<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:blogger='http://schemas.google.com/blogger/2008' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:gd="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005" xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4932046880420090053</id><updated>2026-07-08T01:01:34.138-07:00</updated><category term="Hidrología"/><category term="Geomática"/><category term="Teledetección"/><category term="Ambiental"/><category term="Matemáticas"/><category term="Ecología"/><category term="Estadística"/><category term="A"/><category term="Autor"/><category term="Manuales"/><category term="cursos"/><title type='text'>Ambientales-Hidrológicos-Geomática</title><subtitle type='html'>Eber Risco Sence</subtitle><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://estambhidgeom.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4932046880420090053/posts/default?redirect=false'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://estambhidgeom.blogspot.com/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><link rel='next' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4932046880420090053/posts/default?start-index=26&amp;max-results=25&amp;redirect=false'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09852200953687334147</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>46</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>25</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4932046880420090053.post-5866057882765828159</id><published>2017-11-24T12:56:00.002-08:00</published><updated>2017-11-24T12:56:14.360-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Priorización de zonas mediante modelo SIG Ponderativo</title><content type='html'>&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Priorización de zonas mediante modelo SIG Ponderativo&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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Mapping Evapotranspiration with Internalized Calibration&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Modelo
de Balance Hídrico Mensual Schaake en la Cuenca hidrográfica de Lurín&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;Schaake Monthly Water
Balance Model in the Lurin Drainage Basin&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Por
Eber Risco Sence&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Los profesionales de
las ciencias ambientales deben afrontar la escasez de datos hidrológicos para
desarrollar su trabajo dentro de los distintos ámbitos que les toque
desempeñar. Para ello se ven forzados al empleo de metodologías de simulación
hidrológica, la cual se puede definir como la descripción matemática de la
respuesta de un sistema hidrológico a una serie de eventos programados durante
un periodo de tiempo. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;b&gt;Área
de estudio y datos&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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La cuenca
hidrográfica de Lurín, políticamente se encuentra ubicada en la región Lima,
dentro de las provincias de Lima y Huarochirí. La cuenca hidrográfica del río
Lurín analizada en la presente investigación tiene una extensión aproximada de
1451.24 km2, desde la partición de aguas hasta la estación Puente Manchay.
Geográficamente la cuenca del río Lurín está comprendida entre las coordenadas
(UTM-Zona 18S) Este: 297644-367577 y Norte: 8650619-8690883.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3mFFfMpoQ0_oQFsBliPqoviAoJm4DbJn2_Cu2pp0yXd8hUNqvOsJU9bQnyLv5lGZ-SHXa-EJv2n3YSl3xtFf_1cUedu1zdk_DSO-8yxnqqnCDgrrh-_mQvLXgKN52HGzR18-WWLMPVcc/s1600/estaciones.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3mFFfMpoQ0_oQFsBliPqoviAoJm4DbJn2_Cu2pp0yXd8hUNqvOsJU9bQnyLv5lGZ-SHXa-EJv2n3YSl3xtFf_1cUedu1zdk_DSO-8yxnqqnCDgrrh-_mQvLXgKN52HGzR18-WWLMPVcc/s320/estaciones.png&quot; height=&quot;293&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 19px; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;Figura 1: Ubicación de las estaciones meteorológicas de la cuenca del río Lurín.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
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Las estaciones
pluviométricas utilizadas fueron: Manchay, Antioquia, Matucana, Langa, Tuna,
Huarochiri, Escomarca, Parac, Chalilla; y las estaciones hidrométricas de Antapucro
y Puente Manchay.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;b&gt;2.&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;b&gt;Metodología&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;b&gt;Modelo
&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Schaake&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Schaake y Liu (1989)
desarrollaron un modelo de balance hídrico simple para la evaluación del
impacto del cambio climático. Schaake (1990) mejoro el algoritmo de agua
subterránea del modelo lineal usando un reservorio no lineal. El modelo
mejorado tiene la capacidad de simular la escorrentía sobre un rango de
condiciones climáticas. Este modelo introduce el déficit de humedad del suelo
en la expresión de la escorrentía y evapotranspiración. La escorrentía total
está dividida en escorrentía superficial y flujo subterráneo.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj92jibPvPrwwlLMc-ukJGzns1WZ88PtAihZD4HmgO1OIu5K7eJjqcMaqiBiO0Pm5gaiwIZST6kKrgycBV9o2hlYQUIXUROXkvoAewauCAoGTZD2xzJ_WXGCCYYNFvUrOPyaLgnnku5OfM/s1600/Monthly+Hydrology+Model.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj92jibPvPrwwlLMc-ukJGzns1WZ88PtAihZD4HmgO1OIu5K7eJjqcMaqiBiO0Pm5gaiwIZST6kKrgycBV9o2hlYQUIXUROXkvoAewauCAoGTZD2xzJ_WXGCCYYNFvUrOPyaLgnnku5OfM/s320/Monthly+Hydrology+Model.png&quot; height=&quot;296&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: center; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;Figura 2: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: center; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;Esquema del modelo hidrológico conceptual de Schaake.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;b&gt;Resultados&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Se ha seleccionado
el periodo de enero 1964 a diciembre 1993 para la calibración y de enero 1994 a
diciembre 2002 para la validación. &amp;nbsp;Con
el fin de utilizar los criterios de optimización se eligió la función objetiva
de Nash y Sutcliffe (1970).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ES-PE; mso-no-proof: yes; mso-text-raise: -36.0pt; position: relative; top: 36.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;v:shape id=&quot;Imagen_x0020_141&quot; o:spid=&quot;_x0000_i1026&quot; style=&quot;height: 70.5pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 200.25pt;&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot;&gt;
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&lt;/v:imagedata&gt;&lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Donde:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Q&lt;sub&gt;si&lt;/sub&gt;=
caudal simulado (m3/s).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;
Q&lt;sub&gt;ob&lt;/sub&gt;=
caudal observado (m3/s).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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N= representa el
número de pasos de tiempo simulados.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Para evaluar la
bondad de los resultados del modelo durante los periodos de calibración y
validación, los intervalos se presentan el Cuadro 1. La eficiencia de Nash se
encuentra enmarcada como C3. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiR3ntDf_wKNNqpwxk_mIY08-9Xly9t9-xatGX3A4DnBhDxNSAYN8jqlUORjLbjRgAPxfKdtWBi2qT4auKsDZUi45jw8K1VzWtE3d_RBaV5joMdW1UJQS_JpAAyJD9ho2ZGazuiYB23HME/s1600/nash.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiR3ntDf_wKNNqpwxk_mIY08-9Xly9t9-xatGX3A4DnBhDxNSAYN8jqlUORjLbjRgAPxfKdtWBi2qT4auKsDZUi45jw8K1VzWtE3d_RBaV5joMdW1UJQS_JpAAyJD9ho2ZGazuiYB23HME/s400/nash.jpg&quot; height=&quot;116&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Cuadro 1:
Criterios para evaluar el desempeño de los modelos en categorías desde
excelente a muy mala. FUENTE:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt; &lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Andersen
et al, citados por Miroslaw y Okruszko 2011&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;b&gt;3.1&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;b&gt;Optimización
del modelo Schaake&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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La optimización del
modelo fue realizada mediante técnicas de optimización global, donde un mínimo
global es un punto donde el valor de la función es menor que o igual al valor
en todos los otros puntos factibles.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Los valores
obtenidos para los parámetros del modelo Schaake fueron: Máximo déficit de
humedad en el reservorio del suelo D&lt;sub&gt;max&lt;/sub&gt;=184.7435; parámetro que
representa la proporción de la actual evapotranspiración que debe ser
satisfecha por la precipitación en el mes actual antes de la escorrentía o la infiltración
que puede ocurrir Φ=0.3497; el parámetro que controla la infiltración de la
precipitación a través de la superficie del suelo z=0.0001; el parámetro del
modelo kk=0.1886; el valor umbral máximo para el modelo G&lt;sub&gt;max&lt;/sub&gt;=184.9065.
En la figura 3 se muestra el comportamiento de los parámetros en el proceso de
optimización, en la figura 4 se muestra las variaciones de los parámetros
tomados de dos en dos de acuerdo al valor de Nash-Sutcliffe obtenido.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: center; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;Figura 3: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: center; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;Comportamiento de los parámetros D&lt;sub&gt;max&lt;/sub&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: center; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;Φ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: center; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt; ,z, kk, G&lt;sub&gt;max&lt;/sub&gt; en el
proceso de optimización global, donde la variación va desde el azul al rojo,
siendo el rojo los valores más adecuados para el modelo de acuerdo a la función
objetivo seleccionada.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: center; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBPJRS5xXjHYYDJCb2lIPGi3kFuR1c-IrY1UE7gozAyDMuvfkRJHEO9w2BgVLePrQj-icnv3mpdxaq1kswKhLC6XoGvQP6i08FXQwdZpjAB2pJARkurS4Fts8aMMlhHYYYOHAgW3Qe04c/s1600/superficies.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBPJRS5xXjHYYDJCb2lIPGi3kFuR1c-IrY1UE7gozAyDMuvfkRJHEO9w2BgVLePrQj-icnv3mpdxaq1kswKhLC6XoGvQP6i08FXQwdZpjAB2pJARkurS4Fts8aMMlhHYYYOHAgW3Qe04c/s640/superficies.png&quot; height=&quot;356&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: center; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;Figura 4:&lt;/span&gt;Variación de la eficiencia de la función Nash-Sutcliffe de acuerdo a la
variación de los parámetros D&lt;sub&gt;max&lt;/sub&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Φ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt; ,z, kk, G&lt;sub&gt;max&lt;/sub&gt; , superficies
generadas tomando de dos en dos los parámetros.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;b&gt;3.2&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;b&gt;Calibración
del modelo Schaake&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;
En el periodo de
calibración (1964-1993) el modelo Schaake presentó una eficiencia de Nash-Sutcliffe
de&amp;nbsp; 90.95 % considerado como una calidad
excelente de acuerdo a la tabla 1. En la figura 5 se muestra los caudales
simulados comparados con los observados.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;v:shape id=&quot;_x0000_s1028&quot; style=&quot;height: 496.1pt; left: 0; margin-left: 12pt; margin-top: 18.5pt; mso-height-percent: 0; mso-height-percent: 0; mso-height-relative: page; mso-position-horizontal-relative: text; mso-position-horizontal: absolute; mso-position-vertical-relative: text; mso-position-vertical: absolute; mso-width-percent: 0; mso-width-percent: 0; mso-width-relative: page; mso-wrap-distance-bottom: 0; mso-wrap-distance-left: 9pt; mso-wrap-distance-right: 9pt; mso-wrap-distance-top: 0; mso-wrap-style: square; position: absolute; text-align: left; visibility: visible; width: 425.25pt; z-index: 251694080;&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot;&gt;
 &lt;v:imagedata o:title=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:\Users\EBER\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image007.png&quot;&gt;
 &lt;w:wrap type=&quot;square&quot;&gt;
&lt;/w:wrap&gt;&lt;/v:imagedata&gt;&lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;Figura 5:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Caudales observados y simulados por el modelo Schaake en la cuenca del
río Lurín &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;(Periodo de
calibración)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;b&gt;3.3&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;b&gt;Validación
del modelo Schaake&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;v:shape id=&quot;_x0000_s1027&quot; style=&quot;height: 495.25pt; left: 0; margin-left: 19.5pt; margin-top: 83pt; mso-height-percent: 0; mso-height-percent: 0; mso-height-relative: page; mso-position-horizontal-relative: text; mso-position-horizontal: absolute; mso-position-vertical-relative: text; mso-position-vertical: absolute; mso-width-percent: 0; mso-width-percent: 0; mso-width-relative: page; mso-wrap-distance-bottom: 0; mso-wrap-distance-left: 9pt; mso-wrap-distance-right: 9pt; mso-wrap-distance-top: 0; mso-wrap-style: square; position: absolute; text-align: left; visibility: visible; width: 425.25pt; z-index: 251695104;&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot;&gt;
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 &lt;w:wrap type=&quot;square&quot;&gt;
&lt;/w:wrap&gt;&lt;/v:imagedata&gt;&lt;/v:shape&gt;En el periodo de
validación (1994-2002) el modelo Schaake presentó una eficiencia de Nash-Sutcliffe
de&amp;nbsp; 93.04 % considerado como una calidad
excelente de acuerdo a la tabla 1. En la figura 6 se muestra los caudales
simulados comparados con los observados.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7TaQurltyRvAEC5m_rcSUVCeg7wWeMMDGKjxHa2ZJgIWo9LUDkO6DJdNr9y6pxXrWVY_y-75XVaEhb1zrQ5TlcdftVMtlvKdmphQKBEdiUq54wlkCAWqIUJDK9S2a9a6_8zhX_JwQocw/s1600/validacion.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7TaQurltyRvAEC5m_rcSUVCeg7wWeMMDGKjxHa2ZJgIWo9LUDkO6DJdNr9y6pxXrWVY_y-75XVaEhb1zrQ5TlcdftVMtlvKdmphQKBEdiUq54wlkCAWqIUJDK9S2a9a6_8zhX_JwQocw/s640/validacion.png&quot; height=&quot;640&quot; width=&quot;548&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;Figura 6:&lt;/span&gt;Caudales observados y simulados por el modelo Schaake en la cuenca del
río Lurín &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;(Periodo de
validación).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;b&gt;4.&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;b&gt;Conclusión&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;De
acuerdo a los resultados obtenidos, el modelo Schaake se presenta como adecuado
para la simulación hidrológica en la cuenca del río Lurín, presenta una
eficiencia de 90.95 % y 93.04 % para los periodos de calibración y validación
respectivamente.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;b&gt;5.&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;b&gt;Referencias
bibliográficas&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Fernandez,
R; Vogel, S. 2000. Regional calibration of watershed model. Hydrological
Sciences-journal-des-Sciences Hydrologiques, 45(5): 689-707.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Jiang,
T; Xu, C. 2007. Comparison of hydrological impacts of climate change simulated
by six hydrological models in the Dongjiang Basin, South China. Journal of
Hydrology 336: 316-333.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Miroslaw,
D; Okruszko, T. 2011. Modelling of Hydrological Processes in the Narew
Catchment. New York, US.Springer. 153 p.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Schaake,
J.C., 1990. From climate to flow. In: Waggoner, P.E. (Ed.), Climate change and
US Water Resources. John Wiley &amp;amp; Sons, New York, pp. 177–206.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Schaake,
J.C., Liu, L.Z., 1989. Development and application of simple water balance
models to understand the relationship between climate and water resources. In:
Kavvas, M.L. (Ed.), New Directions for Surface Water Modelling (Proceedings of
the Baltimore Symposium, May 1989). IAHS Publication, No.181, pp. 345–352.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Aplicación en MATLAB&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;

&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;iframe allowfullscreen=&quot;&quot; frameborder=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;432&quot; src=&quot;//www.youtube.com/embed/FvqSyneG6C4&quot; width=&quot;720&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://estambhidgeom.blogspot.com/feeds/539266829229179233/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://estambhidgeom.blogspot.com/2013/04/modelo-hidrologico-de-schaake.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4932046880420090053/posts/default/539266829229179233'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4932046880420090053/posts/default/539266829229179233'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://estambhidgeom.blogspot.com/2013/04/modelo-hidrologico-de-schaake.html' title='Modelo Hidrológico de Schaake'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09852200953687334147</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3mFFfMpoQ0_oQFsBliPqoviAoJm4DbJn2_Cu2pp0yXd8hUNqvOsJU9bQnyLv5lGZ-SHXa-EJv2n3YSl3xtFf_1cUedu1zdk_DSO-8yxnqqnCDgrrh-_mQvLXgKN52HGzR18-WWLMPVcc/s72-c/estaciones.png" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4932046880420090053.post-3065543441874559532</id><published>2013-04-09T22:12:00.002-07:00</published><updated>2014-02-07T12:39:35.887-08:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Hidrología"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Matemáticas"/><title type='text'>Modelo Hidrológico Thornthwaithe-Mather</title><content type='html'>&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Modelo
de Balance Hídrico Mensual Thornthwaithe-Mather&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;en la Cuenca hidrográfica de Huancané&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;Thornthwaithe-Mather&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;Monthly Water Balance Model in the Huancane Drainage
Basin&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Por
Eber Risco Sence&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Para una evaluación
de los recursos hídricos a una escala regional, los modelos de balance hídrico
mensual son muy utilizados para la identificación de las consecuencias
hidrológicas por cambios en la temperatura, precipitación y otras variables
climáticas.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;b&gt;Área
de estudio y datos&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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La cuenca
hidrográfica de Huancané, políticamente se encuentra ubicada en la región Puno,
dentro de las provincias de Azángaro, San Antonio de Putina, Huancané y Moho.
La cuenca hidrográfica del río Huancané analizada en la presente investigación
tiene una extensión aproximada de 3633.92 km2, desde la partición de aguas
hasta la estación Puente Huancané. Geográficamente la cuenca del río Huancané
está comprendida entre las coordenadas (UTM-Zona 19S) Este: 376198-468591 y
Norte: 8302030-8397464. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRHxMAIHwNZ7WYKI-NEEU1ObCH4mXIMRjAwAiRhsKfWxTgWJRXjAutPdpoB2jyGDFdb3inG81ZOumYFHD9dWg9ZvaY3u8bpYZZUFkZY9xKZB0uSIPNXgeLVtnRZRfZUp9B7X2Y3Y29Qvo/s1600/estaciones.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRHxMAIHwNZ7WYKI-NEEU1ObCH4mXIMRjAwAiRhsKfWxTgWJRXjAutPdpoB2jyGDFdb3inG81ZOumYFHD9dWg9ZvaY3u8bpYZZUFkZY9xKZB0uSIPNXgeLVtnRZRfZUp9B7X2Y3Y29Qvo/s320/estaciones.png&quot; height=&quot;298&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 19px; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;Figura 1:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 19px; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;Ubicación de las estaciones meteorológicas de la cuenca del río Huancané.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Las estaciones
pluviométricas utilizadas fueron: Estaciones pluviométricas para la cuenca del
río Huancané: Taraco, Arapa, Huancané, Huaraya, Progreso, Muñani, Putina,
Azángaro, Ananea, Crucero, Cojata y la estación hidrométrica de Puente
Huancané.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;b&gt;Modelo
Thornthwaithe-Mather&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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El modelo fue
desarrollado por Thornthwaithe y Mather (1955), es un modelo de doble
reservorio (ver figura 2). El modelo tiene dos parámetros a ser calibrados:
capacidad de humedad del suelo y el almacenamiento constante. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: center; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;Figura 2: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: center; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;Esquema del modelo hidrológico conceptual Thornthwaithe-Mather.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;b&gt;3.&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;b&gt;Resultados&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Se ha seleccionado
el periodo de enero 1964 a diciembre 1993 para la calibración y de enero 1994 a
diciembre 2002 para la validación. &amp;nbsp;Con
el fin de utilizar los criterios de optimización se eligió la función objetiva
de Nash y Sutcliffe (1970).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Donde:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Q&lt;sub&gt;si&lt;/sub&gt;=
caudal simulado (m3/s).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Q&lt;sub&gt;ob&lt;/sub&gt;=
caudal observado (m3/s).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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N= representa el
número de pasos de tiempo simulados.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Para evaluar la
bondad de los resultados del modelo durante los periodos de calibración y
validación, los intervalos se presentan el Cuadro 1. La eficiencia de Nash se
encuentra enmarcada como C3. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiS2D-KM6Pf_vTRtOQxIL2gXvbUePBC77lFtK1llvG9dEGuHgDqMOFi4pa24kZjvySc1qV1fGhdElaeGezEOD5_QvQhHcOSkXfEk6EUvOE36JoH8wWE0vgVqBe06lkAdP6iOV-mFxI4mbc/s1600/nash.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiS2D-KM6Pf_vTRtOQxIL2gXvbUePBC77lFtK1llvG9dEGuHgDqMOFi4pa24kZjvySc1qV1fGhdElaeGezEOD5_QvQhHcOSkXfEk6EUvOE36JoH8wWE0vgVqBe06lkAdP6iOV-mFxI4mbc/s400/nash.jpg&quot; height=&quot;117&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Cuadro 1: Criterios para evaluar el desempeño de los modelos en
categorías desde excelente a muy mala. FUENTE:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt; &lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Andersen et al, citados por Miroslaw y Okruszko 2011.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;b&gt;3.1&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;b&gt;Optimización
del modelo Thornthwaithe-Mather&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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El proceso de optimización
del modelo fue realizada mediante técnicas de optimización global, para lo cual
se utilizó un algoritmo genético. Los algoritmos genéticos son métodos
adaptativos, muy utilizados en problemas de búsqueda y optimización de
parámetros, basados en la mecánica de selección natural y de la genética
natural. Combinan la supervivencia del más apto entre estructuras de secuencias
con un intercambio de información estructurado, aunque aleatorio, para
constituir así un algoritmo de búsqueda que tenga algo de genialidades de las
búsquedas humanas (Goldberg, 1989).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Figura 3: Diagrama de flujo de los algoritmos genéticos. FUENTE: Haupt y Haupt
(2004).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Los valores
obtenidos para los parámetros del modelo fueron: &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;ϕ&lt;/span&gt;=
25.2109, λ =&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; 0.5643. En la figura 4 se
muestra el proceso de optimización con algoritmo genético de manera gráfica y
en la figura 5 se muestra el comportamiento de los parámetros en el proceso de
optimización y las variaciones de los parámetros de acuerdo al valor de
Nash-Sutcliffe obtenido.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: center; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;Figura 4: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: center; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;Gráficos del proceso de optimización mediante algoritmo genético en el
modelo de balance hídrico Thornthwaithe-Mather.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: center; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;Figura 5: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;Variación de la eficiencia de la función Nash-Sutcliffe de acuerdo a la
variación de los parámetros &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;ϕ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;, λ .S&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;uperficies generadas tomando de dos
en dos los parámetros.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;b&gt;3.2&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;b&gt;Calibración
del modelo Thornthwaithe-Mather&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt;&quot;&gt;
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En el periodo de
calibración (1964-1993) el modelo Thornthwaithe-Mather presentó una eficiencia
de Nash-Sutcliffe de&amp;nbsp; 73.15 % considerado
como una calidad muy buena de acuerdo a la tabla 1. En la figura 6 se muestra
los caudales simulados comparados con los observados.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Figura 6: Caudales observados y simulados por el modelo Thornthwaithe-Mather en la
cuenca del río Huancané (Periodo de calibración)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;b&gt;3.3&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;b&gt;Validación
del modelo Thornthwaithe-Mather&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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En el periodo de
validación (1994-2002) el modelo Thornthwaithe-Mather presentó una eficiencia
de Nash-Sutcliffe de 81.95 % considerado como una calidad muy buena de acuerdo
a la tabla 1. En la figura 7 se muestra los caudales simulados comparados con
los observados.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Figura 7: Caudales observados y simulados por el modelo Thornthwaithe-Mather en la
cuenca del río Huancané (Periodo de validación)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;b&gt;4.&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;b&gt;Conclusión&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;De
acuerdo a los resultados obtenidos, el modelo Thornthwaithe-Mather se presenta
como adecuado para la simulación hidrológica en la cuenca del río Huancané,
presentando una eficiencia de 73.15 % y 81.95 % para los periodos de calibración y validación
respectivamente.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;b&gt;5.&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;b&gt;Referencias
bibliográficas&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Fernandez, R; Vogel, S. 2000. Regional
calibration of watershed model. Hydrological Sciences-journal-des-Sciences
Hydrologiques, 45(5): 689-707.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Goldberg, D. 1989. Genetic
Algorithms in Search, Optimization and Machine Learning: Addison-Wesley Longman
Publishing Co., Inc., Boston, MA, US.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Haupt, R; Haupt, S. 2004. Practical
Genetic Algorithms. New York, Jhon Wiley &amp;amp; SONS. 261 p.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Jiang, T; Xu, C. 2007. Comparison of
hydrological impacts of climate change simulated by six hydrological models in
the Dongjiang Basin, South China. Journal of Hydrology 336: 316-333.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Miroslaw, D; Okruszko, T. 2011.
Modelling of Hydrological Processes in the Narew Catchment. New York,
US.Springer. 153 p.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Pizarro, R; Soto, M. 2005. Aplicación de dos
Modelos de Simulación Integral Hidrológica, para la estimación de caudales
medios mensuales, en dos cuencas de Chile central. BOSQUE 26(2):123-129.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Thornthwaite,
C.W., Mather, J.R., 1955. The Water Balance. &lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Publications in Climatology, vol. 8. Laboratory of Climatology, Drexel Institute
of Technology, Centerton, New Jersey. 1–104.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Video de Aplicación en MATLAB&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;iframe allowfullscreen=&quot;&quot; frameborder=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;432&quot; src=&quot;//www.youtube.com/embed/l5QxGIJa3dI&quot; width=&quot;720&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://estambhidgeom.blogspot.com/feeds/3065543441874559532/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://estambhidgeom.blogspot.com/2013/04/modelo-hidrologico-thornthwaithe-mather.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4932046880420090053/posts/default/3065543441874559532'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4932046880420090053/posts/default/3065543441874559532'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://estambhidgeom.blogspot.com/2013/04/modelo-hidrologico-thornthwaithe-mather.html' title='Modelo Hidrológico Thornthwaithe-Mather'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09852200953687334147</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRHxMAIHwNZ7WYKI-NEEU1ObCH4mXIMRjAwAiRhsKfWxTgWJRXjAutPdpoB2jyGDFdb3inG81ZOumYFHD9dWg9ZvaY3u8bpYZZUFkZY9xKZB0uSIPNXgeLVtnRZRfZUp9B7X2Y3Y29Qvo/s72-c/estaciones.png" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total><georss:featurename>Lima, Perú</georss:featurename><georss:point>-12.0478158 -77.062202800000023</georss:point><georss:box>-12.1099298 -77.142883800000021 -11.985701800000001 -76.981521800000024</georss:box></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4932046880420090053.post-3761015224031637886</id><published>2013-04-07T23:16:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2016-06-26T15:47:28.709-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Hidrología"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Matemáticas"/><title type='text'>Modelo Hidrológico ABCD</title><content type='html'>&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Modelo
de Balance Hídrico Mensual ABCD en la Cuenca hidrográfica de Lurín&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;ABCD Monthly Water Balance
Model in the Lurin Drainage Basin&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Por
Eber Risco Sence&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Los profesionales de
las ciencias ambientales deben afrontar la escasez de datos hidrológicos para
desarrollar su trabajo dentro de los distintos ámbitos que les toque
desempeñar. Para ello se ven forzados al empleo de metodologías de simulación
hidrológica, la cual se puede definir como la descripción matemática de la
respuesta de un sistema hidrológico a una serie de eventos programados durante
un periodo de tiempo. El uso más frecuente de la simulación hidrológica es la
síntesis de hidrogramas a partir de los datos de precipitación y las
características de la cuenca de drenaje, ya sea en una escala temporal pequeña
(estudio de eventos) o grande (estudio de recursos). &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;b&gt;1.&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;b&gt;Área
de estudio y datos&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;
La cuenca
hidrográfica de Lurín, políticamente se encuentra ubicada en la región Lima,
dentro de las provincias de Lima y Huarochirí. La cuenca hidrográfica del río Lurín
analizada en la presente investigación tiene una extensión aproximada de 1451.24
km2, desde la partición de aguas hasta la estación Puente Manchay. Geográficamente
la cuenca del río Lurín está comprendida entre las coordenadas (UTM-Zona 18S)
Este: 297644-367577 y Norte: 8650619-8690883.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirdkbiFXkU6QUV6WRviXInqTD7B29YVO9p2SH9xvcRPqfTpOdQOQkMkIC2uutzVHDBQav1X5lAI7SscFDlX9EpRaqHZyQnh8rS6J_kT0mzev2z8mcB4fw43W0AVsgUGo3m-K_zn1v5WOg/s1600/estaciones.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;293&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirdkbiFXkU6QUV6WRviXInqTD7B29YVO9p2SH9xvcRPqfTpOdQOQkMkIC2uutzVHDBQav1X5lAI7SscFDlX9EpRaqHZyQnh8rS6J_kT0mzev2z8mcB4fw43W0AVsgUGo3m-K_zn1v5WOg/s320/estaciones.png&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 19px; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;Figura 1: Ubicación de las estaciones meteorológicas en la cuenca del río Lurín&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Las estaciones
pluviométricas utilizadas fueron: Manchay, Antioquia, Matucana, Langa, Tuna,
Huarochiri, Escomarca, Parac, Chalilla; y las estaciones hidrométricas de
Antapucro y Puente Manchay.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;b&gt;Metodología&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;b&gt;Modelo
ABCD&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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El &amp;nbsp;modelo ABCD es un modelo de cuenca no lineal
que acepta la precipitación y evapotranspiración potencial como entradas, produciendo
caudales como salida del modelo. Internamente, el modelo también representa el
almacenamiento de humedad en el suelo, almacenamiento de agua subterránea, la
escorrentía directa, aporte de las aguas subterráneas hacia el cauce, la evapotranspiración
actual. Fue originalmente introducido por Thomas (1981) y Thomas et al. (1983).
&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: center; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;Figura 2: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: center; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;Esquema del modelo hidrológico conceptual ABCD con los parámetros a, b, c
y d a optimizar.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;b&gt;Resultados&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Se ha seleccionado el
periodo de enero 1964 a diciembre 1988 para la calibración y de enero 1989 a
diciembre 2002 para la validación. &amp;nbsp;Con
el fin de utilizar los criterios de optimización se eligió la función objetiva
de Nash y Sutcliffe (1970).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Donde:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Q&lt;sub&gt;si&lt;/sub&gt;=
caudal simulado (m3/s).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Q&lt;sub&gt;ob&lt;/sub&gt;=
caudal observado (m3/s).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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N= representa el
número de pasos de tiempo simulados.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Para evaluar la
bondad de los resultados del modelo durante los periodos de calibración y
validación, los intervalos se presentan el Cuadro 1. La eficiencia de Nash se
encuentra enmarcada como C3.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&amp;nbsp; &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Cuadro 1:
Criterios para evaluar el desempeño de los modelos en categorías desde
excelente a muy mala. FUENTE:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt; &lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Andersen
et al, citados por Miroslaw y Okruszko 2011&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;b&gt;3.1&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;b&gt;Optimización
del modelo ABCD&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;
La optimización del
modelo fue realizada mediante técnicas de optimización global, donde un mínimo
global es un punto donde el valor de la función es menor que o igual al valor
en todos los otros puntos factibles.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Los valores obtenidos
para los parámetros del modelo fueron: a=0.2612, b= 69.9574, c= 0.8649 y d=0.9992.
En la figura 3 se muestra el comportamiento de los parámetros en el proceso de
optimización, en la figura 4 se muestra las variaciones de los parámetros
tomados de dos en dos de acuerdo al valor de Nash-Sutcliffe obtenido.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Figura 3 : Comportamiento de los parámetros a, b, c y d en el proceso de
optimización global, donde la variación va desde el azul al rojo, siendo el
rojo los valores más adecuados para el modelo de acuerdo a la función objetivo
seleccionada.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Figura 4: Variación de la eficiencia de la función Nash-Sutcliffe de acuerdo a la
variación de los parámetros a, b, c y d, superficies generadas tomando de dos
en dos los parámetros.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;b&gt;3.2&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;b&gt;Calibración
del modelo ABCD&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;
En el periodo de
calibración (1964-1988) el modelo ABCD presentó una eficiencia de Nash-Sutcliffe
de&amp;nbsp; 91.013 % considerado como una calidad
excelente de acuerdo a la tabla 1. En la figura 5 se muestra los caudales
simulados comparados con los observados.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;/w:wrap&gt;&lt;/v:imagedata&gt;&lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;v:shape id=&quot;_x0000_s1027&quot; style=&quot;height: 496.15pt; left: 0; margin-left: 15.75pt; margin-top: 20.8pt; mso-height-percent: 0; mso-height-percent: 0; mso-height-relative: page; mso-position-horizontal-relative: text; mso-position-horizontal: absolute; mso-position-vertical-relative: text; mso-position-vertical: absolute; mso-width-percent: 0; mso-width-percent: 0; mso-width-relative: page; mso-wrap-distance-bottom: 0; mso-wrap-distance-left: 9pt; mso-wrap-distance-right: 9pt; mso-wrap-distance-top: 0; mso-wrap-style: square; position: absolute; text-align: left; visibility: visible; width: 425.25pt; z-index: 251676672;&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Figura 5: Caudales observados y simulados por el modelo ABCD en la cuenca del río
Lurín &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;(Periodo de
calibración)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;b&gt;3.3&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;b&gt;Validación
del modelo ABCD&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;
En el periodo de validación
(1989-2002) el modelo ABCD presentó una eficiencia de Nash-Sutcliffe de &amp;nbsp;94.44 % considerado como una calidad excelente
de acuerdo a la tabla 1. En la figura 6 se muestra los caudales simulados
comparados con los observados.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Figura 6: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Caudales observados y simulados por el modelo ABCD en la cuenca del río
Lurín &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;(Periodo de validación)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;b&gt;4.&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;b&gt;Conclusión&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;De
acuerdo a los resultados obtenidos, el modelo ABCD se presenta como adecuado
para la simulación hidrológica en la cuenca del río Lurín, presenta una
eficiencia de 91.013 % y 94.44 % para los periodos de calibración y validación
respectivamente.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;5.&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;b&gt;Referencias
bibliográficas&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-text-indent-alt: -18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Fernandez,
R; Vogel, S. 2000. Regional calibration of watershed model. Hydrological
Sciences-journal-des-Sciences Hydrologiques, 45(5): 689-707.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Miroslaw,
D; Okruszko, T. 2011. Modelling of Hydrological Processes in the Narew
Catchment. &lt;/span&gt;New York, US.Springer. 153 p.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Thomas,
H. A. 1981. Improved methods for national water assessment. Report, Contract WR
15249270, US Water Resources Council, Washington, DC, USA.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Thomas,
H. A., Marin, C. M., Brown1 M. J. &amp;amp; Fierin$, M. B. 1983. Methodolo~ for
water r.es.ourcea ssessmentR. Eport NTIS 84-124163, to US GeologIcal Survey,
National. Tech. Info. Serv., Spnngfield, VlrgIma, USA.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;Aplicación desarrollada en MATLAB&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://estambhidgeom.blogspot.com/feeds/3761015224031637886/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://estambhidgeom.blogspot.com/2013/04/modelo-abcd.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4932046880420090053/posts/default/3761015224031637886'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4932046880420090053/posts/default/3761015224031637886'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://estambhidgeom.blogspot.com/2013/04/modelo-abcd.html' title='Modelo Hidrológico ABCD'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09852200953687334147</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirdkbiFXkU6QUV6WRviXInqTD7B29YVO9p2SH9xvcRPqfTpOdQOQkMkIC2uutzVHDBQav1X5lAI7SscFDlX9EpRaqHZyQnh8rS6J_kT0mzev2z8mcB4fw43W0AVsgUGo3m-K_zn1v5WOg/s72-c/estaciones.png" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total><georss:featurename>Lima, Perú</georss:featurename><georss:point>-12.0478158 -77.062202800000023</georss:point><georss:box>-12.1099298 -77.142883800000021 -11.985701800000001 -76.981521800000024</georss:box></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4932046880420090053.post-2401456878596837631</id><published>2013-03-16T22:57:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2013-03-16T23:29:27.050-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Índice Linealizado de Sombra-Agua</title><content type='html'>&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;Índice Linealizado de Sombra-Agua&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-tab-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;	&lt;/span&gt;Linearized Shadow and Water Index (SWI)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Por Eber Risco Sence&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;El índice de sombra-agua SWI es útil para detectar lagos. No existen trabajos centrados en la detección de agua en las imágenes de satélite. Sin embargo, las opciones más cercanas en la literatura se basan en la identificación de sombras, las cuales presentan características fotométricas similares al agua.&lt;/div&gt;
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&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;En el espectro de IKONOS, el agua muestra una curva de respuesta cada vez mayor hasta la banda azul, que llega al máximo en esta región y luego disminuye monótonamente con el infrarrojo cercano. Así, una representatividad del índice sombra-agua debe estar compuesta de altos valores de azul primero. Idealmente, también debería considerar las bandas verde y roja, pero la banda verde también responde fuertemente a la vegetación y esto dificulta la observación de sombra o agua. Por lo tanto, el índice debe incluir las bandas azul y rojo por lo menos Ünsalan y Boyer (2011).&lt;/div&gt;
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&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Para obtener este índice, se aplicó el mismo esquema utilizado en el NDVI mediante análisis de componentes principales con el azul, rojo, y el infrarrojo cercano. Tratando de maximizar coeficientes banda azul y rojo se obtiene el mejor rendimiento del índice sombra-agua para cada dimensión.&lt;/div&gt;
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&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;En un espacio de dos dimensiones, dado que tenemos la intención de tener la banda azul en un SWI, reemplazamos la banda roja con la azul en la formulación NDVI. Obtenemos nuestro primer índice como:&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Para los espacios de tres y cuatro dimensiones, se observa que el tercer componente principal tiene la información sombra en todos los espacios transformados. Los correspondientes índices de agua sombra-γ2, γ3 y γ4 obtenidos a partir de los espacios de transformación están dados de la siguiente manera:&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Con la finalidad de identificar lagunas en la cuenca del río Ocoña, ubicado en el departamento de Arequipa, Perú, a partir de una imagen LANDSAT 5 TM tomada el 16 de agosto de 2008, se procedió a desarrollar la metodología propuesta por Ünsalan y Boyer (2011).&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Los índices de vegetación lineal γ sobre la base de la actividad vegetal, seguido de tres nuevos índices de vegetación: γ2 y γ3 definidos en espacios 3D, y γ4 en el espacio 4D para l la cuenca del río Ocoña se aprecian a continuación.&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Se aprecia que los índices γ1, γ2 &amp;nbsp;y γ4 identifican de buena manera la laguna ubicada en la parte noroeste de la cuenca, mientras el índice &amp;nbsp;γ3 presenta resultados menos satisfactorios para identificar cuerpos de agua.&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;Referencias&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Schowengerdt, R. 2007. Remote Sensing-Models and Methods for Image Processing. 3 ed. California, US, Academic Press. 558 p.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Steven M. de Jong; Freek D. Van der Meer. 2004. Remote Sensing Image Analysis. California, US, Springer. 370 p.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Schott, J. 2007. Remote Sensing: The Image Chain Approach. 2ed. New York, US. Oxford University Press. 701 p.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Ünsalan, C.; Boyer, K. 2011. Multispectral Satellite Image Understanding. New York, US. Springer. 203 p.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
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</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://estambhidgeom.blogspot.com/feeds/2401456878596837631/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://estambhidgeom.blogspot.com/2013/03/indice-linealizado-de-sombra-agua.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4932046880420090053/posts/default/2401456878596837631'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4932046880420090053/posts/default/2401456878596837631'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://estambhidgeom.blogspot.com/2013/03/indice-linealizado-de-sombra-agua.html' title='Índice Linealizado de Sombra-Agua'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09852200953687334147</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLZu3rG0Xsfnk8ncXT-dezYG57G6ayA292tggeHbmwcbQoV0MOcPlJGj8gEuNNtLISbKXLDmfxZd_Jh6kRN6u2rtNCo_DXJz590c1HzSTmfYfUtgTJGxCkwSTbnLcz_yYKY1HzaEQ6Vtg/s72-c/formula1.png" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4932046880420090053.post-1411700482635402368</id><published>2012-08-28T23:58:00.004-07:00</published><updated>2016-06-26T16:59:30.707-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Estadística"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Hidrología"/><title type='text'>Detección de Valores Atípicos</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Detección de Valores Atípicos&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Outlier Detection&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Por Eber Risco Sence&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Los eventos extremos pueden crear problemas en el análisis y modelización de datos. Por ejemplo, un valor extremadamente grande puede causar en la muestra que la media y la desviación estándar sean mucho mayor que los valores de la población. En el análisis bivariado (es decir, X vs Y), un punto extremo puede influir adversamente en el valor de la muestra de un coeficiente de correlación, además pueden distorsionar los coeficientes de la recta de regresión, lo que sugiere un efecto que puede no reflejar la verdadera relación entre el dos variables (McCuen, 2003). &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Después de haber decidido subjetivamente que uno o más valores en una muestra son los eventos extremos, los valores deben ser evaluados objetivamente. La intención es evaluar si el evento extremo es probable que haya ocurrido, si la muestra se obtuvo a partir de la población asumida correctamente. La teoría estadística en forma de una prueba de hipótesis se puede utilizar para tomar una decisión. Si la prueba estadística indica que el evento extremo observado es improbable que haya ocurrido durante el muestreo de la población, el evento extremo se llama atípico (&lt;i&gt;outlier&lt;/i&gt;). Un valor atípico es un valor medido que, de acuerdo con una prueba estadística, es poco probable que haya ocurrido de acuerdo al resto de los datos de la muestra.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Después de haber decidido que un evento extremo es un &lt;i&gt;outlier&lt;/i&gt;, surge la pregunta: ¿Qué se puede hacer con el valor? Si el valor se mantiene en la muestra, entonces puede distorsionar los valores o relaciones calculadas a partir de la muestra. La eliminación del valor debería producir estadísticas más precisas y relaciones con otras variables. Sin embargo, algunos profesionales se oponen a la eliminación de los &lt;i&gt;outliers&lt;/i&gt;. Su argumento es que si el valor fue medido, podría haber ocurrido y no es correcto que sea eliminado de la muestra. Ambos son argumentos legítimos. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Mientras numerosos métodos han sido propuestos, los métodos de Dixon-Thompson y Rosner son utilizados comúnmente. El método de Chauvenet, una tercera prueba para los valores atípicos, es sencilla de implementar y de aplicar. Estos métodos definen un estadístico de prueba como la razón de dos desviaciones y se asume que los datos representan una población normal. El método de Rosner sólo es válido para muestras de más de 25 años. La prueba de Dixon-Thompson se puede aplicar para muestras más pequeñas. El método de Chauvenet se puede utilizar con cualquier tamaño de la muestra. Otros métodos para la utilización están basados en la distribución log-Pearson tipo III. El factor de discriminación más importante es probablemente la distribución supuesta de la población. Algunas pruebas de valores atípicos supone que los datos de la muestra proceden de una distribución de probabilidad normal, mientras que otros son válidos para la distribución Pearson tipo III. La distribución es un factor importante en la selección de la prueba más apropiada. Una decisión basada en una prueba puede no ser válido si los datos se muestrean a partir de una distribución que no es el mismo como se supone en el desarrollo de los valores críticos de la prueba. Dicha aplicación puede identificar valores atípicos más o menos que realmente existen en los datos incluidos en la muestra cuando la asunción de la distribución de la población es incorrecta. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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En datos hidrológicos a menudo se supone que presentan una distribución log-normal o log-Pearson tipo III. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;Método de Chauvenet&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Este método requiere el calculo de la media (µ) y la desviación estándar (σ) de los datos analizados. Entonces el valor más extremo en la muestra, X&lt;sub&gt;o&lt;/sub&gt; es identificado y utilizado para calcular la desviación normal estándar (Z).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Si el valor calculado excede el valor crítico entonces X&lt;sub&gt;o&lt;/sub&gt; es considerado &lt;i&gt;outlier&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;table border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;MsoTableLightShadingAccent5&quot; style=&quot;border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-alt: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 547px;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: -1;&quot;&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: white; border-bottom: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 41.0pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;55&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;1964&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: white; border-bottom: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 41.0pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;55&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;1965&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: white; border-bottom: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 41.0pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;55&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;1966&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: white; border-bottom: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 41.0pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;55&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;1967&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: white; border-bottom: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 41.0pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;55&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;1968&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: white; border-bottom: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 41.0pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;55&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;1969&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: white; border-bottom: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 41.0pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;55&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;1970&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: white; border-bottom: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 41.0pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;55&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;1971&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: white; border-bottom: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 41.0pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;55&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;1972&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: white; border-bottom: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 41.0pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;55&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;1973&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 0;&quot;&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D2EAF1; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 41.0pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;55&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
14.96&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D2EAF1; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 41.0pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;55&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
46.58&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D2EAF1; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 41.0pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;55&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
12.12&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D2EAF1; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 41.0pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;55&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
16.28&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D2EAF1; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 41.0pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;55&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
4.1&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D2EAF1; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 41.0pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;55&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
28.97&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D2EAF1; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 41.0pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;55&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
47.36&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D2EAF1; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 41.0pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;55&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
47.7&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D2EAF1; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 41.0pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;55&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
135.7&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D2EAF1; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 41.0pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;55&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
19.5&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;&quot;&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: white; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: background1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 41.0pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;55&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;1974&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: white; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: background1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 41.0pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;55&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;1975&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: white; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: background1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 41.0pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;55&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;1976&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: white; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: background1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 41.0pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;55&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;1977&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: white; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: background1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 41.0pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;55&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;1978&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: white; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: background1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 41.0pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;55&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;1979&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: white; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: background1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 41.0pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;55&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;1980&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: white; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: background1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 41.0pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;55&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;1981&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: white; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: background1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 41.0pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;55&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;1982&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: white; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: background1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 41.0pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;55&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;1983&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;&quot;&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D2EAF1; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 41.0pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;55&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
19.9&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D2EAF1; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 41.0pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;55&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
49.3&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D2EAF1; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 41.0pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;55&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
22.3&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D2EAF1; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 41.0pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;55&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
17.9&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D2EAF1; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 41.0pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;55&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
13.2&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D2EAF1; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 41.0pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;55&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
15.6&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D2EAF1; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 41.0pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;55&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
3.7&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D2EAF1; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 41.0pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;55&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
26.5&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D2EAF1; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 41.0pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;55&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
23.3&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D2EAF1; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 41.0pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;55&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
213.1&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;&quot;&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: white; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: background1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 41.0pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;55&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;1984&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: white; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: background1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 41.0pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;55&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;1985&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: white; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: background1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 41.0pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;55&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;1986&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: white; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: background1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 41.0pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;55&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;1987&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: white; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: background1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 41.0pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;55&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;1988&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: white; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: background1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 41.0pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;55&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;1989&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: white; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: background1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 41.0pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;55&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;1990&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: white; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: background1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 41.0pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;55&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;1991&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: white; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: background1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 41.0pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;55&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;1992&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: white; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: background1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 41.0pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;55&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;1993&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;&quot;&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D2EAF1; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 41.0pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;55&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
8.9&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D2EAF1; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 41.0pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;55&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
0.5&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D2EAF1; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 41.0pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;55&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
12.3&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D2EAF1; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 41.0pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;55&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
23.2&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D2EAF1; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 41.0pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;55&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
10.4&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D2EAF1; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 41.0pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;55&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
39&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D2EAF1; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 41.0pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;55&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
16.1&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D2EAF1; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 41.0pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;55&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
17.5&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D2EAF1; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 41.0pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;55&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
25.9&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D2EAF1; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 41.0pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;55&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
36.5&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;&quot;&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: white; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: background1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 41.0pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;55&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;1994&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: white; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: background1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 41.0pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;55&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;1995&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: white; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: background1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 41.0pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;55&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;1996&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: white; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: background1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 41.0pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;55&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;1997&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: white; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: background1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 41.0pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;55&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;1998&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: white; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: background1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 41.0pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;55&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;1999&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: white; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: background1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 41.0pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;55&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;2000&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: white; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: background1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 41.0pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;55&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;2001&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: white; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: background1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 41.0pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;55&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;2002&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: white; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: background1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 41.0pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;55&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;2003&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;&quot;&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D2EAF1; border-bottom: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 41.0pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;55&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
34.6&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D2EAF1; border-bottom: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 41.0pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;55&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
14.2&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D2EAF1; border-bottom: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 41.0pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;55&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
19.4&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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63.5&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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342.3&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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67.8&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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34.2&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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50.2&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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37.7&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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13.1&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: center; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;Tabla 1: Precipitación anual (mm) estación Talla.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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De acuerdo a los datos de la tabla 1 la media es 41.13, la desviación estándar es 61.57, el valor extremo es 342.3. Por lo tanto el valor de Z calculado es 4.8913, para una muestra de 40 la probabilidad usada es de 1/80=0.0125, Para un test en dos direcciones con una mitad de probabilidad en cada cola (&lt;i&gt;two tailed)&lt;/i&gt; el valor crítico es +-2.4977, por lo tanto el valor 342.3 es considerado &lt;i&gt;outlier&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;Método Log-Pearson tipo III (Bulletin 17B)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Bulletin 17B (Interagency Advisory Committee on Water Data, 1982) presenta criterios basados en una prueba unilateral para detectar valores atípicos con un 10% de nivel de significancia. &amp;nbsp;El valor atípico más alto y bajo son calculados con las siguientes ecuaciones:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;v:shape id=&quot;Imagen_x0020_116&quot; o:spid=&quot;_x0000_i1026&quot; style=&quot;height: 65.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 89.25pt;&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot;&gt;  &lt;v:imagedata o:title=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:\Users\EBER\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image002.emz&quot;&gt; &lt;/v:imagedata&gt;&lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Donde Y&lt;sub&gt;L &lt;/sub&gt;es el límite del logaritmo del valor atípico más alto o bajo, &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;agency fb&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;ý &lt;/span&gt;es la media del logaritmo de los datos analizados, S&lt;sub&gt;y&lt;/sub&gt; es la desviación estándar de los valores logarítmicos y K&lt;sub&gt;N&lt;/sub&gt; es la desviación crítica dada en el Bulletin 17B.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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De acuerdo a los datos de la tabla 1 la media logarítmica es 1.3699, la desviación estándar logarítmica es 0.4738, el valor de K&lt;sub&gt;N&lt;/sub&gt; para 40 datos es 2.682. Por lo tanto 2.6408 y 0.0989 representan los límites máximo y mínimo respectivamente, aplicando antilogaritmo se obtiene como límite máximo 437.3938 mm y límite mínimo 1.2559 mm.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: center; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;Figura 1: Límites máximo y mínimo según el método de Log-Pearson tipo III.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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De acuerdo a los límites y gráfico 1 se puede apreciar que existe un &lt;i&gt;outilier&lt;/i&gt; (año 1985 con 0.5 mm).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Referencias:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Chandler, R; Scott, M. 2011. Statistical Methods for Trend Detection and Analysis. London, UK, Wiley. 370 p.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;McCuen, R. 2003.Modeling Hydrologic Change.New York, US, CRC Press Company .450 p.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Reiss, R; Thomas, M. 2007. Statistical Analysis of Extreme Values with Applications to Insurance, Finance, Hydrology and Other Fields. 3 ed. Berlin, DE, Springer Science+Busines Media. 516 p.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 24px; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Vídeo&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;de Aplicación en MATLAB&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://estambhidgeom.blogspot.com/feeds/1411700482635402368/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://estambhidgeom.blogspot.com/2012/08/deteccion-de-valores-atipicos.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4932046880420090053/posts/default/1411700482635402368'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4932046880420090053/posts/default/1411700482635402368'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://estambhidgeom.blogspot.com/2012/08/deteccion-de-valores-atipicos.html' title='Detección de Valores Atípicos'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09852200953687334147</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOCY2Yt7Dr_nDlwCg7PIxpQCKEvi5XaJw39GRNuVVw63ywZmaebEq7Y-pUG3YNnOKAfy16e5hdL9Og26l07HWkCblCQ0veS3njhuMoA9kkRIUSaQwvIEf53wKcV2FxXFikJ8vXPMOG3WY/s72-c/3.png" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total><georss:featurename>Lima, Perú</georss:featurename><georss:point>-12.0478158 -77.062202800000023</georss:point><georss:box>-12.0722968 -77.105356800000024 -12.0233348 -77.019048800000022</georss:box></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4932046880420090053.post-2653750096753569099</id><published>2012-04-08T21:54:00.005-07:00</published><updated>2013-03-16T22:34:31.060-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Teledetección"/><title type='text'>Índice de Vegetación Linealizado</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Índice de diferencia de Vegetación Normalizado (NDVI) Linealizado&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) Linearized&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Por Eber Risco Sence&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Desde su introducción, el NDVI ha sido muy utilizado en una amplia variedad de estudios incluidos los relativos a la vegetación mundial, la estimación de los cultivos y el crecimiento vegetativo, la cobertura del suelo, clima, etc.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Sin embargo, existe la objeción de que el NDVI es no lineal, presentando saturación en zonas de alta vegetación. Para solucionar este problema Ünsalan y Boyer (2011) proponen una metodología, la cual pretende solucionar el problema de la no linealidad (saturación) del NDVI. Esta metodología esta basado en un marco estadístico para el NDVI, para lo cual se utilizan los componentes principales basados en las bandas azul, verde, rojo e infrarrojo cercano, ellos derivan el NDVI a partir de los componentes principales usando la banda roja e infrarrojo cercano. Definen el ángulo &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;ϕ&lt;/span&gt; correspondiente al valor de la pendiente, la cual representa al NDVI:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2Q17HROnnV1mNm-CI6gvjKKrklGY3ZIB2QekR10H7C-mjUUPFV0c_Sci3G9SsxGMWj4zhI4fhK9AI29a5Z0wxddrCbV9tTW2ZFkGT2cpb0OuQvK0XM77IHHLKMZRQg_XxrI-WUVXH_cI/s1600/formula1.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2Q17HROnnV1mNm-CI6gvjKKrklGY3ZIB2QekR10H7C-mjUUPFV0c_Sci3G9SsxGMWj4zhI4fhK9AI29a5Z0wxddrCbV9tTW2ZFkGT2cpb0OuQvK0XM77IHHLKMZRQg_XxrI-WUVXH_cI/s1600/formula1.png&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&amp;nbsp;Esta ecuación es normalizada de tal manera que los valores fluctúen entre +/-1, con lo cual queda definida de la siguiente manera:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-size: 12pt; position: relative; top: 13.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;v:shape id=&quot;Imagen_x0020_107&quot; o:spid=&quot;_x0000_i1028&quot; style=&quot;height: 27pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 90.75pt;&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot;&gt;  &lt;v:imagedata o:title=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:\Users\EBER\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image002.wmz&quot;&gt; &lt;/v:imagedata&gt;&lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidtwDoaInqeOG1w5hmE6Jdx31mNo-GxatVZZbHavoJpyj-NQRWLju1qrVv8JQGeuZhudauba6f206OQIVb7wgKon1l2ZU2qkky7aWPa0Qcs3OMyeyWnqYvYxnKaGjSmVHIyQ059F1ddlA/s1600/formula2.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidtwDoaInqeOG1w5hmE6Jdx31mNo-GxatVZZbHavoJpyj-NQRWLju1qrVv8JQGeuZhudauba6f206OQIVb7wgKon1l2ZU2qkky7aWPa0Qcs3OMyeyWnqYvYxnKaGjSmVHIyQ059F1ddlA/s1600/formula2.png&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Donde θ representa el grado de vegetación, en este caso representa al primer modelo propuesto por Ünsalan y Boyer (2011), basado en las bandas roja e infrarroja cercana.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Para reducir los efectos atmosféricos, muchos autores incluyen la banda azul en los índices de vegetación, basado en este enunciado proponen usando las bandas azul, roja e infrarrojo cercano proponen el siguiente modelo basado en componentes principales derivados de las bandas mencionadas.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-size: 12pt; position: relative; top: 20pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;v:shape id=&quot;Imagen_x0020_112&quot; o:spid=&quot;_x0000_i1027&quot; style=&quot;height: 36.75pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 192pt;&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot;&gt;  &lt;v:imagedata o:title=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:\Users\EBER\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image003.wmz&quot;&gt; &lt;/v:imagedata&gt;&lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9FmQ8bQH4QfIM4Sp9oY0d9H5MEMsa6ls2KVcDaxGdiiAXgsS8TvN0-Gre6EwQtel-kMkCv1wLfJvZKCHVfStoDkPj5bEZWW-21qNZT0eCvHmFgRLnyR39ZK5PjmAKa0wjLUSOXkUw4Yc/s1600/formula3.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9FmQ8bQH4QfIM4Sp9oY0d9H5MEMsa6ls2KVcDaxGdiiAXgsS8TvN0-Gre6EwQtel-kMkCv1wLfJvZKCHVfStoDkPj5bEZWW-21qNZT0eCvHmFgRLnyR39ZK5PjmAKa0wjLUSOXkUw4Yc/s1600/formula3.png&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Tendiendo en cuenta las bandas verde, roja e infrarrojo cercano ellos proponen el siguiente modelo:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-size: 12pt; position: relative; top: 20pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;v:shape id=&quot;Imagen_x0020_113&quot; o:spid=&quot;_x0000_i1026&quot; style=&quot;height: 36.75pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 192pt;&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot;&gt;  &lt;v:imagedata o:title=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:\Users\EBER\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image004.wmz&quot;&gt; &lt;/v:imagedata&gt;&lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZl6lxeygAE987OTaj7a2hB8wdzdciqY4LSgQuh24D3JQ42qt3SnfSBozCkOmFXRNns4jEX212SLAI4aFKoGdO52YQAmhuTwOgwJGsm7V4eZIuuI9dnrYcY-XLwoeau-DlUvSM5lmY8X8/s1600/formula4.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZl6lxeygAE987OTaj7a2hB8wdzdciqY4LSgQuh24D3JQ42qt3SnfSBozCkOmFXRNns4jEX212SLAI4aFKoGdO52YQAmhuTwOgwJGsm7V4eZIuuI9dnrYcY-XLwoeau-DlUvSM5lmY8X8/s1600/formula4.png&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Finalmente utilizando las bandas azul, verde, roja e infrarrojo cercano ellos proponen el siguiente modelo para determinar el grado de vegetación:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-size: 12pt; position: relative; top: 20pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;v:shape id=&quot;Imagen_x0020_114&quot; o:spid=&quot;_x0000_i1025&quot; style=&quot;height: 36.75pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 192pt;&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot;&gt;  &lt;v:imagedata o:title=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:\Users\EBER\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image005.wmz&quot;&gt; &lt;/v:imagedata&gt;&lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgJjKIE4E8Nz5gGLO91sbRx0zOxtRiyu_p0gnoFMEVPssgUuV1g_tTcEl9X2GqaLOfmgn21_ehEj1yxtd4k0ADux8MOtBSVrNzx6N04OP-Pb1xNDNz2CwSZn-DZP0LQjuQRsoQ1xMWRkk/s1600/formula5.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgJjKIE4E8Nz5gGLO91sbRx0zOxtRiyu_p0gnoFMEVPssgUuV1g_tTcEl9X2GqaLOfmgn21_ehEj1yxtd4k0ADux8MOtBSVrNzx6N04OP-Pb1xNDNz2CwSZn-DZP0LQjuQRsoQ1xMWRkk/s1600/formula5.png&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Con la finalidad de obtener los grados de vegetación en el valle de San Juan y Pisco, ubicados en el departamento de Ica, Perú, a partir de una imagen LANDSAT 5 TM tomada el 15 de abril de 2008, se procedió a desarrollar la metodología propuesta por Ünsalan y Boyer (2011).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Primero se obtuvieron las reflectividades para las bandas azul, verde, roja e infrarrojo cercano, las cuales son necesarias en la metodología, posteriormente se obtuvieron los componentes principales de acuerdo a las combinaciones mencionadas, los eigenvectores y eigenvalores se aprecian a continuación:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;table border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;MsoTableMediumGrid1Accent5&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom-style: none; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; width: 241px;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: -1;&quot;&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D2EAF1; border: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.95pt;&quot; width=&quot;81&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Componente&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D2EAF1; border-left: none; border: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-left-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-left-themetint: 191; mso-border-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;ρ&lt;sub&gt;red&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D2EAF1; border-left: none; border: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-left-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-left-themetint: 191; mso-border-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;ρ&lt;sub&gt;nir&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 0;&quot;&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #A5D5E2; border-top: none; border: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 127; mso-border-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.95pt;&quot; width=&quot;81&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;CP1&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #A5D5E2; border-bottom: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 127; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-left-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-left-themetint: 191; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-right-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;0.70711&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #A5D5E2; border-bottom: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 127; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-left-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-left-themetint: 191; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-right-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;0.70711&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;&quot;&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D2EAF1; border-top: none; border: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.95pt;&quot; width=&quot;81&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;CP2&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D2EAF1; border-bottom: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-left-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-left-themetint: 191; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-right-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;-0.70711&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D2EAF1; border-bottom: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-left-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-left-themetint: 191; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-right-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;0.70711&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Tabla 1: eigenvectores obtenidos, los eigenvalores &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;son λ&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;=1.2009, λ&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;=0.7991&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
&lt;table border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;MsoTableMediumGrid1Accent5&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom-style: none; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; width: 321px;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: -1;&quot;&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D2EAF1; border: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.95pt;&quot; width=&quot;81&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Componente&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D2EAF1; border-left: none; border: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-left-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-left-themetint: 191; mso-border-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;ρ&lt;sub&gt;blue&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D2EAF1; border-left: none; border: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-left-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-left-themetint: 191; mso-border-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;ρ&lt;sub&gt;red&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D2EAF1; border-left: none; border: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-left-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-left-themetint: 191; mso-border-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;ρ&lt;sub&gt;nir&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 0;&quot;&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #A5D5E2; border-top: none; border: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 127; mso-border-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.95pt;&quot; width=&quot;81&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;CP1&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #A5D5E2; border-bottom: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 127; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-left-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-left-themetint: 191; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-right-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;0.67865&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #A5D5E2; border-bottom: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 127; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-left-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-left-themetint: 191; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-right-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;0.66027&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #A5D5E2; border-bottom: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 127; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-left-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-left-themetint: 191; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-right-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;0.32168&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;&quot;&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D2EAF1; border-top: none; border: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.95pt;&quot; width=&quot;81&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;CP2&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D2EAF1; border-bottom: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-left-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-left-themetint: 191; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-right-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;0.16196&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D2EAF1; border-bottom: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-left-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-left-themetint: 191; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-right-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;0.29267&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D2EAF1; border-bottom: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-left-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-left-themetint: 191; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-right-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;-0.9424&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;&quot;&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #A5D5E2; border-top: none; border: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 127; mso-border-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.95pt;&quot; width=&quot;81&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;CP3&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #A5D5E2; border-bottom: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 127; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-left-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-left-themetint: 191; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-right-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;-0.71638&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #A5D5E2; border-bottom: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 127; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-left-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-left-themetint: 191; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-right-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;0.69166&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #A5D5E2; border-bottom: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 127; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-left-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-left-themetint: 191; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-right-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;0.09168&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Tabla 2: eigenvectores obtenidos, los eigenvalores &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;son λ&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;=2.0823, λ&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;=0.8830, λ&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;=0.0347&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
&lt;table border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;MsoTableMediumGrid1Accent5&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom-style: none; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; width: 321px;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: -1;&quot;&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D2EAF1; border: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.95pt;&quot; width=&quot;81&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Componente&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D2EAF1; border-left: none; border: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-left-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-left-themetint: 191; mso-border-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;ρ&lt;sub&gt;green&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D2EAF1; border-left: none; border: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-left-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-left-themetint: 191; mso-border-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;ρ&lt;sub&gt;red&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D2EAF1; border-left: none; border: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-left-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-left-themetint: 191; mso-border-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;ρ&lt;sub&gt;nir&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 0;&quot;&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #A5D5E2; border-top: none; border: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 127; mso-border-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.95pt;&quot; width=&quot;81&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;CP1&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #A5D5E2; border-bottom: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 127; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-left-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-left-themetint: 191; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-right-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;0.68018&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #A5D5E2; border-bottom: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 127; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-left-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-left-themetint: 191; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-right-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;0.6652&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #A5D5E2; border-bottom: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 127; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-left-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-left-themetint: 191; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-right-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;0.30799&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;&quot;&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D2EAF1; border-top: none; border: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.95pt;&quot; width=&quot;81&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;CP2&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D2EAF1; border-bottom: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-left-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-left-themetint: 191; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-right-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;0.16276&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D2EAF1; border-bottom: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-left-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-left-themetint: 191; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-right-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;0.27262&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D2EAF1; border-bottom: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-left-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-left-themetint: 191; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-right-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;-0.94825&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;&quot;&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #A5D5E2; border-top: none; border: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 127; mso-border-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.95pt;&quot; width=&quot;81&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;CP3&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #A5D5E2; border-bottom: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 127; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-left-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-left-themetint: 191; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-right-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;-0.71474&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #A5D5E2; border-bottom: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 127; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-left-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-left-themetint: 191; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-right-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;0.69512&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #A5D5E2; border-bottom: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 127; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-left-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-left-themetint: 191; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-right-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;0.07716&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Tabla 3: eigenvectores obtenidos, los eigenvalores &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;son λ&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;=2.1021, λ&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;=0.8903, λ&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;=0.0076&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
&lt;table border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;MsoTableMediumGrid1Accent5&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom-style: none; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; width: 401px;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: -1;&quot;&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D2EAF1; border: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.95pt;&quot; width=&quot;81&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Componente&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D2EAF1; border-left: none; border: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-left-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-left-themetint: 191; mso-border-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;ρ&lt;sub&gt;blue&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D2EAF1; border-left: none; border: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-left-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-left-themetint: 191; mso-border-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;ρ&lt;sub&gt;green&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D2EAF1; border-left: none; border: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-left-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-left-themetint: 191; mso-border-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;ρ&lt;sub&gt;red&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D2EAF1; border-left: none; border: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-left-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-left-themetint: 191; mso-border-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;ρ&lt;sub&gt;nir&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 0;&quot;&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #A5D5E2; border-top: none; border: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 127; mso-border-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.95pt;&quot; width=&quot;81&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;CP1&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #A5D5E2; border-bottom: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 127; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-left-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-left-themetint: 191; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-right-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;0.56381&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #A5D5E2; border-bottom: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 127; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-left-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-left-themetint: 191; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-right-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;0.56802&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #A5D5E2; border-bottom: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 127; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-left-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-left-themetint: 191; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-right-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;0.55595&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #A5D5E2; border-bottom: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 127; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-left-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-left-themetint: 191; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-right-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;0.22448&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;&quot;&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D2EAF1; border-top: none; border: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.95pt;&quot; width=&quot;81&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;CP2&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D2EAF1; border-bottom: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-left-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-left-themetint: 191; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-right-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;0.07747&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D2EAF1; border-bottom: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-left-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-left-themetint: 191; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-right-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;0.10086&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D2EAF1; border-bottom: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-left-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-left-themetint: 191; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-right-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;0.20982&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D2EAF1; border-bottom: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-left-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-left-themetint: 191; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-right-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;-0.96943&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;&quot;&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #A5D5E2; border-top: none; border: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 127; mso-border-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.95pt;&quot; width=&quot;81&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;CP3&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #A5D5E2; border-bottom: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 127; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-left-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-left-themetint: 191; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-right-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;0.77479&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #A5D5E2; border-bottom: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 127; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-left-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-left-themetint: 191; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-right-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;-0.13729&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #A5D5E2; border-bottom: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 127; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-left-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-left-themetint: 191; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-right-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #A5D5E2; border-bottom: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 127; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-left-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-left-themetint: 191; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-right-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;-0.08468&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;&quot;&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D2EAF1; border-top: none; border: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.95pt;&quot; width=&quot;81&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;CP4&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D2EAF1; border-bottom: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-left-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-left-themetint: 191; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-right-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;0.27534&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D2EAF1; border-bottom: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-left-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-left-themetint: 191; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-right-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D2EAF1; border-bottom: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-left-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-left-themetint: 191; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-right-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;0.52271&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D2EAF1; border-bottom: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-left-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-left-themetint: 191; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-right-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #78C0D4 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;0.05136&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Tabla 4: eigenvectores obtenidos, los eigenvalores &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;son λ&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;=3.0607, λ&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;=0.8997, λ&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;=0.0355, λ&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;=0.0041&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
Los índices de vegetación lineal θ sobre la base de la actividad vegetal, seguido de tres nuevos índices de vegetación: θ&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; y θ&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; definidos en espacios 3D, y θ&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; en el espacio 4D para los valles San Juan y Pisco se aprecian a continuación.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEvY6VsBp9rk2Ih-gLq0tinAEx6yI6HuiZg__HDSx4oJ5bAayiXHCpYYVJeo0qG2Dh3gZYoDgs657lrC5OGLHYIWMZiu70m5pnaFJDmBfnZufQsbgT3aRS1eCHEwWomPoXGv-zyMWejsk/s1600/Theta.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;640&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEvY6VsBp9rk2Ih-gLq0tinAEx6yI6HuiZg__HDSx4oJ5bAayiXHCpYYVJeo0qG2Dh3gZYoDgs657lrC5OGLHYIWMZiu70m5pnaFJDmBfnZufQsbgT3aRS1eCHEwWomPoXGv-zyMWejsk/s640/Theta.png&quot; width=&quot;483&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Referencias&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Schowengerdt, R. 2007. Remote Sensing-Models and Methods for Image Processing. 3 ed. California, US, Academic Press. 558 p.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Steven M. de Jong; Freek D. Van der Meer. 2004. Remote Sensing Image Analysis. California, US, Springer. 370 p.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Schott, J. 2007. Remote Sensing: The Image Chain Approach. 2ed. New York, US. Oxford University Press. 701 p.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Ünsalan, C.; Boyer, K. 2011. Multispectral Satellite Image Understanding. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;New York, US. Springer. 203 p.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
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&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://estambhidgeom.blogspot.com/feeds/2653750096753569099/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://estambhidgeom.blogspot.com/2012/04/indices-de-vegetacion-linealizados.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4932046880420090053/posts/default/2653750096753569099'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4932046880420090053/posts/default/2653750096753569099'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://estambhidgeom.blogspot.com/2012/04/indices-de-vegetacion-linealizados.html' title='Índice de Vegetación Linealizado'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09852200953687334147</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2Q17HROnnV1mNm-CI6gvjKKrklGY3ZIB2QekR10H7C-mjUUPFV0c_Sci3G9SsxGMWj4zhI4fhK9AI29a5Z0wxddrCbV9tTW2ZFkGT2cpb0OuQvK0XM77IHHLKMZRQg_XxrI-WUVXH_cI/s72-c/formula1.png" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4932046880420090053.post-1368048126103450285</id><published>2012-04-08T00:16:00.004-07:00</published><updated>2012-04-08T20:05:15.434-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Teledetección"/><title type='text'>Reflectividad y Corrección Atmosférica</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Reflectividad Aparente y Corrección Atmosférica de imágenes LANDSAT-5 TM&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Apparent Reflectivity and Atmospheric Correction of LANDSAT-5 TM images&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Por Eber Risco Sence&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;La reflectividad representa la relación entre la energía reflejada y la incidente. Varia por lo tanto, entre 0 (superficie perfectamente absorbente) y 1 (superficie perfectamente reflectora). La reflectividad depende de sus características físicas y químicas, así como de las condiciones de observación. Además &amp;nbsp;no es constante, sino que se modifica en las distintas bandas del espectro, por lo que debemos añadirle el calificativo de espectral, acotando su medida a un determinado rango de longitudes de onda (Chuvieco 2008). &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;La radiancia espectral detectada por el sensor a partir de los niveles digitales de una imagen se expresa de la siguiente manera:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfSCrh4nEt7F3ZBqQG_DWKRsEN9CpS6H9wkw1p7s_XnbKvVht4A_Ea384PXFUM-sN3_iUZXevgM6_cGDR45Y-5BBxSRnZAbWYc06aLhlWHcVd6ra8sGIH5TS23jgT3oq7uYZSMSuJi-RA/s1600/formula1.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfSCrh4nEt7F3ZBqQG_DWKRsEN9CpS6H9wkw1p7s_XnbKvVht4A_Ea384PXFUM-sN3_iUZXevgM6_cGDR45Y-5BBxSRnZAbWYc06aLhlWHcVd6ra8sGIH5TS23jgT3oq7uYZSMSuJi-RA/s1600/formula1.png&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;Donde L&lt;sub&gt;sen,k&lt;/sub&gt;, corresponde a la radiancia espectral recibida por el sensor en la banda k( en Wm&lt;sup&gt;-2&lt;/sup&gt;sr&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;mm&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;); a&lt;sub&gt;0,k&lt;/sub&gt; y a&lt;sub&gt;1,k&lt;/sub&gt; son los coeficientes de calibración para esa banda, y ND&lt;sub&gt;k&lt;/sub&gt;, corresponde al nivel digital de la imagen en la misma banda.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;A manera de ejemplo se muestra la radiancia obtenida para la imagen LANDSAT-5 TM del valle de San Juan, del departamento de Ica, Perú, tomada el 30 de marzo de 2008. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5cwbHN9uKNbIlmg5amX4AZSQN65EAvChlRRT7dRCdAJVVEdvh-HZpjzRc0XY30iEpI8yH_LDfBBZTwAlADDcq24KDQOJaRDfFVLPWY5URNvlsovq4xYLf40TFJt17tVCy2tq9RU6GtQU/s1600/Radiancia.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;400&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5cwbHN9uKNbIlmg5amX4AZSQN65EAvChlRRT7dRCdAJVVEdvh-HZpjzRc0XY30iEpI8yH_LDfBBZTwAlADDcq24KDQOJaRDfFVLPWY5URNvlsovq4xYLf40TFJt17tVCy2tq9RU6GtQU/s400/Radiancia.png&quot; width=&quot;360&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;La radiancia que llega al sensor (asumiendo que la superficie terrestre tiene un comportamiento lambertiano) es una función de la irradiancia solar, la reflectividad de la cubierta y las condiciones de adquisición.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-size: 12pt; position: relative; top: 12.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;v:shape id=&quot;Imagen_x0020_108&quot; o:spid=&quot;_x0000_i1028&quot; style=&quot;height: 34.5pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 102.75pt;&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot;&gt;  &lt;v:imagedata o:title=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:\Users\EBER\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image002.wmz&quot;&gt; &lt;/v:imagedata&gt;&lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWWz6APHGLHL7BK48T7oNxtg5Qh60QpqCDBvnXApjqgGZKLDN5wl7dMkU3Zb0hw0JKBPcCtW4x09TVUQ12EtL9vW_iS2iAePtiSWeMOvqpiWKQrxzUqzNCiI44TG3UppYbjKnCoOL-G9U/s1600/formula2.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWWz6APHGLHL7BK48T7oNxtg5Qh60QpqCDBvnXApjqgGZKLDN5wl7dMkU3Zb0hw0JKBPcCtW4x09TVUQ12EtL9vW_iS2iAePtiSWeMOvqpiWKQrxzUqzNCiI44TG3UppYbjKnCoOL-G9U/s1600/formula2.png&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;Donde E&lt;sub&gt;0,k&lt;/sub&gt; es la irradiancia en el techo de la atmosfera, la cual se obtiene a partir de la tabla1; ρ&lt;sub&gt;k&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;x&lt;/sup&gt; es la reflectividad aparente de la cubierta en la banda k; θ&lt;sub&gt;i&lt;/sub&gt; es el ángulo cenital del flujo incidente, formado por la vertical y los rayos solares que es el complementario del ángulo de elevación solar y D es el factor corrector de la distancia Tierra-Sol, el cual se expresa de la siguiente manera:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-size: 12pt; position: relative; top: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;v:shape id=&quot;Imagen_x0020_109&quot; o:spid=&quot;_x0000_i1027&quot; style=&quot;height: 29.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 189pt;&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot;&gt;  &lt;v:imagedata o:title=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:\Users\EBER\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image003.wmz&quot;&gt; &lt;/v:imagedata&gt;&lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKa722-82pjAX8EBrwckv4_gsuYUjBizHMHiAd3gt_BsTxXcOx6leEGJqHREC6fEa-bp9IjlPuX0ooXd7qDpznoRt9pEj7SDcj2A3AH5FyQ-uAFR2Erikj8p35kFumIWkabcYUV1b-ok8/s1600/formula3.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKa722-82pjAX8EBrwckv4_gsuYUjBizHMHiAd3gt_BsTxXcOx6leEGJqHREC6fEa-bp9IjlPuX0ooXd7qDpznoRt9pEj7SDcj2A3AH5FyQ-uAFR2Erikj8p35kFumIWkabcYUV1b-ok8/s1600/formula3.png&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;Donde J indica el número de día del año y el seno se asume en radianes.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;table border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;MsoTableLightShadingAccent1&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom-style: none; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; width: 408px;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: -1;&quot;&gt;   &lt;td colspan=&quot;5&quot; nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: white; border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 305.65pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;408&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0d0d0d;&quot;&gt;LANDSAT-5 TM&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 0;&quot;&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 39.65pt;&quot; width=&quot;53&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Banda&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;115&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0d0d0d;&quot;&gt;E&lt;sub&gt;0,k&lt;/sub&gt; (Wm&lt;sup&gt;-2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0d0d0d;&quot;&gt;µ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0d0d0d;&quot;&gt;m&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0d0d0d;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0d0d0d;&quot;&gt;a&lt;sub&gt;0,k&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0d0d0d;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0d0d0d;&quot;&gt;a&lt;sub&gt;1,k&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0d0d0d;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0d0d0d;&quot;&gt;a&lt;sub&gt;1,k&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0d0d0d;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;&quot;&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: white; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: background1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 39.65pt;&quot; width=&quot;53&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;1&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: white; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: background1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;115&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;1957&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: white; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: background1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;-1.52&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: white; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: background1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;0.602&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: white; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: background1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;0.763&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;&quot;&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 39.65pt;&quot; width=&quot;53&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;2&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;115&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;1829&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;-2.84&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;1.175&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;1.443&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;&quot;&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: white; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: background1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 39.65pt;&quot; width=&quot;53&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;3&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: white; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: background1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;115&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;1557&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: white; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: background1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;-1.17&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: white; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: background1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;0.806&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: white; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: background1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;1.039&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;&quot;&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 39.65pt;&quot; width=&quot;53&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;4&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;115&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;1047&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;-1.51&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;0.815&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;0.873&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;&quot;&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: white; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: background1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 39.65pt;&quot; width=&quot;53&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;5&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: white; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: background1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;115&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;219.3&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: white; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: background1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;-0.37&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: white; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: background1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;0.108&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: white; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: background1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;0.120&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;&quot;&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 39.65pt;&quot; width=&quot;53&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;7&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;115&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;74.52&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;-0.15&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;0.057&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;0.065&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Tabla1: Parámetros para la conversión a reflectividades (1) anterior al 5 de mayo de 2003 (2) posterior al 5 de mayo de 2003. FUENTE. Price (1987), Chander et al (2004), citados por Chuvieco (2008).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Por lo tanto la reflectividad aparente quedaría expresada de la siguiente manera:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-size: 12pt; position: relative; top: 16pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;v:shape id=&quot;Imagen_x0020_110&quot; o:spid=&quot;_x0000_i1026&quot; style=&quot;height: 34.5pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 76.5pt;&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot;&gt;  &lt;v:imagedata o:title=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:\Users\EBER\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image004.wmz&quot;&gt; &lt;/v:imagedata&gt;&lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhr3NdrDUqWJkjrPL3rUIepf8K-wOYfe4vh6QIcK-qZKOzO14g-yx7IQOsiXUxIIFuE1muXjgbUodHOwDCrOf4Oo05bpyIWQcKELwpzuEx0q-qh06SOdRdCNFK3IkpHsQN__liDTLryasw/s1600/formula4.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhr3NdrDUqWJkjrPL3rUIepf8K-wOYfe4vh6QIcK-qZKOzO14g-yx7IQOsiXUxIIFuE1muXjgbUodHOwDCrOf4Oo05bpyIWQcKELwpzuEx0q-qh06SOdRdCNFK3IkpHsQN__liDTLryasw/s1600/formula4.png&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;A manera de ejemplo se muestra la reflectividad aparente obtenida para la imagen LANDSAT-5 TM del valle de San Juan, del departamento de Ica, Perú, tomada el 30 de marzo del 2008. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyNq2IkwW-GoiSn1AYkhAfLYqgWQdwoZfavohOvvZBCVUfl6lKK-J6dQEoRA_8M6YNLZH669_syxyNjTH78i0hU47mlSOGemStOExIiucSTQvA7r0bkSkFLYZKqEcHm0tEb_wLJRTSOVk/s1600/ReflectividadAparente.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;400&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyNq2IkwW-GoiSn1AYkhAfLYqgWQdwoZfavohOvvZBCVUfl6lKK-J6dQEoRA_8M6YNLZH669_syxyNjTH78i0hU47mlSOGemStOExIiucSTQvA7r0bkSkFLYZKqEcHm0tEb_wLJRTSOVk/s400/ReflectividadAparente.png&quot; width=&quot;362&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;Cuando la radiación electromagnética atraviesa la capa de atmósfera, sufre una serie de alteraciones, debidas al comportamiento de ésta como medio absorbente y dispersante ( Schott 2007). La propuesta de Chavez (1988; 1996) basada en el objeto oscuro (dark object), el cual consiste en asumir que las áreas cubiertas con materiales de fuerte absortividad deberían presentar una radiancia espectral muy próxima a cero. En la práctica, el histograma de los ND de la imagen siempre presenta un mínimo superior a ese valor, que se atribuye al efecto de dispersión atmosférica. La formula propuesta se representa de la siguiente manera:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnT7gC18jHScGlxl2oXCsKxq1Fur2aY2s_tQylnhWtr5n_u_eO7rJQap8Qy61ocbIaFGPLA4a5oAiKSrMCxqLLKYE09ZT9Cjol4uzJQSAXx1SRDP5I-6IkzDMl6et1LyoJeR6cQZw_EBw/s1600/formula5.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnT7gC18jHScGlxl2oXCsKxq1Fur2aY2s_tQylnhWtr5n_u_eO7rJQap8Qy61ocbIaFGPLA4a5oAiKSrMCxqLLKYE09ZT9Cjol4uzJQSAXx1SRDP5I-6IkzDMl6et1LyoJeR6cQZw_EBw/s1600/formula5.png&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;Donde La,k se estima a partir del valor mínimo o de un objeto de reflectancia nula (L&lt;sub&gt;a,k&lt;/sub&gt;=a&lt;sub&gt;0,k&lt;/sub&gt;+a&lt;sub&gt;1,k&lt;/sub&gt;ND&lt;sub&gt;min&lt;/sub&gt;), además &lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: GreekC;&quot;&gt;τ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;sub&gt;k&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sub&gt;,i&lt;/sub&gt; =0.70 (TM1), 0.78 (TM2), 0.85 (TM3), 0.91 (TM4) y 1 par las TM5 y TM7. Gilabert et al (1994) sugiere 0.73, 0.79, 0.85, 0.91, 0.95, 0.97 respectivamente.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;A manera de ejemplo se muestra la reflectividad con corrección atmosférica obtenida para la imagen LANDSAT-5 TM del valle de San Juan, del departamento de Ica, Perú, tomada el 30 de marzo del 2008. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhibevV8JTRr5Fa6pymJmqA3yPul7GsqtsWk2VLcut6Dv8nT-Nay43BPuPUbQbR-jJJW-KsTys6bTq62_i3fJZwphS2SbnFWw9usR6Hned817kaSh3OEEi0HfGxaSrqOkFyNuP-nE2wc24/s1600/Reflectividad.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;400&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhibevV8JTRr5Fa6pymJmqA3yPul7GsqtsWk2VLcut6Dv8nT-Nay43BPuPUbQbR-jJJW-KsTys6bTq62_i3fJZwphS2SbnFWw9usR6Hned817kaSh3OEEi0HfGxaSrqOkFyNuP-nE2wc24/s400/Reflectividad.png&quot; width=&quot;366&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Referencias&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Chavez, P.S.&amp;nbsp; 1988. &quot;An Improved Dark-Object Subtraction Technique for Atmospheric Scattering Correction of Multispectral Data&quot;, Remote Sensing of Environment, 24: 259-479.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Chavez, P.S. 1996.&quot;Image-Based Atmospheric Corrections-Revisited and Improved&quot;, Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, 62: 1025-1036.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Chuvieco, E. 2008. Teledetección Ambiental. 2 ed. Barcelona, ES, Ariel. 592 p.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Gilabert, M. A., Conese, C., &amp;amp; Maselli&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;, F. 1994. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;An atmospheric correction method for the automatic retrieval of surface reflectance from TM images. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;International Journal of Remote Sensing, 15: 2065-2086.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Schott, J. 2007. Remote Sensing: The Image Chain Approach. 2ed. New York, US. Oxford University Press. 701 p.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://estambhidgeom.blogspot.com/feeds/1368048126103450285/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://estambhidgeom.blogspot.com/2012/04/reflectividad-y-correccion-atmosferica.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4932046880420090053/posts/default/1368048126103450285'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4932046880420090053/posts/default/1368048126103450285'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://estambhidgeom.blogspot.com/2012/04/reflectividad-y-correccion-atmosferica.html' title='Reflectividad y Corrección Atmosférica'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09852200953687334147</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfSCrh4nEt7F3ZBqQG_DWKRsEN9CpS6H9wkw1p7s_XnbKvVht4A_Ea384PXFUM-sN3_iUZXevgM6_cGDR45Y-5BBxSRnZAbWYc06aLhlWHcVd6ra8sGIH5TS23jgT3oq7uYZSMSuJi-RA/s72-c/formula1.png" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total><georss:featurename>Lima, Perú</georss:featurename><georss:point>-12.093084 -77.046491</georss:point><georss:box>-51.639382 -136.812116 27.453214000000003 -17.280866000000003</georss:box></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4932046880420090053.post-5957595151827878307</id><published>2012-03-31T00:38:00.003-07:00</published><updated>2012-04-09T00:50:20.969-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Teledetección"/><title type='text'>Análisis de Componentes Principales</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Análisis de Componentes Principales de Imágenes de Satélite&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Principal component Analysis of Satellite Imagery&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Por Eber Risco Sence&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;El análisis de componentes principales (ACP) es un método general de análisis para correlacionar conjunto de datos multivariados (Guo y Mason 2009). ACP lleva a cabo una transformación lineal de un conjunto de vectores aleatorios correlacionados para que sean representados en un nuevo espacio de tal manera que no están correlacionados. El nuevo espacio de coordenadas esta relacionado con el original por una rotación alrededor del origen, de tal manera que los ejes de coordenadas nuevas están alineadas con las direcciones dominantes de dispersión (los componentes principales) de datos, como se deduce a partir de su matriz de covarianza (Ünsalan y Boyer 2011). &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;La capacidad de síntesis que ofrece el análisis de componentes principales es la base para su aplicación en teledetección. La adquisición de imágenes sobre bandas adyacentes del espectro, implica con frecuencia detectar una información redundante, puesto que los tipos de cubierta tienden a presentar un&amp;nbsp; comportamiento similar en longitudes de onda próximas. Por ello, las medidas realizadas en una banda pueden presentar una importante correlación con las deducidas de otra, haciendo una o varias de ellas prácticamente irrelevantes. En este contexto, el ACP permite sintetizar las bandas originales, creando unas nuevas bandas, las cuales recogen la parte más relevante de la información original (Chuvieco 2008).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;En términos generales, los componentes principales de una imagen se obtienen de acuerdo: &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-size: 12pt; position: relative; top: 13.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;v:shapetype coordsize=&quot;21600,21600&quot; filled=&quot;f&quot; id=&quot;_x0000_t75&quot; o:preferrelative=&quot;t&quot; o:spt=&quot;75&quot; path=&quot;m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe&quot; stroked=&quot;f&quot;&gt;  &lt;v:stroke joinstyle=&quot;miter&quot;&gt;  &lt;v:formulas&gt;   &lt;v:f eqn=&quot;if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0&quot;&gt;   &lt;v:f eqn=&quot;sum @0 1 0&quot;&gt;   &lt;v:f eqn=&quot;sum 0 0 @1&quot;&gt;   &lt;v:f eqn=&quot;prod @2 1 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;v:f eqn=&quot;prod @3 21600 pixelWidth&quot;&gt;   &lt;v:f eqn=&quot;prod @3 21600 pixelHeight&quot;&gt;   &lt;v:f eqn=&quot;sum @0 0 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;v:f eqn=&quot;prod @6 1 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;v:f eqn=&quot;prod @7 21600 pixelWidth&quot;&gt;   &lt;v:f eqn=&quot;sum @8 21600 0&quot;&gt;   &lt;v:f eqn=&quot;prod @7 21600 pixelHeight&quot;&gt;   &lt;v:f eqn=&quot;sum @10 21600 0&quot;&gt;  &lt;/v:f&gt;&lt;/v:f&gt;&lt;/v:f&gt;&lt;/v:f&gt;&lt;/v:f&gt;&lt;/v:f&gt;&lt;/v:f&gt;&lt;/v:f&gt;&lt;/v:f&gt;&lt;/v:f&gt;&lt;/v:f&gt;&lt;/v:f&gt;&lt;/v:formulas&gt;  &lt;v:path gradientshapeok=&quot;t&quot; o:connecttype=&quot;rect&quot; o:extrusionok=&quot;f&quot;&gt;  &lt;o:lock aspectratio=&quot;t&quot; v:ext=&quot;edit&quot;&gt; &lt;/o:lock&gt;&lt;/v:path&gt;&lt;/v:stroke&gt;&lt;/v:shapetype&gt;&lt;v:shape id=&quot;Imagen_x0020_99&quot; o:spid=&quot;_x0000_i1027&quot; style=&quot;height: 34.5pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 100.5pt;&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot;&gt;  &lt;v:imagedata o:title=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:\Users\EBER\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.wmz&quot;&gt; &lt;/v:imagedata&gt;&lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjC_PfWKFf7Z-T2EVvgWOEn1C4LjoZ_EgA0vI-kWSM1rKGBvfQjrg6aAaL3bM2W7P6SC7tj6ao8GtccXnJndzhmMtDZG4OcTBm1VtxXE92aW0WfPoLVRBAYg2tRb0ahJJqCWAtS0e_2wgM/s1600/formula1.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjC_PfWKFf7Z-T2EVvgWOEn1C4LjoZ_EgA0vI-kWSM1rKGBvfQjrg6aAaL3bM2W7P6SC7tj6ao8GtccXnJndzhmMtDZG4OcTBm1VtxXE92aW0WfPoLVRBAYg2tRb0ahJJqCWAtS0e_2wgM/s1600/formula1.png&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;Donde CP&lt;sub&gt;j&lt;/sub&gt; indica el ND correspondiente al componente principal j, a&lt;sub&gt;i,j&lt;/sub&gt; el coeficiente aplicado al ND de la banda i para generar el componente j y R&lt;sub&gt;j&lt;/sub&gt; una constante para desplazar el eje del origen. Existen tantos componentes como bandas, pero la forma de extraer esos componentes implica que solo los primeros tienen una información significativa.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;A partir de la matriz de varianza-covarianza de las bandas que componen la imagen original, se extraen los autovalores (ξ&lt;sub&gt;j&lt;/sub&gt;) que expresan la magnitud del vector de cada uno de los nuevos componentes, y, en última instancia, la proporción de información original que retienen. La varianza original explicada por cada componente se calcula como la proporción de su autovalor frente a la suma de todos los autovalores:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-size: 12pt; position: relative; top: 36.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;v:shape id=&quot;Imagen_x0020_101&quot; o:spid=&quot;_x0000_i1026&quot; style=&quot;height: 53.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 54.75pt;&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot;&gt;  &lt;v:imagedata o:title=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:\Users\EBER\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image002.wmz&quot;&gt; &lt;/v:imagedata&gt;&lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgI06PKZDtvv3VRP1OvVHIEWL_VzclIPHKThzl0DvPrAJN38X16p-qymNW8uP6uYrXWKKRZZRup6JJh6zDaky98B4dFauA70SraI8Y2j-BAkDkrXfihcWOSQQxRZlfG4M-ZEh5zXSKD2Lg/s1600/formula2.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgI06PKZDtvv3VRP1OvVHIEWL_VzclIPHKThzl0DvPrAJN38X16p-qymNW8uP6uYrXWKKRZZRup6JJh6zDaky98B4dFauA70SraI8Y2j-BAkDkrXfihcWOSQQxRZlfG4M-ZEh5zXSKD2Lg/s1600/formula2.png&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;A partir de los autovectores, se calcula la matriz de correlaciones entre los componentes principales y bandas de la imagen, lo que nos permite conocer el sentido espectral de estos componentes:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-size: 12pt; position: relative; top: 14pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;v:shape id=&quot;Imagen_x0020_104&quot; o:spid=&quot;_x0000_i1025&quot; style=&quot;height: 36pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 62.25pt;&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot;&gt;  &lt;v:imagedata o:title=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:\Users\EBER\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image003.wmz&quot;&gt; &lt;/v:imagedata&gt;&lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3z1SKnbgFng1NrfAA8ng6CkwlIWbTTi601DxF1X37yLFIgaDTTUTwY0_MdMZtE8NpLIhYAI96TDUpy6PuaEbugyyE2TAQtl-5PLS0foBp0u83uDxANQAcbS7vYZzZ2eiyBe5rzQcYMyw/s1600/formula3.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3z1SKnbgFng1NrfAA8ng6CkwlIWbTTi601DxF1X37yLFIgaDTTUTwY0_MdMZtE8NpLIhYAI96TDUpy6PuaEbugyyE2TAQtl-5PLS0foBp0u83uDxANQAcbS7vYZzZ2eiyBe5rzQcYMyw/s1600/formula3.png&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;Donde r&lt;sub&gt;i,j&lt;/sub&gt; indica el coeficiente de correlación entre el componente j y la banda i; a&lt;sub&gt;i,j&lt;/sub&gt; el autovector de ese componente en la misma banda: ξ&lt;sub&gt;j &lt;/sub&gt;, el autovalor del componente j, y si la desviación típica de la banda i.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;La aplicación de esta técnica sobre los valles de San Juan y Pisco, ubicado en el departamento de Ica, Perú se presenta a continuación&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;table border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;MsoTableLightShadingAccent1&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom-style: none; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; width: 560px;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: -1;&quot;&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Band 1&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Band 2&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Band 3&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Band 4&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Band 5&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Band 7&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 0;&quot;&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Band 1&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;231.614592&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;164.280382&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;256.411602&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;65.114782&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;346.50827&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;283.210261&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;&quot;&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;border: none; height: 15.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Band 2&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;border: none; height: 15.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;164.280382&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;border: none; height: 15.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;121.698043&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;border: none; height: 15.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;190.181291&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;border: none; height: 15.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;49.222812&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;border: none; height: 15.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;260.856374&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;border: none; height: 15.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;212.21982&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;&quot;&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Band 3&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;256.411602&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;190.181291&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;301.778151&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;63.632969&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;415.628234&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;342.109923&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;&quot;&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;border: none; height: 15.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Band 4&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;border: none; height: 15.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;65.114782&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;border: none; height: 15.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;49.222812&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;border: none; height: 15.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;63.632969&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;border: none; height: 15.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;161.281077&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;border: none; height: 15.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;129.659515&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;border: none; height: 15.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;50.339129&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;&quot;&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Band 5&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;346.50827&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;260.856374&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;415.628234&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;129.659515&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;656.207422&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;507.597661&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;&quot;&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Band 7&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;283.210261&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;212.21982&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;342.109923&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;50.339129&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;507.597661&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;422.653071&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Cuadro 1: Matriz de varianza-covarianza de la imagen de los &amp;nbsp;valles de San Juan y Pisco. Los números se refieren a ND, no se ha incluido la banda térmica.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 19px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;table border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;MsoTableLightShadingAccent1&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom-style: none; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; width: 560px;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: -1;&quot;&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Band 1&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Band 2&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Band 3&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Band 4&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Band 5&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Band 7&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 0;&quot;&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Band 1&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;1&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;0.9785&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;0.969864&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;0.336903&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;0.888812&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;0.905178&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;&quot;&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;border: none; height: 15.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Band 2&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;border: none; height: 15.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;0.9785&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;border: none; height: 15.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;1&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;border: none; height: 15.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;0.992389&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;border: none; height: 15.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;0.351344&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;border: none; height: 15.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;0.923079&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;border: none; height: 15.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;0.935733&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;&quot;&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Band 3&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;0.969864&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;0.992389&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;1&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;0.288434&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;0.933986&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;0.957921&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;&quot;&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;border: none; height: 15.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Band 4&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;border: none; height: 15.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;0.336903&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;border: none; height: 15.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;0.351344&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;border: none; height: 15.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;0.288434&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;border: none; height: 15.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;1&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;border: none; height: 15.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;0.398559&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;border: none; height: 15.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;0.192807&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;&quot;&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Band 5&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;0.888812&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;0.923079&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;0.933986&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;0.398559&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;1&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;0.963845&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;&quot;&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Band 7&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;0.905178&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;0.935733&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;0.957921&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;0.192807&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;0.963845&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;1&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Cuadro 2: Matriz de correlación de la imagen&amp;nbsp; de los &amp;nbsp;valles de San Juan y Pisco&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Los números se refieren a ND, no se ha incluido la banda térmica.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;table border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;MsoTableLightShadingAccent1&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom-style: none; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; width: 560px;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: -1;&quot;&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Band 1&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Band 2&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Band 3&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Band 4&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Band 5&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Band 7&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 0;&quot;&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Band 1&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;0.353015&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;0.262338&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;0.416165&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;0.110289&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;0.615856&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;0.491857&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;&quot;&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;border: none; height: 15.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Band 2&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;border: none; height: 15.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;-0.008765&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;border: none; height: 15.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;-0.001255&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;border: none; height: 15.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;-0.097794&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;border: none; height: 15.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;0.948331&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;border: none; height: 15.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;0.122144&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;border: none; height: 15.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;-0.275876&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;&quot;&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Band 3&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;-0.612229&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;-0.317451&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;-0.381971&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;-0.050628&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;0.567013&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;0.233307&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;&quot;&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;border: none; height: 15.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Band 4&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;border: none; height: 15.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;-0.679572&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;border: none; height: 15.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;0.273049&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;border: none; height: 15.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;0.530711&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;border: none; height: 15.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;0.160121&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;border: none; height: 15.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;-0.310043&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;border: none; height: 15.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;0.24537&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;&quot;&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Band 5&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;0.17683&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;-0.15784&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;-0.364852&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;0.238534&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;-0.431843&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;0.753203&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;&quot;&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Band 7&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;-0.085976&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;0.854946&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;-0.506528&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;-0.058349&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;0.041037&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;-0.004009&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Cuadro 3: Matriz de autovalores de la imagen &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;&quot;&gt;de los &amp;nbsp;valles de San Juan y Pisco&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;. Los números se refieren a ND, no se ha incluido la banda térmica.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;table border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;MsoTableLightShadingAccent1&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom-style: none; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; width: 560px;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: -1;&quot;&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Band 1&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Band 2&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Band 3&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Band 4&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Band 5&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Band 7&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 0;&quot;&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;CP 1&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;right&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;0.949451&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;right&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;0.973377&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;right&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;0.980582&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;right&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;0.355468&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;right&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;0.984059&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;right&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;0.979285&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;&quot;&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;border: none; height: 15.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;CP 2&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;border: none; height: 15.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;right&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;-0.007196&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;border: none; height: 15.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;right&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;-0.001422&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;border: none; height: 15.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;right&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;-0.070336&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;border: none; height: 15.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;right&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;0.932999&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;border: none; height: 15.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;right&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;0.059575&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;border: none; height: 15.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;right&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;-0.167662&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;&quot;&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;CP 3&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;right&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;-0.293735&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;right&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;-0.210116&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;right&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;-0.16055&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;right&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;-0.029109&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;right&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;0.161621&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;right&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;0.082863&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Cuadro 4: Matriz de correlación de la imagen del valle&amp;nbsp; de los &amp;nbsp;valles de San Juan y Pisco&amp;nbsp;. Los números se refieren a ND, no se ha incluido la banda térmica.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjN2EKvjCHarp1MUSHFnf8Uw5qS9zKxwXxKZOZFcr45zfl3yVWNOy5n-7NCMiGVn8TqKdZAT5XpIrxLgXYDLGyU_YNlmDlZB67VfnJnA0KH_JiouarhDVRCe_RkOSEqXCkDgeEYGX6h6Uw/s1600/Zona.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;400&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjN2EKvjCHarp1MUSHFnf8Uw5qS9zKxwXxKZOZFcr45zfl3yVWNOy5n-7NCMiGVn8TqKdZAT5XpIrxLgXYDLGyU_YNlmDlZB67VfnJnA0KH_JiouarhDVRCe_RkOSEqXCkDgeEYGX6h6Uw/s400/Zona.png&quot; width=&quot;250&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Figura 1: Imagen&amp;nbsp; de los &amp;nbsp;valles de San Juan y Pisco&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;(combinación 7-4-2).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzHSR9HZKOnJcm5aFa5BcQvjvL_oZH11rX6JCetK9ZLXlihyLlWchAD1JPLHO9aJZm07h5T2OrwIdbFXKROWmPwEHod7uxixcm-GUGYYMJKEuX9YbC9HVr68U1aNHl6MaG2yxWbZLGjFQ/s1600/Componente1.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;400&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzHSR9HZKOnJcm5aFa5BcQvjvL_oZH11rX6JCetK9ZLXlihyLlWchAD1JPLHO9aJZm07h5T2OrwIdbFXKROWmPwEHod7uxixcm-GUGYYMJKEuX9YbC9HVr68U1aNHl6MaG2yxWbZLGjFQ/s400/Componente1.png&quot; width=&quot;287&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Figura 2: Componente principal 1 de la imagen&amp;nbsp; de los &amp;nbsp;valles de San Juan y Pisco&amp;nbsp;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6tl8ZBYPv9brYyqywZlzioEmHPOJzT3UXqCPt2HNL7lEoa3KSKBIwWza5DNmnJ9CBbJhtu85x_3X0H8ct9GT5FesDUmD-8zU_vRJY1luPMe2cOJiDMJa4YGFz5rc-8Ypp9SBp3tZLio0/s1600/Componente2.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;400&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6tl8ZBYPv9brYyqywZlzioEmHPOJzT3UXqCPt2HNL7lEoa3KSKBIwWza5DNmnJ9CBbJhtu85x_3X0H8ct9GT5FesDUmD-8zU_vRJY1luPMe2cOJiDMJa4YGFz5rc-8Ypp9SBp3tZLio0/s400/Componente2.png&quot; width=&quot;287&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Figura 3: Componente principal 1 de la imagen&amp;nbsp; de los &amp;nbsp;valles de San Juan y Pisco&amp;nbsp;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgg5jMdpcZXbx_h2F-LMPC011yZuKXdv__HHn0lYOcZNbEIdWDylZo1z6Py6-EDVrR_85Oldoz1VB_C5gWZnBQCn59AsZBNyiXH9yPqrZXyxUuqAoJbQ08edWN3D7wrJE5BboPTC6azWNs/s1600/Componente3.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;400&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgg5jMdpcZXbx_h2F-LMPC011yZuKXdv__HHn0lYOcZNbEIdWDylZo1z6Py6-EDVrR_85Oldoz1VB_C5gWZnBQCn59AsZBNyiXH9yPqrZXyxUuqAoJbQ08edWN3D7wrJE5BboPTC6azWNs/s400/Componente3.png&quot; width=&quot;287&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Figura 4: Componente principal 1 de la imagen&amp;nbsp; de los &amp;nbsp;valles de San Juan y Pisco&amp;nbsp;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;De la figura 2 se aprecia que en el componente 1 (CP1) &amp;nbsp;los valores altos corresponden a las zonas sin vegetación, mientras los valores bajos corresponden a las zonas de cultivos. Del cuadro 4 y de la figura 3 se aprecia que el segundo componente muestra una importante correlación positiva con la banda 4, apenas perceptible con la banda 5 y moderadamente negativa con el resto de bandas, con lo que esta evidenciando el contraste entre el IRC &amp;nbsp;y el resto de bandas analizadas, lo que muestra una valoración del vigor vegetal de la imagen. De la figura 4 se aprecia que el tercer componente ofrece valores muy bajos para los cuerpos de agua y zonas húmedas (llanuras de inundación en la escena), por lo que se podría considerar como el componente de humedad.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Referencias&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Chuvieco Salinero, E. 2008. Teledetección Ambiental. 2 ed. Barcelona, ES, Ariel. 592 p.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Guo, J; Mason, P. 2009. Essential Image Processing and GIS for Remote Sensing. Oxford, UK. Wiley-Blackwell.462 p.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Schowengerdt, R. 2007. Remote Sensing-Models and Methods for Image Processing. 3 ed. California, US, Academic Press. 558 p.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Steven M. de Jong; Freek D. Van der Meer. 2004. Remote Sensing Image Analysis. California, US, Springer. 370 p.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Ünsalan, C.; Boyer, K. 2011. Multispectral Satellite Image Understanding. New York, US. Springer. 203 p.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://estambhidgeom.blogspot.com/feeds/5957595151827878307/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://estambhidgeom.blogspot.com/2012/03/analisis-de-componentes-principales.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4932046880420090053/posts/default/5957595151827878307'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4932046880420090053/posts/default/5957595151827878307'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://estambhidgeom.blogspot.com/2012/03/analisis-de-componentes-principales.html' title='Análisis de Componentes Principales'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09852200953687334147</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjC_PfWKFf7Z-T2EVvgWOEn1C4LjoZ_EgA0vI-kWSM1rKGBvfQjrg6aAaL3bM2W7P6SC7tj6ao8GtccXnJndzhmMtDZG4OcTBm1VtxXE92aW0WfPoLVRBAYg2tRb0ahJJqCWAtS0e_2wgM/s72-c/formula1.png" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total><georss:featurename>Lima, Perú</georss:featurename><georss:point>-12.093084 -77.046491</georss:point><georss:box>-12.1086105 -77.066232 -12.0775575 -77.02675</georss:box></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4932046880420090053.post-2138509308584335452</id><published>2012-03-15T16:26:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2012-03-15T16:28:18.151-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Teledetección"/><title type='text'>Transformación IHS</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Transformación IHS de Imágenes LANDSAT&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;IHS Transformation of LANDSAT Imagery&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Por Eber Risco Sence&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Arial Narrow&#39;, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;La transformación Intensidad, Tono, Saturación (IHS, intensity, Hue, Saturation), es una forma alternativa de representar el color como referencia no a sus componentes sino a sus propiedades.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;De reciente empleo en teledetección, pero que ya ha mostrado su interés para mejorar la discriminación de algunos rasgos de marcado carácter cromático (Koutsias et al, citados por Chuvieco 2008). &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;El tono procede de la longitud de onda de donde se produce la máxima reflectividad del objeto: equivale al color que aprecian nuestros ojos. La saturación refiere a la pureza de dicho color, su grado de mezcla con los otros colores primarios, la intensidad puede identificarse con el brillo, en función del porcentaje de reflectividad recibido.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;La transformación entre coordenadas RGV (rojo, verde, azul) e IHS puede abordarse gracias a distintos algoritmos de conversión, primero se parte de una combinación de bandas determinada, que se convertirá a las coordenadas IHS. Así se tiene los siguientes algoritmos de transformación:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Intensidad:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-size: 12pt; position: relative; top: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;v:shapetype coordsize=&quot;21600,21600&quot; filled=&quot;f&quot; id=&quot;_x0000_t75&quot; o:preferrelative=&quot;t&quot; o:spt=&quot;75&quot; path=&quot;m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe&quot; stroked=&quot;f&quot;&gt;  &lt;v:stroke joinstyle=&quot;miter&quot;&gt;  &lt;v:formulas&gt;   &lt;v:f eqn=&quot;if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0&quot;&gt;   &lt;v:f eqn=&quot;sum @0 1 0&quot;&gt;   &lt;v:f eqn=&quot;sum 0 0 @1&quot;&gt;   &lt;v:f eqn=&quot;prod @2 1 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;v:f eqn=&quot;prod @3 21600 pixelWidth&quot;&gt;   &lt;v:f eqn=&quot;prod @3 21600 pixelHeight&quot;&gt;   &lt;v:f eqn=&quot;sum @0 0 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;v:f eqn=&quot;prod @6 1 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;v:f eqn=&quot;prod @7 21600 pixelWidth&quot;&gt;   &lt;v:f eqn=&quot;sum @8 21600 0&quot;&gt;   &lt;v:f eqn=&quot;prod @7 21600 pixelHeight&quot;&gt;   &lt;v:f eqn=&quot;sum @10 21600 0&quot;&gt;  &lt;/v:f&gt;&lt;/v:f&gt;&lt;/v:f&gt;&lt;/v:f&gt;&lt;/v:f&gt;&lt;/v:f&gt;&lt;/v:f&gt;&lt;/v:f&gt;&lt;/v:f&gt;&lt;/v:f&gt;&lt;/v:f&gt;&lt;/v:f&gt;&lt;/v:formulas&gt;  &lt;v:path gradientshapeok=&quot;t&quot; o:connecttype=&quot;rect&quot; o:extrusionok=&quot;f&quot;&gt;  &lt;o:lock aspectratio=&quot;t&quot; v:ext=&quot;edit&quot;&gt; &lt;/o:lock&gt;&lt;/v:path&gt;&lt;/v:stroke&gt;&lt;/v:shapetype&gt;&lt;v:shape id=&quot;Imagen_x0020_91&quot; o:spid=&quot;_x0000_i1030&quot; style=&quot;height: 27.75pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 135pt;&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot;&gt;  &lt;v:imagedata o:title=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:\Users\EBER\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.wmz&quot;&gt; &lt;/v:imagedata&gt;&lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQk3MjrhMzfiHQMXsxdl2LQqsq1fWPSG7AeR4u0-0c5aTM0NOdmP_qsre953goK7kHAn_LlttCCALgfhN_xdg1vZhd-uxpvbWvLNZ24IKrDqrxC69xvJVPWBBMs-RkccXaPcFAKbMOc88/s1600/f1.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQk3MjrhMzfiHQMXsxdl2LQqsq1fWPSG7AeR4u0-0c5aTM0NOdmP_qsre953goK7kHAn_LlttCCALgfhN_xdg1vZhd-uxpvbWvLNZ24IKrDqrxC69xvJVPWBBMs-RkccXaPcFAKbMOc88/s1600/f1.png&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Tono:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-size: 12pt; position: relative; top: 16.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;v:shape id=&quot;Imagen_x0020_98&quot; o:spid=&quot;_x0000_i1028&quot; style=&quot;height: 33.75pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 203.25pt;&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot;&gt;  &lt;v:imagedata o:title=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:\Users\EBER\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image003.wmz&quot;&gt; &lt;/v:imagedata&gt;&lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFCuoIvb4YV_js-K_vlesx_u7FcSBQn8MsWzCWFdC_KU2bGGmyfiV7xCv5fBjn3Pg_Pu30I8ZqAS22PuNFDbC6UFO2rgCWHMa1SrvAjkWxGy6x43TTn5OhNfMfZdu3ESFBLjTy9v8Wm_I/s1600/f2.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFCuoIvb4YV_js-K_vlesx_u7FcSBQn8MsWzCWFdC_KU2bGGmyfiV7xCv5fBjn3Pg_Pu30I8ZqAS22PuNFDbC6UFO2rgCWHMa1SrvAjkWxGy6x43TTn5OhNfMfZdu3ESFBLjTy9v8Wm_I/s1600/f2.png&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEio4t8jr5IWug9KTm0DK-8KNnHC9KwXcx29BcVNvn_M4BjV0iPYvlXxE1vjOLPSdtFkhtb0fz5rOJaStkN4h0At0V-sZdEU0fOfTtOez2lj3lRJP6Y5rSinB1H35mlHScGGE_AEb6ht9BU/s1600/T.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;352&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEio4t8jr5IWug9KTm0DK-8KNnHC9KwXcx29BcVNvn_M4BjV0iPYvlXxE1vjOLPSdtFkhtb0fz5rOJaStkN4h0At0V-sZdEU0fOfTtOez2lj3lRJP6Y5rSinB1H35mlHScGGE_AEb6ht9BU/s400/T.png&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;Donde c=0, si ND&lt;sub&gt;g&lt;/sub&gt; &amp;gt;=ND&lt;sub&gt;r &lt;/sub&gt;; c=π, si ND&lt;sub&gt;g&lt;/sub&gt; &amp;lt; ND&lt;sub&gt;r&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;v:shape id=&quot;_x0000_i1027&quot; style=&quot;height: 376.5pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 425.25pt;&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot;&gt;  &lt;v:imagedata o:title=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:\Users\EBER\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image004.png&quot;&gt; &lt;/v:imagedata&gt;&lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Saturación:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYpyiLVpceAqhN7nfYrONlli9sJZrzC55xRDvf4JVt8-GtopFIbtNh0OI0KvXxpfic1kpC672KwxvaFrQhLHCkFxciiA-6-F9TD3esxfYlzHcIxharN_NsIFuwXFRtKna-4GdWTV2-H6k/s1600/f3.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;37&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYpyiLVpceAqhN7nfYrONlli9sJZrzC55xRDvf4JVt8-GtopFIbtNh0OI0KvXxpfic1kpC672KwxvaFrQhLHCkFxciiA-6-F9TD3esxfYlzHcIxharN_NsIFuwXFRtKna-4GdWTV2-H6k/s400/f3.png&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj43mp7S-C-pf53VC3gF2oTyWL6s7qhGBXS2vcUL137AiobLZDLD-2bbReAHbVQlrlaSAO8Nax4TpOcny7yzHEHHyXMt4U2hi9qnSY7OEPeKAQcy1Z4e57agciAGhCW4EGn2W45WtAQn4M/s1600/S.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;358&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj43mp7S-C-pf53VC3gF2oTyWL6s7qhGBXS2vcUL137AiobLZDLD-2bbReAHbVQlrlaSAO8Nax4TpOcny7yzHEHHyXMt4U2hi9qnSY7OEPeKAQcy1Z4e57agciAGhCW4EGn2W45WtAQn4M/s400/S.png&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;v:shape id=&quot;Imagen_x0020_102&quot; o:spid=&quot;_x0000_i1026&quot; style=&quot;height: 27pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 297pt;&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot;&gt;  &lt;v:imagedata o:title=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:\Users\EBER\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image005.png&quot;&gt; &lt;/v:imagedata&gt;&lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;v:shape id=&quot;_x0030__x0020_Imagen&quot; o:spid=&quot;_x0000_i1025&quot; style=&quot;height: 381.75pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 425.25pt;&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot;&gt;  &lt;v:imagedata o:title=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:\Users\EBER\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image006.png&quot;&gt; &lt;/v:imagedata&gt;&lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Referencias&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ol&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Chuvieco Salinero, E. 2008. Teledetección Ambiental. 2 ed. Barcelona, ES, Ariel. 592 p.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Guo, J; Mason, P. 2009. Essential Image Processing and GIS for Remote Sensing. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Oxford, UK. Wiley-Blackwell.462 p.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Schowengerdt, R. 2007. Remote Sensing-Models and Methods for Image Processing. 3 ed. California, US, Academic Press. 558 p.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Steven M. de Jong; Freek D. Van der Meer. 2004. Remote Sensing Image Analysis. California, US, Springer. 370 p.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://estambhidgeom.blogspot.com/feeds/2138509308584335452/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://estambhidgeom.blogspot.com/2012/03/transformacion-ihs.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4932046880420090053/posts/default/2138509308584335452'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4932046880420090053/posts/default/2138509308584335452'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://estambhidgeom.blogspot.com/2012/03/transformacion-ihs.html' title='Transformación IHS'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09852200953687334147</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQk3MjrhMzfiHQMXsxdl2LQqsq1fWPSG7AeR4u0-0c5aTM0NOdmP_qsre953goK7kHAn_LlttCCALgfhN_xdg1vZhd-uxpvbWvLNZ24IKrDqrxC69xvJVPWBBMs-RkccXaPcFAKbMOc88/s72-c/f1.png" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4932046880420090053.post-7231255097734948306</id><published>2012-03-15T02:13:00.007-07:00</published><updated>2016-06-26T16:03:18.919-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Hidrología"/><title type='text'>Predicción de Precipitación mediante Redes Neuronales Artificiales</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Redes Neuronales Artificiales para la Predicción de Precipitación&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;Artificial Neural Network for Precipitation Prediction&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Por Eber Risco Sence&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Los profesionales de las ciencias ambientales deben afrontar la escasez de datos meteorológicos para desarrollar su trabajo dentro de los distintos ámbitos que les toque desempeñar, uno de los de esos datos lo representa la precipitación, el cual representa el punto de partida en los estudios relacionados con la hidrología, por ello, conocer el comportamiento y la forma de evaluación que tiene la precipitación es de gran importancia. Entre los métodos utilizados para la estimación de la falta de precipitaciones son: aritmético, inverso de la distancia, regresiones, isoyetas y el método del polígono de Thiessen. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Las redes neuronales artificiales (RNA) se adaptan bien para el modelado de sistemas dinámicos en tiempo real, estas propiedades de la RNA son adecuadas para la predicción de caudales y datos faltantes de precipitación. Las RNA se han utilizado en la ingeniería de los recursos hídricos en la última década.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&amp;nbsp; &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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En este estudio, la estimación de la precipitación se realizó utilizando RNA, regresión general de redes neuronales y regresiones múltiples. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;Área de Estudio&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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El área de estudio se encuentra ubicada en la cuenca alta río Paucartambo, ubicada en las regiones de Pasco y Junín, Perú. Existen 16 estaciones pluviométricas, ver figura 1, la estación sobre la cual se realiza la predicción de precipitación es la estación con ID 14 llamada Pacchapata, además teniendo en cuenta el mapa climático de la zona se seleccionaron 6 estaciones que se encontraran en la misma zona climática que la estación problema, las cuales son. Altos Machay, Jaico, Lecheconcha, Machavado, Huangush Alto y Huangush Bajo; donde las cuatro primeras estaciones se encuentran además en la misma subcuenca de la estación problema. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&amp;nbsp;Fi&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;gura 1: Cuenca alta del río Paucartambo, ubicación de estaciones pluviométricas&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;Metodología&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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La metodología de este estudio esta dividida en dos partes. La primera parte explica los métodos usados para la predicción de la precipitación, la segunda parte discute los resultados usados en la estimación de datos de precipitación.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;A.&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;Predicción de precipitación&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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En este estudio tres métodos han sido utilizados para la predicción de la precipitación en la estación Pacchapata (P&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt;), a partir de las estaciones cercanas Altos Machay (P&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;), Jaico (P&lt;sub&gt;8&lt;/sub&gt;), Lecheconcha (P&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt;), Machavado (P&lt;sub&gt;12&lt;/sub&gt;), Huangush Alto (P&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;) y Huangush Bajo (P&lt;sub&gt;7&lt;/sub&gt;). El primero mediante redes neuronales, para lo cual se utilizó una red backpropagation con n neuronas de entrada (6 si el modelo toma a todas las estaciones en la misma zona climática que la estación problema y 4 si el modelo toma a las estaciones que se encuentran en la misma subcuenca que la estación problema) y una capa de salida de 1 neurona con una capa oculta de 10 neuronas internas. El periodo de entrenamiento fue desde enero de 1967 hasta diciembre de 1993, mientras el periodo de validación fue desde enero 1994 hasta diciembre del 2002.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;A.1 Redes neuronales artificiales&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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La red fue simulada mediante el algoritmo de aprendizaje de retropropagación Bayesian Regulation. La tasa de aprendizaje fueron aplicados a la red durante el aprendizaje. Los valores van desde 0.2 a 0.8. La red para ambos casos presenta una capa oculta con 10 neuronas. Las ecuaciones se presentan a continuación.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Caso1: Teniendo en cuenta las estaciones en la misma zona climática que la estación Pacchapata se tiene:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Caso 2.Teniendo en cuenta las estaciones en la misma zona climática y además en la misma subcuenca que la estación Pacchapata se tiene:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrOsSoq7TC86uLrYz9ToYti18AUc9iKaKXa3lwP7A0ugXqswv2r5fIVdzML1Ik_9cOjFEeMKrbXtafBigr_7CFXVmYOP9N16vgGArQhR1h4lw6MYUzSG3u3Klm6fxfhfOvbpU-9aeiFkc/s1600/f2.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrOsSoq7TC86uLrYz9ToYti18AUc9iKaKXa3lwP7A0ugXqswv2r5fIVdzML1Ik_9cOjFEeMKrbXtafBigr_7CFXVmYOP9N16vgGArQhR1h4lw6MYUzSG3u3Klm6fxfhfOvbpU-9aeiFkc/s1600/f2.png&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;A.2 Regresión general de redes neuronales&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Este tipo de modelo esta basado en funciones de base radial, se utilizaron dos modelos tomando un valor de propagación de 5.0 Así se tiene las siguientes estructuras de redes:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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Caso 1:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt; position: relative; top: 6.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;v:shape id=&quot;Imagen_x0020_89&quot; o:spid=&quot;_x0000_i1030&quot; style=&quot;height: 15pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 210.75pt;&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot;&gt;  &lt;v:imagedata o:title=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:\Users\EBER\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image004.wmz&quot;&gt; &lt;/v:imagedata&gt;&lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1wrFLWLmU-buXkMqD_W78g4AVJsUs62r4eOq8PXbVLJ2uM2mR2FFqBLbSwhFROWvpJBMTmjeEGttwolz_VQVnHVdzVwW50ABL38lQW4sqCZDkVZt5rpIakoGRX0EesE4OWEnF1PTcSIA/s1600/f3.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;28&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1wrFLWLmU-buXkMqD_W78g4AVJsUs62r4eOq8PXbVLJ2uM2mR2FFqBLbSwhFROWvpJBMTmjeEGttwolz_VQVnHVdzVwW50ABL38lQW4sqCZDkVZt5rpIakoGRX0EesE4OWEnF1PTcSIA/s320/f3.png&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&amp;nbsp;Caso 2:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt; position: relative; top: 6.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;v:shape id=&quot;Imagen_x0020_90&quot; o:spid=&quot;_x0000_i1029&quot; style=&quot;height: 15pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 181.5pt;&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot;&gt;  &lt;v:imagedata o:title=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:\Users\EBER\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image005.wmz&quot;&gt; &lt;/v:imagedata&gt;&lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixXY5MaZA6otyBzWvL17ln1v86lXOYrDL7hsevd3J5ukZuQarYUznwcvDg_NCFBmcvadtcyOU9A1xClMvYS70kTI_n27Jgu3P4xZibmtuFjujr3zhxUk2UaUSh4yULRDW31mvAg_3x2NM/s1600/f4.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixXY5MaZA6otyBzWvL17ln1v86lXOYrDL7hsevd3J5ukZuQarYUznwcvDg_NCFBmcvadtcyOU9A1xClMvYS70kTI_n27Jgu3P4xZibmtuFjujr3zhxUk2UaUSh4yULRDW31mvAg_3x2NM/s1600/f4.png&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;Donde GRNN representa la regresión general de red neuronal y spread es el valor de propagación de las funciones de base radial.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;A.3 Regresiones múltiples&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Se generaron dos modelos, de acuerdo a los casos planteados, así se tiene:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Caso 1:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCo_eKj-xcvbomWDUYd_b_rDVSmb3jwtxn8n20RoIRsfzfU9zWb6qs8W3l-g4hOvUu1faBlni0eTPps_Tclj2N7ckK4wrLRw6KloZ7vWFcq5JbtoZbXPrUCziBazzAlUcCPZJQSdhcW2w/s1600/f5.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;25&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCo_eKj-xcvbomWDUYd_b_rDVSmb3jwtxn8n20RoIRsfzfU9zWb6qs8W3l-g4hOvUu1faBlni0eTPps_Tclj2N7ckK4wrLRw6KloZ7vWFcq5JbtoZbXPrUCziBazzAlUcCPZJQSdhcW2w/s320/f5.png&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;Caso 2:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgDiRjrBt3hUOmH8GknSJNiFooM9elGH_FXW-ekpIwbOyI7uXjGb4vhVrSuVVocxyvDVDnfvg3LUrep6D7daconREYqZ1ok_CuLzZfeaaLEWZLUzRxpdSUNaFO7cNysAPp1YelCxBWxGY/s1600/f6.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgDiRjrBt3hUOmH8GknSJNiFooM9elGH_FXW-ekpIwbOyI7uXjGb4vhVrSuVVocxyvDVDnfvg3LUrep6D7daconREYqZ1ok_CuLzZfeaaLEWZLUzRxpdSUNaFO7cNysAPp1YelCxBWxGY/s1600/f6.png&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt; position: relative; top: 6.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;v:shape id=&quot;Imagen_x0020_93&quot; o:spid=&quot;_x0000_i1027&quot; style=&quot;height: 15pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 156.75pt;&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot;&gt;  &lt;v:imagedata o:title=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:\Users\EBER\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image007.wmz&quot;&gt; &lt;/v:imagedata&gt;&lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Donde x&lt;sub&gt;i&lt;/sub&gt; representa los coeficientes de la ecuación de regresión múltiple.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;Resultados&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Los resultados de los tres métodos usados se presentan en la siguiente tabla, tanto para la etapa de entrenamiento como para la etapa de validación, la performance de los métodos han sido evaluados mediante el coeficiente de determinación R&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; &amp;nbsp;entre los valores observados y los obtenidos mediante los modelos propuestos.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormalTable&quot; style=&quot;border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 2.75pt; width: 329px;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 12.35pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;&quot;&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 12.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 60.45pt;&quot; width=&quot;81&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Método&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 12.35pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 45.95pt;&quot; width=&quot;61&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Casos&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 12.35pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 72.2pt;&quot; width=&quot;96&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Entrenamiento&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 12.35pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 68.35pt;&quot; width=&quot;91&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Validación&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 16.6pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;&quot;&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 16.6pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 60.45pt;&quot; width=&quot;81&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;RNA&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.6pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 45.95pt;&quot; width=&quot;61&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Caso 1&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.6pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 72.2pt;&quot; width=&quot;96&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;0.94994&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.6pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 68.35pt;&quot; width=&quot;91&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;0.9853&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 16.6pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;&quot;&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.6pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 45.95pt;&quot; width=&quot;61&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Caso 2&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.6pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 72.2pt;&quot; width=&quot;96&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;0.9433&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.6pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 68.35pt;&quot; width=&quot;91&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;0.9484&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 16.6pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;&quot;&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 16.6pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 60.45pt;&quot; width=&quot;81&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;GRNN&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.6pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 45.95pt;&quot; width=&quot;61&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Caso 1&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.6pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 72.2pt;&quot; width=&quot;96&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;0.9999&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.6pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 68.35pt;&quot; width=&quot;91&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;0.8882&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 16.6pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;&quot;&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.6pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 45.95pt;&quot; width=&quot;61&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Caso 2&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.6pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 72.2pt;&quot; width=&quot;96&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;0.9989&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.6pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 68.35pt;&quot; width=&quot;91&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;0.9175&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 16.6pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;&quot;&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 16.6pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 60.45pt;&quot; width=&quot;81&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;RM&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.6pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 45.95pt;&quot; width=&quot;61&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Caso 1&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.6pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 72.2pt;&quot; width=&quot;96&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;0.9431&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.6pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 68.35pt;&quot; width=&quot;91&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;0.9426&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 16.6pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;&quot;&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.6pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 45.95pt;&quot; width=&quot;61&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Caso 2&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.6pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 72.2pt;&quot; width=&quot;96&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;0.9419&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td nowrap=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.6pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 68.35pt;&quot; width=&quot;91&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;0.9399&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Discusión&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;
Se encontró que los modelos GRNN para los dos casos presentan buenos resultados en el periodo de entrenamiento pero en el periodo de validación esta performance disminuye incluso por debajo de los otros modelos, los modelos de RNA se presentan como los más robusto ante esta situación, ya que obtienen buena performance tanto en el periodo de validación como en la validación, además representan de manera adecuada la climatología de la estación Pacchapata (figura 3), los modelos en base a regresiones múltiples para este caso presentan buena eficiencia y robustez en las dos etapas pero por debajo de los modelos RNA, además de no representar de manera como lo hacen los modelos RNA.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQU-9f78E3OCGb1uVS83Cc7zaJGFsQVL2oeeWOCVMfKU2KiGnFDYbga_PtGjZF1DDi3DHbulvrJw1N_2bsU67AusFmkM7iOnwVF7qg1X-P3viIbfd-_tdjPl8bxaCx0x5jElhOA7ZWUt4/s1600/4.bmp&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;356&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQU-9f78E3OCGb1uVS83Cc7zaJGFsQVL2oeeWOCVMfKU2KiGnFDYbga_PtGjZF1DDi3DHbulvrJw1N_2bsU67AusFmkM7iOnwVF7qg1X-P3viIbfd-_tdjPl8bxaCx0x5jElhOA7ZWUt4/s400/4.bmp&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;Figura 2: Comparación entre la precipitación observada y simulada modelo RNA Caso 1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt; &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Figura 3: Climatología de la precipitación observada y simulada modelo RNA caso 1&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Figura 4: Precipitación observada vs simulada modelo RNA caso 1&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;Conclusión&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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Los resultados de este estudio demuestran que, evidentemente, los modelos basados en RNA desarrollados son fiables para estimar la precipitación en la estación Pacchapata con datos faltantes a partir de estaciones con datos completos y ubicados en una misma zona climática, además de representar bien la climatología de la estación en el periodo de análisis de 1967 al 2002.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;Referencias&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36pt;&quot;&gt;Bustami, R; Nessaih, N; Bong, C. 2007. &amp;nbsp;Artificial Neural Network for Precipitation and Water Level Predictions of Bedup River. International Journal of Computer Science 34(2):10-16.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36pt;&quot;&gt;Dreyfus, G. 2004. Neural Networks: Methodology and Applications. New York, US. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36pt;&quot;&gt;Springer. 516 p.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36pt;&quot;&gt;Minns, A; Hall, M. 2004. Rainfall-Runoff Modelling. In Abrahart, R. Neural Network for hydrological modelling. London, UK. A.A. BALKEMA PUBLISHER. 316 p.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36pt;&quot;&gt;Munakata, T. 2008. Fundamentals of New Artificial Intelligence: Neural, Evolutionary, Fuzzy and More.2 ed. London, UK. 266 p.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Video:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br /&gt;
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</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://estambhidgeom.blogspot.com/feeds/7231255097734948306/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://estambhidgeom.blogspot.com/2012/03/prediccion-de-precipitacion-mediante.html#comment-form' title='2 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4932046880420090053/posts/default/7231255097734948306'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4932046880420090053/posts/default/7231255097734948306'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://estambhidgeom.blogspot.com/2012/03/prediccion-de-precipitacion-mediante.html' title='Predicción de Precipitación mediante Redes Neuronales Artificiales'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09852200953687334147</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1iIoN3F52qJaEtZeEZRKtbG3ljJcSIg9Aj8dCN7yLxXbgS1FU1gIkB8vcjwc9S0Zer0DiKhInV7SDjPgUGpupjG381WCnXf0uOtw1fu6_n4EqZ4ohc-s3zTMWJogWmmfVbX7eHegF7vE/s72-c/ubicacion.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4932046880420090053.post-37045184177235678</id><published>2012-01-12T20:05:00.005-08:00</published><updated>2016-06-26T16:38:33.667-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Ambiental"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Teledetección"/><title type='text'>Índices de Vegetación</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;Índices de Vegetación con Imágenes de Satélite&amp;nbsp; &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;Vegetation Index from&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt; Satellite&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt; Imagery &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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El análisis de la vegetación y la detección de los cambios en los patrones de vegetación son claves para la evaluación y el monitoreo de recursos naturales. Entonces no resulta sorpresivo que la detección y la evaluación cuantitativa de la vegetación verde es una de las aplicaciones principales de la percepción remota para el manejo de recursos ambientales y la toma de decisiones (Eastman 2003).&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;garamond&amp;quot; , serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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El empleo de los cocientes para discriminar masas de vegetales se deriva del peculiar comportamiento radiométrico de la vegetación. La signatura espectral característica de la vegetación sana muestra un claro comportamiento entre las bandas roja (0.6 a 0.7 µm) y el infrarrojo cercano (0.7 a 1.1 µm). Se produce&amp;nbsp; un notable contraste espectral entre la banda R del espectro y la del IRC, lo que permite separar la vegetación sana de otras cubiertas (Chuvieco 2008).&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Figura1: Contraste espectral de la vegetación sana entre las bandas R e IRC del espectro&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Cuando la vegetación sufre algún tipo de estrés, su reflectividad será inferior en el IRC, aumentando paralelamente en el rojo (al tener menor absorción clorofílica), con lo que el contraste en ambas capas será mucho menor. Los índices mas empleados son el cociente simple entre las bandas (Ci), y el denominado índice de vegetación de diferencia normalizada (NDVI) propuesto originalmente por Rouse et al (1974).&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;Índices de vegetación&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;Cociente simple (Ci)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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El cociente simple (Ci) representa la relación entre las reflectividades del infrarrojo cercano y del rojo, los cuales representan las reflectividades de la banda 4 y 3 respectivamente, para el TM y ETM+ de las imágenes Landsat.&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;Índice de vegetación de diferencia normalizada (NDVI)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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El Índice de Diferencia de Vegetación Normalizado, también conocido como Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) (Rouse et al., 1974) por sus siglas en inglés. Es un índice usado para medir la diferencia normalizada entre las reflectancias del rojo y del infrarrojo cercano, proporcionando una medida sobre la cantidad, calidad y desarrollo de la cobertura vegetal y vigorosidad en áreas extensas.&lt;/div&gt;
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Guyot y Gu, citados por Chuvieco (2008) usando un modelo teórico concluyen que los valores del NDVI para imágenes Landsat y SPOT calculados a partir de los ND subestiman entre 0.05 y 0.20 el valor calculado con reflectividades, siendo este error mayor con valores de NDVI inferiores a 0.5 y para las imágenes SPOT. En consecuencia, proponen una corrección que haga equivalente el cálculo con ND o reflectividades para las imágenes Landsat:&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; position: relative; top: 14pt;&quot;&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;Índice de vegetación transformado (TVI)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Dering y colaboradores citados por Eastman (2003), modifica el NDVI agregando una constante de 0.5 a todos sus valores y calculando la raíz cuadrada de los resultados. La constante 0.5 se introduce para evitar operar con valores negativos del NDVI. El cálculo de la raíz cuadrada se emplea para corregir los valores del NDVI que se aproximan a una distribución Poison e introducir una distribución normal. Con estos dos elementos, el TVI toma la siguiente forma:&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;Índice de vegetación transformado corregido (CTVI)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Propuesto por Perry y Lautenschlager citados por Eastman (2003), apunta a corregir el TVI. Resulta obvio que agregar una constante de 0.5 a todos los valores del NDVI no siempre elimina los valores negativos porque los valores del NDVI pueden tener el rango -1 a +1. Los valores menores que -0.5 dejan pequeños valores negativos luego de la operación de adición. Entonces, el CTVI se realiza para resolver esta situación al dividir (NDVI + 0,50) por su valor absoluto y multiplicar el resultado por la raíz cuadrada del valor absoluto. Esto suprime el NDVI negativo. La ecuación se escribe:&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;Índice de vegetación transformado de Thian (TTVI)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Thiam, citado por Eastman (2003) indica que la imagen resultante del CTVI puede ser muy “ruidosa” debido a una sobrestimación de la cualidad verde. Él sugiere ignorar el primer término de la ecuación CTVI para obtener mejores resultados. Esto se logra simplemente sacando la raíz cuadrada de los valores absolutos del NDVI en la expresión original del TVI para tener un nuevo índice de vegetación llamado Índice de Vegetación Transformado de Thiam (TTVI).&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Índice de vegetación de cociente (RVI)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Fue sugerido por Richardson y Wiegand, citados por &amp;nbsp;Eastman (2003) por tener gráficamente la misma fuerzas y debilidades que el TVI (ver arriba) mientras que resulta más simple a nivel computacional. El RVI es claramente el inverso del cociente simple estándar (RATIO) como se muestra en esta expresión:&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;Índice de vegetación cociente normalizado (NRVI)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Es una modificación del RVI por Baret y Guyot (1991) por el cual el resultado del RVI - 1 es normalizado sobre el RVI + 1.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt; position: relative; top: 11pt;&quot;&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;Índice de vegetación ajustado al suelo (SAVI)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Entre los factores que modifican notablemente el comportamiento del NDVI figura la proporción de vegetación/suelo observada por el sensor. Los mismos valores de NDVI pueden corresponder a cubiertas vigorosas pero poco densas, o a cubiertas densas con poca vitalidad. Para incluir explícitamente el factor suelo, clave cuando se trabaja en zonas áridas, Huete y colaboradores propusieron incluir en la formula del NDVI un parámetro (L), que ajuste el índice a una reflectividad promedio de fondo (Huete, citado por Chuvieco 2008).&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisyiBu3k1IOEzUmWD2HVAnVCS5x5_hxm7LGAH-zFr4uo12b28_rFN7VphEDrsgWsu6Db__5geJ5jahQEs3p-Ks_qneKQ9uRXLlOQT9ZWG0DoT2PugEdl4axtthaGmsP3eUtT3CzMCuJt8/s1600/SAVI.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;352&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisyiBu3k1IOEzUmWD2HVAnVCS5x5_hxm7LGAH-zFr4uo12b28_rFN7VphEDrsgWsu6Db__5geJ5jahQEs3p-Ks_qneKQ9uRXLlOQT9ZWG0DoT2PugEdl4axtthaGmsP3eUtT3CzMCuJt8/s400/SAVI.png&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Índice de vegetación atmosféricamente resistente (ARVI)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Kaufman y Tanré, citados por Chuvieco (2008) proponen un ajuste del NDVI a las condiciones atmosféricas, teniendo en cuenta la diferente dispersión de los canales azul y rojo del espectro. De esta forma se define el ARVI de la siguiente manera: &lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt; position: relative; top: 15pt;&quot;&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Donde σ&lt;sup&gt;*&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sub&gt;IRC &lt;/sub&gt;indica la reflectividad aparente en el infrarrojo cercano y un factor que considera la diferencia de reflectividad entre el azul y el rojo, y se define como:&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt; position: relative; top: 13.5pt;&quot;&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Donde σ*&lt;sub&gt;R&lt;/sub&gt; e indica las reflectividades aparentes en el azul y rojo, respectivamente, y &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;ϒ&lt;/span&gt; es un parámetro de calibración, que depende del tipo de atmósfera, aunque para la mayor parte de los casos es igual a 1.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;Índice global de monitoreo ambiental (GEMI)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Pinty y Verstraete, citados por Chuvieco (2008) proponen un índice para reducir simultáneamente el efecto atmosférico y de cambios en el color del suelo.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt; position: relative; top: 15pt;&quot;&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt; position: relative; top: 18.5pt;&quot;&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh737kM64MXnDNqmQPM_mQ9kU6S8ksT2UZqxolPcv7NEwjzFxpSCxkLYLN_TcPrlRUdc0YuyBqvSBtT-Ygf51gAhkQ_CC5EHksJFwiH_asFvuWD_BTFio-1zogCgu1LdRH5-9KjlA6jLbY/s1600/ndvi13.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;147&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh737kM64MXnDNqmQPM_mQ9kU6S8ksT2UZqxolPcv7NEwjzFxpSCxkLYLN_TcPrlRUdc0YuyBqvSBtT-Ygf51gAhkQ_CC5EHksJFwiH_asFvuWD_BTFio-1zogCgu1LdRH5-9KjlA6jLbY/s320/ndvi13.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPwstQGU-vIRZrx2erhc-qMvhkr-nIIsNfdI-JAkWyW5VunGNV18rhCq3H1qj2Rg1x2b_1FLW_hjfEW6yAQRZ2MgDgHXZkyc622mCmv7m1acwLLtW0y-KRF96shH67tI1FdDMYUri5POc/s1600/GEMI.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;343&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPwstQGU-vIRZrx2erhc-qMvhkr-nIIsNfdI-JAkWyW5VunGNV18rhCq3H1qj2Rg1x2b_1FLW_hjfEW6yAQRZ2MgDgHXZkyc622mCmv7m1acwLLtW0y-KRF96shH67tI1FdDMYUri5POc/s400/GEMI.png&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Índice de vegetación mejorado (EVI)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Huete, citado por Chuvieco (2008) define el índice de vegetación mejorado como una alternativa más solida a los índices tradicionales, por ser más robusto frente a la aportación del suelo y de las influencias atmosféricas. El EVI se define como:&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt; position: relative; top: 16.5pt;&quot;&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Donde L es la corrección al efecto del fondo del follaje y C&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; y C&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; son coeficientes para la corrección del efecto del aerosol en las bandas rojo y azul.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;Índice de infrarrojo de diferencia normalizada (NDII)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Hunt y Rock, citados por Chuvieco (2008), &amp;nbsp;proponen el NDII cuando se pretenda analizar el contenido de agua en la vegetación. Al aumentar el contenido de agua en el suelo o la vegetación, disminuye paralelamente la reflectividad en el SWIR.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt; position: relative; top: 16.5pt;&quot;&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;Índice de área foliar (LAI)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Esta definido por la razón entre el área foliar de toda la vegetación por unidad de área utilizada por la vegetación. El LAI es un indicador de la biomasa de cada pixel de la imagen (SEBAL 2002).&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaCOLb6ZCe5kNR2YeYKMYqHsQrg-scaMI67phIAUyZrnHh2nwrY3vgtOkoWkVEK3WMknerSq2N0bSoUPvUdlexHarlvBTRts4uDFqeyi7uuzBt8n5_uqBKSDjwiPblg7rAkyrQzq8McFA/s1600/LAI.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;340&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaCOLb6ZCe5kNR2YeYKMYqHsQrg-scaMI67phIAUyZrnHh2nwrY3vgtOkoWkVEK3WMknerSq2N0bSoUPvUdlexHarlvBTRts4uDFqeyi7uuzBt8n5_uqBKSDjwiPblg7rAkyrQzq8McFA/s400/LAI.png&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Referencias:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;
1.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Chuvieco Salinero, E. 2008. Teledetección Ambiental. 2 ed. Barcelona, ES, Ariel. 592 p.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;
2.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Eastman, R. 2003. IDRISI Kilimanjaro-Guía para SIG y Procesamiento de Imágenes. Clark Labs. 312 p.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;
3.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Guo, J; Mason, P. 2009. Essential Image Processing and GIS for Remote Sensing. Oxford, UK. Wiley-Blackwell.462 p.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;
4.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Rouse, J; Haas, R; Schell, J; Deering, D; Harlan, J. (1974). Monitoring the vernal advancement and retrogradation (Greenwave effect) of natural vegetation. &lt;/span&gt;Greenbelt. Maryland, US. NASA/GSFC. 87 p.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;5.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;SEBAL (Surface Energy Balance Algorithms for Land, US). 2002. Advanced Training and Users Manual. 97 p.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;6.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Schowengerdt, R. 2007. Remote Sensing-Models and Methods for Image Processing. 3 ed. California, US, Academic Press. 558 p.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;7.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Steven M. de Jong; Freek D. Van der Meer. 2004. Remote Sensing Image Analysis. California, US, Springer. 370 p.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Aplicación en MATLAB:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;iframe allowfullscreen=&quot;&quot; class=&quot;YOUTUBE-iframe-video&quot; data-thumbnail-src=&quot;https://i.ytimg.com/vi/xxGvBQS6AVA/0.jpg&quot; frameborder=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;432&quot; src=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/embed/xxGvBQS6AVA?feature=player_embedded&quot; width=&quot;720&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://estambhidgeom.blogspot.com/feeds/37045184177235678/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://estambhidgeom.blogspot.com/2012/01/indices-de-vegetacion.html#comment-form' title='5 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4932046880420090053/posts/default/37045184177235678'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4932046880420090053/posts/default/37045184177235678'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://estambhidgeom.blogspot.com/2012/01/indices-de-vegetacion.html' title='Índices de Vegetación'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09852200953687334147</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGZts29Fe5lS_LKRV0Cl2VefSMj_dKhJ9tI1a-1kzG_zBpwBXqrOjfBJYFO6GC-1IzATeDEjNKojGwUTTQ0SJvIgH7XS7ppm7ea0m16a3A605dK-SQQF4j3Fz1T-7dHUew4dP6V9JHrD4/s72-c/ndvi1.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>5</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4932046880420090053.post-4308916700402111437</id><published>2012-01-11T00:45:00.002-08:00</published><updated>2016-06-26T16:42:24.926-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Ecología"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Matemáticas"/><title type='text'>Lotka-Volterra</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Modelo Presa- Depredador de Lotka-Volterra&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Predator-Prey Model of Lotka Volterra&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Por Eber Risco Sence&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIn0wIIi_G0CJFYCJ2GhoS44rQIZvEgUsiJR9ZuorAW4hsgtvS5aZTSgHwzCQJfQeskLQf3zUJozFPdSC2pkVnz_q1riIpb03HTidhU7iqW11p2xtu-izD9YdaTBEHYlRl2eKe5OhleeM/s1600/lotka4.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;El estudio matemático de la dinámica de poblaciones data de Volterra, Lotka y Gause. Es razonable tratar el problema del modelo presa-depredador sobre las hipótesis de que el sistema, aunque muestre fluctuaciones, se mantiene en equilibrio durante cierto tiempo. Si no fuera así, el sistema ya hubiera degenerado en tiempos pasados, reduciéndose a una sola especie o a ninguna.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;El modelo con ecuación diferencial más sencillo recibe el nombre de sus creadores: Lotka-Volterra. Es muy elemental, pero es un punto de partida muy útil. El modelo matemático planteado por Lotka-Volterra esta representado mediante las siguientes ecuaciones diferenciales (Pastor, 2008).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Donde:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJs7_tLEyfNAHDwp_OxXNOkmC46iOJpcjTTomkv3zwZhPhVCjsOSqEzp9AieA6ISZnQGj7dziSfI-jvH3JdgysDJjN_C6QJTVSZI72T4qB6qqJhLtyZ4YEYMWCmatWZwOsOjR4z35omqU/s1600/lotka5.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiB_dJhvYk06n4_2V6BM6a1xCeevBs-Iide955VajOUTM9LCsY-KKUst6Hfe3vdspmSNNyyW78D9KzwHfCD7TPMXbj9ZBG8l2nHamtu3lS_jIOP_hj4klVmI2JUt01RhmuOTbdb8BfLgc0/s1600/lotka5.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiB_dJhvYk06n4_2V6BM6a1xCeevBs-Iide955VajOUTM9LCsY-KKUst6Hfe3vdspmSNNyyW78D9KzwHfCD7TPMXbj9ZBG8l2nHamtu3lS_jIOP_hj4klVmI2JUt01RhmuOTbdb8BfLgc0/s1600/lotka5.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt; position: relative; top: 11pt;&quot;&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;es la razón de cambio de la población de la presa con respecto al tiempo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-tgC6lmQPPNr1KFw0cow3R2JTPbyNV20wNSwjX3itCjd9gr7z5wjyYW8Htao753yaTyS7qrAbCyIn2-qwY2WZ6WRcuUM4R36pUn_72jj1T7yDLckRyhfDMdpESuHOeQzDhNhveXVvm9Y/s1600/lotka6.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-tgC6lmQPPNr1KFw0cow3R2JTPbyNV20wNSwjX3itCjd9gr7z5wjyYW8Htao753yaTyS7qrAbCyIn2-qwY2WZ6WRcuUM4R36pUn_72jj1T7yDLckRyhfDMdpESuHOeQzDhNhveXVvm9Y/s1600/lotka6.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt; position: relative; top: 11pt;&quot;&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;es la razón de cambio de la población del depredador con respecto al tiempo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;r: &amp;nbsp;tasa per cápita de la presa.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;h: probabilidad de encuentro entre el depredador y la presa y este pueda matarlo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;β: conversión eficiente de biomasa de la presa hacia la biomasa del depredador&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;m: probabilidad aleatoria de muerte del depredador.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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Para obtener los puntos de equilibrio igualamos las dos ecuaciones &amp;nbsp;a cero. Así se tiene el nullcline para la presa (N&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;).&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt; position: relative; top: 11pt;&quot;&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Figura 1: Nullcline para la presa (FUENTE: Pastor, 2008)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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El nullcline para el depredador (N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;) estaría representado de la siguiente manera:&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Figura 2: Nullcline para el depredador (FUENTE: Pastor, 2008)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Además se tiene los puntos de equilibrios N&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;=0 y N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;=0, por lo que se tiene:&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyPg0N4xseSS8gSDw_aDL5tkxFaV-KVWAI-WheVMa1nOFBbt6KH8nXQmvEtiI6B4S7u0n-P7CmycYknhgw3_q-sq6LgxvuZ-s-QzKv3z04xCNuYUyuEHtG36bvZ90qXAgM142xLjNm0rw/s1600/lotka10.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;148&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyPg0N4xseSS8gSDw_aDL5tkxFaV-KVWAI-WheVMa1nOFBbt6KH8nXQmvEtiI6B4S7u0n-P7CmycYknhgw3_q-sq6LgxvuZ-s-QzKv3z04xCNuYUyuEHtG36bvZ90qXAgM142xLjNm0rw/s200/lotka10.jpg&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Figura 3: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Nullclines&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;float: none; orphans: 2; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;equilibrios&amp;nbsp;y su estabilidad&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;float: none; orphans: 2; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;y&amp;nbsp;el campo vectorial&amp;nbsp;de&amp;nbsp;la ecuación&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt; (FUENTE: Pastor, 2008)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Ejemplo: para r=1.1; h=0.05; β=0.2; m=0.4; población inicial de presas =60; población inicial de &amp;nbsp;predadores=40, con 10 simulaciones (población final de presas=80 y de presas=55).&lt;br /&gt;
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&amp;nbsp;   &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Figura 4: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Modelo Lotka-Volterra para 10 simulaciones.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Figura 5: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Poblaciones de las presas y depredadores con relación al tiempo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Figura 6: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Aplicación en MATLAB para dinámica poblacional.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Referencias:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 17.85pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;1.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Andrewartha, H. G.; Birch, L. C. 1954. The Distribution and Abundance of Animals. Chicago, US. University of Chicago Press.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 17.85pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;2.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Begon, M.; Harper, J. L.; Townsend, C. R. 1986. Ecology: Individuals, Populations and Communities. Oxford, UK. Blackwell.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 17.85pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;3.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Bocarra, Nino. 2010. Modeling Complex Systems. 2 ed. New York, US. Springer. 497 p.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 17.85pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;4.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Gillma, Michael. 2009. An Introduction to Mathematical Models in Ecology and Evolution Time and Space.2 ed. Oxford, UK.167 p.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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5.Lopez, José; Blé, Gamaliel. Modelo Depredador-Presa. Revista de Ciencias Básicas. UJAT (7), 25-35 (2008).&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 17.85pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;6.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Murray, J.D. 2002. Mathematical Biology: An Introduction. 3 ed. New York, US. Springer. 576 p. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 17.85pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;7.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Pastor, Hohn. 2008. Mathematical Ecology of Populations and Ecosystems. Oxford, UK. Blackwell. 344 p.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 17.85pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;8.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Ranta, Esa; Lundberg, Per; kaitala, Veijo. &lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;2006. Ecology of Populations. New York, US. Cambridge University Press. 389 p.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 17.85pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;&quot;&gt;
9.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;Universidad de Jaén. 2009. Modelos Matemáticos en Biología. Andalucia, ES. 360 p.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;iframe allowfullscreen=&quot;&quot; class=&quot;YOUTUBE-iframe-video&quot; data-thumbnail-src=&quot;https://i.ytimg.com/vi/JCOpzeiFToU/0.jpg&quot; frameborder=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;432&quot; src=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/embed/JCOpzeiFToU?feature=player_embedded&quot; width=&quot;720&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://estambhidgeom.blogspot.com/feeds/4308916700402111437/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://estambhidgeom.blogspot.com/2012/01/lotka-volterra.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4932046880420090053/posts/default/4308916700402111437'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4932046880420090053/posts/default/4308916700402111437'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://estambhidgeom.blogspot.com/2012/01/lotka-volterra.html' title='Lotka-Volterra'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09852200953687334147</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIn0wIIi_G0CJFYCJ2GhoS44rQIZvEgUsiJR9ZuorAW4hsgtvS5aZTSgHwzCQJfQeskLQf3zUJozFPdSC2pkVnz_q1riIpb03HTidhU7iqW11p2xtu-izD9YdaTBEHYlRl2eKe5OhleeM/s72-c/lotka4.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total><georss:featurename>Lima, Perú</georss:featurename><georss:point>-12.0478158 -77.062202800000023</georss:point><georss:box>-12.072283800000001 -77.105356800000024 -12.0233478 -77.019048800000022</georss:box></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4932046880420090053.post-2595519663696362874</id><published>2011-12-07T20:36:00.002-08:00</published><updated>2016-06-26T12:56:45.738-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Geomática"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Hidrología"/><title type='text'>Análisis Geomorfológico e Hidrológico de Modelos Digitales de Elevaciones con MATLAB</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Análisis Geomorfológico e Hidrológico de Modelos Digitales de Elevaciones con MATLAB&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Geomorphological and Hydrological Analysis of Digital Elevation Models with MATLAB&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Por Eber Risco Sence&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;El análisis físico del terreno a partir de los valores de elevación contenidos en las celdas del Modelo Digital del Terreno, quizás por la inherente buena disposición de los mismos para el estudio mediante procedimientos y algoritmos diversos, así como por el mayor nivel de detalle y precisión respecto a las representaciones clásicas, permite obtener resultados de mucha mayor amplitud, tanto en cantidad y calidad como en el propio significado de los mismos (Olaya 2004).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Caracterización Matemática&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Evans (1972) menciona que el terreno puede ser expresado mediante una superficie cuadrática de la forma:&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt; position: relative; top: 10pt;&quot;&gt;                                                  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_EZuGpKdyPVDNVl-8dsXJQnNe8Rmkqw96IOA8apo88NoyTMs4IKT_mWPytPZy4QbZD69tD_faWW7j_4vU_EaKhyEeCjUd6TA3dJ5wvuD9YMCUrk4fRC73IuoFRUizbXDv3ehX89Jaca4/s1600/plus1_.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_EZuGpKdyPVDNVl-8dsXJQnNe8Rmkqw96IOA8apo88NoyTMs4IKT_mWPytPZy4QbZD69tD_faWW7j_4vU_EaKhyEeCjUd6TA3dJ5wvuD9YMCUrk4fRC73IuoFRUizbXDv3ehX89Jaca4/s1600/plus1_.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Al hacer que esta función se ajuste en la mayor medida posible a la superficie real del terreno tal y como ésta se encuentra recogida en el MDT con una menor o mayor precisión, resulta poco lógico, intuyéndose de antemano que la fidelidad para con el relieve real de tal función será poco menos que nula. No obstante, si en lugar de trabajar a nivel global con la totalidad de la malla lo hacemos a nivel local tomando el entorno inmediato de un punto, esta simplificación cobra mayor sentido y los parámetros que puedan calcularse a partir de la ecuación que se deduzca en dicha porción de la malla serán más representativos de las características reales del punto tomado (Olaya 2004).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;De esa manera podemos determinar el nivel local a una malla de 9 celdas centrada alrededor de la celda denominada z&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGvozD50ZhJ84gtNwdGMthPVn1-BU-kIB89tRPAZeG831R-fG2ube4Y89gol9SheWOrQECvN7jZuOkI3LEm17w6d8YdreHQY0DICljTNSmzJ5D86vUBd8zorF5k1D858KhKdop9q7H9Ic/s1600/plus2.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxzep1mroXCiaDcfjyTsvHM97HlpORHgtg109HfFzv1_M2nSknPeZdgbYGWjPlZx_Qfr38_Lr1EtTYHdqD0fcbVZkQUaD2oH24XYHDJuQq3c3RPxo2dS9w3i9cRVtKjobevxip3LYs8Kw/s1600/plus2.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
A partir de lo anterior la definición de los parámetros que configuran la superficie cuadrática a la que se pretende aproximar el entorno local de z&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt; de acuerdo con las siguiente expresiones, todas ellas en función de las 9 celdas consideradas en dicho entorno y de la distancia entre ellas, que coincide lógicamente con el tamaño de celda y que representamos de forma simbólica como delta de s.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;De acuerdo a la formula polinómica, los coeficientes p, q, r, s ,t representan las siguientes derivadas parciales:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt; position: relative; top: 13.5pt;&quot;&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQIYBQFsImhT2GmDxoVSmS7BNfTd3ReYSEvfvh6Z6WvCU2wC3S5VYeIZ4V2pU64cG4CgarzqK2ddNqjfrwNCZxfFUG68EyXrvPR7NqOYmfPYHv6cBNUismQCXfew2JXAhCTEgx1dpazfs/s1600/plus10.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;360&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQIYBQFsImhT2GmDxoVSmS7BNfTd3ReYSEvfvh6Z6WvCU2wC3S5VYeIZ4V2pU64cG4CgarzqK2ddNqjfrwNCZxfFUG68EyXrvPR7NqOYmfPYHv6cBNUismQCXfew2JXAhCTEgx1dpazfs/s400/plus10.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Figura 1: Modelo digital de elevaciones&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Figura 2: Modelo digital de elevaciones mostrando curvas de nivel&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Figura 3: Modelo digital de elevaciones en 3D&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Parámetros geomorfológicos&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Pendiente&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Partiendo de la función matemática descrita anteriormente, y a la cual asimilábamos la forma del MDE en un entorno local de un punto dado, la pendiente puede calcularse a través de las primeras derivadas de dicha función (Olaya 2004).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Así la pendiente se define de la siguiente manera:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1ywpuQ-n_LAnnHTN770vjwuUdJPn04Yq2S-fXRrv4Z9jrL56xJ6trmXFQy4NwaFehyphenhyphenwR2TyS1e6oQdtv4CFD9navUijzk-tSjo4ZHxBwRfeCvewj8WRTHMc2G7CnaxshAwv9ECk-ckdc/s1600/plus5.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;64&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1ywpuQ-n_LAnnHTN770vjwuUdJPn04Yq2S-fXRrv4Z9jrL56xJ6trmXFQy4NwaFehyphenhyphenwR2TyS1e6oQdtv4CFD9navUijzk-tSjo4ZHxBwRfeCvewj8WRTHMc2G7CnaxshAwv9ECk-ckdc/s320/plus5.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;La pendiente deseada representa el ángulo entre dicho vector gradiente y la vertical, el cual, haciendo uso de conceptos básicos de cálculo de ángulos entre vectores, se obtiene según la expresión&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Figura 4: Modelo digital de pendientes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;La orientación en un punto puede definirse como el ángulo existente entre el vector que señala el norte y la proyección sobre el plano horizontal del vector gradiente (Felicísimo 1994).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;La forma habitual de utilizar este parámetro es expresado en grados sexagesimales, de acuerdo a la siguiente expresión (Olaya 2004).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Figura 5: Modelo digital de orientaciones&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;El sombreado en una superficie se obtiene de una iluminación hipotética, mediante la determinación de los valores de iluminación para cada celda. Esto se logra mediante el establecimiento de una fuente de luz hipotética y el cálculo de los valores de iluminación de cada celda en relación a las celdas vecinas (ESRI 2008).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Figura 6: Modelo digital de sombreado&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Rugosidad&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Upton y Fingleton, citados por Felicísimo (1994) mencionan que las coordenadas rectangulares de un vector unitario perpendicular a la superficie en un punto i vienen dadas por las expresiones:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt; position: relative; top: 7.5pt;&quot;&gt;                                                  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;El módulo del vector suma de un conjunto de vectores es un indicador de agrupación y, por tanto, inversamente proporcional a la rugosidad. El módulo del vector suma se calcula, para un conjunto de n datos vecinos al punto problema (los 8 más próximos, por ejemplo) mediante la expresión:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Band, citado por Felicísimo (1994) menciona que resulta conveniente estandarizar el valor de R dividiéndolo por el tamaño muestral obteniendo así el módulo medio. El resultado puede variar entre los valores extremos de 0 (dispersión máxima) y 1 (alineamiento completo). El módulo medio es complementario del parámetro estadístico denominado varianza esférica.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Figura 7: Modelo digital de rugosidad&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsRzXSnqYA7hERGmNMFuY6LdRZAsc1ASsOvfzC4fVMF7NNYQ4dwHaqmdpzjYQ7ilAvRNmvcoPI6f2s1b4iR4h8hPNB09ppV48rIHd_vxRWtC_WyXKg_7T7sBtDakTWB-DFRcBmNYTufuk/s1600/plus22.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Índice Elevación-Relieve&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Olaya (2010) en la ayuda del programa SEXTANTE para gvSIG describe este índice según la siguiente expresión:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt; position: relative; top: 3.5pt;&quot;&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Siendo Zm, Zmin, Zmax los valores medio, mínimo y máximo de elevación en la ventana de análisis 3x3 alrededor de cada celda.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOodrMGPsrarEOmy15pfVE4zl1Kdpy4ovzAj_ny2NkRF-0nHhW4yNC5TqyGioGy7UV_zpVSy4sQUkDDLZm7OdEQSpdktvzWldwNAlcPeBkxZ7Fr0pV5uEKmyUH1tph92JL9qCE5riFeCg/s1600/plus23.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;363&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOodrMGPsrarEOmy15pfVE4zl1Kdpy4ovzAj_ny2NkRF-0nHhW4yNC5TqyGioGy7UV_zpVSy4sQUkDDLZm7OdEQSpdktvzWldwNAlcPeBkxZ7Fr0pV5uEKmyUH1tph92JL9qCE5riFeCg/s400/plus23.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Figura 8: Índice de elevación-relieve&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Índice Varianza Pendiente&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Felicísimo (1994) describe este índice como el análisis mediante una ventana móvil sobre el modelo digital de pendientes. El cálculo de la varianza se realiza sobre los valores incluidos en ella y el resultado puede utilizarse como estimación de la rugosidad.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZSq8_DGoAyZ7ea_JMdc2jsZselMZ1eJEN_icXPu6slBLbGOQcBfTBsMEaUhk5zFI11Wf278k3MlKUqQgCEkJ0nGka-Rdw9LgJ5xlz9OjtT7RXSVhGh3zHQQDWFfHPRBmfSjC1OoVjsJQ/s1600/plus24.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;365&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZSq8_DGoAyZ7ea_JMdc2jsZselMZ1eJEN_icXPu6slBLbGOQcBfTBsMEaUhk5zFI11Wf278k3MlKUqQgCEkJ0nGka-Rdw9LgJ5xlz9OjtT7RXSVhGh3zHQQDWFfHPRBmfSjC1OoVjsJQ/s400/plus24.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Figura 9: Índice de varianza pendiente&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Parámetros geomorfológicos (Concavidad/Convexidad)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Curvatura&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Felicísimo (1994) describe la curvatura en un punto, h, puede definirse como la tasa de cambio en la pendiente y depende, por tanto, de las derivadas de segundo grado de la altitud (es decir, de los cambios de pendiente en el entorno del punto).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt; position: relative; top: 3.5pt;&quot;&gt;                                                  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Figura 10: Curvatura&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Figura 11: Fuente:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Hengl &amp;nbsp;y Reuter (2008)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Curvatura vertical&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Krcho y Young, citados por Hengl &amp;nbsp;y Reuter (2008) definen la curvatura vertical de acuerdo a la siguiente expresión:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQu6N-lmV2bWyEPRkOtdoQr9me2Coxl0z60_zynDNKK98he1fMvkpLBGNaEDfb-sYxm-qw-lATRk-owcHr_0QwgacCXhOJCfdGwDGjgTw76Kj2XTo5dbu37A-kOnPNFBno8vwGaXLehMI/s1600/plus25.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQu6N-lmV2bWyEPRkOtdoQr9me2Coxl0z60_zynDNKK98he1fMvkpLBGNaEDfb-sYxm-qw-lATRk-owcHr_0QwgacCXhOJCfdGwDGjgTw76Kj2XTo5dbu37A-kOnPNFBno8vwGaXLehMI/s1600/plus25.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Figura 12: Curvatura vertical&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Curvatura tangencial (horizontal)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Krcho y Hofierka, citados por Hengl &amp;nbsp;y Reuter (2008) definen la curvatura tangencial de acuerdo a la siguiente expresión:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Figura 13: Curvatura tangencial&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Esta curvatura es perpendicular a la dirección de la máxima pendiente. Evans, citado por Hengl &amp;nbsp;y Reuter (2008) definen esta curvatura con la siguiente expresión:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Figura 14: Plan curvature &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Curvatura inesférica (Unsphericity curvature)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Shary, citado por Hengl &amp;nbsp;y Reuter (2008) introduce un sistema de 12 curvaturas, donde las tres curvaturas básicas son: mean, unsphericity y difference curvaturas, son usadas para derivar las restantes nueve curvaturas. La Unsphericity curvatura (UNSPHC) puede definirse como:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Estos parámetros describen como la superficie difiere de una esfera y consecuentemente tiene valores de cero solo si la superficie es una esfera.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Figura 15: Unsphericity curvature&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Curvatura diferencial (Difference curvature)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Es la segunda curva independiente de las doce curvas, se define como la mitad de la diferencia entre la curvatura vertical y horizontal (Shary, citado por Hengl &amp;nbsp;y Reuter 2008).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;DIFFC indica cuál de las dos curvas es formalmente la más fuerte.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; Figura 16: Difference&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;curvature&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Las tres curvas independientes (MEANC, DIFFC y UNSPHC), las restantes curvas pueden ser derivadas: la curvatura mínima y máxima (MINC, MAXC), curvatura horizontal y vertical (HEXC, VEXC), la curvatura Gaussiana total (TOTGC), curvatura acumulación total (TOTAC) y curvatura anillo total (TOTRC) (Shary, citado por Hengl &amp;nbsp;y Reuter 2008).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Curvatura Gaussiana total (Total Gaussian curvature)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Puede determinarse usando la siguiente expresión (Gauss, citado por Hengl &amp;nbsp;y Reuter 2008).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Figura 17: Total Gaussian curvature&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Curvatura ROTOR (ROTOR curvature)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Florinsky, citado por Hengl &amp;nbsp;y Reuter (2008) usa también ROTOR (una curvatura de las líneas de flujo que son perpendiculares a los contornos).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieOpoeL2sDUIvwGsAsBMg5fll3YeOOXfa4xeOU3OsDAteNQC_zSJjx_fowqTOoV2AgrJo3ykanwt_ry1vm5P7v0HQ1yyR8oR4IRclSzJ-LNlyClcl9pYZv8XvgWCDGw3ocXDDzqhYP8Qo/s1600/plus33.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieOpoeL2sDUIvwGsAsBMg5fll3YeOOXfa4xeOU3OsDAteNQC_zSJjx_fowqTOoV2AgrJo3ykanwt_ry1vm5P7v0HQ1yyR8oR4IRclSzJ-LNlyClcl9pYZv8XvgWCDGw3ocXDDzqhYP8Qo/s1600/plus33.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;ROTOR es una medida de la torsión de las líneas de flujo. Las líneas de flujo giran hacia la derecha (sentido de las agujas del reloj) cuando ROTOR&amp;gt;0, mientras las líneas de flujo giran en sentido anti-horario cuando ROTOR&amp;lt;0.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9QmyBbLkCuFJBZjoI65OV3SYMEN25wk0bGN41kJlzakCI9pFYbaM-rf0aN6mcaiBiDVlEAd-eAn6XwzXYluZtwoIWONR3B_jOVis47FqCCAUc9XuIS-GPa8BfbEYy38oH59yr3qQizJE/s1600/plus42.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;368&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9QmyBbLkCuFJBZjoI65OV3SYMEN25wk0bGN41kJlzakCI9pFYbaM-rf0aN6mcaiBiDVlEAd-eAn6XwzXYluZtwoIWONR3B_jOVis47FqCCAUc9XuIS-GPa8BfbEYy38oH59yr3qQizJE/s400/plus42.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Figura 18: ROTOR curvature&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzCwPJXXKYju0TN9LvYvk-F7D5qNcJJbPpnYrn1XI7sJFcY8p5Tvrgmhm4POhBYlv1UsZ2Et9SwAJhtNwp-8sm9cn4-sL3BQBz5hn7DlbrTP91RfP78N4NnYL3-pVwR-BKYyVzdpb156E/s1600/plus56.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Parámetros hidrológicos&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Acumulación de flujo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Hengl &amp;nbsp;y Reuter (2008) describen el principio de la acumulación de flujo: cuando la proporción d de drenaje de una celda a sus vecinos (debe sumar 1) son conocidos, también la proporción de recepción r que drena hacia una celda. Las proporciones de recepción determinan que fracción de cada vecino son recibidas. La cantidad de masa (o volumen, área u otra propiedad) A que se acumula en la celda i está dada por la suma de A en cada celda vecina multiplicada por la respectiva fracción de recepción r más la masa u otra cualidad ingresante I en la celda misma.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiObaII5H7eGbr3_gcaiWYigTPcdc-EH7Dn7M94_sK42RTbsJXUqy82mahly5EgKvgv_E6Nls6_XTuPE5BDRcmihJzLH9Q09CLXnzwNhaAWqm_JdVrXMTi4ty3zlsFimul5MJUK2O82T28/s1600/plus45.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;351&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiObaII5H7eGbr3_gcaiWYigTPcdc-EH7Dn7M94_sK42RTbsJXUqy82mahly5EgKvgv_E6Nls6_XTuPE5BDRcmihJzLH9Q09CLXnzwNhaAWqm_JdVrXMTi4ty3zlsFimul5MJUK2O82T28/s400/plus45.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Figura 19: Flujo acumulado (Matriz simple)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1mWHI_FaJ5whm7doiUF49fyBTxST0j4xIZO2X41NSsSJuuLdm_3Tx7gGJJyz1Qpfe7nK_IJS5ZMC-hCR65MWJC-0XnkIdZwq_0cN6k95fQzqb7BbddVCU4tkWas_9fhQHBPrKUUFCMKQ/s1600/plus46.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;366&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1mWHI_FaJ5whm7doiUF49fyBTxST0j4xIZO2X41NSsSJuuLdm_3Tx7gGJJyz1Qpfe7nK_IJS5ZMC-hCR65MWJC-0XnkIdZwq_0cN6k95fQzqb7BbddVCU4tkWas_9fhQHBPrKUUFCMKQ/s400/plus46.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Figura 20: Flujo acumulado (Matriz múltiple)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Cuencas hidrográficas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;La dirección de flujo es el elemento clave para la delimitación de las cuencas hidrográficas, es con el cual se da forma con toda precisión a las cuencas vertientes.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;El conocimiento de esta dirección de flujo de cada celda nos permitirá deducir para cada una de ellas, y siguiendo el recorrido desde las mismas hacia aguas abajo, si pertenecen o no a la cuenca que pretendemos definir (Olaya 2004).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOXGjwiJuhcWSpNT267Ab6N_vgxEYuqEf6Q42u3MHrwB_IGYW1TkCu3MAgq1kZhLzM8Ghtlu1XFtjdUYbfkiGMP6M0mgMFw6zyBorGmknzbZSseoPWEyt_8ih9W9PwEeaHFqBzUPQtY0s/s1600/plus44.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;89&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOXGjwiJuhcWSpNT267Ab6N_vgxEYuqEf6Q42u3MHrwB_IGYW1TkCu3MAgq1kZhLzM8Ghtlu1XFtjdUYbfkiGMP6M0mgMFw6zyBorGmknzbZSseoPWEyt_8ih9W9PwEeaHFqBzUPQtY0s/s320/plus44.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcpLOevGU_r61E9uFHiqSJcSddusbI_rdgC9e57GbfBEcx1vzck1Q4dfk997xGXL1XE6yfS0Df0sIwYKyD-FgaxXEWm6rKGTBH_vcRcvHZxje4p4RUMOMbyy_MKTlCipMb16OpsQKi_Fs/s1600/plus47.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;386&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcpLOevGU_r61E9uFHiqSJcSddusbI_rdgC9e57GbfBEcx1vzck1Q4dfk997xGXL1XE6yfS0Df0sIwYKyD-FgaxXEWm6rKGTBH_vcRcvHZxje4p4RUMOMbyy_MKTlCipMb16OpsQKi_Fs/s400/plus47.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Figura 21: Cuencas hidrográficas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Índice de humedad&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;El indice de humedad para cada celda está representado mediante la siguiente expresión (Trauth 2010)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirUWNpVvOt43we79AyOwJ81QRyJdO7mR8zEeGQ9FZgLshgLJNwT7p35d-mO56WL3gVCYPVseDvJ2vt3h5-qaM9t0bkjxgaZx4sMNZm2zYkYsYtTWWTvKvQkG3xSzdVNdC-wQ35pkqO9n4/s1600/dem3.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;65&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirUWNpVvOt43we79AyOwJ81QRyJdO7mR8zEeGQ9FZgLshgLJNwT7p35d-mO56WL3gVCYPVseDvJ2vt3h5-qaM9t0bkjxgaZx4sMNZm2zYkYsYtTWWTvKvQkG3xSzdVNdC-wQ35pkqO9n4/s200/dem3.jpg&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAKGn5Tu-GjT7beqtha049cWPvF0vi5QEOjC7sJP8LY1EFVGBJKEHJE9RVbbYphv-c68RjCIrXGp5xIhJS1gXginzz0AxqVnOF1cAMiLw1zIwXSL7mUi_LyN2C51A8yRmVub25ota6GCo/s1600/plus48.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;361&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAKGn5Tu-GjT7beqtha049cWPvF0vi5QEOjC7sJP8LY1EFVGBJKEHJE9RVbbYphv-c68RjCIrXGp5xIhJS1gXginzz0AxqVnOF1cAMiLw1zIwXSL7mUi_LyN2C51A8yRmVub25ota6GCo/s400/plus48.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Figura 22: Índice de humedad&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Índice de potencia de cauce&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;El índice de potencia de cauce es frecuentemente usado en geomorfología, ciencias del suelo y disciplinas relacionadas. Como una media de potencia de cauce es un indicador del potencial transporte de sedimentos y de erosión del agua. Se define mediante la siguiente expresión ((Trauth 2010)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Figura 23: Índice de potencia de cauce&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Parámetros geomorfológicos (Factores de pendiente)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Factor de profundidad S&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Kinnell (s.f.) menciona que el factor de profundidad de pendiente puede ser estimado mediante la siguiente formula:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Donde β es el ángulo de la pendiente.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Nearing, citado por Sanchez (s.f.) propone la siguiente fórmula para determinar el factor de &amp;nbsp;la profundidad de la pendiente.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Donde θ es el ángulo de la pendiente.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Figura 24: Factor profundidad de pendiente&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Figura 25: Factor profundidad de pendiente (Nearing)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Factor Longitud L&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Kinnell (s.f.) menciona que el factor de longitud de pendiente puede ser estimado mediante la siguiente formula:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Donde &amp;nbsp;Ai,j-in es el área contribuyente de escorrentía para la celda i,j y D es el tamaño&amp;nbsp; de celda, x es un factor que determina las variaciones en el ancho del flujo producto de la orientación de la celda con respecto a las curvas de nivel, m es el exponente de la longitud de la pendiente, definido por: m=0.1342*Ln(θ)+0.192&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhD4p-7ZULCxJ68DWRgBnhYrTu_6BeDLZn2SP6ua0wdLKnW9_DVr8ACKhCy0P-1b5DAWwdGF6ZoSEF_kPfs_4ZoyeyoVjO7ZrqOdInptFnwzHUh2pkAqdig8VcDb6IrQvb8Lmx-nCMkUjI/s1600/plus55.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;362&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhD4p-7ZULCxJ68DWRgBnhYrTu_6BeDLZn2SP6ua0wdLKnW9_DVr8ACKhCy0P-1b5DAWwdGF6ZoSEF_kPfs_4ZoyeyoVjO7ZrqOdInptFnwzHUh2pkAqdig8VcDb6IrQvb8Lmx-nCMkUjI/s400/plus55.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Figura 26: Factor longitud de pendiente&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Factor longitud y profundidad de Pendiente LS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Se representa mediante el producto de los dos factores anteriores.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Figura 27: Factor profundidad- longitud de pendiente&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Parámetros hidro-geomorfológicos (Transporte de sedimentos)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Capacidad de transporte de sedimentos&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Es un índice utilizado para estimar el potencial topográfico para la erosión o deposición por medio de una expresión que representa el cambio en la capacidad de transporte de sedimentos en la dirección del flujo (Martínez 1999).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHrNuxOWsEypNhzMOLYCVESPzB73BofntSAsaO8fIfVtANyGN3OaJ-xC0vmM1BQ0hDA2N_RWZnzHYad5fAVjJ7Rd_v523gkrJmANiA6C9r1or7LzKEbBsnlDXaurUuoqLFXB8RuudcfDc/s1600/plus57.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHrNuxOWsEypNhzMOLYCVESPzB73BofntSAsaO8fIfVtANyGN3OaJ-xC0vmM1BQ0hDA2N_RWZnzHYad5fAVjJ7Rd_v523gkrJmANiA6C9r1or7LzKEbBsnlDXaurUuoqLFXB8RuudcfDc/s1600/plus57.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Donde&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;LS=índice de capacidad de transporte de sedimentos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;AS=área de drenaje específica.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;β = ángulo de la pendiente.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFrlaIOAzVX0NFChSd6v3Ko33iwsSpy19w84KQEu1vZq-dB6JkDkgXv4SRne4zPolPLAVZSW4FFXmBTzlpQgz8DQg7DdnDYedeSJXTuKIUkZp_FL61-ASGhKkbpsKhaQkMmPh20h58Bdo/s1600/plus58.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;356&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFrlaIOAzVX0NFChSd6v3Ko33iwsSpy19w84KQEu1vZq-dB6JkDkgXv4SRne4zPolPLAVZSW4FFXmBTzlpQgz8DQg7DdnDYedeSJXTuKIUkZp_FL61-ASGhKkbpsKhaQkMmPh20h58Bdo/s400/plus58.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Figura 28: Capacidad de transporte de sedimentos&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Referencias:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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1.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;Chavez, Richard. Sf. Modelo de Riesgo de Erosión de Suelo en cuatro micro-cuencas de la Cordillera los Maribios, Nicaragua.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -7.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;&quot;&gt;
2.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;ESRI &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;(Environmental Systems Research Institute, US).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; 2008. &lt;/span&gt;Manual de Ayuda de ArcGIS.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -7.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;3.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Evans, I. S., General geomorphometry, derivatives of altitude, and descriptive statistics. En Chorley, R. J. 1972. (ed.) Spatial Analysis in Geomorphology, Methuen, London. pp.17-90. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -7.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;&quot;&gt;
4.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Felicísimo, Ángel. 1994. Modelos Digitales del Terreno: Introducción y aplicaciones en las ciencias ambientales. Pentalfa. 122 p.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -7.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;5.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Hengl, T., Reuter, H.I. (eds) 2008. Geomorphometry: Concepts, Software, Applications. Developments in Soil Science, vol. 33, Elsevier, 772 p.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -7.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;6.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Kinnell, P. sf. The miscalculation of the USLE topographic factors in GIS. University of Camberra, Australia.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -7.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;7.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Martínez-Casasnovas, J.A., 1999. Modelos digitales de terreno: Estructuras de datos y aplicaciones en el análisis de formas del terreno y en Edafología. QUADERNS DMACS Núm. 25, Departament de Medi Ambient i Ciències del Sòl, Universitat de Lleida, Lleida.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -7.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;8.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Olaya Ferrero, V.2004. Hidrología Computacional y Modelos Digitales del Terreno. Madrid, ES, Víctor Olaya.365 p.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -7.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;&quot;&gt;
9.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Olaya Ferrero. 2010. Manual de Ayuda de SEXTANTE para gvSIG.&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://estambhidgeom.blogspot.com/feeds/2595519663696362874/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://estambhidgeom.blogspot.com/2011/12/analisis-geomorfologico-e-hidrologico.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4932046880420090053/posts/default/2595519663696362874'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4932046880420090053/posts/default/2595519663696362874'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://estambhidgeom.blogspot.com/2011/12/analisis-geomorfologico-e-hidrologico.html' title='Análisis Geomorfológico e Hidrológico de Modelos Digitales de Elevaciones con MATLAB'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09852200953687334147</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_EZuGpKdyPVDNVl-8dsXJQnNe8Rmkqw96IOA8apo88NoyTMs4IKT_mWPytPZy4QbZD69tD_faWW7j_4vU_EaKhyEeCjUd6TA3dJ5wvuD9YMCUrk4fRC73IuoFRUizbXDv3ehX89Jaca4/s72-c/plus1_.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4932046880420090053.post-7658218282340831411</id><published>2011-12-04T02:06:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2011-12-07T18:03:09.202-08:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Geomática"/><title type='text'>DEM</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Análisis de Modelos Digitales de Elevaciones con MATLAB&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Analysis of Digital Elevation Models with MATLAB&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Por Eber Risco Sence&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Los modelos digitales de elevaciones (DEM) por sus siglas en inglés, y sus derivados como la pendiente y exposición pueden indicar proceso de la superficies tales como el flujo de agua superficial, la irradiación solar o la erosión. La pendiente o gradiente es una media de la inclinación, la cual se mide en porcentajes o grados (Trauth, 2010).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;El aspecto (orientación o exposición) en un punto puede definirse como el ángulo existente entre el vector que señala el Norte y la proyección sobre el plano horizontal del vector normal a la superficie en ese punto.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Para el cálculo de la pendiente y orientaciones, se necesita dos diferencias finitas de los elementos de z del DEM, en las direcciones x e y.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6sF6MU3DS_SHmRVve2tkDA3Pcsy8wJvyhcQp_QjVocbIN1VUPa_ExTAWW6Gjc6W8zK2wr3YOO3Np4V5uwr1M479fnHaadYWywhfN88nvu1REaUNc-R8Oq7JlU1T4R8n-BCcnkyR1pbic/s1600/dem1.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;120&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6sF6MU3DS_SHmRVve2tkDA3Pcsy8wJvyhcQp_QjVocbIN1VUPa_ExTAWW6Gjc6W8zK2wr3YOO3Np4V5uwr1M479fnHaadYWywhfN88nvu1REaUNc-R8Oq7JlU1T4R8n-BCcnkyR1pbic/s200/dem1.jpg&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; position: relative; top: 10pt;&quot;&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Donde h es el tamaño de celda, la cual tiene las mismas unidades de la elevación.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Usando diferencias finitas la pendiente se define:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; position: relative; top: 6.5pt;&quot;&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvQku2Y_QJ93K_AMNi1j5YCmXYmjj_UQ7SeS9C947KkHpBlYc-sQkpBvYOqrAp7rhPzyVF8b2qnOOxIVghW6FSbYrPlzr2WvJyChw9llh9hl6Sd4eLWHYeYjmEgwhG41kT-RnflyAlPD0/s1600/dem2.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;79&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvQku2Y_QJ93K_AMNi1j5YCmXYmjj_UQ7SeS9C947KkHpBlYc-sQkpBvYOqrAp7rhPzyVF8b2qnOOxIVghW6FSbYrPlzr2WvJyChw9llh9hl6Sd4eLWHYeYjmEgwhG41kT-RnflyAlPD0/s200/dem2.jpg&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Otros atributos primarios como las orientaciones, la curvatura tangencial, entre otros también pueden derivarse de manera similar mediante diferencias finitas, en MATLAB para el tratamiento de un modelo digital se utiliza la Mapping Toolbox, esta herramienta incluye la función &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;watershed&lt;/i&gt; para detectar las áreas de drenaje, entre otras muchas funciones.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Para calcular atributos secundarios de un DEM, estos se obtienen a partir de los primarios, así por ejemplo el índice de humedad se define como:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; position: relative; top: 11pt;&quot;&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEsfpYyU0A5IP43vQRxjXp9BdnxD3hX6_gZHbw6kOZWupEeKfjRPGAhvhL24vRRDaKg2EEhVbKm748lqrq3-lwWPGzvA9Y6cEKmcjBBLL3K1TNx6Rd-lZjt0WkjJbVjh5o86XK-gbA1UI/s1600/dem3.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;65&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEsfpYyU0A5IP43vQRxjXp9BdnxD3hX6_gZHbw6kOZWupEeKfjRPGAhvhL24vRRDaKg2EEhVbKm748lqrq3-lwWPGzvA9Y6cEKmcjBBLL3K1TNx6Rd-lZjt0WkjJbVjh5o86XK-gbA1UI/s200/dem3.jpg&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Donde flowac es la acumulación de flujo, el cual se define como el número de celdas o área que contribuyen escorrentía a una determinada celda en particular; slp es la pendiente en grados.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;El índice de potencia de cauce se define:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheu4flOgo3QbuQ3RX16xyIg11Xf68v4sdctXDCQRQXP4u3173vGtCAR0ZgRkONBH0j-9u8MaMU7He1KqCSP1HzAvwddSZ7bLlx00rQh0iVBeNoWUBEZ0AbgpjQHLjAo0nB3TIyG6MPLss/s1600/dem4.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;43&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheu4flOgo3QbuQ3RX16xyIg11Xf68v4sdctXDCQRQXP4u3173vGtCAR0ZgRkONBH0j-9u8MaMU7He1KqCSP1HzAvwddSZ7bLlx00rQh0iVBeNoWUBEZ0AbgpjQHLjAo0nB3TIyG6MPLss/s200/dem4.jpg&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Donde flowac y slp son las mismas variables que en el índice de humedad.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Aplicación en MATLAB&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.8pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiWXGwwdv3vWbeDYt4W3wFuKtlLAQ5mwTKPZvqrmnXe6mDjQQXnvgIbpBdRE4jpfbcHO3n8Q5XCcNCy7QatfFGe3XMm6tN-iJIldf-dQhf7pnOWxbEgyhiFXlwMatdd7EokChaKh7Lm_s/s1600/dem5.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;335&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiWXGwwdv3vWbeDYt4W3wFuKtlLAQ5mwTKPZvqrmnXe6mDjQQXnvgIbpBdRE4jpfbcHO3n8Q5XCcNCy7QatfFGe3XMm6tN-iJIldf-dQhf7pnOWxbEgyhiFXlwMatdd7EokChaKh7Lm_s/s400/dem5.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgv7r50mWNkPYCuTL4YREZclV2fesrrLk1tUnuQ87BudNwpZ76RPtahJZ0a7APfnUUmEEwzdPh1q4hWqWjBRGysqdM24K4fqCjOC_vNeEL4fKf30-CpX5veYZ0BXBX3gKfs1XwO9UQitK8/s1600/dem5.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;Modelo digital de elevaciones&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.8pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhV8M8HT6-0biG5meuY_y7xMpkPeVU1Z4abViO0XZW7HqgxMStFFexPyfhHTUSedZakv7Px673iUP1PHZ5L4IgUICdhu_pjnhmcFos_p8uPpynWoI5nVA17NWMvuUVEvBAnjN0tqAMIZ5w/s1600/dem6.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;400&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhV8M8HT6-0biG5meuY_y7xMpkPeVU1Z4abViO0XZW7HqgxMStFFexPyfhHTUSedZakv7Px673iUP1PHZ5L4IgUICdhu_pjnhmcFos_p8uPpynWoI5nVA17NWMvuUVEvBAnjN0tqAMIZ5w/s400/dem6.jpg&quot; width=&quot;396&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.8pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;Pendiente&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.8pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4CeOMImueKINb-BXyKfOf0Uyn6FIRZhwY_Ed1HcTshy5HHMRCDZDT1oBXP6b-sSLrtYGY6gtgPlUPYhW4eFSi7N1i-AqQMvMfs_88z2XrF4r4G27CgdTXdpyJznKg7LR-1pZQBAa1w9c/s1600/dem7.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;397&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4CeOMImueKINb-BXyKfOf0Uyn6FIRZhwY_Ed1HcTshy5HHMRCDZDT1oBXP6b-sSLrtYGY6gtgPlUPYhW4eFSi7N1i-AqQMvMfs_88z2XrF4r4G27CgdTXdpyJznKg7LR-1pZQBAa1w9c/s400/dem7.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.8pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;Aspecto u Orientaciones&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.8pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhy0PsE2rBSiqfS9wy1Gvnk_rWWvCQmqU75TwwxalQaL5Yu6RlLfjkOq_v0N6gr6j0fWbsK4zylevPksIpybbU7F_wkzlD9RBfMRMtmLSZpiqIfpJwTz40hX7KADyxJ5haOLZewR8mT5n0/s1600/dem8.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;398&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhy0PsE2rBSiqfS9wy1Gvnk_rWWvCQmqU75TwwxalQaL5Yu6RlLfjkOq_v0N6gr6j0fWbsK4zylevPksIpybbU7F_wkzlD9RBfMRMtmLSZpiqIfpJwTz40hX7KADyxJ5haOLZewR8mT5n0/s400/dem8.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.8pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;Componente este del gradiente&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.8pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3W5biWpHg-YFV8F0vYdU8Aiqzij88Gcdx8KFQV6i5lpjbIReohDvayLwxl8P3gDz4k1zGbr8SfyUjPw4vO9O8mCGRI7Yewc52tn2TLdmk7hYf6dtVYKPafxOmn5VJkU0ax7rEZU311s0/s1600/dem9.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;396&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3W5biWpHg-YFV8F0vYdU8Aiqzij88Gcdx8KFQV6i5lpjbIReohDvayLwxl8P3gDz4k1zGbr8SfyUjPw4vO9O8mCGRI7Yewc52tn2TLdmk7hYf6dtVYKPafxOmn5VJkU0ax7rEZU311s0/s400/dem9.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.8pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;Componente norte del gradiente&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.8pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9v6ukVBD1RUFKnTQyccm7VkiH7XbK8ZUgE-jONuXRmNeJL1kjS1hL0Ed1B781tdP1NbGWZSW6-pW44gDzUZw7ivscEZrLW430N0TggsqnwcW0PuiXMfxKgvJ6ry-MjLBn1aHxBXT-Cr0/s1600/dem10.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;391&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9v6ukVBD1RUFKnTQyccm7VkiH7XbK8ZUgE-jONuXRmNeJL1kjS1hL0Ed1B781tdP1NbGWZSW6-pW44gDzUZw7ivscEZrLW430N0TggsqnwcW0PuiXMfxKgvJ6ry-MjLBn1aHxBXT-Cr0/s400/dem10.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.8pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;Cuencas hidrográficas&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.8pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqZOYLPgjget_XOjeh34NKkLP80ENyZgvrp49xXrnIZ39QEmg1SDCcygsAd1OCJMNxLKkM2qhMzwb1JtLzBk-50vjE3sGmo5bCJup4nnWowE-jfxL0vVT8YKs3PBRFLT0VWMQjS3gjLME/s1600/dem11.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;400&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqZOYLPgjget_XOjeh34NKkLP80ENyZgvrp49xXrnIZ39QEmg1SDCcygsAd1OCJMNxLKkM2qhMzwb1JtLzBk-50vjE3sGmo5bCJup4nnWowE-jfxL0vVT8YKs3PBRFLT0VWMQjS3gjLME/s400/dem11.jpg&quot; width=&quot;393&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.8pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;Acumulación de flujo&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.8pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfvU4R5JvbRr9lr2WWpWzEYzdJJaYm75Y4xHrt7vEvpwpail89Ec0m5ZMmc_VkxLEmDyraB2W-_hkEW5p1wqt3Tz6KC54qBOFz_4SkiMQFqCd6utAWIwlSGDeh5_AAEhvpWdHuh2Tumlw/s1600/dem12.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;400&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfvU4R5JvbRr9lr2WWpWzEYzdJJaYm75Y4xHrt7vEvpwpail89Ec0m5ZMmc_VkxLEmDyraB2W-_hkEW5p1wqt3Tz6KC54qBOFz_4SkiMQFqCd6utAWIwlSGDeh5_AAEhvpWdHuh2Tumlw/s400/dem12.jpg&quot; width=&quot;391&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.8pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;Índice de humedad&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.8pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFQ2He5J0-aPFBALMJBkZnYN8Y2NDniaJE-sZFnbKb-mwMEmLREI6tP1KGYcyN6hqhot4UXPg2NLF_GiHLJ2p71Fly7NPm7Lf-Ne8ZogSr7lPkKe6V1xnfIZWirIS-PjfagIhKAB9L5gQ/s1600/dem13.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;400&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFQ2He5J0-aPFBALMJBkZnYN8Y2NDniaJE-sZFnbKb-mwMEmLREI6tP1KGYcyN6hqhot4UXPg2NLF_GiHLJ2p71Fly7NPm7Lf-Ne8ZogSr7lPkKe6V1xnfIZWirIS-PjfagIhKAB9L5gQ/s400/dem13.jpg&quot; width=&quot;398&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.8pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;Índice erosivo de flujo&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQ_i2M4X8rPmWqxIgrNSGglk2QTyEftrrdxKiem_kbzulkEK7-JV8QdnHehD6EGcvKOyQ8KK6ZhKvHewUhSeycF7vq-jV52r4PYiogY0hk7PFALnOpaxL34J-iVt9yZeHvGnDn54u8mCw/s1600/dem14.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;400&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQ_i2M4X8rPmWqxIgrNSGglk2QTyEftrrdxKiem_kbzulkEK7-JV8QdnHehD6EGcvKOyQ8KK6ZhKvHewUhSeycF7vq-jV52r4PYiogY0hk7PFALnOpaxL34J-iVt9yZeHvGnDn54u8mCw/s400/dem14.jpg&quot; width=&quot;396&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXiivaa9mN2LgaxV5uVOUPF7IUpPmTvrZvpF_3C82NcMoxQPsBKBoVLZ-5pfdL5c0c_2soiwRqZGh-grXCzye2r0XsdQoCKXMt2K2U0SNPeJTKVPdnOa-UBnlAUNI277FghURXKUqWVCA/s1600/dem14.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;Resumen&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgg9Zsy0WJiY51b6DeKnW8ogfZr69qVq9ok1GxPUZ_FFl052x02kPZ-OyrbigmSBJPsynhZCT4Pjv5dm2Pr_GH3MgJPLD8usuq0oZtbEnFDjStK38xA5WdNxVeFtciIOphkNeErvMyxfaI/s1600/dem15.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;491&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgg9Zsy0WJiY51b6DeKnW8ogfZr69qVq9ok1GxPUZ_FFl052x02kPZ-OyrbigmSBJPsynhZCT4Pjv5dm2Pr_GH3MgJPLD8usuq0oZtbEnFDjStK38xA5WdNxVeFtciIOphkNeErvMyxfaI/s640/dem15.jpg&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrBbO8YAL5tFrKP2rAjKhpHd3GReE8ASv4NPEPPAGTBECGfDfq6z76AKoYxe9G2TvN447AWH8jqbsDN_FUp7VerAQWDR70LJWxxlK6d1DgnqPPxoxacGnW39EO0GWLFjTgfMp6n4daK5Q/s1600/dem15.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;Video:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;iframe frameborder=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;720&quot; height=&quot;432&quot; src=&quot;http://www.dailymotion.com/embed/video/xmu1ko?theme=cappuccino&amp;foreground=%23E8D9AC&amp;highlight=%23FFF6D9&amp;background=%23493D27&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.dailymotion.com/video/xmu1ko_analisis-de-dem_tech&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;An&amp;aacute;lisis de DEM&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;por &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.dailymotion.com/eber23&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;eber23&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://estambhidgeom.blogspot.com/feeds/7658218282340831411/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://estambhidgeom.blogspot.com/2011/12/dem.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4932046880420090053/posts/default/7658218282340831411'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4932046880420090053/posts/default/7658218282340831411'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://estambhidgeom.blogspot.com/2011/12/dem.html' title='DEM'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09852200953687334147</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6sF6MU3DS_SHmRVve2tkDA3Pcsy8wJvyhcQp_QjVocbIN1VUPa_ExTAWW6Gjc6W8zK2wr3YOO3Np4V5uwr1M479fnHaadYWywhfN88nvu1REaUNc-R8Oq7JlU1T4R8n-BCcnkyR1pbic/s72-c/dem1.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4932046880420090053.post-1634931680407527979</id><published>2011-11-20T16:07:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2011-12-08T15:14:29.950-08:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Ecología"/><title type='text'>Test de Mantel</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Test de Mantel con R&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Mantel Test with R&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;El test de Mantel estima el grado de correlación existente entre dos matrices, X e Y. La hipótesis nula de esta técnica postula que las distancias/ similitudes entre las variables de la matriz respuesta Y no están linealmente correlacionadas con las correspondientes distancias/similitudes en la matriz modelo X. Se trata, por tanto, de evaluar si la asociación (positiva o negativa) es más robusta de lo que cabría esperar por puro azar.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;El estadístico del test de Mantel (Z&lt;sub&gt;M&lt;/sub&gt;) se calcula mediante la suma de los productos cruzados de los valores de las dos matrices de similitud/distancia, excluyendo la diagonal principal que sólo contiene valores triviales (0 en el caso de las matrices de distancias y 1 en el caso de las matrices de similitudes):&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Z&lt;sub&gt;M&lt;/sub&gt;=X&lt;sub&gt;ij&lt;/sub&gt;.Y&lt;sub&gt;ij&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Donde X&lt;sub&gt;ij&lt;/sub&gt; Y&lt;sub&gt;ij&lt;/sub&gt; son los elementos de las matrices X e Y, respectivamente. Para contrastar la hipótesis nula con este estadístico se utiliza un test de permutaciones, en el que los elementos de una matriz se reordenan al azar. Se permutan los elementos de una de las matrices al azar y se calcula cada vez el valor de Z. Así, de la distribución de valores Z obtenidos al azar podemos evaluar cuál es la probabilidad de obtener el valor Z observado.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;El estadístico Z se expresa en unidades arbitrarias y sus implicaciones son difíciles de entender, por lo que suele utilizarse el coeficiente estandarizado de Mantel. Para ello se calcula el producto cruzado de las dos matrices y se divide por [(n(n-1)/2)-1], donde n son los objetos comparados (generalmente las unidades de muestreo). El valor así obtenido tiene un rango comprendido entre -1 y +1. Este estadístico se denomina r&lt;sub&gt;M&lt;/sub&gt; y se puede interpretar con alguna salvedad como un coeficiente de correlación. Su significación se evalúa también mediante permutaciones. El test de permutaciones da la misma probabilidad para el estadístico Z&lt;sub&gt;M&lt;/sub&gt; y para r&lt;sub&gt;M&lt;/sub&gt;, ya que las transformaciones lineares como la utilizada para estandarizar Z afectan en la misma medida a los resultados del producto cruzado.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.8pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;Código en R&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.8pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.8pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;a=read.table(&quot;D:/R/datos.csv&quot;,header=T, sep=&quot;,&quot;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.8pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;plot(a$ESTE,a$NORTE,main=&quot;Distribución espacial de muestras&quot;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.8pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;ylab=&quot;Norte&quot;,xlab=&quot;Este&quot;,pch = 13,cex.lab=1,cex.axis=0.7,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.8pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;cex.main=1.1)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.8pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;a.dists = dist(cbind(a$ESTE, a$NORTE))&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.8pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;NDVI.dists=dist(a$NDVI)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.8pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;tmantel=mantel(a.dists ~ NDVI.dists, nperm=10000)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.8pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;tmantel&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.8pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;mmantel=mantel.rtest(a.dists, NDVI.dists, nrepet = 9999)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.8pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;mmantel&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.8pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;par(mfrow = c(2, 1))&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.8pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;plot(r1 &amp;lt;- mantel.rtest(a.dists,NDVI.dists), main = &quot;Mantel&#39;s test&quot;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.8pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;cex.lab=0.8,cex.axis=0.6,cex.main=0.8)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.8pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;z.mgram = mgram(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;NDVI&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;.dists, a.dists, nperm=0)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.8pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;plot(z.mgram,main=&quot;Mantel Correlogram&quot;,cex.lab=0.8,cex.axis=0.6,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.8pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;cex.main=0.8)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.8pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.8pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;Distribución espacial de los puntos de muestreo&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyqecc6WdXsjjmkBFmBdNhib3Z5ERNBkfvvjElqTBG8sOBO2yDJvi-ks_ri7TBYthrtBAb6TvRq2t9Q7yJ5PAacXIHOXhdno91xBs91npopg1QOH7x-HdT5BrC5q7TJXlhmtWvORaZjAk/s1600/mantel1.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;316&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyqecc6WdXsjjmkBFmBdNhib3Z5ERNBkfvvjElqTBG8sOBO2yDJvi-ks_ri7TBYthrtBAb6TvRq2t9Q7yJ5PAacXIHOXhdno91xBs91npopg1QOH7x-HdT5BrC5q7TJXlhmtWvORaZjAk/s320/mantel1.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.8pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.8pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.8pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;Resultados en R&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.8pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyxfK17SXKgHwWrmFicOIJtQOZYGEDsvenFfdMRKBflHIh8T99sQuvk-1WM_-0trSK_0H0nZN4dQBEVoGraRPL_vCpcskjzjHDQwof97YvPmzA8cwFrDLsom7BNESrQfzDkqC0MPhO3M0/s1600/mantel3.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;25&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyxfK17SXKgHwWrmFicOIJtQOZYGEDsvenFfdMRKBflHIh8T99sQuvk-1WM_-0trSK_0H0nZN4dQBEVoGraRPL_vCpcskjzjHDQwof97YvPmzA8cwFrDLsom7BNESrQfzDkqC0MPhO3M0/s400/mantel3.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuELmotZ15FRSDc1V83b1mUw8AnZfbKfhfUnWL0mARqcWeb-AeoO0nvb7Y6WSc6dNeMSmNrkC9eS-qMfcQkRVz8ZZ1cf4CTYvogXpWkcIVTOB0O0GPkSMU4uGk6t62cXEtRAO9GoeDifE/s1600/mantel4.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;60&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuELmotZ15FRSDc1V83b1mUw8AnZfbKfhfUnWL0mARqcWeb-AeoO0nvb7Y6WSc6dNeMSmNrkC9eS-qMfcQkRVz8ZZ1cf4CTYvogXpWkcIVTOB0O0GPkSMU4uGk6t62cXEtRAO9GoeDifE/s400/mantel4.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Gráfico del test de Mantel y Correlograma de Mantel&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhv4_iQLixXSQToAx7sC0zzCfn8U92cYLFVTK006umOx_SFXC9M7AMWi-6RKp8szcsr11RoxSeMReXtlYaGpA2EJB9nj-dHXopaq103wxgzn_OjvuIc1e_VUS7XLxA-_VU2OxsidBC28pU/s1600/mantel2.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;398&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhv4_iQLixXSQToAx7sC0zzCfn8U92cYLFVTK006umOx_SFXC9M7AMWi-6RKp8szcsr11RoxSeMReXtlYaGpA2EJB9nj-dHXopaq103wxgzn_OjvuIc1e_VUS7XLxA-_VU2OxsidBC28pU/s400/mantel2.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.8pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.8pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Referencia&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;Maestre, Fernando; Escudero, Adrián; Bonet, Andreu. 2008. Introducción al Análisis Espacial de Datos en Ecología y Ciencias Ambientales: Métodos y Aplicaciones. Madrid, ES, DYKINSON, S.L.850 p.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Fortin, Marie-Josée; Dale, Mark. 2005. Spatial Analysis: A guide for Ecologist. New York, US, CAMBRIDGE. 381 p.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://estambhidgeom.blogspot.com/feeds/1634931680407527979/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://estambhidgeom.blogspot.com/2011/11/test-de-mantel.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4932046880420090053/posts/default/1634931680407527979'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4932046880420090053/posts/default/1634931680407527979'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://estambhidgeom.blogspot.com/2011/11/test-de-mantel.html' title='Test de Mantel'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09852200953687334147</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyqecc6WdXsjjmkBFmBdNhib3Z5ERNBkfvvjElqTBG8sOBO2yDJvi-ks_ri7TBYthrtBAb6TvRq2t9Q7yJ5PAacXIHOXhdno91xBs91npopg1QOH7x-HdT5BrC5q7TJXlhmtWvORaZjAk/s72-c/mantel1.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total><georss:featurename>Lima, Perú</georss:featurename><georss:point>-12.0433333 -77.028333299999986</georss:point><georss:box>-12.5153398 -77.32084429999999 -11.571326800000001 -76.735822299999981</georss:box></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4932046880420090053.post-7144660536150255738</id><published>2011-11-20T01:29:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2013-10-06T06:25:19.095-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Estadística"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Hidrología"/><title type='text'>Modelo Autorregresivo-AR(1)</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Modelo Autorregresivo AR(1)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;y PAR(1)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Autoregressive Model AR(1) and PAR(1)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Por Eber Risco Sence&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Una serie de tiempo se define como:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtuEMjeh0jJJakQQ-R3jEsAWlg2glwB-yRSSYHI5R0PHuKiNoc57glsG0lwnleK_8459luAwqJrslQpyO1rlbA5ML70Q_rB7Fb4lLX2zcJBiQ5-cZriR_mBbIdHaPQ4bfhy80Ehp2_TTk/s1600/ar1.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;50&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtuEMjeh0jJJakQQ-R3jEsAWlg2glwB-yRSSYHI5R0PHuKiNoc57glsG0lwnleK_8459luAwqJrslQpyO1rlbA5ML70Q_rB7Fb4lLX2zcJBiQ5-cZriR_mBbIdHaPQ4bfhy80Ehp2_TTk/s200/ar1.jpg&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Se llama un modelo autorregresivo de orden p en la que &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;ε&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt; es el ruido o termino de error con media cero y varianza σ&lt;sub&gt;ε&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;; que no está correlacionado con y&lt;sub&gt;t-1&lt;/sub&gt;,……,y&lt;sub&gt;t-p&lt;/sub&gt;. Como &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;ε&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;t &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;esta normalmente distribuido, entonces y&lt;sub&gt;t&lt;/sub&gt; es normal. Los parámetros del modelo son µ, Φ&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;, …Φ&lt;sub&gt;p&lt;/sub&gt;, y σ&lt;sub&gt;ε&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. El modelo se denota como modelo AR(p) o simplemente modelo AR. El modelo AR(1) es de la siguiente forma:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYveXLqLGvL1ZnU3reKw0sUtKb-z9oeQjvWUZxA1BM2PRKCjcY8YCaXtLYVI1Z8ohVJCDIDNIA3cvATGVEkk9lIDMdsX9I3xvJEDkT3rq2Pya1BU7mDJz1zh1gXGq24hv9v8R6uadRlB8/s1600/ar2.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;34&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYveXLqLGvL1ZnU3reKw0sUtKb-z9oeQjvWUZxA1BM2PRKCjcY8YCaXtLYVI1Z8ohVJCDIDNIA3cvATGVEkk9lIDMdsX9I3xvJEDkT3rq2Pya1BU7mDJz1zh1gXGq24hv9v8R6uadRlB8/s200/ar2.jpg&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;El modelo AR(1) ha sido ampliamente para la modelización de series hidrológicas anuales, mensuales y diarias después de su estandarización.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;La media, varianza y la función de autocorrelación de AR(p) son:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1eLXrxpzTdGLSu56GN1khpoki1N6Q78nDocsm4RAESUx-IlWnNU8BICCuveCTJjUrdeekeKaekPNlUx5H-Yr8C9sQStgoE89lY8w5cqGtvqCzxzpGONIyaoEznWCF4NFdYRLQS0Rlv2A/s1600/ar3.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;123&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1eLXrxpzTdGLSu56GN1khpoki1N6Q78nDocsm4RAESUx-IlWnNU8BICCuveCTJjUrdeekeKaekPNlUx5H-Yr8C9sQStgoE89lY8w5cqGtvqCzxzpGONIyaoEznWCF4NFdYRLQS0Rlv2A/s200/ar3.jpg&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;La última expresión es conocida como la ecuación de Yule-Walker. Las tres ecuaciones precedentes son muy usadas para determinar las propiedades del modelo, dan los parámetros del modelo, y para estimar los parámetros del modelo se debe tener un conjunto de observaciones y&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;,……..,y&lt;sub&gt;N&lt;/sub&gt;. Para el modelo AR(1) las dos últimas ecuaciones están dadas por:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlYEcoQSOaQk9RG4YP8LWcUhIoICBbCKzRJpnFIqj44v_1iNQyMgLoaHbUI8yP640igqupk35kWwUVDUujCUQQYJB_Uk-4rOhL0QQP0wC6M1gVWwjekrHwx7AZ6i7Ck0FScbnaaahUMdo/s1600/ar4.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;112&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlYEcoQSOaQk9RG4YP8LWcUhIoICBbCKzRJpnFIqj44v_1iNQyMgLoaHbUI8yP640igqupk35kWwUVDUujCUQQYJB_Uk-4rOhL0QQP0wC6M1gVWwjekrHwx7AZ6i7Ck0FScbnaaahUMdo/s200/ar4.jpg&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Simulación para el río Huancané (Puno, Perú)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Serie anual - Modelo AR(1)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhI5N0saJF18zNoDZdnmCKq6ro7h5J8BfSCwEbf9Jw9FR_c-a1lkZnkXJ-Mbu3b7F5ktWhOHEy-MQGFpCVkUZxJy0YUm6X9_kVy6JfCXjUqpRFP0fYemyft65qwtCFq-9IAZrsMtcGZkFM/s1600/ar5.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;388&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhI5N0saJF18zNoDZdnmCKq6ro7h5J8BfSCwEbf9Jw9FR_c-a1lkZnkXJ-Mbu3b7F5ktWhOHEy-MQGFpCVkUZxJy0YUm6X9_kVy6JfCXjUqpRFP0fYemyft65qwtCFq-9IAZrsMtcGZkFM/s640/ar5.jpg&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Simulación para serie anual en la parte superior derecha una serie simulada, en la parte inferior derecha con diez series simuladas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Series mensuales-Modelo PAR(1)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Simulación para series mensuales con cincuenta series simuladas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Construcción de la serie histórica en la parte superior derecha en base a los promedios de las series simuladas y en la parte inferior derecha todas las series simuladas &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;Aplicación en MATLAB&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

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</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://estambhidgeom.blogspot.com/feeds/7144660536150255738/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://estambhidgeom.blogspot.com/2011/11/modelo-estocastico-autorregresivo-ar1.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4932046880420090053/posts/default/7144660536150255738'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4932046880420090053/posts/default/7144660536150255738'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://estambhidgeom.blogspot.com/2011/11/modelo-estocastico-autorregresivo-ar1.html' title='Modelo Autorregresivo-AR(1)'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09852200953687334147</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtuEMjeh0jJJakQQ-R3jEsAWlg2glwB-yRSSYHI5R0PHuKiNoc57glsG0lwnleK_8459luAwqJrslQpyO1rlbA5ML70Q_rB7Fb4lLX2zcJBiQ5-cZriR_mBbIdHaPQ4bfhy80Ehp2_TTk/s72-c/ar1.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total><georss:featurename>Lima, Perú</georss:featurename><georss:point>-12.0433333 -77.028333299999986</georss:point><georss:box>-12.5153398 -77.32084429999999 -11.571326800000001 -76.735822299999981</georss:box></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4932046880420090053.post-5158773947203886826</id><published>2011-11-18T12:24:00.001-08:00</published><updated>2016-06-26T16:49:02.745-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Teledetección"/><title type='text'>Transformación Tasseled Cap</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Transformación Tasseled Cap de Imagen LANDSAT TM5 del valle de Cañete, Perú&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Por Eber Risco Sence&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;La transformación Tasseled Cap fue derivado por Kauth y Thomas (1976) usando 4 bandas de imágenes Landsat MSS. Los ejes de esta característica espacial de cuatro dimensiones se transforman en nuevas coordenadas de cuatro dimensiones definidas por el brillo (brightness), verdor (greenness), marchitez (yellowness) y un cuarto sin significado aparente (nonsuch) (Chuvieco 2008). La transformación implica la rotación de los ejes de forma espacial y traslación del origen del sistema de coordenadas. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;El primer eje transformado es el brillo, está basado en los valores de reflectancia en el suelo. Los ejes segundo y tercero se basan en los pixeles de vegetación verde y senescente respectivamente. El cuarto eje está relacionado con las condiciones atmosféricas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;(Crist y Cicone, 1984; Huang et al., 2002) modifican la transformación Tasseled Cap en tres nuevas bandas llamadas brillo, verdor y humedad basados en las bandas de las imágenes Landsat TM.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Las ventajas de la transformación Tasseld Cap son:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;wingdings&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;La dimensión de la característica espacial se reduce, por lo que el problema de clasificación es menos complejo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;wingdings&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Los ejes de la característica espacial representan conceptos específicos (brillo, verdor, y la humedad).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Las principales desventajas de la transformación son:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;wingdings&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Los ejes de la transformación Tasseled Cap pueden no estar bien definido para un problema particular si los coeficientes no son calculados adecuadamente (Jackson, 1983).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;wingdings&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;No existe la garantía de que información importante no se ha omitido por la transformación de las seis bandas de datos Landsat TM hacia tres bandas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;wingdings&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;El método ha sido ampliamente utilizado sólo para los datos de Landsat TM y MSS.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Los coeficientes usados para la transformación Tasseled Cap se muestran en la siguiente tabla&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKcYe7Y693ys7joEwJ2_DoBwBEyLw_Uochp_zpeuB6rF0_fwBfXOR5AeKbOBytzc1yFFW7UM4Omb31NKFWLGOXGwE6sTl2VRlsEQqscMaIOiPTlPdfGmVaCKNhqWJ7RtNwcC4ON2cgTWU/s1600/Tasseled1.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;55&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKcYe7Y693ys7joEwJ2_DoBwBEyLw_Uochp_zpeuB6rF0_fwBfXOR5AeKbOBytzc1yFFW7UM4Omb31NKFWLGOXGwE6sTl2VRlsEQqscMaIOiPTlPdfGmVaCKNhqWJ7RtNwcC4ON2cgTWU/s400/Tasseled1.png&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Fuente: Pesos para la transformación Tasseled Cap datos Landsat 5TM acorde a Crist y Cicone, 1984&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;La transformación Tasseled Cap de datos Landsat TM se puede realizar utilizando las siguientes fórmulas:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizMXdC1RXRx1y6EmG27HHlDxuVQy4TAnQsOL9jNj1_VKyFhi3eqRXhoVpm2F3TiJ5BCDNXclLodtddbxSfn7NUqhjqVQ3N6El-bocf2H_SfQZSHCBoBJTAGhc8aYNt9Roth5ciYfoxT88/s1600/Tasseled2.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Brillo=0.3037TM1+0.2793TM2+0.4343TM3+0.5585TM4+0.5082TM5+0.1863TM7&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Verdor=-0.2848TM1-0.27848TM2-0.5436TM3+0.7243TM4+0.0840TM5-0.1800TM7&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Humedad=0.1509TM1+0.1793TM2+0.3299TM3+0.3406TM4-0.7112TM5-0.4572TM7&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizMXdC1RXRx1y6EmG27HHlDxuVQy4TAnQsOL9jNj1_VKyFhi3eqRXhoVpm2F3TiJ5BCDNXclLodtddbxSfn7NUqhjqVQ3N6El-bocf2H_SfQZSHCBoBJTAGhc8aYNt9Roth5ciYfoxT88/s1600/Tasseled2.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;Aplicación en MATLAB&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipYzgP4rArX1NkKo6S2eMkaNhqCc6dGELKnDpWcDS8xPNFSR6YlEMl6VOdaT7jcfYnsRvs5Xq67_QXjV3Fsiow3N625XsFh3qpY8ERjOvFH8pRjjJOFQYDX0Vq9iqOcW8tLhFKVIsoa2Y/s1600/Tasseled3.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;246&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkjHHwQRT5wydqvSbnYT75y4Mc0joTevE8KF3wwlzTwHx81Mj3FI6PhS9n8M-LbYcTRIsATSYfLo2VqHCqiluaWTMi-1YH_zznje9VVhZYwgcVEwW9X-2r7DApdlOMNWPuyLeBgqC_e0I/s400/Tasseled3.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Resultados en el valle Cañete&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;Imagen Landsat (7-4-2)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg69D6m6AqkCJyc_AkvzvcmPSrqYddVilWFQg3lJZCch-UxelOqapXFfiv4NMe5Tjg3DHn0Gf7dVgkwyl2t7NQCVNL_YwO2dVHOLcfKLtJOJZeqCnJ38kCkv2xmibwTpfKn3bAFAEegxjI/s1600/Tasseled4.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;381&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg69D6m6AqkCJyc_AkvzvcmPSrqYddVilWFQg3lJZCch-UxelOqapXFfiv4NMe5Tjg3DHn0Gf7dVgkwyl2t7NQCVNL_YwO2dVHOLcfKLtJOJZeqCnJ38kCkv2xmibwTpfKn3bAFAEegxjI/s400/Tasseled4.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;Brillo&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgM6ZY-QyqNIjM5wClWTxV4jaSzMDfUSxK1t-z66FBYo08p5OWZQOb-1fZI7v7GziMJlvzZLWnb7uDRtv4F60KeV3h-zSHFOxap6x1Z5cI1P3N5qjSaYWeD5Sj001GN2zoJjlp13glZ338/s1600/Tasseled5.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;351&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgM6ZY-QyqNIjM5wClWTxV4jaSzMDfUSxK1t-z66FBYo08p5OWZQOb-1fZI7v7GziMJlvzZLWnb7uDRtv4F60KeV3h-zSHFOxap6x1Z5cI1P3N5qjSaYWeD5Sj001GN2zoJjlp13glZ338/s400/Tasseled5.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;Verdor&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUX7_VohD9GbJdCT7kBSd3X_3bjj7O8pTHHunUyqiZjHBC_KLWjmufuVqH8RtsXTrd5HWR-XZImvCzaELH3lm86-Z_RezgvnbHBgWhuQ5rhLrK4MJzKqLwkVHAZdV62wuOvV1lrlEGpfo/s1600/Tasseled6.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;345&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUX7_VohD9GbJdCT7kBSd3X_3bjj7O8pTHHunUyqiZjHBC_KLWjmufuVqH8RtsXTrd5HWR-XZImvCzaELH3lm86-Z_RezgvnbHBgWhuQ5rhLrK4MJzKqLwkVHAZdV62wuOvV1lrlEGpfo/s400/Tasseled6.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;Humedad&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGMNcw3iA20VhTEdTNjuxOg2NDPC1YM7TNTW2Rx6ZMYgCR13vTV0M8todApKf_mzYM1nJtNfwSIukyNLUDHx6zMzNIP5kEtnAzj1ULBOMN7nmdGWkg84QJGJEkDAacIo6yKFsWGc2XtTA/s1600/Tasseled7.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;343&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGMNcw3iA20VhTEdTNjuxOg2NDPC1YM7TNTW2Rx6ZMYgCR13vTV0M8todApKf_mzYM1nJtNfwSIukyNLUDHx6zMzNIP5kEtnAzj1ULBOMN7nmdGWkg84QJGJEkDAacIo6yKFsWGc2XtTA/s400/Tasseled7.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;Plano de la vegetación&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgz2Em8Uv2V8wb9aK8ZAZKvGbRf39y-QybU7tLM7czbicg1Eb9fYw939mILfXFud8J32qDFBhenlAi6qgtq2uaB3OtnSkCD39v5RGe8z7VTwliTsXqCd3WtGpSLEbqGY9R3YzFPSuQ9GTI/s1600/Tasseled8.gif&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;255&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgz2Em8Uv2V8wb9aK8ZAZKvGbRf39y-QybU7tLM7czbicg1Eb9fYw939mILfXFud8J32qDFBhenlAi6qgtq2uaB3OtnSkCD39v5RGe8z7VTwliTsXqCd3WtGpSLEbqGY9R3YzFPSuQ9GTI/s400/Tasseled8.gif&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;Plano de los suelos&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOpFAlrEiArPkJtWlovYfJ5oZfiyodwrC2Qg_ZC-5VsBGAS6kHOxFTjTxDkIS-f224zkOHiAWd6MZocZbbnAPYr2KF-AiYdkKYffHgs5r1fHT2uX_BIq3S4kk6lsnR6aaB45Z4u0IEykQ/s1600/Tasseled9.gif&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;238&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOpFAlrEiArPkJtWlovYfJ5oZfiyodwrC2Qg_ZC-5VsBGAS6kHOxFTjTxDkIS-f224zkOHiAWd6MZocZbbnAPYr2KF-AiYdkKYffHgs5r1fHT2uX_BIq3S4kk6lsnR6aaB45Z4u0IEykQ/s400/Tasseled9.gif&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Plano de transición&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhND4Hvpd6AHs2iDae5_fu6JLJqTpK1mJSiyfKolBMxTycHKEj7dSY279d2VYCJjAVaP595Ss-yt9U8aaj1VTR1E5YSxSSsfJY45MkkWeB87jvLo6KVSLT-DIAxVJyPkXhGMuTwvH4C4uM/s1600/Tasseled10.gif&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;253&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhND4Hvpd6AHs2iDae5_fu6JLJqTpK1mJSiyfKolBMxTycHKEj7dSY279d2VYCJjAVaP595Ss-yt9U8aaj1VTR1E5YSxSSsfJY45MkkWeB87jvLo6KVSLT-DIAxVJyPkXhGMuTwvH4C4uM/s400/Tasseled10.gif&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Referencias:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Brandt Tso; Paul M. Mathher. 2009. Classification Methods for Remotely Sensed Data. 2ed. New York, US. CRC Press. 367 p.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Crist, E. P.; R. C. Cicone. 1984. A physically-based transformation of Thematic Mapper data—The TM Tasselled Cap. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 22:256–263.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Chuvieco, E. 2008. Teledetección Ambiental. 2 ed. Barcelona, ES. Ariel. 592 p.&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;  &lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Huang, C., B. Wylie, L. Yang, C. Homer, and G. Zylstra. 2002. Derivation of a tasselled cap transformation based on Landsat 7 at-satellite reflectance. International Journal of Remote Sensing 23:1741–1748.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Kauth, R. J.; G. Thomas. 1976. The tasselled cap—a graphic description of the spectraltemporal development of agricultural crops as seen by Landsat. In Proceedings of the Symposium on Machine Processing of Remotely-Sensed Data 1976, 4 B-41–4 B-51. West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Jackson, R. D. 1983. Spectral indices in n-space. Remote Sensing of Environment 13:409–421.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Video Aplicación en MATLAB:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;

&lt;embed allowfullscreen=&quot;true&quot; allowscriptaccess=&quot;always&quot; height=&quot;432&quot; name=&quot;Metacafe_8331542&quot; pluginspage=&quot;http://www.macromedia.com/go/getflashplayer&quot; src=&quot;http://www.metacafe.com/fplayer/8331542/Tasseled_CAP.swf&quot; type=&quot;application/x-shockwave-flash&quot; width=&quot;720&quot; wmode=&quot;transparent&quot;&gt;&lt;/embed&gt; &lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://estambhidgeom.blogspot.com/feeds/5158773947203886826/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://estambhidgeom.blogspot.com/2011/11/transformacion-tasseled-cap.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4932046880420090053/posts/default/5158773947203886826'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4932046880420090053/posts/default/5158773947203886826'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://estambhidgeom.blogspot.com/2011/11/transformacion-tasseled-cap.html' title='Transformación Tasseled Cap'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09852200953687334147</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKcYe7Y693ys7joEwJ2_DoBwBEyLw_Uochp_zpeuB6rF0_fwBfXOR5AeKbOBytzc1yFFW7UM4Omb31NKFWLGOXGwE6sTl2VRlsEQqscMaIOiPTlPdfGmVaCKNhqWJ7RtNwcC4ON2cgTWU/s72-c/Tasseled1.png" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total><georss:featurename>Lima, Perú</georss:featurename><georss:point>-12.0433333 -77.028333299999986</georss:point><georss:box>-12.5153398 -77.32084429999999 -11.571326800000001 -76.735822299999981</georss:box></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4932046880420090053.post-5514799633618507400</id><published>2011-10-19T01:42:00.004-07:00</published><updated>2016-06-26T16:30:06.636-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Hidrología"/><title type='text'>Modelo Thomas y Fiering</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Modelo Hidrológico para la generación de caudales sintéticos (Thomas y Fiering- 1962)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Por Eber Risco Sence&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;El modelo de Thomas y Fiering contempla además de la media y la varianza, el coeficiente de correlación pues estos autores consideraron que los registros históricos indicaban la importancia de preservar este estadístico (consecuencia del fenómeno de persistencia observable en los procesos hidrológicos). Su forma es la siguiente:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwdCgq12tnRTVBwIL6eLrHB4D8jfg32sDznanx9LHeE48pfWKml1hJH6pO4xEzIvKYr_ys1Ak3rTQ5yZVl6Ko-qC3TIhEQ8RQp6NS8MRWgPtSOCfdgs6eDRyNMtWVRzf4pn4t7yV7xA7I/s1600/Fiering0.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;50&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwdCgq12tnRTVBwIL6eLrHB4D8jfg32sDznanx9LHeE48pfWKml1hJH6pO4xEzIvKYr_ys1Ak3rTQ5yZVl6Ko-qC3TIhEQ8RQp6NS8MRWgPtSOCfdgs6eDRyNMtWVRzf4pn4t7yV7xA7I/s320/Fiering0.png&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Donde φ es ruido aleatorio normal.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;La técnica de los valores esperados (empleada para definir los parámetros del modelo) dice que los estadísticos μx, σx y ρ son preservados como valores esperados. O sea que los estadísticos de una serie sintética como las ya definidas tienden a los correspondientes μx, σx y ρ cuando el número de términos de la serie tienda a infinito. Por eso se dice que las series sintéticas son estadísticamente indistinguibles de la serie histórica en términos de la media, la varianza y el coeficiente de &amp;nbsp;correlación. Igualmente, se espera que las series sintéticas proporcionen alguna idea sobre las variaciones muéstrales del proceso, lo que equivale a decir que se espera que las series sintéticas guarden algún grado de coincidencia con las series reales que podrán ocurrir en el futuro (Moreno et al, 2009).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Simulación para el río Coata (Puno, Perú)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Una serie sintética&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJeYgU8BdyKiYrnlUWfQbur1GXzoE05djJP6H4a9ypRdIPxAKACSF-ydhHffdrCVG1liSMwpOGaJTV7fzBzIfge2oLOpRi8yt2eJUwZmYcc7uFlQOZ33pWeHC_RDCZAjjZFNmWvyRYXo8/s1600/Fiering0.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;N series sintéticas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Aplicación desarrollada en MATLAB&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Video de aplicación en MATLAB&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://estambhidgeom.blogspot.com/feeds/5514799633618507400/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://estambhidgeom.blogspot.com/2011/10/modelo-thomas-y-fiering.html#comment-form' title='4 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4932046880420090053/posts/default/5514799633618507400'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4932046880420090053/posts/default/5514799633618507400'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://estambhidgeom.blogspot.com/2011/10/modelo-thomas-y-fiering.html' title='Modelo Thomas y Fiering'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09852200953687334147</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwdCgq12tnRTVBwIL6eLrHB4D8jfg32sDznanx9LHeE48pfWKml1hJH6pO4xEzIvKYr_ys1Ak3rTQ5yZVl6Ko-qC3TIhEQ8RQp6NS8MRWgPtSOCfdgs6eDRyNMtWVRzf4pn4t7yV7xA7I/s72-c/Fiering0.png" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>4</thr:total><georss:featurename>Lima, Perú</georss:featurename><georss:point>-12.0433333 -77.028333299999986</georss:point><georss:box>-12.5153398 -77.32084429999999 -11.571326800000001 -76.735822299999981</georss:box></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4932046880420090053.post-1332469437687469171</id><published>2011-10-18T23:12:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2016-06-26T16:09:03.794-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Ambiental"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Hidrología"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Teledetección"/><title type='text'>Radiación Neta</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Radiación Neta en el valle Cañete a partir de una Imagen de Satélite LANDSAT 5 TM basado en el modelo SEBAL (Surface Energy Balance Algorithms for Land)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial narrow&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Por Eber Risco Sence&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;Modelo SEBAL&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Es un modelo que permite calcular la ET de áreas grandes con cualquier tipo de cobertura (vegetación, agua o descubiertas) a partir de imágenes digitales colectadas mediante sensores remotos de satélite que mide la radiación visible, termal e infrarrojo cercano.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Figura 1: Balance de Energía para calcular la ETP (Fuente: SEBAL, 2002).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;Radiación Neta&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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SEBAL calcula la radiación neta como un balance de radiación entre la radiación neta de onda corta y la radiación neta de onda larga en la superficie y se puede apreciar en la Figura 2, donde la radiación neta es el saldo de las ganancias menos las perdidas, Usualmente Rn es positivo durante el día y negativo durante la noche. Una parte de esta energía neta es usada para la evaporación del agua del suelo, otra parte es usada para calentar el aire y el resto es almacenado en el suelo o en el cuerpo de agua (SEBAL, 2002).&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Figura 2:&amp;nbsp; Radiación neta de superficie (Fuente: SEBAL, 2002).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Figura 3: Flujograma de las etapas de procesamiento del balance de radiación en la superficie terrestre.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;(Fuente: SEBAL, 2002)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;Resultados en el valle Cañete&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;Imagen LANDSAT 5 (Bandas 7-4-2) - 15 de Abril del 2008&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;Albedo Planetario&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt; &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;Albedo de Superficie&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;NDVI&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;SAVI&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.8pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;IAF&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.8pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEif5ZbhyG3cdWSypaQ9vnlYV-EFhsNXWmA90ZgaapVp7g_IGs1v2RZWegI2uB9qVb2j4Gf9_LsuooZGEKlryfAHBtuamYn4fId2NiQ64v0fdXyPDoq1agUgMYlCPSw1NePx7qZmQbwKO6k/s1600/8.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;353&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEif5ZbhyG3cdWSypaQ9vnlYV-EFhsNXWmA90ZgaapVp7g_IGs1v2RZWegI2uB9qVb2j4Gf9_LsuooZGEKlryfAHBtuamYn4fId2NiQ64v0fdXyPDoq1agUgMYlCPSw1NePx7qZmQbwKO6k/s400/8.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.8pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Emisividad de dominio espectral de la banda termal&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.8pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Emisividad del dominio de la banda larga&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;Temperatura de Superficie&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.8pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Radiación de onda larga emitida&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.8pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Radiación de onda larga incidente&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;Radiación Neta (w/m2)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnDnLpM2F7RNQD0fukFD8upqukpC6p1R7goKIqTlPjkO_tOmFtbxGaECeF4DqUFd-yP2jc9EnEm7JTIVGbpG1xm6IAmsEvvJ9Flf4-WtxKvTfN6kYqqmJ4VUpoC-C8aRUrmJnEg49D8pE/s1600/14.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;348&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnDnLpM2F7RNQD0fukFD8upqukpC6p1R7goKIqTlPjkO_tOmFtbxGaECeF4DqUFd-yP2jc9EnEm7JTIVGbpG1xm6IAmsEvvJ9Flf4-WtxKvTfN6kYqqmJ4VUpoC-C8aRUrmJnEg49D8pE/s400/14.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Aplicación desarrollada en MATLAB&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUk0tQ_tVGB6lld0RbHvPfy63604y0o_pwhHfh4kxUwiLy7Y0G3hQPu1xbakeIyzOtSTRikpdyur2CN8Gc_2q9l6RLYp6eyoEi3YuCkwq-UxUMDHbDdCS_3C1G7UR07_UobH-bP9vMa0g/s1600/15.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;242&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUk0tQ_tVGB6lld0RbHvPfy63604y0o_pwhHfh4kxUwiLy7Y0G3hQPu1xbakeIyzOtSTRikpdyur2CN8Gc_2q9l6RLYp6eyoEi3YuCkwq-UxUMDHbDdCS_3C1G7UR07_UobH-bP9vMa0g/s400/15.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Video de la Aplicación:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;iframe allowfullscreen=&quot;&quot; class=&quot;YOUTUBE-iframe-video&quot; data-thumbnail-src=&quot;https://i.ytimg.com/vi/Dtz7FA2tno4/0.jpg&quot; frameborder=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;432&quot; src=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/embed/Dtz7FA2tno4?feature=player_embedded&quot; width=&quot;720&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://estambhidgeom.blogspot.com/feeds/1332469437687469171/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://estambhidgeom.blogspot.com/2011/10/radiacion-neta.html#comment-form' title='1 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4932046880420090053/posts/default/1332469437687469171'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4932046880420090053/posts/default/1332469437687469171'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://estambhidgeom.blogspot.com/2011/10/radiacion-neta.html' title='Radiación Neta'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09852200953687334147</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibtPOt3eprWY3JAyqGwvY7UZxnbP9mpTQEB7lPx5X3OEaocX7oPjG6OxeWybbi7ognKH_unoy1HLRCoE9t3n6HdI8ZLxOT011HM33khhz2unUxPlg-5ieYANXrmsug3yAlUZybp3VxWOU/s72-c/1.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>1</thr:total><georss:featurename>Lima, Perú</georss:featurename><georss:point>-12.0433333 -77.028333299999986</georss:point><georss:box>-12.5153398 -77.32084429999999 -11.571326800000001 -76.735822299999981</georss:box></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4932046880420090053.post-8510000073619945687</id><published>2011-07-12T22:58:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2012-01-12T22:56:51.691-08:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Ambiental"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Hidrología"/><title type='text'>Análisis de Tendencia en series de datos con MATLAB</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9nQDTKCzRN9evK_GtGs8dWznIuB-0jkh6uQ7hVwJSb_kvDOZq9UWZUHZa9k2ykZN2TWPG7RMUkmodi3HCbeyMkzd994UpwAOTTq5NNd-RLT3GS_30LcZtA5UZWN-QpBdr3CkuuPwnXus/s1600/zmk.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.8pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Análisis de Tendencia de la Precipitación Mensual en la Cuenca Alta del río Santa, Región Ancash, Perú&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Por Eber Risco Sence&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;RESUMEN&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.7pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;En el presente estudio se analizan los datos pluviométricos de 29 estaciones ubicados dentro o en la cercanía de la cuenca alta del río Santa. Los datos son provenientes del SENAMHI&amp;nbsp; y de empresas privadas dedicadas a la actividad minera dentro de la cuenca. Se hace inicialmente un análisis exploratorio de los datos, un análisis de homogeneidad de los datos, posteriormente un análisis de consistencia y completación de datos faltantes o que han sido descartados, dentro de los procesos anteriores. Se hace un análisis de cambio en la media utilizando la prueba CUSUM para la identificación de cambios en la media con un nivel de significancia de 5%. Se utilizaron dos pruebas para la detección de tendencia, los cuales fueron el de Mann-Kendall y de Spearman’s-Rho, por ser los más recurrentes dentro de la literatura, se representa de manera espacial los valores obtenidos por dichas pruebas, finalmente se estima la tasa de cambio de la precipitación para un periodo decadal, la cual es representada de manera distribuida en toda la cuenca analizada. Se encuentra que la zona de la margen derecha de la cuenca presenta tendencia positiva considerable en el mes de septiembre, en las cercanías a la zona de nevados&amp;nbsp; existentes en la cuenca, además de presentar tendencia en el mes de diciembre pero no se aprecia una marcada distribución de las estaciones, sin embargo, el componente de tendencia no es significativo para la mayoría de las estaciones analizadas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.8pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.8pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Palabras claves:&lt;/b&gt; precipitación mensual, tendencia, Mann-Kendall, Spearman’s-Rho, series de datos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.8pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;ÁREA DE ESTUDIO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;La cuenca alta del río Santa se ubica políticamente entre las provincias de Recuay, Huaraz, Carhuaz, Yungay y Huaylas, en la región de Ancash. Geográficamente entre los meridianos 77° 5’ 15’’ y 78°0’42’’; y los paralelos 8°48’38’’ y 10°13’25’’, la cuenca alta del río Santa tiene un área de 4923.74 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; y presenta una altitud media de 4059.92 msnm. Las precipitaciones se concentran en los meses de diciembre a marzo, donde se presentan las mayores precipitaciones en la cuenca, entre los meses de junio hasta agosto se aprecia una época de estiaje en la cual existe una exigua o nula precipitación&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.8pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;RESULTADOS&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;De acuerdo a la prueba de Mann-Kendall, &amp;nbsp;se aprecian tendencia en tres estaciones en los meses de abril, mayo, septiembre y cuatro estaciones en el mes de diciembre, de acuerdo a la distribución espacial, se puede apreciar que en los meses de abril, mayo y septiembre donde se presentan tendencias, las estaciones se encuentran ubicadas en la margen derecha del río santa, en la cuenca alta y en la cercanía a los nevados.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBXYCe6SC-H5Mqs1yHI3e57uwdwOXpYll88_6HmEYP1ez6uG-VlWXLK8F26V7gdyufmJURnwXcCAcfwwfX_gHbWwIUIeVAIbG-mnk2jFb9LnaMIYxsspeptNRfIZbLkh43rkDQ08Hdgcc/s1600/zmk.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;320&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBXYCe6SC-H5Mqs1yHI3e57uwdwOXpYll88_6HmEYP1ez6uG-VlWXLK8F26V7gdyufmJURnwXcCAcfwwfX_gHbWwIUIeVAIbG-mnk2jFb9LnaMIYxsspeptNRfIZbLkh43rkDQ08Hdgcc/s640/zmk.jpg&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Figura 1: Distribución espacial de los valores z (indicador de tendencia) de la prueba de Mann-Kendall, las estaciones con tendencia aparecen de rojo, las tonalidades rojas representan tendencias positivas, las tonalidades verdes representan tendencias negativas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.8pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;De acuerdo a la prueba de Spearman’s-Rho, se aprecian tendencia en los meses de abril (3 estaciones), mayo (6 estaciones), septiembre (3 estaciones) &amp;nbsp;y cuatro estaciones en el mes de diciembre, de acuerdo a la distribución espacial, se puede apreciar que en los meses de abril (tendencia negativa), mayo y septiembre (tendencia positiva), las estaciones se encuentran ubicadas en la margen derecha del río santa, en la cuenca alta y en la cercanía a los nevados, en el mes de diciembre la distribución no parece seguir un patrón definido.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyQxFdtbWjufm2rnARillYjFk3apDiEPR0Us6MvLqW3-y3IQdCy7_tWxsdipkTdJ_OTyxKKHxaMFOXUJaN9q1gQBj0G-bA6cehPeiPIsJ9Y8VaHGQxL0lmFQEfdrgX3ly00pVuqIuEo4U/s1600/hsr.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;320&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyQxFdtbWjufm2rnARillYjFk3apDiEPR0Us6MvLqW3-y3IQdCy7_tWxsdipkTdJ_OTyxKKHxaMFOXUJaN9q1gQBj0G-bA6cehPeiPIsJ9Y8VaHGQxL0lmFQEfdrgX3ly00pVuqIuEo4U/s640/hsr.jpg&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Figura 8: Distribución espacial de los valores H (indicador de tendencia) de la prueba de Spearman’s-Rho, las estaciones con tendencia aparecen de rojo, las tonalidades azules representan tendencias positivas, las tonalidades verdes representan tendencias negativas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Dado que hay un número importante de estaciones analizadas y es de sumo interés determinar la variación del comportamiento espacial de la tendencia en la cuenca alta del río Santa, se elaboraron mapas &amp;nbsp;para&amp;nbsp; representar y estimar la tendencia mediante una tasa de cambio a nivel de décadas, la cual es determinada a partir de una ecuación de regresión lineal.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiAuf2b1D-W3idV_v-yZKtOCKtgTz2zF_MUZPqzJ2dacuUEZE3tJ6t9S5lQzE9Jopy_dqEgSd7-b56KZKzTIsam5V2vyRFmLhuZ6Pf__U4Hxa299Gm3z2PEOMLz_0xpouv__2_lkrxbdo/s1600/tm_periodo.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;320&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiAuf2b1D-W3idV_v-yZKtOCKtgTz2zF_MUZPqzJ2dacuUEZE3tJ6t9S5lQzE9Jopy_dqEgSd7-b56KZKzTIsam5V2vyRFmLhuZ6Pf__U4Hxa299Gm3z2PEOMLz_0xpouv__2_lkrxbdo/s640/tm_periodo.jpg&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Figura 3: Mapas de tasa de cambio (mm) para la cuenca alta del río Santa, las estaciones con tendencia mediante la prueba de Mann-Kendall aparecen de rojo, en tonos azules las tasas positivas y de tonos rojos las tasas negativas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9nQDTKCzRN9evK_GtGs8dWznIuB-0jkh6uQ7hVwJSb_kvDOZq9UWZUHZa9k2ykZN2TWPG7RMUkmodi3HCbeyMkzd994UpwAOTTq5NNd-RLT3GS_30LcZtA5UZWN-QpBdr3CkuuPwnXus/s1600/zmk.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Video de aplicación en MATLAB para la evaluación de tendencias y saltos en la media en serie de datos&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;iframe frameborder=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;432&quot; src=&quot;http://www.dailymotion.com/embed/video/xjp8nh?width=560&quot; width=&quot;720&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.dailymotion.com/video/xjp8nh_tendencia_tech&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Tendencia&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;por &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.dailymotion.com/eber23&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;eber23&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://estambhidgeom.blogspot.com/feeds/8510000073619945687/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://estambhidgeom.blogspot.com/2011/07/analisis-de-tendencia-con-matlab_12.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4932046880420090053/posts/default/8510000073619945687'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4932046880420090053/posts/default/8510000073619945687'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://estambhidgeom.blogspot.com/2011/07/analisis-de-tendencia-con-matlab_12.html' title='Análisis de Tendencia en series de datos con MATLAB'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09852200953687334147</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBXYCe6SC-H5Mqs1yHI3e57uwdwOXpYll88_6HmEYP1ez6uG-VlWXLK8F26V7gdyufmJURnwXcCAcfwwfX_gHbWwIUIeVAIbG-mnk2jFb9LnaMIYxsspeptNRfIZbLkh43rkDQ08Hdgcc/s72-c/zmk.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total><georss:featurename>Lima, Perú</georss:featurename><georss:point>-12.0433333 -77.028333299999986</georss:point><georss:box>-12.5153398 -77.32084429999999 -11.571326800000001 -76.735822299999981</georss:box></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4932046880420090053.post-456980265448659150</id><published>2011-05-22T03:01:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-11-20T16:22:36.261-08:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Hidrología"/><title type='text'>Flujo inestable con HEC RAS</title><content type='html'>&lt;iframe frameborder=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;432&quot; src=&quot;http://www.dailymotion.com/embed/video/xiu9jk?width=560&quot; width=&quot;720&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.dailymotion.com/video/xiu9jk_flujo-inestable-en-hec-ras_tech&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Flujo inestable en HEC RAS&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;por &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.dailymotion.com/eber23&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;eber23&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://estambhidgeom.blogspot.com/feeds/456980265448659150/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://estambhidgeom.blogspot.com/2011/05/flujo-inestable-en-hec-ras.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4932046880420090053/posts/default/456980265448659150'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4932046880420090053/posts/default/456980265448659150'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://estambhidgeom.blogspot.com/2011/05/flujo-inestable-en-hec-ras.html' title='Flujo inestable con HEC RAS'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09852200953687334147</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total><georss:featurename>Lima, Perú</georss:featurename><georss:point>-12.0433333 -77.028333299999986</georss:point><georss:box>-12.5153398 -77.32084429999999 -11.571326800000001 -76.735822299999981</georss:box></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4932046880420090053.post-7489882702650636404</id><published>2011-02-19T16:13:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2011-11-20T16:25:16.301-08:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Hidrología"/><title type='text'>EVAPOTRANSPIRACIÓN</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;APLICACIÓN EN MATLAB PARA EL CÁLCULO DE EVAPOTRANSPIRACIÓN DEL CULTIVO DE REFERENCIA&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Uno de los aspectos más importantes en estudios sobre hidrología y climatología es la determinación de la evapotranspiración (ET), pero la medida directa de este parámetro conlleva muchas dificultades. Por este motivo durante la última década se han propuesto una amplia variedad de métodos para su estimación, desde los métodos clásicos que nos permiten obtener ET a escala local a partir de medidas de campo, hasta los modelos más recientes basados en técnicas de teledetección.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;La necesidad de generar información para la determinación de las necesidades de riego de los cultivos, es indispensable para países en los cuales el recurso hídrico es escaso, La mayor parte del agua de las precipitaciones entra en el suelo, y de aquí es devuelta a la atmósfera a través de la evapotranspiración, sólo una parte, en ocasiones muy pequeña, de la precipitación anual sale de la cuenca en forma de caudales, los recursos hídricos disponibles para el hombre proceden de los caudales y del agua almacenada en los acuíferos (agua no evapotranspirada).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;La evapotranspiración tiene una gran influencia en la magnitud y estacionalidad del régimen de caudales de los ríos,&amp;nbsp; representa un proceso fundamental para la vegetación, a través del cual regula su temperatura, la vegetación utiliza una cantidad muy grande de agua como medio de transporte para llevar las sustancias nutritivas a sus tejidos. La mayor parte de esta agua sale fuera de la planta, mediante la transpiración, una gran parte de la energía radiante solar se utiliza en cambiar de estado el agua líquida (evaporación), con lo que disminuye su poder de calentamiento de los cuerpos con humedad, especialmente la vegetación.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Evapotranspiración&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;La evaporación y la transpiración ocurren simultáneamente y no hay una manera sencilla de distinguir entre estos dos procesos. Aparte de la disponibilidad de agua en los horizontes superficiales, la evaporación de un suelo cultivado es determinada principalmente por la fracción de radiación solar que llega a la superficie del suelo. Esta fracción disminuye a lo largo del ciclo del cultivo a medida que el dosel del cultivo proyecta más y más sombra sobre el suelo. En las primeras etapas del cultivo, el agua se pierde principalmente por evaporación directa del suelo, pero con el desarrollo del cultivo y finalmente cuando este cubre totalmente el suelo, la transpiración se convierte en el proceso principal.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Evapotranspiración del cultivo de referencia (ETo)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;La tasa de evapotranspiración de una superficie de referencia, que ocurre sin restricciones de agua, se conoce como evapotranspiración del cultivo de referencia, y se denomina ETo. La superficie de referencia corresponde a un cultivo hipotético de pasto con características específicas. No se recomienda el uso de otras denominaciones como ET potencial, debido a las ambigüedades que se encuentran en su definición. El concepto de evapotranspiración de referencia se introdujo para estudiar la demanda de evapotranspiración de la atmósfera, independientemente del tipo y desarrollo del cultivo, y de las prácticas de manejo. (FAO, 2006).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Métodos para determinar la Evapotranspiración de Referencia (ETo)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Existen varios métodos para determinar la evapotranspiración de referencia. Los más comúnmente aplicados son los siguientes:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Método del Lisímetro&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Método del tanque evaporímetro&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Métodos empíricos.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Métodos Empíricos&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Método de Thorntwaite&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Este método, desarrollado en 1944, calcula el uso consuntivo mensual como una función de las temperaturas medias mensuales mediante la fórmula:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDsOBihxHv0Nu6p5Hc0oufnfT0SYSkHb6q3IxxSzZgZ-tCgb3mxm4RHvbKgpbuVg_BUuOEM9jPcsp0MSyVjjHs2WCHInAaGfS6hw6cgbI-rw-Q_7-Cig-v_ypPBQaATH6sW8ljHInIGrA/s1600/ec_1.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDsOBihxHv0Nu6p5Hc0oufnfT0SYSkHb6q3IxxSzZgZ-tCgb3mxm4RHvbKgpbuVg_BUuOEM9jPcsp0MSyVjjHs2WCHInAaGfS6hw6cgbI-rw-Q_7-Cig-v_ypPBQaATH6sW8ljHInIGrA/s1600/ec_1.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;Método de Blaney-Criddle (Modificado por FAO)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Utiliza las relaciones recomendadas en la publicación nº 24 de los estudios de FAO sobre riego y drenaje denominada &quot;Necesidades de agua de los cultivos&quot; (Publicación nº 24).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQK8GJdCgW_FHQInXbNPcNHPHuoknpC5UfQLc1Y-gnbZHQ5XYxcgd-Kx3utzDRNFeGdRHt51LBCvp-2LS47A-w4Ope8nbD91ZpKJzl38ghUXQHpZajpmbaqPft_FAX77xWZwAUlmtbn6M/s1600/ec_2.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQK8GJdCgW_FHQInXbNPcNHPHuoknpC5UfQLc1Y-gnbZHQ5XYxcgd-Kx3utzDRNFeGdRHt51LBCvp-2LS47A-w4Ope8nbD91ZpKJzl38ghUXQHpZajpmbaqPft_FAX77xWZwAUlmtbn6M/s1600/ec_2.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Método de Hargreaves&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;El método de Hargreaves a partir de la radiación extraterrestre y la temperatura está dada por la siguiente ecuación:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjaRn7WHCUk_8K8QOuXSEGlcn9n37N4dzWKcFZ_fA-M8TnS_jYcXDzNuWRAuOUldGK3tADQibPcdxoqRqlnoeGEoMtUl_PTEzHatn3lc0HUS67c-LazhPawbg-ghCuPZbL7OVo39NfwDAs/s1600/ec_3.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjaRn7WHCUk_8K8QOuXSEGlcn9n37N4dzWKcFZ_fA-M8TnS_jYcXDzNuWRAuOUldGK3tADQibPcdxoqRqlnoeGEoMtUl_PTEzHatn3lc0HUS67c-LazhPawbg-ghCuPZbL7OVo39NfwDAs/s1600/ec_3.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Método de Christiansen.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;En el método de Christiansen se utilizan las fórmulas siguientes:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvxfObBoT4haMJLEscfw0BoDK30NtJlrL5IeuiwM8B9dkpncIsYYRQ3tDsNEqKI1RPf2pIN21kbGrHHXd56UXlNG6e7a0WRiBmYzM2MONcEQ9CR99qPGaj1wac9G1w4QcWlcafre2XhBc/s1600/ec_4.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvxfObBoT4haMJLEscfw0BoDK30NtJlrL5IeuiwM8B9dkpncIsYYRQ3tDsNEqKI1RPf2pIN21kbGrHHXd56UXlNG6e7a0WRiBmYzM2MONcEQ9CR99qPGaj1wac9G1w4QcWlcafre2XhBc/s1600/ec_4.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj36hhLR6Ddwsfc940A451Vtt3qcl1Z5KTdc4DQmX2CGFbOi6ildvwBtw2Fl31R2asr3MYFdL9k6-DmB06rGcYFMsqUUIVuqE0Llt606KHUJkpeuhPsi5y2fHqMx9rXh4plm-1Zijo3Y2A/s1600/ec_5.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj36hhLR6Ddwsfc940A451Vtt3qcl1Z5KTdc4DQmX2CGFbOi6ildvwBtw2Fl31R2asr3MYFdL9k6-DmB06rGcYFMsqUUIVuqE0Llt606KHUJkpeuhPsi5y2fHqMx9rXh4plm-1Zijo3Y2A/s1600/ec_5.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Método de Penman (Modificado por la FAO)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;La ecuación de Penman, modificada por la FAO, estima el uso consultivo del cultivo de referencia (pasto o grama) y predice la Eto, no solamente en las regiones frías y húmedas, sino también, en las zonas calientes y áridas.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;La ecuación general del método de Penman es la siguiente:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhl4yvKqcW8BkL7S1_7mn-Vj_H22awX9UbgyQ-bat8wqcl81Ca12Uvyl3jS6Lj1gWYOEAIbuc_Rhm1w8wV6W9USQ8X-blw56wUbINlJIcoJnHlB5hcnZVNEDw10ai9XGyuXHWaFyc-jcU/s1600/ec_6.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhl4yvKqcW8BkL7S1_7mn-Vj_H22awX9UbgyQ-bat8wqcl81Ca12Uvyl3jS6Lj1gWYOEAIbuc_Rhm1w8wV6W9USQ8X-blw56wUbINlJIcoJnHlB5hcnZVNEDw10ai9XGyuXHWaFyc-jcU/s1600/ec_6.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b&gt;Método de Penman-Monteith (Modificado por la FAO)&lt;/b&gt;  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;La ecuación general del método de Penman-Monteith (FAO) es la siguiente:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhllInCRZezggdPymYY25NLGf73xFXFUY4EkpCf81G7CRp1x_DI-ghI22BMHIrF7BK5rT10nGufqdRbD_bBnzNhsY0MFnezO2AXKnMw5A4qA-IQqbh7Ari1QblgM81tpRMN_9I-QSUC9ZI/s1600/ec_7.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;90&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhllInCRZezggdPymYY25NLGf73xFXFUY4EkpCf81G7CRp1x_DI-ghI22BMHIrF7BK5rT10nGufqdRbD_bBnzNhsY0MFnezO2AXKnMw5A4qA-IQqbh7Ari1QblgM81tpRMN_9I-QSUC9ZI/s320/ec_7.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Diseño de la Aplicación:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhI9JPJzA-GccF98rAQ2PD76AKlm2nSZizaDmysjBdDiLaKqkZXIfgmUTaiulvbyEEki7W8-jjaj0eU4_It6MhDLl1-yMBWX3mwlo_qsfAaYSpq7lqRMkNeo2N_Fw_r3MVmO9JYRJFKMJE/s1600/dise%25C3%25B1o.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;416&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhI9JPJzA-GccF98rAQ2PD76AKlm2nSZizaDmysjBdDiLaKqkZXIfgmUTaiulvbyEEki7W8-jjaj0eU4_It6MhDLl1-yMBWX3mwlo_qsfAaYSpq7lqRMkNeo2N_Fw_r3MVmO9JYRJFKMJE/s640/dise%25C3%25B1o.jpg&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgr6FhrP-NRyOtG4fquS6mjT-A85POiyO3Ot2W-6RvkVsjzRJY4-fnurI8OEvdKlQ-IZw9qzQSZP4wv9HAfs4sWSZO4P_rdT6YCZlvuHPec12QZsMIBS8VVFXseNrGY3HoZa1xjCFHLlLI/s1600/gui_result_diarios.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;394&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgr6FhrP-NRyOtG4fquS6mjT-A85POiyO3Ot2W-6RvkVsjzRJY4-fnurI8OEvdKlQ-IZw9qzQSZP4wv9HAfs4sWSZO4P_rdT6YCZlvuHPec12QZsMIBS8VVFXseNrGY3HoZa1xjCFHLlLI/s640/gui_result_diarios.jpg&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSTvAhBhWeOsppiyRItcTi2m2pBOgo4QRjQ2uO9dXgnOvjx7uDQlKRPn4rLf6pGRRDo3uhnP5ziILV58q8TWdDg-nHpiVU_FhkyeDLw2e29OQVzRXCxqvjochwvIBBZgtami7Rzd8WII0/s1600/gui_result_mensuales.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;488&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSTvAhBhWeOsppiyRItcTi2m2pBOgo4QRjQ2uO9dXgnOvjx7uDQlKRPn4rLf6pGRRDo3uhnP5ziILV58q8TWdDg-nHpiVU_FhkyeDLw2e29OQVzRXCxqvjochwvIBBZgtami7Rzd8WII0/s640/gui_result_mensuales.jpg&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Resultados:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Evapotranspiración Diaria:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSLbPMUB1G6BJd4MpIcVQiEsrod8mdCHmQRxze2F3JJCDBz4nq5EydoBy5eGUtn62KuYqEjR-vJkSiWJWdC-Tgsvj4HwygUqaeBDXMaNJvyer6wbZFNKDPa63EiGbnZvTCfQ-QCnG6j2A/s1600/Corrida_diarios.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;384&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSLbPMUB1G6BJd4MpIcVQiEsrod8mdCHmQRxze2F3JJCDBz4nq5EydoBy5eGUtn62KuYqEjR-vJkSiWJWdC-Tgsvj4HwygUqaeBDXMaNJvyer6wbZFNKDPa63EiGbnZvTCfQ-QCnG6j2A/s640/Corrida_diarios.jpg&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Evapotranspiración Diaria Acumulada:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRd-dNMS3C37iv0oMBYnB2kWhD2-epGss45DGhmAc5NQu7feUiPSYiLVM1KFTeQdJPBnQ8NJYFqWRa13bamoN5N4IzGpuIt_eakwWkpe3YW-D_kit4JwRLaZSAU9Fz2AFwsf_AaUc25r0/s1600/resultados_diarios.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;372&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRd-dNMS3C37iv0oMBYnB2kWhD2-epGss45DGhmAc5NQu7feUiPSYiLVM1KFTeQdJPBnQ8NJYFqWRa13bamoN5N4IzGpuIt_eakwWkpe3YW-D_kit4JwRLaZSAU9Fz2AFwsf_AaUc25r0/s640/resultados_diarios.jpg&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Evapotranspiración Mensual:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOwwwW_kPGypvrsgQphUWFb6LGb5lun367YAUxKZhxUUNaoJbPIqatJDuPRCjmeujH94QjpwgnTYskJhvjhshpHLfpDxXniBIv8YgyO0pic3jxcMO0WSMtuttqARfZJUf-Hnxl2plyNHg/s1600/corrida_mensual.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;384&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOwwwW_kPGypvrsgQphUWFb6LGb5lun367YAUxKZhxUUNaoJbPIqatJDuPRCjmeujH94QjpwgnTYskJhvjhshpHLfpDxXniBIv8YgyO0pic3jxcMO0WSMtuttqARfZJUf-Hnxl2plyNHg/s640/corrida_mensual.jpg&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Evapotranspiración Mensual Acumulada:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwtf848ZEmj1bjTsjRgLVJIze4EA6CWuTim0TfSQKl24X046vzcuL-5nkm6WXhbmEYU6uv0PtttkObKrPwCcWViDQQoNUfzfJObqZYoPGaQUhxjKS7SXeje3vAhyphenhyphenV0QNZMJELXwyqMMOA/s1600/resultados_mensuales.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;468&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwtf848ZEmj1bjTsjRgLVJIze4EA6CWuTim0TfSQKl24X046vzcuL-5nkm6WXhbmEYU6uv0PtttkObKrPwCcWViDQQoNUfzfJObqZYoPGaQUhxjKS7SXeje3vAhyphenhyphenV0QNZMJELXwyqMMOA/s640/resultados_mensuales.jpg&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Video:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;iframe frameborder=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;432&quot; src=&quot;http://www.dailymotion.com/embed/video/xiuq57?width=720&quot; width=&quot;720&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.dailymotion.com/video/xiuq57_evapotranspiration_tech&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;evapotranspiration&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;por &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.dailymotion.com/eber23&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;eber23&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://estambhidgeom.blogspot.com/feeds/7489882702650636404/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://estambhidgeom.blogspot.com/2011/02/evapotranspiracion.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4932046880420090053/posts/default/7489882702650636404'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4932046880420090053/posts/default/7489882702650636404'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://estambhidgeom.blogspot.com/2011/02/evapotranspiracion.html' title='EVAPOTRANSPIRACIÓN'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09852200953687334147</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDsOBihxHv0Nu6p5Hc0oufnfT0SYSkHb6q3IxxSzZgZ-tCgb3mxm4RHvbKgpbuVg_BUuOEM9jPcsp0MSyVjjHs2WCHInAaGfS6hw6cgbI-rw-Q_7-Cig-v_ypPBQaATH6sW8ljHInIGrA/s72-c/ec_1.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total><georss:featurename>Lima, Perú</georss:featurename><georss:point>-12.0433333 -77.028333299999986</georss:point><georss:box>-12.5153398 -77.32084429999999 -11.571326800000001 -76.735822299999981</georss:box></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4932046880420090053.post-3175524977309242698</id><published>2011-02-16T00:50:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2011-11-20T16:25:35.352-08:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Geomática"/><title type='text'>EXTENSIONES PARA HACER LINK A IMÁGENES EN ARCVIEW 3.2</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;HotPotato HotLinks ver. 1 Beta&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Autor : Kenneth R. McVay, Environmental Geologist, rcreed@earthlink.net&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Esta extensión permite asociaciar un número ilimitado de archivos en los siguientes formatos:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Imágenes bmp, TIFF, JPEG, Band Interleaved Line (BIL), Band Sequential (BS), Band Interleaved Pixel (BIP), Sun Raster (*.rs, *.sun, *.sun), ERDAS (*.lan, *.gis, image), Run Length Compressed.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Texto *.txt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Vectores Formato CAD (dwg, dxf, dgn), Shapes de ArcView y coberturas de Arc Info.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;WWW Documentos formato HTML y direcciones URL&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Video Archivos en formato *.avi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Slideshow&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Autor: Mike Owens,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;La extensión Slideshow es una herramienta avanzada que permite a los usuarios ver imágenes múltiples asociadas con las características individuales en un tema. El entorno de presentación de diapositivas contiene botones para avanzar y retroceder, lo que permite una navegación fácil de las imágenes asociadas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial Narrow&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Video:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;object height=&quot;336&quot; width=&quot;560&quot;&gt;&lt;param name=&quot;movie&quot; value=&quot;http://www.dailymotion.com/swf/video/xh2124?width=560&amp;theme=none&quot;&gt;&lt;/param&gt;&lt;param name=&quot;allowFullScreen&quot; value=&quot;true&quot;&gt;&lt;/param&gt;&lt;param name=&quot;allowScriptAccess&quot; value=&quot;always&quot;&gt;&lt;/param&gt;&lt;embed type=&quot;application/x-shockwave-flash&quot; src=&quot;http://www.dailymotion.com/swf/video/xh2124?width=560&amp;theme=none&quot; width=&quot;720&quot; height=&quot;432&quot; allowfullscreen=&quot;true&quot; allowscriptaccess=&quot;always&quot;&gt;&lt;/embed&gt;&lt;/object&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.dailymotion.com/video/xh2124_slide-hotpotato_tech&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Slide_HotPotato&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;Cargado por &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.dailymotion.com/eber23&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;eber23&lt;/a&gt;. - &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.dailymotion.com/mx/channel/tech/featured/1&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Explorar más videos de ciencia.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://estambhidgeom.blogspot.com/feeds/3175524977309242698/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://estambhidgeom.blogspot.com/2011/02/extensiones-para-hacer-link-imagenes-en.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4932046880420090053/posts/default/3175524977309242698'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4932046880420090053/posts/default/3175524977309242698'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://estambhidgeom.blogspot.com/2011/02/extensiones-para-hacer-link-imagenes-en.html' title='EXTENSIONES PARA HACER LINK A IMÁGENES EN ARCVIEW 3.2'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09852200953687334147</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total><georss:featurename>Lima, Perú</georss:featurename><georss:point>-12.0433333 -77.028333299999986</georss:point><georss:box>-12.5153398 -77.32084429999999 -11.571326800000001 -76.735822299999981</georss:box></entry></feed>