at the medical center. All of the group’s membership contributions go directly to support Alzheimer’s research at UT Southwestern. Since its founding, the group has raised more than $750,000 for grants to researchers. This year, for the first time, two grants will be given, with $50,000 each being awarded to Dr. White and Dr. Hanzhang Lu, assistant professor in the Advanced Imaging Research Center and in radiology and psychiatry...

'Cruising the high seas'
Napa Valley Register - Napa, CA, USA
Though it has a cruise theme, this will be a camping weekend for individuals with Alzheimer's disease or other forms of dementia...

Neuroptix Corp. Opens New Corporate Headquarters in Acton
Genetic Engineering News (press release) - New Rochelle, NY, USA
Neuroptix Corporation, a Massachusetts-based pioneer in the early detection of Alzheimer's disease, today announced that it has opened its corporate headquarters in Acton, Mass., as it ramps up development of its innovative technology for non-invasive diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease through laser eye scanning.
Paul Hartung, President and CEO of Neuroptix, said, "We are very pleased to announce expanded operations in our new facility, following our successful Series A funding and new hires of senior personnel, as we work to further develop our diagnostic platform for Alzheimer's disease toward commercialization." The new facility, leased to Neuroptix by Wedgewood Realty, is located at 20 Main Street in Acton, Mass.

Alzheimer's news alerts (20 March 2007)

Dr.Koudinov — Thu, 22 Mar 2007 13:00:00 +0000

Imaging Exposes Alzheimer's-Like Plaque in the Human Brain
MedPage Today - Little Falls, NJ, USA
Explain to patients who ask that the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease is made on the basis of clinical features of the disease, and can be confirmed only on...

Alzheimer's disease onset from inhaled anesthetics
SpiritIndia - New Delhi, New Delhi, India
A specific effect of these drugs on dementias like Alzheimer's disease, though suspected for many years, has only been recently supported by data...

Genetic Risk Factors For Alzheimer's Disease Examined
Medical News Today (press release) - UK
Cardiff University researchers have found evidence for new genes involved in the development of Alzheimer's disease. The study, to be published in the next...

Groups aid Alzheimer's caregivers
Poughkeepsie Journal - Poughkeepsie, NY, USA
People caring for loved ones with Alzheimer's disease or a related disorder face tremendous challenges, but it does not have to be a lonely experience...

SeniorBridge Excellence in Social Work Practice Award Announced
American Digital Networks (press release) - Annapolis, MD, USA
SeniorBridge services are especially beneficial to those with Alzheimer's disease and chronic or multiple illnesses. Headquartered in New York City...

Social workers honour Citizen series on Alzheimer's disease
Ottawa Citizen (subscription) - Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
A Citizen special project on Alzheimer's disease has received a second honour for excellence in journalism. The eastern branch of the Ontario Association of...

79-year-old has Alzheimer's Disease
KRGV - Westlaco, TX, USA
Liandro Garcia has Alzheimer's Disease. The 79-year-old's been missing since Sunday. He was last seen near his home on Manuel Perez Road in Rio Grande City...

Strawn Center offers Alzheimer's session
The Advocate - Newark, OH, USA
...You're invited to attend "Home Safety for People with Alzheimer's Disease," a free training and information session on Alzheimer's and other forms of...

Flower auction supports Alzheimer's
Capital News 9 - Albany, NY, USA
...held their second annual flower auction to raise money to support the services they provide to patients and families dealing with Alzheimer's disease...

BBC Says that "1.7m 'will have dementia by 2051'"

Dr.Koudinov — Fri, 16 Mar 2007 08:27:00 +0000

Elderly people are more at risk
More than 1.7 million people in the UK will have dementia by 2051, costing billions of pounds each year, experts have forecast.
The grim projections are based on the most up-to-date evaluation of dementia.

Currently 700,000 - or one person in every 88 in the UK - has dementia, incurring a yearly cost of £17bn.

The government welcomed the London School of Economics and Institute of Psychiatry research, and said dementia care was already a priority.

This research highlights the desperate need for dementia to be made a national priority

'You are just left alone' Alzheimer's disease

The total number of people with dementia in the UK will increase to 940,110 by 2021, they predict.

By 2051 the figure will be 1,735,087 - an increase of 154% from now -, which will mean dementia will affect the lives of around one in three people either as a sufferer, or as a carer or relative.

This is mainly because of the UK's ageing population. However, conditions such as high cholesterol and blood pressure, and lack of exercise are also thought to increase the risk.

One in 20 people over 65 and one in five people over 80 has a form of dementia. Around two thirds of those affected have Alzheimer's disease.

There is no cure for dementia, and those with the condition need increasing care as the disease progresses.

My 89 year old mother is obviously suffering from Dementia and is getting worse by the week -Anthony Darby, London

The researchers' investigations reveal caring for one person with late-onset dementia costs an average of £25,472 per year.

Currently, the bulk of this cost is met by people with dementia and their families.

Two thirds of these people live at home - either alone or with friends or relatives.

They said there were "marked variations" in the levels of provision and spending across the UK, and that care and support is "delivered piecemeal and in an inefficient fashion."

With every second ticking by, dementia costs the UK £539 -Neil Hunt, Alzheimer's Society

Professor Martin Knapp, of the London School of Economics, one of the report's authors, said: "This research highlights the desperate need for dementia to be made a national priority.

"Current levels of services and support for people with dementia and carers are clearly inadequate.

"Dementia is one of the main causes of disability later in life ahead of cancer, cardiovascular disease and stroke, yet funding for dementia research is significantly lower than these other conditions.

"Even delaying the onset of dementia by five years would halve the number of related deaths, saving nearly 30,000 lives annually."

'Intolerable strain'

Neil Hunt, chief executive of the Alzheimer's Society, added: "With every second ticking by, dementia costs the UK £539. We can't afford to ignore the true cost of dementia to society as a whole.

"We must tackle this huge challenge head on."

"We need to invest in dementia services, research, support and training and use what money is being spent more effectively. Planning now will save lives and money in the future."

He added: "This new research shows that the government is failing to support people with dementia and their carers.

"Dementia will place an intolerable strain on our health and social care system unless the right services and support are in place."

Older people's tsar Professor Ian Philp, who is currently preparing new guidance for local health and social care bodies on early intervention and support for people with dementia, said: "This is a significant report that highlights the key issues around dementia and its economic impact."

Health Secretary Patricia Hewitt said: "We've already doubled the research that we're doing on Alzheimer's and just last week, we announced a new investment, for instance, in emergency respite care for carers of people with dementia, which is one of the things that carers particularly told us it was their top priority."

Two drugs companies - Pfizer and Eisai - are currently seeking a judical review with the aim of over-turning a National Institute of Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) decision not to recommend the use of three drugs for patients in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease.

NICE ruled that donepezil, rivastigmine and galantamine should only be used to treat Alzheimer's once it has progressed to its moderate stages

Source: 1.7m 'will have dementia by 2051'. Professor Martin Knapp, London School of Economics - report author BBC.co.uk (27 Feb 2007)[FullText]

Technology Will Help Get People with Alzheimer's Safely Back Home

Dr.Koudinov — Wed, 14 Mar 2007 11:09:00 +0000

The Police Department is adding GPS technology to its Never Alone: Safely Back Home program to help families of those with Alzheimer's disease or other special needs who may frequently wander away from home.

The Never Alone program has several components. According to Redlands Police Chief Jim Bueermann, the first component is the group of volunteers who look after people who may need help.

Bueermann referred to an instance when a volunteer called to check on an elderly woman and could not get in touch with her. The volunteer called the police who went to the woman's home where they found that she had fallen and broken her hip the night before.

The program also helps seniors with transportation. Volunteers make sure that their clients are able to get to medical appointments and go grocery shopping.

The Safely Back Home part of the program involves registering people with Alzheimer's or dementia and autistic children and others with special needs. Bueermann said the focus is on those who tend to wander.

By registering the person's information, police can access the information online from their patrol vehicles while out searching for the lost person.

According to police spokesman Carl Baker, in 2006 Redlands police responded to more than 130 reports of missing adults, roughly once every three days.

According to the Alzheimer's Association, six out of 10 people with Alzheimer's disease will wander sometime during the progression of the disease.

"If they are not found within 24 hours, half of those could suffer serious injury or death," Baker said.

When every minute is precious, it is often difficult to ascertain vital information from frantic family members or other caregivers, Baker said. Thus registering the person's information makes the process easier.

When caregivers register with the program, they will also be provided with information and resources to help them better protect their clients and families.

The GPS technology that has been added to the program, similar technology to that is in cell phones and cars, will help to quickly locate people who are prone to "wandering syndrome."

But Baker said there are many issues that need to be worked out regarding the GPS element of the program.

"We will not be monitoring the GPS but are looking at a way, for instance, to set up a Rvirtual fence' that would alert someone if the subject wanders out of a predetermined area," Baker said. "It would also be useful if we get a report that a subject is missing. If they have GPS we can locate that person electronically, cutting down on the manpower and, more importantly, search time since often time is of the essence in searching for people with medical needs."

Though there are some glitches with GPS, Bueermann said that it can help "tremendously" in finding people.

Source: Darcie Flansburg. Technology will help get people safely back home (24 Feb 2007) [FullText]

Amyloid Dogma on a Rise: Another Alzheimer's Drug to Tackle Amyloid?

Dr.Koudinov — Mon, 12 Mar 2007 10:59:00 +0000

Can Old Idea Produce Potent New Alzheimer's Drug?

Nearly five-million Americans are living with Alzheimer's disease. Drugs on the market can treat the symptoms -- but not one goes after what causes it. Now, researchers are on the brink of a huge breakthrough with a drug that targets the cause and could stop the disease in its tracks.
Frances Goldstein: "I like to paint -- a lot."

Jacobo, her husband of 45 years, loves watching her mind at work. Frances has Alzheimer's disease -- diagnosed eight years ago at age 56.

Jacobo Goldstein, Wife has Alzheimer's: "For the first nine months, I couldn't tell her the word Alzheimer's because I was afraid, you know, that she might go into tremendous shock."

Instead, Frances fought back. For three years, she's been in a study testing a drug that could change her prognosis. Current Alzheimer's drugs target the symptoms of the disease...like memory loss and emotional problems. Well this new drug is taking a more direct approach.

Paul Aisen, M.D., Alzheimer's Specialist: "This drug is attacking the cause of Alzheimer's disease. If it works, it will change the course of the disease and that will represent a real breakthrough."

The drug - called Alzhemed - attacks Amyloid Peptide - the molecule that causes Alzheimer's. In mice, watch as the drug clears the molecule from the brain.

Paul Aisen, M.D.: "I think it is tremendously significant."

An early study showed Alzhemed stabilized the disease in nearly half of patients. Now, more than 1,000 are being followed.

Paul Aisen, M.D.: "If the phase three study confirms that the drug is effective, we will have a way of slowing the progression of Alzheimer's disease for the first time."

Frances takes Alzhemed twice a day.

Jacobo Goldstein: "I don't know where we would be if it wasn't for this. We have no idea. I know what she does now. If we can stay the way we are, we would be forever grateful."

With hope in hand, Frances continues to make every day and every painting count.

To date, more than 600 patients have completed one year of treatment on the medication. The study is scheduled to be complete soon. More than 70 centers across the United States and Canada are taking part. Side effects of the drug have been minimal and primarily include mild gastrointestinal symptoms.

Source: New Drug Stops Alzheimer's In Tracks (20 Feb 2007) [FullText]

Alzheimer's Care Facility on Agenda

Dr.Koudinov — Sat, 10 Mar 2007 10:38:00 +0000

By Chuck Schultz

Objections by some Orcutt homeowners to plans for a 14-bedroom house on Soloman Road, where seniors with Alzheimer's disease would be cared for, will be heard Tuesday by the Santa Barbara County Board of Supervisors.

Opponents contend the care facility proposed by Chuck and Margie Halsell shouldn't be allowed in an area characterized by ranchette homes, each on one acre or more and many with horse stables.

County staff planners who approved the project - and whose decision was unanimously upheld in December by the Planning Commission - note that special care homes for seniors are routinely permitted in residential areas, under both state law and county land-use regulations.

Jack Brady, who is appealing the commission's decision to the supervisors, said he and some of his neighbors worry the senior facility could fail financially and then be converted to some other use, such as a drug-rehabilitation center or a halfway house for paroled prisoners.

The site is along the south side of Solomon, adjacent to Song Lane.

“It's horse county,” observed Brady, who owns a home in the same block on Solomon. “I'd call this a commercial facility, but the state and county define it as a residential facility.”

Residents of the 61-home Westrails subdivision directly east of the Halsells' property are concerned, too, about what the big house might be used for in the future, said Terry Morgan, a homeowners association board member.

“We don't want it to end up being a drug rehabilitation facility,” he said.

Even the proposed senior facility “would be too commercialized in the middle of a residential development,” he contended.

Marcie Halsell said numerous design changes have been made in response to neighbors' concerns since the permit application was submitted to the county Planning and Development Department last year. Second floors were deleted from the plans for adding two wings onto the existing, two-story structure, and there won't be any second-floor windows facing toward the Westrails tract, as originally envisioned, she said.

The home is 4,463 square feet now, and has four bedrooms, but would be expanded to 7,940 square feet.

“This area is very suitable for” the proposed Alzheimer's facility, she added. “The state needs to encourage the opening of these homes.”

Improvements already made to the property include paving what was a dirt road to a width of 24 feet, installing a fire hydrant and adding an 80-foot-wide cul de sac where emergency vehicles can turn around.

“We've already improved the look and safety of the neighborhood,” Halsell said.

The supervisors will meet beginning at 9 a.m. at the Betteravia Government Center, 511 E. Lakeside Parkway in Santa Maria.

Also on their agenda Tuesday is an item relating to a controversial plan to extend Stubblefield Road in Orcutt so it connects to Black Oak Drive.

Against the wishes of some nearby residents, the supervisors in July approved a 160-foot extension of Stubblefield eastward from where it now dead ends.

Connecting it to Black Oak Road will make Stubblefield a thoroughfare for housing tracts such as Vintage Ranch and Mesa Verde, but opponents contend it will mean too much traffic through their neighborhoods and diminish their quality of life.

The extended road would pass through land slated to become a neighborhood park when the 725-home Rice Ranch project is built. So, the supervisors are being asked Tuesday to revise that project's “specific plan” to reflect the Stubblefield extension.

Source: Chuck Schultz. Alzheimer's care facility on agenda. lompocrecord.com (26 Feb 2007) [FullText] Chuck Schultz can be reached at cschultz[at]lompocrecord.com

Scrapbooks Help Jog Memories of Alzheimer's Patients

Dr.Koudinov — Thu, 08 Mar 2007 10:33:00 +0000

by Anne Polta, West Central Tribune

WILLMAR, Minn. - The pages of Bethesda Pleasant View's scrapbooks capture a wealth of memories: birthdays, Halloween parties, daily happenings, residents past and present.

When Rachel Hacker hands one of the books to residents of the memory care unit, "they can sit and look at it for hours," she said.

It's one of the ways in which the staff of the memory care unit tries to preserve the happy times and foster a sense of belonging for residents whose minds have been robbed by Alzheimer's disease and other memory disorders.

"It really shows that even though Alzheimer's is a horrible disease, given the right stimulus it really can be beautiful," said Lynae Whitmore, the supervising nurse for the unit. "These people still have a quality of life, and it shows in these pictures."

Hacker, a certified nursing assistant, spent months - on her own time and mostly with her own money - compiling the scrapbooks.

She's close to completing the second book and is ready to start on a third.

Hacker developed an interest in scrapbooking through a cousin who owns Creative Memories. Inspired by the array of scrapbooking products that were available, she decided to complete a scrapbook that had been started for the memory care unit when it opened in late 2005.

Within a week she had the book filled and started on another.

"Every page is different," said Hacker as she leafed through the book.

On one page, decorative orange pumpkins share space with photos of the memory care residents having a Halloween party. On another, residents and staff hug and smile for the camera.

A recent donation in honor of Hacker's grandfather, Archie Bowman, who was a resident of Bethesda Pleasant View and died in October, allowed the memory care unit to buy a digital camera. It also created a fund to help pay for the scrapbooks and products that Hacker previously bought on her own.

Hacker updates the scrapbook once a month, often incorporating new ideas she picks up from scrapbooking retail products or workshops.

"I like doing it. I can sit at the same table for hours and get 20 pages done," she said.

As she became more involved in the project, Hacker began creating a page for each resident and customizing it to reflect their lives and interests - for instance, apples and blackboards for a resident who used to be a teacher, cut-outs of dogs for someone who's fond of dogs.

"We've been doing that every time a new resident comes in," Whitmore said. "Every one of them is unique and special."

Several families have asked for copies of the photos, she said. "Families love it."

Bethesda has worked to make its memory care unit less institutional and more home-like, and having photo albums "is just natural," Whitmore said.

People with Alzheimer's or related dementia disorders often disappear from family photographs because no one is taking their picture, she noted.

Yet these residents still enjoy being photographed, she said. "They like the attention. It's nice to capture the good days they have because they don't always have good days."

The staff also has found that paging through the scrapbook can be very calming for residents, especially during times of agitation.

"This book is very therapeutic for them," Whitmore said. "They recognize the people they're surrounded by. They recognize themselves. They like to look at the bright colors. It provides a sense of comfort to them."

The memories are beneficial for the staff as well.

Fourteen of the residents whose pictures appear in the scrapbooks have since died, Hacker said.

The photo albums are "a good memory for us of who has been here and who has passed away," she said.

The staff and residents of the memory care unit are close-knit and often form strong bonds, Whitmore said.

"It's just a family," she said. "These people are special. Just because they can't think right doesn't mean their life is over. They don't need to be pitied. There's a lot of love there. They have quality of life."

Information from: West Central Tribune, wctrib.com (26 Feb 2007) [FullText]

There is Help Available for Alzheimer's Caregivers

Dr.Koudinov — Sun, 04 Mar 2007 10:28:00 +0000

By Carol Sipfle, executive director, Alzheimer's Association, Greater Iowa Chapter,
West Des Moines.

The recent disappearance of Robert Krivolavy focuses a spotlight on one of the common and potentially tragic outcomes of Alzheimer's-disease wandering. Six out of 10 people with Alzheimer's, or a related dementia, will wander away from homes, neighborhood stores, places of worship or while visiting friends.

The Alzheimer's Association urges anyone dealing with a diagnosis of this devastating disease to enroll in Safe Return, the only nationwide program dedicated to reuniting loved ones with the person who has wandered.

We provide around-the-clock assistance, no matter when or where the person is reported missing.

The Alzheimer's Association also offers tips for preventing wandering, improving safety at home and dealing with the many other symptoms and behaviors common with Alzheimer's. We provide crucial support and assistance to caregivers, as well as offering education programs on subjects from disease basics to legal and financial planning.

FullText at DesMoinesRegister.com, IA (24 Feb 2007)

Dr.Koudinov — Fri, 02 Mar 2007 10:19:00 +0000

Looking into the past becomes gradually impossible for those suffering from Alzheimer's disease - family faces become those of strangers and names are forever forgotten.

You know the face, but not the name. You've misplaced your glasses. Because it's happening more frequently as you age, you may be wondering, "Is this how Alzheimer's starts?"

Forgetting names or losing car keys occasionally should be no cause for concern, said Dr. Ron Petersen, director of the Mayo Clinic Alzheimer's Disease Research Center and a member of the Alzheimer's Association Medical and Scientific Advisory Council. In addition, according to Harvard University research, the key genes affecting learning and mental function start declining after age 40.

As we age, "We have to pay more attention and concentrate more when we're learning new information and events," said Dr. Petersen. "If we spend more time and are more mindful when we learn someone's name to try to get it more firmly in our memory, we can do it."

The greatest known risk factor for Alzheimer's is increasing age. The likelihood of developing Alzheimer's approximately doubles every five years after age 65. After age 85, the risk reaches nearly 50 percent.

And as we age, most of us eventually notice some slowed thinking and problems remembering certain things. However, serious memory loss, confusion and other major changes in the way our minds work are not a normal part of aging.

Possible causes of memory problems include: depression; medication side effects; excess use of alcohol; thyroid problems; poor diet; vitamin deficiencies; certain infections; and Alzheimer's disease and related dementias. Anyone experiencing significant memory problems should see a doctor as soon as possible. Early diagnosis and intervention methods are improving dramatically, and treatment options and sources of support can improve quality of life.

In 1980, when the Alzheimer's Association was established, there were not any available treatments. Now, 26 years later, the Association has funded extensive research into finding more treatments that can alleviate Alzheimer's symptoms and investigation into finding the cause and a cure.

If a means of prevention is not found, the number of people affected in the United States may grow from 4.5 million to 16 million by 2050. Because 70 percent of those with Alzheimer's live at home, the impact of the illness extends to millions of family members, friends and caregivers.

Lighting the path for people affected by Alzheimer's is the Greater Maryland Chapter. The Chapter serves more than 85,000 families touched by this devastating disease and its regional office in Salisbury serves more than 8,500 families living on the Eastern Shore. Services include a 24/7 telephone helpline, support groups, Safe Return Program, Family Care Program and Respite Care. Educational programs include: Professional training programs; workshops and conferences; community awareness; family education; speaker's bureau; book and audiovisual loan; and newsletter.

Annual fundraising events help support Eastern Shore families who are facing the emotional, physical, and financial challenges of Alzheimer's, as well as, critical research efforts.

On Saturday, March 17, spirits will run high when the 8th annual St. Paddy's Day 5K event kicks off at 3 pm at the Salisbury Elks Lodge near the zoo. More than 300 participants are expected.

Source: Dee Myers. Serious memory loss and confusion are signs of possible Alzheimer's. (26 Feb 2007) [FullText]

Dee Myers is public Awareness/Development Coordinator for the Alzheimer's Association, Greater Maryland Chapter

Cholesterol May Play Part in Alzheimer's Disease

Dr.Koudinov — Wed, 28 Feb 2007 09:58:00 +0000

But role of cholesterol in Alzheimer's disease still unclear, reports the Harvard Men’s Health Watch.

It sounds simple: The lower your cholesterol, the better your heart health. But a man’s heart and his head don’t always agree.

In fact, the relationships among cholesterol levels, psychological function, and neurologic disorders are complex and sometimes controversial, reports the March 2007 issue of Harvard Men’s Health Watch.

There are two major forms of dementia: vascular dementia and Alzheimer’s disease. Vascular dementia results when blood vessel damage deprives the brain of oxygen. Brain cells die as a result, and mental function suffers.

Some studies link high cholesterol levels to an increased risk of cognitive impairment, but others report the opposite. More research is needed to sort this out, but even now, investigations of HDL (good) cholesterol and mental function have consistently reported that high HDL levels appear to help preserve mental function in older people.

The connection between Alzheimer’s disease and cholesterol is even more complex. Scientists have learned much of the damage of Alzheimer’s comes from deposits of a sticky protein, called beta-amyloid, in vital areas of the brain.

In some studies, high cholesterol levels appear to accelerate the formation of beta-amyloid plaques. People with the genetic trait that increases the level of a particular cholesterol transport protein have a greatly increased risk of late-onset Alzheimer’s.

The urgent question is whether cholesterol-lowering drugs, such as statins, can reduce the risk of Alzheimer’s disease. In the most recent studies, people who took statins did not appear to be at lower risk for the disease. Additional research is under way.

For an in-depth information on the role of lipids in Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative diseases, please see major subject journal Neurobiology of Lipids.

Source: Cholesterol May Play Part in Alzheimer's Disease. Toronto Daily News (25 Feb 2007) [FullText]

Alzheimer's News in Brief (26 February 2007)

Dr.Koudinov — Mon, 26 Feb 2007 13:00:00 +0000

Ken Howard needed no research for Alzheimer's role in new TV movie
Gary Post Tribune - Gary, IN, USA
LOS ANGELES--Ken Howard required no research to play a man in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease. ''I did all my homework for this role years ago,'' he...
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MetLife Foundation Announces Major Awards to Scientists for ...
Insurance News Net - Harrisburg, PA, USA
The winners of the MetLife Foundation Awards for Medical Research in Alzheimer's Disease were announced in Washington, DC today...
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New Alzheimer's target a Notch above the rest?
DrugResearcher.com - Montpellier, France
Scientists have discovered a new potential target for Alzheimer's drugs that could reduce symptoms of the disease without interfering with...
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Man, 91, With Alzheimer's Disease Missing
WESH.com - Winter Park, FL,USA
He has Alzheimer's disease but currently isn't taking medication. Authorities said he has a heavy Polish accent and can be aggressive because of his...
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Serious memory loss and confusion are signs of possible Alzheimer's
Delmarva Daily Times - MD, USA
Forgetting names or losing car keys occasionally should be no cause for concern, said Dr. Ron Petersen, director of the Mayo Clinic Alzheimer's Disease...
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Role of Cholesterol in Alzheimer's Disease Unclear
Kansas City infoZine - Kansas City, MO, USA
There are two major forms of dementia: vascular dementia and Alzheimer's disease. Vascular dementia results when blood vessel damage deprives the brain of...
See all stories on this topic

TorreyPines Therapeutics and Eisai Co., Ltd. Extend Alzheimer's ...
PipelineReview.com (press release) - Barcelona, Spain
This collaboration, focusing on the discovery of novel, small molecules to treat Alzheimer's disease, is TorreyPines second discovery collaboration with...
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The Other Dementia
San Francisco Chronicle - San Francisco, CA, USA
"I do a lot of crying," says Dawn's mother, Emmogene, who lives in Antioch, cares for a husband with early Alzheimer's disease and regularly attends UCSF's...
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MetLife Foundation Announces Major Awards to Scientists for Research on AD

Dr.Koudinov — Mon, 26 Feb 2007 10:09:00 +0000

The winners of the MetLife Foundation Awards for Medical Research in Alzheimer's Disease were announced in Washington, D.C. today. Awards were made at a special scientific briefing and luncheon, to David M. Holtzman, M.D. of the Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, for his pioneering work in molecular biology examining the early stages of Alzheimer's, and Berislav V. Zlokovic, M.D., Ph.D. of the University of Rochester Medical Center in Rochester, New York, for his research defining the impact that blood flow plays in Alzheimer's disease.

Since 1986, major awards have been made to scientists who have demonstrated significant contributions to the understanding of Alzheimer's disease. At the heart of the awards program is a strong belief in the importance of basic research, with an emphasis on providing scientists with the opportunity to liberally pursue ideas. Each of the winners will receive a $50,000 personal award, in addition to a $200,000 research award to each of their institutions, to further their research.

"Alzheimer's is an issue of national importance. The disease is not only financially devastating to many families, but it also robs them of the person they once knew," said C. Robert Henrikson, Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer of MetLife, Inc. "The impact of Alzheimer's on families, society, and the economy is why MetLife has been committed for over 20 years to the search for a cure."

An estimated 4.5 million Americans have Alzheimer's disease, a number that has more than doubled since 1980, and will continue to grow - by 2050 the number of individuals with Alzheimer's could range from 11.3 million to 16 million. Increasing age is the greatest risk factor for developing Alzheimer's; one in 10 individuals over 65 and nearly half of those over 85 are affected. National direct and indirect annual costs of caring for individuals with Alzheimer's disease are at least $100 billion, according to estimates used by the Alzheimer's Association and the National Institute on Aging. Alzheimer's disease costs American business $61 billion a year, according to a report commissioned by the Alzheimer's Association. Of that figure, $24.6 billion covers Alzheimer health care and $36.5 billion covers costs related to caregiving.

"The scientists we honor today are making a significant contribution to our future, by helping us better understand a disease that has an impact on so many Americans," said Sibyl Jacobson, president, MetLife Foundation. "Their hard work and dedication give us hope for the future."

Richard Hodes, M.D., director of the National Institute on Aging at the National Institutes of Health, delivered the keynote speech during the luncheon. The author of more than 200 research papers and a leading immunologist, Dr. Hodes has devoted his tenure as Director of the National Institute on Aging to improving the health and quality of life for older people and their families. He is a graduate of Yale University and received his M.D. from Harvard Medical School.

The awards program began with a research briefing, where the award recipients discussed their work. The briefing was moderated by Robert N. Butler, M.D., president and chief executive officer of the International Longevity Center - USA, and Professor of Geriatrics, Mount Sinai Medical Center in New York City, and chair of the MetLife Foundation's Research Committee. He is also the founding director of the National Institute on Aging of the National Institutes of Health.

About the Award for Medical Research Winners

Dr. Holtzman is the Andrew B. and Gretchen P. Jones Professor of Neurology and Molecular Biology & Pharmacology at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, and Head of the Department of Neurology. He is also associate director of the Alzheimer's Disease Research Center at Washington University. Dr. Holtzman and the Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis were awarded a "promising work" grant from MetLife Foundation in 2002.

Dr. Holtzman and his team recently completed landmark studies in three areas of inquiry, significantly advancing our understanding of the biology of Alzheimer's disease. The first centered on the ability of antibodies directed against amyloid-beta to decrease plaque formation in the brains of mice. Dr. Holtzman's tests of the antibody resulted in a decrease in amyloid formation in the brain and improved memory function in mice within 24 to 72 hours. A human form of this antibody is now being tested. His second area of accomplishment has been in the search for physical traits that indicate whether a person is developing amyloid plaques and will ultimately suffer dementia. The third is in the development of novel methods of assessing the formation and clearance of amyloid-beta in the central nervous systems of both animals and humans. Dr. Holtzman has also been honored with the Potamkin Prize from the American Academy of Neurology, the MERIT award from the National Institute on Aging, and the Zenith Award from the Alzheimer's Association.

Dr. Zlokovic, who is known internationally for his work on stroke as well as Alzheimer's, focuses on the crucial role of blood vessels and has shown that blood circulation plays a key role in ridding the brain of the toxic amyloid beta that attacks the brains of Alzheimer's patients. For over a decade, Dr. Zlokovic has focused his attention on the transport of amyloid beta protein in the blood that flows through the brain. He suspected that the accumulation of amyloid beta in the brain might have to do with an abnormality in a patient's ability to clear the protein through the membrane that controls the passage of substances to and from the central nervous system.

Dr. Zlokovic and his team has identified much of the molecular machinery that allows amyloid beta to sidestep the body's safeguards and enter the brain, and he has discovered the molecules that falter when the toxic protein accumulates in the brain. He has shown that a breakdown in these mechanisms may lead to the symptoms displayed in Alzheimer's and other disorders associated with accumulations of amyloid-beta in the brain or blood vessels. As a result of this work, Dr. Zlokovic has demonstrated several strategies for preventing or lowering amyloid-beta accumulation and preventing reentry from the blood stream. Dr. Zlokovic is the Dean's Professor and Professor of Neurosurgery & Neurology at the University of Rochester Medical Center. He is also director of the university's Frank P. Smith Laboratories for Neurosurgical Research and associate chairman for Neurosurgery. He holds a MERIT award from the National Institute on Aging.

Source: MetLife Foundation Announces Major Awards to Scientists for Research in Alzheimer's Disease. Business Wire (23 Feb 2007) [FullText]

TorreyPines Therapeutics and Eisai Co., Ltd. Extend Alzheimer's Disease

Dr.Koudinov — Sat, 24 Feb 2007 10:14:00 +0000

Announced the extension of an exclusive collaboration agreement between TorreyPines and Eisai Co., Ltd. that began in February 2005.

LA JOLLA, CA, USA TorreyPines Therapeutics, Inc. (NASDAQ: TPTX) today announced the extension of an exclusive collaboration agreement between TorreyPines and Eisai Co., Ltd. that began in February 2005. This collaboration, focusing on the discovery of novel, small molecules to treat Alzheimer’s disease, is TorreyPines’ second discovery collaboration with Eisai. In a separate series of agreements, dating back to 2001, Eisai and TorreyPines are collaborating in a genetics program to discover Alzheimer’s disease targets using whole-genome family-based association screening.

The goal of the small molecule program is to discover novel Alzheimer’s disease modifying compounds based on the study of the mechanism of the disease’s pathogenesis. Under the original agreement, Eisai has exclusive rights of first negotiation and refusal for validated compounds that are discovered through the research. TorreyPines and Eisai may enter into development agreements involving the validated compounds.

“We are excited about extending this agreement with Eisai, a leader in Alzheimer’s disease research and treatment,” said Neil Kurtz, M.D., President and Chief Executive Officer of TorreyPines. “We look forward to advancing the small molecule program further with Eisai’s support, as well as to continuing to work with them on our initial research collaboration to identify genetically-validated pharmaceutical targets for Alzheimer’s disease.”

About TorreyPines Therapeutics, Inc.

TorreyPines Therapeutics is a clinical stage biopharmaceutical company that discovers and develops small molecule drugs to treat diseases and disorders of the central nervous system (CNS). Led by an accomplished management team, TorreyPines is leveraging novel drug targets and technologies to potentially deliver new CNS therapies for chronic pain, including migraine and neuropathic pain; and cognitive disorders, including cognitive impairment associated with schizophrenia and Alzheimer’s disease. TorreyPines’ common stock is traded on The NASDAQ Global Stock Market under the symbol "TPTX." For detailed company information, including copies of this and other press releases, please visit TorreyPines’website at www.torreypinestherapeutics.com...

Source: TorreyPines Therapeutics, Inc [FullText]

Juices Warding Off Alzheimer's Disease

Dr.Koudinov — Thu, 22 Feb 2007 10:23:00 +0000

Alzheimer's And Juice

Drinking fruit or vegetable juice may be better for you than you think. New research shows it may delay the onset of Alzheimer's disease.

Seattle researchers followed nearly 2,000 adults including for 10 years. They found drinking fruit or vegetable juice more than three times a week cuts the risk of developing Alzheimer's by 76 percent compared to drinking it less than once a week.

And having juice once or twice a week reduced the risk by 16 percent.

"The theory is that the brain accumulates damage due to oxidation as we age, and if you can protect the brain from that damage you can protect the person from Alzheimer's disease and other causes of dementia," said Dr. Eric Larson of Group Health Cooperative.

Antioxidants fight that process. And there are more in juice than in the actual fruit or vegetable.

"It's everything, the core the outside, seeds, and everything is put into it," said Dr. Larson.

Researchers saw the protective benefits from any type of juice.

The study also found there are more antioxidants in juice than in vitamin C and E supplements.

Source: Juices Warding Off Alzheimer's Disease. MFTV.com (21 Feb 2007) [FullText]

Funds Cut For Growing Brain Disease: Alzheimer's incidence expected to grow but research not in budget

Dr.Koudinov — Sun, 18 Feb 2007 10:45:00 +0000

Alzheimer's incidence expected to grow but research not in budget

The incurable brain disease affecting more than 60,000 South Carolinians warrants more attention than it's getting on the local, state and national levels, national experts told an Orangeburg audience last week.

Without a cure, the incidence of Alzheimer's disease in the state is expected to increase by 49 percent by the year 2025, with more than 75 percent of these individuals expected to receive in-home care by an elderly spouse or adult child, according to Kate Gordon, National Alzheimer's Association associate director of grassroots advocacy.

"There are a high number of people with Alzheimer's, about 50 percent, living in nursing homes, but we know that families take on the greatest burden of care," Gordon said, speaking at Victory Tabernacle Deliverance Temple Wednesday.

The situation with federal funding for Alzheimer's research and care programs is discouraging, she said. Research funding has been on a steady decline since 2003, and funds for key Alzheimer's care program, including the 24/7 Contact Center, Safe Return and the Alzheimer's State Matching Grants Program, have been eliminated in the president's 2008 budget proposal to Congress, she said.

The FDA has over 20 drugs "in the pipeline" for Alzheimer's prevention or treatment, but money to move them forward has been declining steadily over the last 15 years, which dashes NAA's hopes for a cure within the next five to 10 years.

The reductions decrease services available for families, and Gordon encouraged such families to communicate with elected officials about what is needed.

The national association will hold its 19th Annual Public Policy Forum March 18-20.

Via "Virtual Visits," on-line users can write their personal Alzheimer's stories and voice their opinions against proposed budget cuts. State advocates will send the letters to the appropriate elected officials in Washington, D.C.

With baby-boomers approaching the highest risk age, 65, the numbers with Alzheimers will explode, Gordon said. A cure would decrease the burden on the country's overall health care system.

Alzheimer's is not "just a quiet, behind-closed-doors family issue," she said. "It's touching an entire community," said Gordon, stressing the need for caregivers.

Striking a population under 60, early-onset Alzheimer's disease is challenging for doctors specializing in older patients to diagnose, Gordon said. Ineligible for Medicare, early-onset victims don't have the resources of older patients, which offers an extra challenge to communities trying to offer services.

Hospice Care of Tri-county's Orangeburg office serves Orangeburg, Bamberg, Calhoun and Barnwell counties and a portion of Aiken County. Jerri Zeigler, community education coordinator with Hospice Care, is working to create an Alzheimer's support group with meetings likely rotating between her office and Morningside Assisted Living Center.

"My husband's grandmother died a few years ago with the disease, so it's very important to me to have a support group," she said. "I know how important it is to the community."

Hospice care can offer a critical link for those in the late, terminal stages of the disease. "People don't see hospice as a service for people with Alzheimer's disease because it's not widely known that it is a terminal disease," she said.

Family members and other caregivers experiencing burn-out can take advantage of respite care and other services that hospice provides, said Janice Harris, community education coordinator at Hospice Care of Tri-County's Columbia office. The respite program provides care for up to five days and can be used every three months, according to Zeigler.. She said the office has also helped individuals with light, taxes and other bills.

Harris, who has cared for four of her own family members with Alzheimer's, said she speaks at senior centers about how to detect the early stages of the disease. Memory loss and language problems are among the 10 warning signs of the disease.

Harris also does a 'Caring for the Caregiver' program and education programs on maintaining the brain, staying healthy, and understanding the challenging behaviors of those with Alzheimer's in nursing facilities and homes..

In book, "When Roles Reverse: A Guide To Parenting Your Parents," author Jim Comer identifies issues in families that need attention and helps them develop an action plan.

Among the 50 questions Comer said families must ask to save time, money and tears are: Who will be the primary caregiver or share responsibility when a parent becomes ill or incapacitated? What specific plans has the family made for a sudden parental illness or emergency? T

"Have a family discussion in a relaxed atmosphere, not in the middle of a holiday celebration, birthday or anniversary. These questions deserve a time slot of their own. If a family is geographically dispersed, ... arrange for a conference call," Comer says in his book.

Gordon is particularly excited about the creation of a local support group which she said will empower the community to fight Alzheimer's more effectively.

Because there is no cure, NAA advocates families getting involved in the fight for a world without the brain disease.

"People are suffering in our communities, and we need help," Gordon said.

Source: Dionne Gleaton, T&D Staff Writer. Alzheimer's incidence expected to grow but research not in budget (19 Feb 2007) [FullText]

T&D Staff Writer Dionne Gleaton can be reached by e-mail at dgleaton [at] timesanddemocrat.com

Another NIH Grant to Battle Amyloid Oligomers, Claims Plaques are Not Pathological

Dr.Koudinov — Fri, 16 Feb 2007 10:52:00 +0000

A completely new approach to the study of Alzheimer's disease, initiated by a professor at the University of California, Santa Barbara, may solve a critical piece in the puzzle of the disease. This tragic neurological illness progressively erases memory in its millions of victims. The key to the new approach is understanding the way certain proteins in the brain fold, or rather "misfold."

Michael Bowers, a professor in the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, developed this project, which is being funded by the National Institutes of Health. Bowers's laboratory will receive $1.3 million of the total $9 million project grant, plus biological samples worth an additional $500,000. The grant covers a five-year period. Four institutions are involved.

Bowers is using specialized chemical research methods and applying them to biology. His research will depend upon the study of rare peptides, or strings of amino acids, that are difficult to produce. These will be provided by co-investigator David Teplow, a professor at UCLA's David Geffen School of Medicine, who has been involved in Alzheimer's research for over 10 years. Joan-Emma Shea, also a professor in UCSB's Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, heads the theoretical modeling aspect of the project.

"Until about five or six years ago, everyone assumed that the large amyloid plaques, or neurofibrillary tangles, that were found in the brains of Alzheimer's victims were the cause of the disease," said Bowers. "However, recent scientific discoveries indicate that these large, insoluble aggregates might merely be markers of the disease ---- they do not cause the disease. Rather, smaller soluble oligomers, or peptide complexes, are now felt to be the causative agents, and I find that very interesting."

He explained that now the hunt is on for the "small stuff." Because of their expertise in certain chemical methodologies, Bowers and his research group are able to track down the molecular level changes that lead to development of the disease.

The process of aggregation of proteins that cause the plaque begins in a way that Bowers has begun to clarify. The goal is to find non-toxic drugs that will interrupt the aggregation process. "If we can do that, we can stop the disease," said Bowers. "However, once you start losing neurons, things become very difficult, because the body doesn't readily replace them due to their very large size. If we could find a marker, early on, to indicate when the patient first has the disease, then the new drug or drugs that we hope to develop could prevent further damage."

Bowers described his approach as a whole new way to determine the structure and composition of the Abeta 42 peptide and its oligomers that are primarily responsible for Alzheimer's disease. The research team is analyzing the way this peptide folds, causing it to aggregate and disrupt neuronal function.

"In biology, structure and function are tightly coupled," said Bowers. "When it became clear that small soluble oligomers were most probably the toxic agents, I realized our ion mobility methods could contribute, since we could measure the oligomer distribution and shapes of these peptides for the first time."

Three years of preliminary work convinced the National Institutes of Health to provide funding. "In the last several months, I believe we have uncovered the identity and shape of the primary toxic oligomer," said Bowers. "Our results are consistent with findings on transgenic mice, recently published in the journal Nature, indicating that soluble oligomers with masses matching those we have identified have been extracted from the brains of the diseased animals."

The transgenic mice that Bowers refers to are laboratory mice that have had the gene that creates the Abeta 42 precursor protein spliced into their genome. This process has been shown experimentally to produce memory loss in the animals.

The key aspect of ion mobility is its ability to measure accurate cross sections of complex aggregations of proteins and obtain information on their three-dimensional shape. When coupled with mass spectrometry, electrospray ionization, and high-level molecular modeling, it becomes a very powerful technique.

The experiment starts with electrospray ionization, a method of spraying the solution containing the peptides of interest into fine droplets and then letting the droplets evaporate. Following evaporation, mass spectrometry is employed to determine the mass or weight of the species that were in the solution, and from that to determine the composition. Finally ion mobility is used to show the shape of the Abeta 42 peptide and its oligomers.

"Our experimental and theoretical methods allow us to investigate structure, aggregation, and energetics in a variety of protein systems," said Bowers. "In addition, we are able to explore correlations between solution and gas phase protein structures, learning that in many critical cases, these structures are very similar."

The experimental methodology for the Alzheimer's study was developed at UCSB 15 years ago, in studies involving "buckyballs." Buckyball is the nickname for the versatile carbon molecule known as C60, which scientists named "buckminsterfullerene" after American architect R. Buckminster Fuller, who designed geodesic domes in a soccer-ball shape. "Our ion mobility and mass spectrometry methods provide a new way to attack the molecular basis of neurological diseases that has not been explored until now," said Bowers.

Bowers and his group are currently investigating proteins involved in the study of several neurological diseases. Besides Alzheimer's disease, they are studying Parkinson's disease and the various transmissible spongiform encephalopathies or "prion" diseases. In this latter case Bowers is receiving funding from the British government to find an ante-mortem test for the bovine prion disease usually called "mad cow" disease. The same test, if successful, should also work on deer and elk; an epidemic in the Midwestern United States now affects these animals.

Besides Teplow and Shea, co-investigators on the Alzheimer's project include Gal Bitan, assistant professor at UCLA's David Geffen School of Medicine; Eugene Stanley, physics professor at Boston University; and, George Benedek, physics professor at MIT.

Source: Innovative Alzheimer's Research May Solve Critical Piece In Disease's Puzzle. Science Daily (15 Feb 07) [FullText] Note: This story has been adapted from a news release issued by University of California - Santa Barbara.

Know the Symptoms of Alzheimer's Disease

Dr.Koudinov — Wed, 14 Feb 2007 10:56:00 +0000

What you don't know about Alzheimer's disease could hurt you. That's why it's important to seek medical attention if you experience any of these warning signs:

Increasing and persistent forgetfulness.

Difficulty performing familiar tasks.

Problems with finding the right words to express your thoughts.

Disorientation with time and place.

Poor or impaired judgment.

Problems with abstract thinking.

Putting everyday items in illogical places.

Changes in mood, behavior or personality.

Forgetfulness and confusion can also be caused by diabetes, thyroid disease, depression, drug interaction and vitamin deficiencies. These symptoms may also indicate the presence of another form of dementia.

If you have Alzheimer's or another form of dementia, the sooner you're evaluated and diagnosed, the more options you're likely to have in improving your symptoms.

Although Alzheimer's is a progressive disease with no known cure, drugs may temporarily slow the progression of the disease or improve symptoms. An early diagnosis may give you the opportunity to be involved in making important legal, financial, social and medical decisions that will affect you and your family.

Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research