am I Crazy or am I Genius

2013-04-25T11:26:00.001+05:30

Business Man Teaser

2012-01-06T19:01:00.000+05:30

Guruvaram Song From Dookudu Movie

2011-12-18T19:52:00.001+05:30

Super Hit Song

Mahesh Profile

2011-12-18T19:31:00.001+05:30

Mahesh Profile

Real Name:	Ghattamaneni Mahesh Babu
Screen Name:	Mahesh Babu
Nick Name:	Nani
Date of Birth:	9th Aug' 1975
Birth Place:	Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
Zodiac Sign:	Leo
Nationality:	Indian
Height:	6'2"
Qualificaton:	B.Com from Loyola College,Chennai
Mother Tongue:	Telugu
First Screen Appearance:	Needa
Debut Movie as a Hero:	Rajakumarudu
Family
Father:	Ghattamaneni Siva Rama Krishna Murthy
Mother:	Indira Devi
Uncles:	Adiseshagiri Rao, Hanumanta Rao
Elder Brother:	Ramesh Babu
Eldest Sister:	Padmavati
Elder Sister:	Manjula (Film Producer)
Younger Sister:	Priya (Priyadarshini)
Spouse:	Namrata Shirodkar (Bollywood Actress) (Married on 10th Feb' 2005)
Son:	Gautham (Born on 31st Aug' 2006)

Films as a Child Artist
1. Needa	--
2.Poratam	09.12.83
3.Sankharavam	16.07.87
4.Bazaar Rowdy	26.08.88
5.Mugguru Kodukulu	20.10.88
6.Gudhachari 117	22.04.89
7.Koduku Diddina Kapuram	21.09.89
8.Anna-Tammudu	27.07.90
9.Balachandrudu	21.09.95

Mahesh Babu studied at the prestigious St. Bede's School in Chennai and later graduated with a B.Com from the famous Loyola College in Chennai. He has one elder brother, Ramesh, two elder sisters, Padmavathi, Manjula and one younger sister Priyadarsini. He married Bollywood actress and former Miss India Namrata Shirodkar on February 10, 2005. Their first child, a boy named Gautam Krishna Gattamaneni, was born on August 31, 2006. Ghattamaneni Mahesh Babu , born August 9, 1975 in Madras, India, fondly known as Prince by fans, is an actor in the Indian Telugu movie industry. He is the son of Telugu SuperStar Krishna and Indira Devi, born in Madras, Tamil Nadu and did most of his schooling and undergraduate in Madras. He has one elder brother, Ramesh, two elder sisters, Padmavathi, Manjula and one younger sister Priyadarsini. He married Bollywood actress Namrata Shirodkar who is two year older than him. in February10. 2005. On August 31, 2006, Mahesh and Namrata's first son was born and named as Gautam Krishna Gattamaneni. Mahesh Babu started out his movie career as a child actor in his father's films before making his debut as an actor. His debut film as a lead actor was Rajakumarudu (Raj Kumar), cast opposite Preity Zinta. His next few films such as Yuvaraju and Vamsi (Vamsee) also helped establish Mahesh's career. But in 2001, his release Murari (Kannayya,Murari)) became a breakthrough for Mahesh. Mahesh and Sonali Bendre played the main roles of the film. However in 2002, Mahesh had a dull phase. Both releases Takkari Donga ( Raja ) was avverage and Bobby ( Bobby )flopped at box office. In 2003, Mahesh finally got the hit he was looking for. Okkadu (Ajay ) became one of the biggest hits in Tollywood for the year 2003. Mahesh gave another average at box office with, Nijam ( Seetaram ) but it gave commertial hit profits to producers, that same year. However, he won the Nandi Award for Best Actor for his performance in Nijam. In 2004, Mahesh acted in the flop, Naani, which was a remade from Tamil hit New. Arjun ( Arjun ), Which released in Summer 2004, came to be an average to above average grosser. For one year, Mahesh did not sign up for any film, as he was busy with Athadu ( Nandu ) from June 2004 to July 2005. It was a big hit both in India and overseas. In April 2006, his next movie, Pokiri ( Pandu & Krishna Manohar ) became the highest grosser in the Telugu Film Industry. Mahesh's performance was applauded by even Ram Gopal Varma and Amitabh Bachchan. Till Pokiri he is Prince Mahesh and after Pokiri he became Super Star Mahesh Mahesh's t film, Sainikudu ( Siddharth ) had a tremendous opening but failed to live up to expectations.But it managed a cool 100 day run. All his hits have been remade in Tamil and Hindi. In 2007 Mahesh came as Athidi ( Athidhi ) and bagged a record of highest grosser in first two weeks in Tollywood History. Hope He will give biggest hit in 2009 after neary two years gap. All the best Super Star Mahesh Babu for your future projects.

Business Man Trailer

2011-12-18T19:23:00.002+05:30

Universal Star MaheshBabu

Different cultures in india

2011-12-18T12:13:00.000+05:30

This article is about Culture of India. For the books titled The People of India, see The People of India.

The culture of India refers to the patterns of human activity and symbolism associated with India and its people. India's languages, religions,dance, music, architecture, food and customs differ from place to place within the country, but nevertheless possess a commonality. Its culture often labeled as an amalgamation of these diverse sub-cultures spread all over the Indian subcontinent and traditions that are several millennia old.^[1]

Regarded by many historians as the "oldest living civilization of Earth", the Indian tradition dates back to 8000 BC^[2] and has a continuous recorded history since the time of the Vedas, believed variously to be 3,000 to over 5,500 years ago.^[3] Several elements of India's diverse culture — such as Indian religions, yoga and Indian cuisine — have had a profound impact across the world

Religions and spirituality

India is the birth place of Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism, collectively known as Indian religions.^[5] Indian religions, also known as Dharmic religions are a major form of world religions along with Abrahamic ones. Today, Hinduism and Buddhism are the world's third- and fourth-largest religions respectively, with over 2 billion followers altogether,^[6]^[7]^[8] and possibly as many as 2.5 or 2.6 billion followers.^[6]^[9] India is also the birthplace for theLingayat and Ahmadiyya faiths.

India is one of the most religiously diverse nations in the world, with some of the most deeply religious societies and cultures. Religion still plays a central and definitive role in the life of many of its people.

The religion of 80% of the people is Hinduism. Islam is practiced by around 13% of all Indians.^[10] Sikhism, Jainism and especially Buddhism are influential not only in India but across the world. Christianity, Zoroastrianism, Judaism and the Bahá'í Faith are also influential but their numbers are smaller. Despite the strong role of religion in Indian life, atheism and agnostics also have visible influence along with a self-ascribed tolerance to other people.

According to industry consultant Eugene M. Makar, traditional Indian culture is defined by a relatively strict social hierarchy. He also mentions that from an early age, children are reminded of their roles and places in society.^[11] This is reinforced by the fact that many believe gods and spirits have an integral and functional role in determining their life.^[11] Several differences such as religion divide the culture.^[11] However, a far more powerful division isthe traditional Hindu bifurcation into non-polluting and polluting occupations.^[11] Strict social taboos have governed these groups for thousands of years.^[11] In recent years, particularly in cities, some of these lines have blurred and sometimes even disappeared.^[11] Important family relations extend as far as gotra, the mainly patrilinear lineage or clan assigned to a Hindu at birth.^[11] In rural areas & sometimes in urban areas as well, it is common that three or four generations of the family live under the same roof.^[11] The patriarch often resolves family issues.^[11

Marriage

Family plays a significant role in the Indian culture. For generations, India has had a prevailing tradition of the joint family system. It is a system under which extended members of a family – parents, children, the children’s spouses and their offspring, etc. – live together. Usually, the eldest male member is the head in the joint Indian family system. He makes all important decisions and rules, and other family members abide by them. ^[12]

Arranged Marriage

For centuries, arranged marriages have been the tradition in Indian society though men and women have always had the choice of who they want to marry. Even today, the vast majority of Indians have their marriages planned by their parents and other respected family-members, with the consent of the bride and groom. Arranged matches are made after taking into account factors such as age, height, personal values and tastes, the backgrounds of their families (wealth, social standing), their castes and the astrological compatibility of the couples'horoscopes.Generally this is done to reduce culture shock for the bride and groom as most families are extended families.

In most marriages the bride's family provide a dowry to the bride to safe guard herself and her children in the event of her husband passing prematurely. In most families the inheritance of family estates pass down the male line.

In India, the marriage is thought to be for life,^[13] and the divorce rate is extremely low — 1.1% compared with about 50% in the United States.^[14] The arranged marriages generally have a much lower divorce rate, although divorce rates have risen significantly in recent years for love marriage.^{[citation needed]} The divorce rates of marriage is increasing nowadays (3.5%)^{[citation needed]}

"Opinion is divided over what the phenomenon means: for traditionalists the rising numbers portend the breakdown of society while, for some modernists, they speak of a healthy new empowerment for women."^[15]

Greetings

Namaste, namaskar or Namaskara or Namaskaram (Telugu), Vanakkam (Tamil), Nomoshkaar (Bengali), Nomoskar (Assamese) ) is a common spoken greeting or salutation in theIndian subcontinent. Namaskar is considered a slightly more formal version than Namaste but both express deep respect. It is commonly used in India and Nepal by Hindus, Jains, Buddhists and Sikhs, and many continue to use this outside the Indian subcontinent. In Indian and Nepali culture, the word is spoken at the beginning of written or verbal communication. However, the same hands folded gesture is made usually wordlessly upon departure. Taken literally, it means "I bow to you". The word is derived from Sanskrit (namah): to bow,obeisance, reverential salutation, and respect, and (te): "to you". As explained by an Indian scholar, in literal terms Namaste refers to 'That which is of God in me bows to that which is of God in you'. In most Indian families, younger men and women are taught to seek the blessing of their elders by reverentially bowing to their elders. This custom is known as Pranāma

Other greetings include "Jai Shri Krishna", "Ram Ram", "Adab"' (associated with the culture of south Asian Muslims) and Sat Shri Akal (Punjabi, used by followers of Sikhism) and Jai Jinendra, a common greeting used across the Jain community.

Festivals

India, being a multi-cultural and multi-religious society, celebrates holidays and festivals of various religions. The four national holidays in India, the Independence Day, the Republic Day, the Gandhi Jayanti,and 1st may are celebrated with zeal and enthusiasm across India. In addition, many states and regions have local festivals depending on prevalent religious and linguistic demographics. Popular religious festivals include the Hindu festivals of Navratri, Diwali, Ganesh Chaturthi, Durga puja, Holi, Rakshabandhan and Dussehra. Several harvest festivals, such asSankranthi, Pongal, Raja sankaranti swinging fesival, and Onam,"Nuakhai" are also fairly popular.

Certain festivals in India are celebrated by multiple religions. Notable examples include Diwali, which is celebrated by Hindus, Sikhs and Jains, and Buddh Purnima, celebrated by Buddhists and Hindus. Islamic festivals, such Eid ul-Fitr, Eid al-Adha and Ramadhan, are celebrated byMuslims across India.Muslims won't celebrate any other fest except these two. Sikh Festivals, such as Guru Nanak Jayanti, Baisakhi are celebrated with full fanfare by Sikhs and Hindu. Adding colors to the culture of India, the Dree Festival is one of the tribal festivals of India celebrated by the Apatanis of the Ziro valley of Arunachal Pradesh, which is the easternmost state of India.

Names and language

Indian names are based on a variety of systems and naming conventions, which vary from region to region. Names are also influenced by religion and caste and may come from the Indian epics. India's population speaks a wide variety of languages.Such as Tamil ·Assamese · Bengali · Bodo · Chhattisgarhi · Dogri · Garo · Gujarati · Standard Hindi · Kannada · Kashmiri · Khasi · Kokborok · Konkani · Maithili · Malayalam · Manipuri · Marathi · Mizo · Nepali · Oriya · Punjabi · Sanskrit · Santali · Sindhi · Telugu · Tulu · Urdu

Animals

The varied and rich wildlife of India has had a profound impact on the region's popular culture. Common name for wilderness in India is Jungle which was adopted by the British colonialists to the English language. The word has been also made famous in The Jungle Book by Rudyard Kipling. India's wildlife has been the subject of numerous other tales and fables such as the Panchatantra and the Jataka tales.^[16]

In Hinduism, the cow is regarded as a symbol of ahimsa (non-violence), mother goddess and bringer of good fortune and wealth.^[17] For this reason, cows are revered in Hindu culture and feeding a cow is seen as an act of worship.^[18]'

Cuisine

The cuisine in India is classified into three major categories. Sattva, Rajas, and Tamas. Sattva which stand for balance, Rajas stands for passion, and Tamas stands for indulgence. Food is consumed according to the lifestyle of the person. For example: A King has to be aggressive to defend his country, he would be taking food which would give much passion and that aggressiveness which is required. When a person tries to lead his life in want of self realisation, he would prefer a Satvic food or known as Sattvic diet, which would help to keep his mind in balance. Tamasic food or known as Static foods is to be taken only if its required, like consumption of Alcohol. This is the reason why many Indians try to abstain drinking.

The multiple varieties of Indian cuisine are characterized by their sophisticated and subtle use of many Spices and Herbs. Each family of this cuisine is characterized by a wide assortment of dishes and cooking techniques. Though a significant portion of Indian food is vegetarian, many traditional Indian dishes also include: chicken, goat, lamb, fish, and other meats.

India is known for its love for food and spices, and it plays a role in everyday life as well as in festivals. Indian cuisine varies from region to region, reflecting the varied demographics of the country. Generally, Indian cuisine can be split into five categories — northern, southern, eastern, western and north-eastern.

Despite this diversity, some unifying threads emerge. Varied uses of spices are an integral part of food preparation, and are used to enhance the flavor of a dish and create unique flavors and aromas. Cuisine across India has also been influenced by various cultural groups that entered India throughout history, such as the Persians, Mughals, and European colonists. Though the tandoor originated in Central Asia, Indian tandoori dishes, such as chicken tikka made with Indian ingredients, enjoy widespread popularity.^[19]

Indian cuisine is one of the most popular cuisines across the globe.^[20] In most Indian restaurants outside India the menu does not do justice to the enormous variety of Indian cuisine available - the most common cuisine served on the menu would be Punjabi cuisine (chicken tikka masala is a very popular dish in the United Kingdom). There do exist some restaurants serving cuisines from other regions of India, although these are few and far between. Historically, Indian Spices and Herbs were one of the most sought after trade commodities. The Spice trade between India and Europe led to the rise and dominance of Arab traders to such an extent that European explorers, such as Vasco da Gama and Christopher Columbus, set out to find new trade routes with India leading to the Age of Discovery.^[21] The popularity of curry, which originated in India, across Asia has often led to the dish being labeled as the "pan-Asian" dish.^[22]

Clothing

Traditional clothing in India greatly varies across different parts of the country and is influenced immensely by local culture, geography and climate. Popular styles of dress include draped garments such as sari for women and dhoti or lungi for men; in addition, stitched clothes such as churidarfor women and kurta-pyjama and European-style trousers and shirts for men, are also popular.

In India, a person's social status is perceived to be symbolized by his or her attire. Indian dress etiquette discourages exposure of skin and wearing transparent or tight clothes.^[23] Most Indian clothes are made from cotton which is ideal for the region's hot weather.^[24] Since India's weather is mostly hot and rainy, majority of Indians wear sandals.^[25]

Worn by women on their forehead, the bindi is considered to be a highly auspicious mark in Hindu religion.^[26] Traditionally, the red bindi (orsindoor) was worn only by the married Hindu women, but now it has become a part of women's fashion. Some Indian traditions consider the bindito be representative of the third eye.^[27]

India's clothing styles have continuously evolved over the course of the country's history. Ancient Vedic texts mention clothes made from barks and leaves (known as phataka). The 11th century BC Rig-veda mentions dyed and embroidered garments (known as paridhan and pesasrespectively) and thus highlights the development of sophisticated garment manufacturing techniques during the Vedic age.^[28] In 5th century BC, Greek historian Herodotus describes the richness of the quality of Indian cotton clothes.^[29] By 2nd century AD, muslins manufactured in southern India were imported by the Roman Empire and silk cloth was one of the major exports of ancient India along with Indian spices.^[30] Stitched clothing in India was developed before 10th century AD and was further popularized in 15th century by Muslim empires in India.^[30] Draped clothing styles remained popular with India's Hindu population while the Muslims increasingly adopted tailored garments.^[31]

During the British Raj, India's large clothing and handicrafts industry was left paralyzed so as to make place for British industrial cloth. Consequently, Indian independence movement leader Mahatma Gandhi successfully advocated for what he termed as khadi clothing — light colored hand-woven clothes — so as to decrease reliance of the Indian people on British industrial goods.^[32] The 1980s was marked by a widespread modification to Indian clothing fashions which was characterized by a large-scale growth of fashion schools in India, increasing involvement of women in the fashion industry and changing Indian attitudes towards multiculturalism. These developments played a pivotal role in the fusion of Indian and Western clothing styles.^[33]

Languages and literature

History

Time is always referred as Kaala Chakra in India. In Ancient India the time was divided in Four yugas. The calendar which most Indians follows goes in accordance to this. There by, measuring the dates of Vedas came in later days.

With its oldest core dating back to as early as 1500 BC,^[34] the Rigvedic Sanskrit is one of the oldest attestations of any Indo-Iranian language, and one of the earliest attested members of the Indo-European language family, the family which includes English and most European languages.^[35] Sanskrit has had a profound impact on the languages and literature of India. Hindi, India's most spoken language, is a "Sanskritized register" of the Khariboli dialect. In addition, all modern Indo-Aryan languages, Munda languages and Dravidian languages, have borrowed many words either directly from Sanskrit (tatsama words), or indirectly via middle Indo-Aryan languages (tadbhava words).^[36] Words originating in Sanskrit are estimated to constitute roughly fifty percent of the vocabulary of modern Indo-Aryan languages,^[37] and the literary forms of (Dravidian)Telugu, Malayalam and Kannada.^[36] Part of the Eastern Indo-Aryan languages, the Bengali language arose from the eastern Middle Indic languages and its roots are traced to the 5th century BC Ardhamagadhi language.^[38]^[39]

Tamil, one of India's major classical languages, descends from Proto-Dravidian languages which was spoken around the third millennium BC in peninsular India. Tamil literature has existed for over two thousand years^[40] and the earliest epigraphic records found date from around the third century BC.^[41]

Another major Classical Dravidian language, Kannada is attested epigraphically from the mid-1st millennium AD, and literary Old Kannadaflourished in the 9th to 10th century Rashtrakuta Dynasty. As a spoken language, some believe it to be even older than Tamil due to the existence of words which have more primitive forms than in Tamil. Pre-old Kannada (or Purava HazheGannada) was the language of Banavasi in the early Common Era, the Satavahana and Kadamba periods and hence has a history of over 2000 years.^[42]^[43]^[44]^[45] The Ashoka rock edict found atBrahmagiri (dated to 230 BC) has been suggested to contain a word in identifiable Kannada.^[46]

According to 2001 India census, Hindi is the most spoken language in India, followed by Bengali, Telugu, Marathi and Tamil.^[47] In contemporary Indian literature, there are two major literary awards; these are the Sahitya Akademi Fellowship and the Jnanpith Award. Seven Jnanpith awards have been awarded in Kannada, six inHindi, five in Bengali, four in Malayalam, three each in Marathi, Gujarati, Urdu and Oriya and two each in Telugu and Tamil,.^[48]

Epics

The Rāmāyaṇa and the Mahābhārata are the oldest preserved and well-known epics of India. Versions have been adopted as the epics of Southeast Asian countries like Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia. The Ramayana consists of 24,000 verses in seven books (kāṇḍas) and 500cantos (sargas),^[49] and tells the story of Rama (an incarnation or Avatar of the Hindu preserver-god Vishnu), whose wife Sita is abducted by thedemon king of Lanka, Ravana. This epic played a pivotal role in establishing the role of dhárma as a principal ideal guiding force for Hindu way of life.^[50] The earliest parts of the Mahabharata text date to 400 BC^[50] and is estimated to have reached its final form by the early Gupta period (ca. 4th c. AD).^[51] Other regional variations of these, as well as unrelated epics include the Tamil Ramavataram, Kannada Pampa Bharata, HindiRamacharitamanasa, and Malayalam Adhyathmaramayanam. In addition to these two great Indian epics, there are five major epics in the classicalTamil language — Silappatikaram, Manimekalai, Civaka-cintamaniand Valayapathi.

Performing arts

Dance

Indian dance too has diverse folk and classical forms. Among the well-known folk dances are the bhangra of the Punjab, the bihu of Assam, the chhauof Jharkhand, the Odishi of Orissa, the ghoomar of Rajasthan, the dandiya and garba of Gujarat, the Yakshagana of Karnataka and lavani ofMaharashtra and Dekhnni of Goa. Eight dance forms, many with narrative forms and mythological elements, have been accorded classical dance status by India's National Academy of Music, Dance, and Drama. These are: bharatanatyam of the state of Tamil Nadu, kathak of Uttar Pradesh,kathakali and mohiniattam of Kerala, kuchipudi of Andhra Pradesh, Yakshagana of Karnataka, manipuri of Manipur, orissi of the state of Orissa and thesattriya of Assam.^[52]^[53]

Drama and theatre

Indian drama and theatre has a long history alongside its music and dance. Kalidasa's plays like Shakuntala and Meghadoota are some of the older dramas, following those of Bhasa. One of the oldest surviving theatre traditions of the world is the 2,000 year old Kutiyattam of Kerala. It strictly follows the Natya Shastra.^[54] Nātyāchārya Māni Mādhava Chākyār is credited for reviving the age old drama tradition from extinction. He was known for mastery of Rasa Abhinaya. He started to perform the Kalidasa plays like Abhijñānaśākuntala, Vikramorvaśīya and Mālavikāgnimitra; Bhasa'sSwapnavāsavadatta and Pancharātra; Harsha's Nagananda.^[55]^[56]

Music

The music of India includes multiple varieties of religious, classical, folk, popular and pop music.

The oldest preserved examples of Indian music are the melodies of the Samaveda (1000 BC) that are still sung in certain Vedic Śrauta sacrifices; this is the earliest account of Indian musical hymns.^[57] It proposed a tonal structure consisting of seven notes, which were named, in descending order, as Krusht, Pratham, Dwitiya, Tritiya, Chaturth, Mandra and Atiswār. These refer to the notes of a flute, which was the only fixed frequency instrument. The Samaveda, and other Hindu texts, heavily influenced India's classical music tradition, which is known today in two distinct styles: Carnatic and Hindustani music. Both the Carnatic music and Hindustani music systems are based on the melodic base (known as Rāga), sung to a rhythmic cycle (known as Tāla); these principles were refined in the nātyaśāstra (200 BC) and the dattilam (300 AD).^[58]

Prominent contemporary Indian musical forms included filmi and Indipop. Filmi refers to the wide range of music written and performed for mainstream Indian cinema, primarily Bollywood, and accounts for more than 70 percent of all music sales in the country.^[59] Indipop is one of the most popular contemporary styles of Indian music which is either a fusion of Indian folk, classical or Sufi music with Western musical traditions.^[60]

Visual arts

Painting

The earliest Indian paintings were the rock paintings of pre-historic times, the petroglyphst it was common for households to paint their doorways or indoor rooms where guests resided.

Cave paintings from Ajanta, Bagh, Ellora and Sittanavasal and temple paintings testify to a love of naturalism. Most early and medieval art in India is Hindu, Buddhist or Jain. A freshly made coloured flour design (Rangoli) is still a common sight outside the doorstep of many (mostly South Indian) Indian homes. Raja Ravi Varma is one the classical painters from medieval India.

Madhubani painting, Mysore painting, Rajput painting, Tanjore painting, Mughal painting are some notable Genres of Indian Art; while Nandalal Bose, M. F. Husain, S. H. Raza, Geeta Vadhera, Jamini Roy and B.Venkatappa^[61] are some modern painters. Among the present day artists, Atul Dodiya, Bose Krishnamacnahri, Devajyoti Ray and Shibu Natesan represent a new era of Indian art where global art shows direct amalgamation with Indian classical styles. These recent artists have acquired international recognition. Jehangir Art Gallery, Mumbai, Mysore Palace has on display a few good Indian paintings.

Sculpture

The first sculptures in India date back to the Indus Valley civilization, where stone and bronze figures have been discovered. Later, as Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism developed further, India produced some extremely intricate bronzes as well as temple carvings. Some huge shrines, such as the one at Ellora were not constructed by using blocks but carved out of solid rock.

Sculptures produced in in the northwest, in stucco, schist, or clay, display a very strong blend of Indian and ClassicalHellenistic or possibly even Greco-Roman influence. The pink sandstone sculptures of Mathura evolved almost simultaneously. During the Gupta period (4th to 6th century) sculpture reached a very high standard in execution and delicacy in modeling. These styles and others elsewhere in India evolved leading to classical Indian art that contributed to Buddhist and Hindu sculpture throughout Southeast Central and East Asia.

Architecture

Indian architecture encompasses a multitude of expressions over space and time, constantly absorbing new ideas. The result is an evolving range of architectural production that nonetheless retains a certain amount of continuity across history. Some of its earliest production are found in the Indus Valley Civilization (2600–1900 BC) which is characterised by well planned cities and houses. Religion and kingship do not seem to have played an important role in the planning and layout of these towns.

During the period of the Mauryan and Gupta empires and their successors, several Buddhist architectural complexes, such as the caves ofAjanta and Ellora and the monumental Sanchi Stupa were built. Later on, South India produced several Hindu temples like Chennakesava Temple at Belur, the Hoysaleswara Temple at Halebidu, and the Kesava Temple at Somanathapura, Brihadeeswara Temple, Thanjavur, the Sun Temple, Konark, Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple at Srirangam, and the Buddha stupa (Chinna Lanja dibba and Vikramarka kota dibba) atBhattiprolu. Angkor Wat, Borobudur and other Buddhist and Hindu temples indicate strong Indian influence on South East Asian architecture, as they are built in styles almost identical to traditional Indian religious buildings.

The traditional system of Vaastu Shastra serves as India's version of Feng Shui, influencing town planning, architecture, and ergonomics. It is unclear which system is older, but they contain certain similarities. Feng Shui is more commonly used throughout the world. Though Vastu is conceptually similar to Feng Shui in that it also tries to harmonize the flow of energy, (also called life-force orPrana in Sanskrit and Chi/Ki in Chinese/Japanese), through the house, it differs in the details, such as the exact directions in which various objects, rooms, materials, etc. are to be placed.

With the advent of Islamic influence from the west, Indian architecture was adapted to allow the traditions of the new religion. Fatehpur Sikri, Taj Mahal, Gol Gumbaz, Qutub Minar, Red Fort of Delhi are creations of this era, and are often used as the stereotypical symbols of India. The colonial rule of the British Empire saw the development of Indo-Saracenic style, and mixing of several other styles, such as European Gothic. The Victoria Memorial or the Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus are notable examples.

Indian architecture has influenced eastern and southeastern Asia, due to the spread of Buddhism. A number of Indian architectural features such as the temple mound or stupa, temple spire or sikhara, temple tower or pagoda and temple gate or torana, have become famous symbols of Asian culture, used extensively in East Asia and South East Asia. The central spire is also sometimes called a vimanam. The southern temple gate, or gopuram is noted for its intricacy and majesty.

Contemporary Indian architecture is more cosmopolitan. Cities are extremely compact and densely populated. Mumbai's Nariman Point is famous for its Art Deco buildings. Recent creations such as the Lotus Temple, and the various modern urban developments of India like Chandigarh, are notab

Sports and Martial arts

Sports

Field Hockey is the national Sport in India, and the India national field hockey team won the 1975 Men's Hockey World Cup and 8 gold, 1 silverand 2 bronze medals at the Olympic games. Cricket is the most popular Sport in India. The India national cricket team won the 1983 Cricket World Cup, the 2011 Cricket World Cup and the 2007 ICC World Twenty20, and shared the 2002 ICC Champions Trophy with Sri Lanka. Domestic competitions include the Ranji Trophy, the Duleep Trophy, the Deodhar Trophy, the Irani Trophy and the Challenger Series. In addition, BCCI conducts the Indian Premier League, a Twenty20 competition.

India is the host of 2010 Commonwealth Games, played in New Delhi. It hosted a spectacular display of Indian culture and heritage to the entire world during the opening ceremony of the games.

Chess is commonly believed to have originated in northwestern India during the Gupta empire,^[64]^[65]^[66]^[67] where its early form in the 6th century was known as chaturanga. Other games which originated in India and continue to remain popular in wide parts of northern India includeKabaddi, Gilli-danda, and Kho kho. Traditional southern Indian games include Snake boat race and Kuttiyum kolum.

Indian martial arts

One of the best known forms of ancient Indian martial arts is the Kalarippayattu from Kerala. This ancient fighting style originated in southern India in 12th century BC and is regarded as one of the oldest surviving martial arts.^[68] In this form martial arts, various stages of physical training include ayurvedic massage with sesame oil to impart suppleness to the body (uzichil); a series of sharp body movements so as to gain control over various parts of the body (miapayattu); and, complex sword fighting techniques (paliyankam).^[69] Silambam, which was developed around 200 AD, traces its roots to the Sangam period in southern India.^[70] Silambam is unique among Indian martial arts because it uses complex footwork techniques (kaaladi), including a variety of spinning styles. A bamboo staff is used as the main weapon.^[70] The ancient Tamil Sangam literature mentions that between 400 BC and 600 AD, soldiers from southern India received special martial arts training which revolved primarily around the use of spear (vel), sword (val) and shield (kedaham).^[71]

In northern India, the musti yuddha evolved in 1100 AD and focussed on mental, physical and spiritual training.^[72] In addition, the Dhanur Vedatradition was an influential fighting arts style which considered the bow and the arrow to be the supreme weapons. The Dhanur Veda was first described in the 5th century BC Viṣṇu Purāṇa^[68] and is also mentioned in both of the major ancient Indian epics, the Rāmāyaṇa andMahābhārata. A distinctive factor of Indian martial arts is the heavy emphasis laid on meditation (dhyāna) as a tool to remove fear, doubt and anxiety.^[73]

Indian martial arts techniques have had a profound impact on other martial arts styles across Asia. The 3rd century BC Yoga Sutras of Patanjali taught how to meditate single-mindedly on points located inside one's body, which was later used in martial arts, while various mudra finger movements were taught in Yogacara Buddhism. These elements of yoga, as well as finger movements in the nata dances, were later incorporated into various martial arts.^[74] According to some historical accounts, Indian Buddhist monk Bodhidharma was one of the main founders of the Shaolin Kungfu.^[75]

Popular media

Television

Indian television started off in 1959 in New Delhi with tests for educational telecasts.^[76] Indian small screen programming started off in the mid 1970s. At that time there was only one national channel Doordarshan, which was government owned. 1982 saw revolution in TV programming in India, with the New Delhi Asian games, India saw the colour version of TV, that year. The Ramayana and Mahabharat were some among the popular television series produced. By the late 1980s more and more people started to own television sets. Though there was a single channel, television programming had reached saturation. Hence the government opened up another channel which had part national programming and part regional. This channel was known as DD 2 later DD Metro. Both channels were broadcasted terrestrially.

In 1991, the government liberated its markets, opening them up to cable television. Since then, there has been a spurt in the number of channels available. Today, Indian silver screen is a huge industry by itself, and has thousands of programmes in all the states of India. The small screen has produced numerous celebrities of their own kind some even attaining national fame for themselves. TV soaps are extremely popular with housewives as well as working women, and even men of all kinds. Some lesser known actors have found success inBollywood. Indian TV now has many of the same channels as Western TV, including stations such as Cartoon Network, Nickelodeon, HBO, FX, and MTV India.

Cinema

Bollywood is the informal name given to the popular Mumbai-based film industry in India. Bollywood and the other major cinematic hubs (in Bengali, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Tamil, Punjabi and Telugu) constitute the broader Indian film industry, whose output is considered to be the largest in the world in terms of number of films produced and number of tickets sold.

India has produced many critically acclaimed cinema-makers like K. Vishwanath, Bapu, Satyajit Ray, Ritwik Ghatak, Guru Dutt, K. Vishwanath, Adoor Gopalakrishnan, Shaji N. Karun, Girish Kasaravalli, Shekhar Kapoor, Hrishikesh Mukherjee, Shankar Nag, Girish Karnad,G. V. Iyer et al. (see Indian film directors). With the opening up of the economy in the recent years and consequent exposure to world cinema, audience tastes have been changing. In addition, multiplexes have mushroomed in most cities, changing the revenue patterns.

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Most Popular Video's

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Charlie Bit My Finger

Charlie Bit My Finger – Again!",^[1] more simply known as Charlie Bit My Finger or Charlie Bit Me (referring to a quote in the video), is an Internet viral video famous for formerly being the most viewed YouTube video of all time.^[2]^[3] As of 23 May 2011 it has over 325 million views, and remains the most viewed YouTube video that is not a professional pop music video. The clip features two English brothers, aged three and one. In the video, the younger brother, Charlie, bites the finger of his older brother, Harry. The boys' father uploaded the video online in May 2007.

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Alfred Noble

2011-05-28T15:58:00.000+05:30

Biographical Information

Alfred Nobel (1833-1896) was born in Stockholm, Sweden, on October 21, 1833. His family was descended from Olof Rudbeck, the best-known technical genius in Sweden in the 17th century, an era in which Sweden was a great power in northern Europe. Nobel was fluent in several languages, and wrote poetry and drama. Nobel was also very interested in social and peace-related issues, and held views that were considered radical during his time.

Alfred Nobel Timeline

1833	Alfred Nobel is born in Stockholm, Sweden. In the same year, his father – Immanuel Nobel – goes bankrupt.
1837	Immanuel Nobel travels to Finland and then to St Petersburg, Russia, where he starts a mechanical workshop; he leaves his family behind in Sweden.
1842	The Nobel family is reunited in St Petersburg.
1850-1852	Alfred Nobel goes to Paris and works for one year in the laboratory of T. Jules Pelouze. He also travels to Italy, Germany and the United States (US).
1853-1856	The Crimean War rages. The Nobel Company flourishes at first, but goes bankrupt as the war ends and the Russian military cancels orders. Alfred Nobel searches desperately for new products. Nikolai N. Zinin, Nobel's chemistry teacher, reminds him of nitroglycerin.
1862	Alfred Nobel starts his experiments with nitroglycerin.
1863	Nobel obtains the first patent on nitroglycerin (blasting oil) as an industrial explosive. He develops and patents a detonator (blasting cap) for triggering the explosion of nitroglycerin. He also moves to Stockholm, where he continues his experiments.
1864	Emil, Alfred Nobel's brother, is killed during the preparation of nitroglycerin at Heleneborg, Stockholm. Nobel continues his experiments and forms the company Nitroglycerin AB in Stockholm, Sweden.
1865	Alfred Nobel improves the blasting cap design and moves to Germany to set up the Alfred Nobel & Co Factory in Krümmel near Hamburg.
1866	Nobel establishes the United States Blasting Oil Company in the US. A violent explosion destroys the Krümmel plant. Experimenting on a raft anchored on the river Elbe, Alfred Nobel tries to make nitroglycerin safer to handle. He finds that nitroglycerin is stabilized by the addition of kieselguhr (a siliceous deposit; also known as diatomaceous earth), and calls this mixture dynamite.
1867	Alfred Nobel obtains a patent for dynamite.
1871	Nobel establishes the British Dynamite Company (Ardeer, Scotland, UK). In 1877 the company name is changed to Nobel's Explosives Company.
1872	Immanuel, Alfred Nobel's father, passes away.
1873	At the age of 40 Alfred Nobel is a wealthy man. He moves to Paris and settles at Avenue Malakoff. The manufacture of nitroglycerin and dynamite starts at Ardeer.
1875	Alfred Nobel invents blasting gelatine in Paris and patents it in 1876. He establishes Société Générale pour la Fabrication de la Dynamite in Paris, France.
1876	Dynamitaktiengesellschaft (DAG), formerly Alfred Nobel & Co (Hamburg, Germany), is formed. Alfred Nobel advertises for a housekeeper/personal secretary, meets with Bertha Kinsky von Chinic und Tettau (later von Suttner) and hires her. She leaves his employment after a short time and becomes a leading peace activist.
1880	Dynamite Nobel is formed by merging Nobel's Italian and Swiss companies.
1881	Alfred Nobel buys an estate and laboratory at Sevran outside Paris.
1885	German Union is formed by merging DAG and a group of German dynamite companies.
1886	Nobel-Dynamite Trust Co (London, UK) is formed by merging DAG and the Nobel's Explosives Company.
1887	Nobel obtains a patent for the blasting powder "ballistite" in France.
1889	Andriette, Alfred Nobel's mother, passes away.
1891	Alfred Nobel leaves Paris and settles in San Remo, Italy, after a dispute with the French government over ballistite.
1893	Alfred Nobel hires Ragnar Sohlman, who he later names executor of his will and testament.
1894	Alfred Nobel buys a small machine works (Bofors-Gullspång) and a manor (Björkborn) at Karlskoga, Sweden.
1895	The third and final will of Alfred Nobel is signed at the Swedish-Norwegian Club in Paris.
1896	Alfred Nobel dies at his home in San Remo, Italy, on 10 December 1896.

Articles on Alfred Nobel

Alfred Nobel's interests are reflected in the prize he established. Learn more about his life and his interests - science, inventions, entrepreneurship, literature and peace work.

Alfred Nobel's Life and Work

Alfred Nobel's Life and Work - for Gradeschoolers

By Nobelprize.org Editors

On October 21, 1833 a baby boy was born in Stockholm, Sweden who was to become the founder of the Nobel Prize.

Alfred Nobel - His Life and Work

By Nils Ringertz

Alfred Nobel was born in Sweden, grew up in Russia, studied chemistry and technology in France and the US.

Alfred Nobel - St. Petersburg, 1842-1863

By Birgitta Lemmel

The young Alfred grew up, received his education and was shaped as a human being in the cosmopolitan atmosphere of St. Petersburg.

Alfred Nobel's Health and His Interest in Medicine

By Nils Ringertz

"Isn't it the irony of fate that I have been prescribed N/G 1 (nitroglycerine) to be taken internally!"

Alfred Nobel and His Interest in Literature

By Åke Erlandsson

Alfred Nobel's collection of books bears testimony to both the depth and breadth of his reading.

Alfred Nobel - the Poet

By Åke Erlandsson

Alfred Nobel's collection of books bears testimony to both the depth and breadth of his reading.

Alfred Nobel - Life and Philosophy

By Tore Frängsmyr

Alfred Nobel went through philosophy from antiquity to modern times, pointing out what he perceived to be vital issues.

Alfred Nobel's Thoughts about War and Peace

By Sven Tägil

Was Alfred Nobel's view on the effects of weapons to deter war a comfortable way of defending his own activity?

Alfred Nobel's House in Paris

By Birgitta Lemmel

At forty years old, Alfred Nobel bought an elegant mansion in Avenue Malakoff, a fashionable quarter near the Arc de Triomphe and Bois-de-Boulogne.

Alfred Nobel's Final Years in San Remo

By Lorenette Gozzo

Alfred Nobel died in his villa overlooking the Mediterranean in Sanremo, Italy.

Alfred Nobel's Industrial Activities

Alfred Nobel's Industrial Activities in Vinterviken

By Birgitta Lemmel

Alfred Nobel's first company, Nitroglycerine Aktiebolaget, had its explosives plant on an isolated inlet of Lake Mälaren.

Alfred Nobel in Krümmel

By Birgitta Lemmel

Alfred Nobel established his first overseas company in Krümmel, Germany.

Alfred Nobel in Scotland

By John E. Dolan

Alfred Nobel turned his sights to Scotland when Great Britain proved to be a difficult place to establish an explosives factory.

Alfred Nobel in Sevran

By Birgitta Lemmel

Looking for a suitable location for his experiments near his home, Alfred Nobel found Sevran, 16 kilometers northeast of Paris.

Books on Alfred Nobel

Alfred Nobel. Networks of Innovation
by U. Larsson
Nobel Museum Archives; 10, published by the Nobel Museum, Stockholm, 2008, distributed in the USA and Canada by Science History Publications, USA

ISSN 1404-7586
ISBN N-0-88135-399-X
In English

Alfred Nobel
by T. Frängsmyr
Published by the Swedish Institute, 2004
Translation by Judith Black

Presents the life of Alfred Nobel, not only tracing his scientific and entrepreneurial achievements from the earliest days, but also focusing on the private individual behind them.

ISBN 91-520-0417-I
ISSN 1101-6353
31 pages

Alfred Nobel
by Thomas Hellberg and Lars Magnus Jansson
Publisher: Alno Production, KB, Stockholm, 1984
1986 updated edition; Publisher: Lagerblads Förlag, AB, Karlshamn, English version.

The authors have researched Alfred Nobel's life for more than ten years, primarily for material for a drama-documentary TV film. This richly illustrated book about Alfred Nobel's inventions, career and personal life was published to commemorate the 150th anniversary of Alfred Nobel's birth.

ISBN 91-7260-977-X
141 pages

The Legacy of Alfred Nobel
by Ragnar Sohlman
Authorized by the Nobel Foundation
Publisher: The Bodley Head, London, 1983
Translation by E. Schubert

First published in Swedish (Ett Testamente) in 1950 and tells the full, dramatic story of the establishment of the Nobel Foundation. Written by Ragnar Sohlman, Alfred Nobel's secretary and assistant whom Alfred Nobel appointed as one of the executors of his will. The English translation was published in 1983, in association with the Nobel Foundation, to mark the 150th anniversary of Alfred Nobel's birth.

ISBN 0-370-30990-I
144 pages

Ett Testamente. Hur Alfred Nobels dröm blev verklighet
by R. Sohlman, published by Bokförlaget Atlantis AB, Stockholm, 2001, in Swedish, ISBN 917486-529-3 (originally published as Ett Testamente. Nobelstiftelsens tillkomsthistoria och dess grundare by R. Sohlman, published by P.A. Norstedt & Söners Förlag, Stockholm, 1950. Out of print).
Translations:
- Zaveshchanie Alfreda Nobelja, translated by D. E. and E. M. Leykin, published by MIR Publishers, Moscow, 1993, in Russian.

Alfred Nobel and the Nobel Prizes
Revised continuously
Published by the Nobel Foundation

Brochure containing information about Alfred Nobel - his life and work; Nobel's will and estate; the Nobel institutions; nomination and selection of the Nobel Laureates and the presentation of the Nobel Prizes.

12 pages

Nobel. The Man and His Prizes
by Schück, H. et al.
Edited by the Nobel Foundation
Publishers: Solhmans Förlag, Stockholm, 1950
University of Oklahoma Press, 1951
Third revised, updated and enlarged edition published by American Elsevier Company, Inc., New York, N.Y. 1972
First published in 1950 to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the Nobel Foundation. Contains a summary of Alfred Nobel's life and work; an account of the establishment of the Nobel Foundation; and surveys of outstanding achievements in the fields of physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature and peace.

The third revised edition brings the history of the awards up to 1970. It contains a sketch of Alfred Nobel's life, an account of the initial difficulties and later development of the Nobel Foundation, and an extensively revised description of seventy years' progress in the five Prize categories, viewing in historical perspective the work of the Nobel Laureates.

ISBN 0-444-00117-4
659 pages

Translations:

- Los Premios Nobel y su Fundador, authorized by the Nobel Foundation, published by Aguilar S.A. de Ediciones, Madrid, 1959, in Spanish.
- Nobel, l’uomo e i suoi Premi (abbreviated), authorized by the Nobel Foundation, published by Fratelli Fabbri Editori, Milano, 1963, in Italian.

- Nobel, o homen e seus Prèmios (abbreviated), authorized by the Nobel Foundation, published by Editóra Delta, Rio de Janeiro, 1964, in Portuguese.
- Nobel, l'homme et ses Prix (abbreviated), authorized by the Nobel Foundation, published by Presses du Compagnonnage, Paris, 1965, in French. Abbreviated Japanese version published by Shufunutomo Co., Tokyo, 1972.
- Alfred Nobel, der Mann und seine Preise (abbreviated) authorized by the Nobel Foundation, published by Coron Verlag GmbH, Stuttgart/Zürich, 1972, in German.

Alfred Nobel. Mannen, Verket, Samtiden
by Sigvard Strandh
Publisher: Natur och Kultur, 1983
The author expounds on how Alfred Nobel built up his industrial empire as well as his enormous wealth, and views his inventions in the light of industrial, historical and political perspectives. The book is peopled with strong personalities - from Alfred Nobel's brothers to his co-workers, competitors, friends and relatives.

ISBN 91-27-01283-2
340 pages
In Swedish

The Russian Rockefellers. The Saga of the Nobel Family and the Russian Oil Industry
by R. W. Tolf
Publisher: Hoover Institution Press, Stanford CA, 1976
Contains the first fully documented history of the Nobel family and the first comprehensive survey of the oil industry in pre-Bolshevik Russia.

ISBN 0-8179-6581-5
269 pages

Alfred Nobel och hans släkt
by H. Schück and R. Sohlman, published by Almqvist & Wiksells Boktryckeri AB, Uppsala, 1926, in Swedish. Out of print.
Alfred Nobel
by E. Bergengren, published by Gebers Förlag, Stockholm, 1960, in Swedish.
Translations:

- Alfred Nobel. The Man and his Work, authorized by the Nobel Foundation and published by Thomas Nelson & Sons Ltd., Edinburgh, 1962, in English.
- Alfred Nobel, authorized by the Nobel Foundation, published by Bechtle Verlag, Munich, 1963, in German.
- Alfred Nobel, authorized by the Nobel Foundation, published by Hakusuisha Publ. Co., Tokyo, 1968, in Japanese.

- Alfred Nobel. L'homme et son oeuvre, authorized by the Nobel Foundation, published by Sequoia-Elsevier, Paris- Brussels, 1970, in French.

Nobel
by S. Tjerneld, published by Albert Bonniers boktryckeri, Stockholm, 1972, in Swedish, ISBN 91-0-037341-1.

Alfred Nobel som internationell företagare
by R. Lundström, thesis at Uppsala University 1974, printed by Tofters Tryckeri AB, Östervåla 1974, in Swedish, ISBN 91-554-0197-X.

Nobel a Sanremo
by G. Lotti, published by Officina Grafica della Sagep S.p.A., Genoa, 1980, in Italian.

Nobel och hans tid. Fem essayer
by G. Brandell, T. Browaldh, G. Eriksson, S. Strandh and S.Tägil, edited by P. Sörbom, published by Bokförlaget Atlantis AB, Stockholm, 1983, in Swedish, ISBN 91-7486-315-0.

Alfred Bernhard Nobel
by K. Fant, published by Norstedts Förlag AB, Stockholm, 1991, in Swedish, ISBN 91-1-919072-7.
Translations:

- Alfred Nobel, published by Arcade Publishing Inc., New York, 1993, in English, ISBN 1-55970-222-2.
- Alfred Nobel, published by Birkhäuser Verlag AG, Basel, 1995, in German, ISBN 3-7643-5059-8.
- Also translations by Estonian (Vilnius), Latvian (Tallin), Bulgarian (Sofia), Japanese and Swiss publishers.

Chère Baronne et Amie. Cher monsieur et ami. Der Briefwechsel zwischen Alfred Nobel und Bertha von Suttner
by Edelgard Biedermann, published by Georg Olms
Verlag, Hildesheim (Germany), 2001, in German, ISBN 3-487-11492-5.

Aphorisms by Alfred Nobel

Literature occupied a central role in the life of Alfred Nobel. He regarded various literary forms of expression as opportunities to achieve a greater understanding of our own thoughts, lives and relationships with other people and our surroundings.

Alfred Nobel had an extensive library, which included important European literary works. Inspired by Shelley and Byron, he wrote poems in English as a young man. Toward the end of his life, he wrote the tragedy Nemesis. His best literary form of expression was probably the aphorism, where he often expressed himself drastically.

"A heart can no more be forced to love than a stomach can be forced to digest food by persuasion."

"Second to agriculture, humbug is the biggest industry of our age."

"Contentment is the only real wealth."

"We build upon the sand, and the older we become, the more unstable this foundation becomes."

"The truthful man is usually a liar."

"Justice is to be found only in the imagination."

"It is not sufficient to be worthy of respect in order to be respected."

"Worry is the stomach's worst poison."

"The best excuse for the fallen ones is that Madame Justice herself is one of them."

"Self-respect without the respect of others is like a jewel which will not stand the daylight."

"Hope is nature's veil for hiding truth's nakedness."

"Lying is the greatest of all sins."

"Home is where I work and I work everywhere."

Virtual Tour of Alfred Nobel's Home in Björkborn

Towards the end of his life, Alfred Nobel acquired the company "AB Bofors" in Karlskoga, Sweden. At Björkborn, a property on the Bofors estate, Björkborn Manor became his last home in Sweden.
Björkborn Manor is now a museum where visitors can go back in time and imagine what it was like when Alfred Nobel spent his summers here. Apart from the manor, another point of interest is the laboratory where Nobel continued with his experiments before his death in 1896.

Take a Virtual Tour of Björkborn Manor and Laboratory!

The tour is available in three versions:

	Java Tour The Java Tour is of low quality. Java is incorporated into all major Web browsers.
	QuickTime VR Tour This QuickTime VR technology allows you to interact with a 360 degree virtual scene.
	Ipix Tour For the best experience, we recommend this tour, which is viewed with the IPIX plug-in.

Exhibition on the Enlightenment

Alfred Nobel was inspired by the movement called the Enlightenment, a period during the eighteenth century when philosophy was guided by reason. Because of his familiarity with Enlightenment philosophers such as Voltaire and Rousseau, their thoughts influenced Nobel's life and work.
Watch the exhibition 'Enlightenment!' from La Bibliothèque nationale de France.

The Will

On November 27, 1895, Alfred Nobel signed his last will in Paris. When it was opened and read after his death, the will caused a lot of controversy both in Sweden and internationally, as Nobel had left much of his wealth for the establishment of a prize! His family opposed the establishment of the Nobel Prize, and the prize awarders he named refused to do what he had requested in his will. It was five years before the first Nobel Prize could be awarded in 1901.

Mother Teresa

2011-05-28T15:48:00.000+05:30

Biography

Mother Teresa was born Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu in Skopje*, Macedonia, on August 26**, 1910. Her family was of Albanian descent. At the age of twelve, she felt strongly the call of God. She knew she had to be a missionary to spread the love of Christ. At the age of eighteen she left her parental home in Skopje and joined the Sisters of Loreto, an Irish community of nuns with missions in India. After a few months' training in Dublin she was sent to India, where on May 24, 1931, she took her initial vows as a nun. From 1931 to 1948 Mother Teresa taught at St. Mary's High School in Calcutta, but the suffering and poverty she glimpsed outside the convent walls made such a deep impression on her that in 1948 she received permission from her superiors to leave the convent school and devote herself to working among the poorest of the poor in the slums of Calcutta. Although she had no funds, she depended on Divine Providence, and started an open-air school for slum children. Soon she was joined by voluntary helpers, and financial support was also forthcoming. This made it possible for her to extend the scope of her work.
On October 7, 1950, Mother Teresa received permission from the Holy See to start her own order, "The Missionaries of Charity", whose primary task was to love and care for those persons nobody was prepared to look after. In 1965 the Society became an International Religious Family by a decree of Pope Paul VI.
Today the order comprises Active and Contemplative branches of Sisters and Brothers in many countries. In 1963 both the Contemplative branch of the Sisters and the Active branch of the Brothers was founded. In 1979 the Contemplative branch of the Brothers was added, and in 1984 the Priest branch was established.
The Society of Missionaries has spread all over the world, including the former Soviet Union and Eastern European countries. They provide effective help to the poorest of the poor in a number of countries in Asia, Africa, and Latin America, and they undertake relief work in the wake of natural catastrophes such as floods, epidemics, and famine, and for refugees. The order also has houses in North America, Europe and Australia, where they take care of the shut-ins, alcoholics, homeless, and AIDS sufferers.
The Missionaries of Charity throughout the world are aided and assisted by Co-Workers who became an official International Association on March 29, 1969. By the 1990s there were over one million Co-Workers in more than 40 countries. Along with the Co-Workers, the lay Missionaries of Charity try to follow Mother Teresa's spirit and charism in their families.
Mother Teresa's work has been recognised and acclaimed throughout the world and she has received a number of awards and distinctions, including the Pope John XXIII Peace Prize (1971) and the Nehru Prize for her promotion of international peace and understanding (1972). She also received the Balzan Prize (1979) and the Templeton and Magsaysay awards.

From Nobel Lectures, Peace 1971-1980, Editor-in-Charge Tore Frängsmyr, Editor Irwin Abrams, World Scientific Publishing Co., Singapore, 1997

This autobiography/biography was written at the time of the award and first published in the book series Les Prix Nobel. It was later edited and republished in Nobel Lectures. To cite this document, always state the source as shown above.

* Former Uskup, a town in the Ottoman Empire.

** Mother Teresa's date of birth is disputed: "So unconcerned was she about accuracy in relation to the chronicling of her own life, and so disinclined actually to read anything written about her, that for many years and in a succession of books her birthdate was erroneously recorded as 27 August 1910. It even appeared in the Indian Loreto Entrance Book as her date of birth. In fact, as she confided to her friend, co-worker and American author, Eileen Egan, that was the date on which she was christened Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu. The date which marked the beginning of her Christian life was undoubtedly the more important to Mother Teresa, but she was none the less actually born in Skopje, Serbia, on the previous day." (Spink, Kathryn: Mother Teresa: A Complete Authorized Biography, HarperSanFrancisco, 1997.

Mother Teresa died on September 5, 1997.

Spiritual Quotes

2011-05-28T15:37:00.003+05:30

John Fisher

David wasn't thinking of being king when he was tending sheep; he was just doing what God sat before him.

William Ellery Channing

Difficulties are meant to rouse, not discourage. The human spirit is to grow strong by conflict.

Oliver Wendell Holmes

Every calling is great when greatly pursued.

Mother Teresa

God doesn't look at how much we do, but with how much love we do it.

Denis Waitley

Happiness cannot be traveled to, owned, earned, worn or consumed. Happiness is the spiritual experience of living every minute with love, grace and gratitude.

Saint Augustine

He who is filled with love is filled with God himself.

Mother Teresa

If you judge people, you have no time to love them.

Dag Hammerskjold

Pray that your loneliness may spur you into finding something to live for, great enough to die for.

M. Scott Peck

The great awareness comes slowly, piece by piece. The path of spiritual growth is a path of lifelong learning. The experience of spiritual power is basically a joyful one.

Thomas Carlyle

To us also, through every star, through every blade of grass, is not God made visible if we will open our minds and our eyes.

Rabindranath Tagore

Trees are the earth's endless effort to speak to the listening heaven.

About ME

2011-05-28T15:27:00.000+05:30

Life is an eternal quest about knowing oneself. It's time to challenge yourself, to rediscover your hidden traits, talents, and tendencies. Several inconvenient questions, which you have swept under the carpet, might resurface. Here is a collection of "about me" quotes. Each noted author has revealed her or his unique qualities. When you read these "about me" quotes, you will find the inspiration to ask yourself "Is that true about me?"

Oscar Wilde
I am the only person in the world I should like to know thoroughly.

Frederick Perls
I do my thing and you do yours. I am not in this world to live up to your expectations, and you are not in this world to live up to mine. You are you and I am I, and if by chance we find each other, then it is beautiful. If not, it can't be helped.

Albert Einstein
I am enough of an artist to draw freely upon my imagination.”

Princess Diana
I like to be a free spirit. Some don't like that, but that's the way I am.

Pablo Picasso
I am only a public entertainer who understands his time.

Sri Sathya Sai Baba
I am you; you are me. You are the waves; I am the ocean. Know this and be free, be divine.

Tenzin Gyatso, the 14th Dalai Lama
The deep root of failure in our lives is to think, 'Oh how useless and powerless I am.' It is essential to think strongly and forcefully, 'I can do it,' without boasting or fretting.

Bertrand Russell
I am not myself in any degree ashamed of having changed my opinions.

Marie Bashkirtseff
I am my own heroine.

Catherine the Great
I am one of the people who love the why of things.

Lao Tzu
When I let go of what I am, I become what I might be.

Winston Churchill
I am certainly not one of those who need to be prodded. In fact, if anything, I am the prod.

Albert Einstein
I am not only a pacifist but a militant pacifist. I am willing to fight for peace. Nothing will end war unless the people themselves refuse to go to war.”

Oscar Wilde
I am so clever that sometimes I don't understand a single word of what I am saying.

Margaret Thatcher
I am extraordinarily patient, provided I get my own way in the end.

Henry David Thoreau
A friend is one who takes me for what I am.

Ayn Rand
To say "I love you" one must first be able to say the "I."

Louis XIV
I am the state.

Muhammad Ali
I am the greatest, I said that even before I knew I was.

Leo Tolstoy
Without knowing what I am and why I am here, life is impossible.

Buddha
I am the miracle.

Albert Einstein
I am neither especially clever nor especially gifted. I am only very, very curious.

Mr.Perfect Comedy scences

2011-05-15T19:47:00.000+05:30

Brahmanandam comedy

Cricket Scene

Aho balu SONG from 100% LOVE

2011-05-15T19:22:00.000+05:30

Aho Balu Lyrics From 100 Percent Love ( 100% Love ) Movie

Oh God Chethikemo Pusthakam Ichaav
Too Bad Vantikemo Badhakam Ichaav
Oh God Million Dollar Syllabus Ichaav
Too Bad Milligram Braine Ichaav
Oh God One Day Matche Ichaav
Too Bad Same Day Exam Ichaav
Oh God Question Paper Full Ga Ichaav
Too Bad Answer Paper Thella Ga Ichaav
Thala Thippa Lenanni Andhaal Ichaav
Thala Eththuko Leni Results Ichaav
Double Games Enti Maatho Neeke
Idhi Match Fixing Maa Failure Ke

( Ooh Ela Ela Ela )    X  4

Memory Card Size Emo Choti
Memory Status Koti
Milligram Brain Aythe Yenti
Miracles Cheyyidhaan Thoti
Baathroom Lo Paatalaki Badhulu
Forumulane Paadu
Premisthe Syllabussu Motham
Swathi Bookke Choodu

Abababa Em Cheppedra

Aho Balu Oho Balu
Ankelu Motham Vandalu Velu
Vidiragi Thote Modalu

Aho Balu Oho Balu
A To Z Ani Chadive Badhulu
B To U Ante Chalu

Bulbu Ni Kanipedadham Anukunnamo
Edison Danni Jagada Kottesadu
Telephone Kanipedadham Anukunnamu
Aa Graham Bell First Call Kottesadu
Oscar Pani Padadham Anukunnamu
Kani Rehman Danni Odisi Pattesadu
Atleast First Rank Kodadham Anukunnamu
Kani Balu Gadu Dani Kosam Puttesadu

( Ooh Ela Ela Ela )    X  4

Bulb Ni Kanipettina Edison Mari
Chalubuki Kanipettada Medicine
Telephone Tho Stop Anukununte
Start Aayi Undedha Cell Phone
Inte Chaalu Anukuntu Pothe
Evvaru Avvaru Hero
Ninnati Tho Sari Pettukunte
Neti Ki Ledu Tomorrow

Abababa Em Cheppedra

Aho Balu Oho Balu
Balu Kandani Logic Lanni
Kaava Navvula Paalu

Aho Balu Oho Balu
Anukodepudu Inte Chalu
Edu Mind Vesula Gurrankalu

Luck UnnoLLaki Rankulu Ichaav
NotlunnoLLaki Seatlu Ichaav
Atleast Ammayila Ki Andannichaav
Mammalnemo Ninda Munchaav
Brilliant Students Ki A Grade Anta
Average Students Ki B Grade Anta
Mammalnemo D Grade Chesthaav
Castlu Mathalu Vaddantune
Gradulatho Veda Theesthuntaav

( Ooh Ela Ela Ela )    X  4

Hey Chettuki Pootha Kaaya Pandani
Moodu Rakaluga Choostham
Poothayi Poosi Kaayai Kaasi
Pandayi Thene Viluvistham
Grade Ante ABC VaLLo
Brainu Ni Koliche Sticku
Competition Ledante Race Lo
Gelupuki Unda Kicku

Abababa Em Cheppedra

Aho Balu Oho Balu
Number One Ki Routine Balu
Chaduvu Ki Routine Balu

Aho Balu Oho Balu
Settledaina Center Balu
Question Entaina Answer Balu

Balu Chadivina Book Anta
Ventane Koni Chadiveddam

Balu Rasina Notes Anta
Ventane Xerox Theeddam

Balu Vadina Pen Anta
Aayudha Poojalu Cheddam
Balu Nadichina Baata Anta
Andharu Follow Aipotham

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Telugu Lyrics: Aho Balu Lyrics

Telugu Movie: 100 Percent Love – 100% Love

Singer(S): Ranjith, Sri Charan

Music Director: Devi Sri Prasad

Starring: Naga Chaitanya And Tamannah

PremaKavali Video song

2011-05-15T12:08:00.000+05:30

Manasantha Mukkalu

Friends and Friendship- Who is friends, What is friendship

2011-05-14T22:12:00.001+05:30

Friends and Friendship- Who is friends, What is friendship

A friend loves at all times, and a brother is born for adversity. (Proverbs 17:17)

You can always tell a real friend: when you’ve made a fool of yourself, he doesn’t feel you’ve done a permanent job. (Laurence J. Peter) (Taken from unknown source in net.)

Who is friends and what is meaning of friends

A lot of people go through life with only a few friends. It seems that some have less than that. They have no one on whom they can call in good times or bad. There is no one with whom to bounce ideas around, or to talk about deep and troubling subjects. They have no one to call in times of need or difficulty. They are at the mercy of life, standing alone.

Others seem to have a multiple number of friends like google's PageRank which increases in cumulative. Wherever they go, people know them, and like to be around them. when a trouble strike, their biggest hesitation might be over which friend to call. They know exactly the person with whom to discuss the topics of inquiry and debate. Life is full of entertaining and invigorating relationships because it is full of friends. These friends will be like a Degree course in friendship.. When we study them we get lot of knowledge about friendship. They have a lot of ideas flowing and they discuss any topic which is hard to discuss.

Of course, some people are perfectly happy to operate with fewer friends. They might rather have a few deep and loyal friends, than many superficial ones. Others thrive best when friends are everywhere and numerous. It is not so much the number of friends that is important as is the possession of friends, period. Loyal and deep friendship is good. It doesn't care about the numbers, Even if you have one loyal trustable friend. it is better than to have hundreds of untrustable, superficial friends. With the trusted friends we can discuss our problem areas and get ideas for solving them also. These friends share their time with us to solve problems. But when you have lots of friends who are not loyal or trustable it is the case of the person who is not having any friends. Even after having hundreds of friends our mind can't able to find real, trustable friends.

Friendship is a blessing...

Friendship is a blessing, and a friend is the channel through whom great emotional, spiritual, and sometimes even physical blessings flow. Friends will cheer us when we’re sorrowful or depressed. Friends will challenge us to attain our orginal limits with encouragement when we allow ourselves not to go beyond our reasonable boundaries. Friends will motivate us when we’re ready to give in, and they can provide for us when life falls apart. Friends are there when all is well, and we want someone with whom to share life’s pleasant and memorable moments. We often just want them around, to have a good time, to laugh, to act silly, to enjoy some mutually liked activity. In how many ways have friends enriched our lives and made us feel loved, accepted, respected and cared for? Probably, too many to list, and the list grows daily.

When you act silly with friends around they also comes and join you and get the enjoyment that you are getting. In the dictionary of friendship there is no word named sorrow. Friends will enter into that word and friends break the word into peices. They motivate us to attain our goal. They will stand by our side when you need a support. you will tell about a girl/guy whom you love and will ask for help for the love. You can't tell the same to parents or any other before the love starts. In our life deciding factor also there is a friend and his/her friendship is helping you. When you get problem in that love all others will run from u but not your bet friend. They help us by challenging( a challenge which motivates us) and also motivates us for reaching our aim.

When you are in college or studies you ask doubts in the subjects not to the professor but to a friend. Friends never says no to anything. They will try to help us and try to solve the doubts. When you play a friend is the first person to cheer you when you do a record. Friends will be the first to treat us without any jealous mind. friends consider the record of yours as theirs and they feel happy by telling about the record to others. In life we share most of the time with friends. We can't share some topics with our parents but we can share any topic, with friends. friends research that topic as a judge and tell us the good's and bad's

Friendship is everlasting...

Friendship is only everlasting feature in this world. There may be biggest miracle which can change the entire world but even in that miracle also friendship will come out from its sleep. Friendship is like a banyan tree. Banyan tree seed is very small, but when it comes out of earth nothing can stop its growth. The same applies to friendship also. Friendship will reside in our heart like the banyan tree seed. When it finds the correct soil in another heart it starts its growth. at one stage when you get more friendly with that person it will become tree after that nothing in this world can stop it. Friends will try to find new ways to make you not to fall. Friends may not save but they never let you go to deep. Friends find innovative ways to stop you from falling and try to get some more help to lift you.

Friendship is courage...

Friends, They are the only source of our brave hearts. When we don't have any friends we won't come out when there is a trouble. But when we have friends with us, We never sit inside during a friend is in problem. We may not be brave but friendship gives courage to our mind and body. Friends will save us from any situations. Friends will help us to escape from big troubles. Friends will come front to solve the problems. Friendship never knows to runaway during problems. A good friend stays when there is problem and goes after the problem solves.

We can tell a lot about friendship and friends. You may have a lot of friends but try to get a friend who is loyal, trustable to us and be like that to your friend also. That is the only meaning of friendship. "BE LOYAL AND TRUSTABLE". I would like to have some comments for these topics. Comment me with your ideas and thoughts

Dr.APJ Abdul Kalam Quotes

2011-05-12T19:05:00.000+05:30

Quotes

"Thinking should become your capital asset, no matter whatever ups and downs you come across in your life."

"Thinking is progress. Non-thinking is stagnation of the individual, organisation and the country. Thinking leads to action. Knowledge without action is useless and irrelevant. Knowledge with action, converts adversity into prosperity."

"When you speak, speak the truth; perform when you promise; discharge your trust... Withhold your hands from striking, and from taking that which is unlawful and bad..."

"What actions are most excellent? To gladden the heart of a human being, to feed the hungry, to help the afflicted to lighten the sorrow of the sorrowful and to remove the wrongs of injured..."

"Away! Fond thoughts, and vex my soul no more! Work claimed my wakeful nights, my busy days Albeit brought memories of Rameswaram shore Yet haunt my dreaming gaze!"

"I will not be presumptuous enough to say that my life can be a role model for anybody; but some poor child living in an obscure place in an underprivileged social setting may find a little solace in the way my destiny has been shaped. It could perhaps help such children liberate themselves from the bondage of their illusory backwardness and hopelessness?.."

"My worthiness is all my doubt His Merit- all my fear- Contrasting which my quality Does however appear "

Which company first introduced mobile phones?

2011-05-12T18:53:00.000+05:30

Which company first introduced mobile phones?

Answer:

In 1973 Martin Cooper of Motorola made the first useable cell phone for government use. In 1984 it was made public. Before 74 the mobile phone was in use as police radios.

Welcome to Articles on Love

2011-05-12T17:01:00.000+05:30

Articles on Love was created to provide a wealth of unbiased and informative articles on everything to do with Love. Articles, tips and resources will allow you to learn more about your relationships and how to achieve them from expert authors. The articles were written with the express intent of helping you learn how to Find, Keep and Understand love

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2011-05-11T17:56:00.000+05:30

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Aho balu SONG from 100% LOVE

Telugu Lyrics: Aho Balu Lyrics

Telugu Movie: 100 Percent Love – 100% Love

Singer(S): Ranjith, Sri Charan

Music Director: Devi Sri Prasad

Starring: Naga Chaitanya And Tamannah

PremaKavali Video song

Friends and Friendship- Who is friends, What is friendship