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        AHE.flagLanguages           = {"af":{"ci_lang":"af","ci_count":81,"lang_name":"Afrikaans","lang_flag":"za.svg"},"sq":{"ci_lang":"sq","ci_count":7,"lang_name":"Albanian","lang_flag":"al.svg"},"be":{"ci_lang":"be","ci_count":2,"lang_name":"Belarusian","lang_flag":"by.svg"},"bg":{"ci_lang":"bg","ci_count":9,"lang_name":"Bulgarian","lang_flag":"bg.svg"},"zh":{"ci_lang":"zh","ci_count":313,"lang_name":"Chinese","lang_flag":"cn.svg"},"hr":{"ci_lang":"hr","ci_count":5,"lang_name":"Croatian","lang_flag":"hr.svg"},"cs":{"ci_lang":"cs","ci_count":9,"lang_name":"Czech","lang_flag":"cz.svg"},"nl":{"ci_lang":"nl","ci_count":165,"lang_name":"Dutch","lang_flag":"nl.svg"},"fr":{"ci_lang":"fr","ci_count":4286,"lang_name":"French","lang_flag":"fr.svg"},"de":{"ci_lang":"de","ci_count":224,"lang_name":"German","lang_flag":"de.svg"},"el":{"ci_lang":"el","ci_count":207,"lang_name":"Greek","lang_flag":"gr.svg"},"he":{"ci_lang":"he","ci_count":7,"lang_name":"Hebrew","lang_flag":"il.svg"},"hi":{"ci_lang":"hi","ci_count":10,"lang_name":"Hindi","lang_flag":"in.svg"},"hu":{"ci_lang":"hu","ci_count":10,"lang_name":"Hungarian","lang_flag":"hu.svg"},"id":{"ci_lang":"id","ci_count":125,"lang_name":"Indonesian","lang_flag":"id.svg"},"it":{"ci_lang":"it","ci_count":628,"lang_name":"Italian","lang_flag":"it.svg"},"ja":{"ci_lang":"ja","ci_count":4,"lang_name":"Japanese","lang_flag":"jp.svg"},"ko":{"ci_lang":"ko","ci_count":9,"lang_name":"Korean","lang_flag":"kr.svg"},"ms":{"ci_lang":"ms","ci_count":62,"lang_name":"Malay","lang_flag":"my.svg"},"ml":{"ci_lang":"ml","ci_count":2,"lang_name":"Malayalam","lang_flag":"in.svg"},"no":{"ci_lang":"no","ci_count":2,"lang_name":"Norwegian","lang_flag":"no.svg"},"nb":{"ci_lang":"nb","ci_count":1,"lang_name":"Norwegian Bokm\u00e5l","lang_flag":"no.svg"},"fa":{"ci_lang":"fa","ci_count":222,"lang_name":"Persian","lang_flag":"ir.svg"},"pl":{"ci_lang":"pl","ci_count":76,"lang_name":"Polish","lang_flag":"pl.svg"},"pt":{"ci_lang":"pt","ci_count":1328,"lang_name":"Portuguese","lang_flag":"pt.svg"},"ro":{"ci_lang":"ro","ci_count":29,"lang_name":"Romanian","lang_flag":"ro.svg"},"ru":{"ci_lang":"ru","ci_count":85,"lang_name":"Russian","lang_flag":"ru.svg"},"sr":{"ci_lang":"sr","ci_count":65,"lang_name":"Serbian","lang_flag":"rs.svg"},"es":{"ci_lang":"es","ci_count":2789,"lang_name":"Spanish","lang_flag":"es.svg"},"sv":{"ci_lang":"sv","ci_count":15,"lang_name":"Swedish","lang_flag":"se.svg"},"tl":{"ci_lang":"tl","ci_count":1,"lang_name":"Tagalog","lang_flag":"ph.svg"},"tr":{"ci_lang":"tr","ci_count":1148,"lang_name":"Turkish","lang_flag":"tr.svg"},"uk":{"ci_lang":"uk","ci_count":50,"lang_name":"Ukrainian","lang_flag":"ua.svg"}};
        AHE.minLangHomeForward      = 300; // Minimum number of published translated articles to forward the homepage
        AHE.knownUser               = +(AHE.idHashMd5 != null && AHE.idHashMd5.length > 0);
        AHE.aiSearchDisabled        = AHE.aiSearchDisabled || getCookie('aiSearchDisabled') || false;
        AHE.aiChatDisabled          = AHE.aiChatDisabled || getCookie('aiChatDisabled') || false;

        // User UUID
        AHE.userUUID = jsonStore('userUUID');
        if (!AHE.userUUID) {
            if (typeof crypto == 'object' && typeof crypto.randomUUID == 'function') {
                AHE.userUUID = crypto.randomUUID();
            } else {
                AHE.userUUID = Date.now() + "-" + (Math.round(10e15 * Math.random()) + 10e15);
            }
            jsonStore('userUUID',AHE.userUUID);
        }
        scriptsReady.then(()=>{
            if (AHE.userUUID) setCookie('userUUID',AHE.userUUID,365);
        });


        // Referrer Cleanup
        try {
            if (typeof AHE.acq_referrer == 'string') {
                if (AHE.acq_referrer.includes(window.location.hostname)) AHE.acq_referrer = '(direct)';
                AHE.acq_referrer = AHE.acq_referrer.replace('www.','');
            } else {
                AHE.acq_referrer = '(direct)';
            }
        } catch (e) {
            console.error('Error cleaning up acq_referrer!');
        }

        // JS-dependent definitions
        scriptsReady.then(function() {

            // Acquisition Cookies
            if (AHE.acq_referrer)   setCookie('acq_referrer',AHE.acq_referrer,365);
            if (AHE.acq_source)     setCookie('acq_source',AHE.acq_source,365);
            if (AHE.acq_medium)     setCookie('acq_medium',AHE.acq_medium,365);
            if (AHE.acq_campaign)   setCookie('acq_campaign',AHE.acq_campaign,365);

            window.userLastActivity     = Math.floor(Date.now() / 1000);
            AHE.privacyAdConsent        = AHE.privacyAdConsent || getCookie('privacyAdConsent') || false;
            AHE.privacyContentConsent   = AHE.privacyContentConsent || getCookie('privacyContentConsent') || false;
            AHE.privacyAnalyticsConsent = AHE.privacyAnalyticsConsent || getCookie('privacyAnalyticsConsent') || false;

            // Store A/B Test Cookie
            setCookie('ahe_ab_group',AHE.ab);

            // IP Information
            if (typeof clientIP == 'string') {
                if (clientIP.includes(':')) {
                    AHE.IPv6 = clientIP;
                } else if (clientIP.includes('.')) {
                    AHE.IPv4 = clientIP;
                }
            }

            // Engagement Categories
            if (AHE.pageViewCount >= 15 && AHE.articleReadCount >= 3 && AHE.visitCount >= 4) {
                AHE.userEngagement          = 'veryhigh';
                AHE.userEngagementLevel     = 4;
            } else if (AHE.pageViewCount >= 7 && AHE.articleReadCount >= 2 && AHE.visitCount >= 3) {
                AHE.userEngagement          = 'high';
                AHE.userEngagementLevel     = 3;
            } else if (AHE.pageViewCount >= 3 && AHE.visitCount >= 2) {
                AHE.userEngagement          = 'medium';
                AHE.userEngagementLevel     = 2;
            } else if (AHE.pageViewCount >= 2) {
                AHE.userEngagement          = 'low';
                AHE.userEngagementLevel     = 1;
            } else {
                AHE.userEngagement          = 'none';
                AHE.userEngagementLevel     = 0;
            }

            if (typeof AHE.mcLists == 'string') {
                AHE.mcLists          = AHE.mcLists.split(',');
            } else {
                AHE.mcLists          = [];
            }

            // Country-Specific JS
            adminLog("IP Country: " + ipCountry);
            if (forced_country) {
                console.log("ipCountry override: " + forced_country);
                ipCountry = forced_country;
            }
            AHE.ipCountry = ipCountry;

            if (euCountries.includes(ipCountry)) {
                // EU User
                AHE.isEU = true;
            } else if (ipCountry === 'us') {
                // US User
                AHE.isUS = true;
            } else {
                // Other Country

            }

            // Inline JS (if any)
            
        });
    </script>

    <!-- Advertising -->
            <!-- Raptive Head Tag -->
        <script data-no-optimize="1" data-cfasync="false">
            ipScriptReady.then(()=>{
                if (AHE.is_member) {
                    // Has Membership, Remove Ads
                    console.log('Membership detected!');
                    pageReady.then(()=>{
                        handleMemberLayout();
                    });
                } else {
                    // No Membership, Show Ads

                    // Raptive Tag
                    (function(w, d) {
                        w.adthrive = w.adthrive || {};
                        w.adthrive.cmd = w.
                            adthrive.cmd || [];
                        w.adthrive.plugin = 'adthrive-ads-manual';
                        w.adthrive.host = 'ads.adthrive.com';var s = d.createElement('script');
                        s.async = true;
                        s.fetchPriority = 'high';
                        s.importance = 'high';
                        s.referrerpolicy='no-referrer-when-downgrade';
                        s.src = 'https://' + w.adthrive.host + '/sites/65a6e420255ef424515e267b/ads.min.js?referrer=' + w.encodeURIComponent(w.location.href) + '&cb=' + (Math.floor(Math.random() * 100) + 1);
                        var n = d.getElementsByTagName('script')[0];
                        n.parentNode.insertBefore(s, n);
                    })(window, document);

                    // Raptive Targeting
                    try {
                        window.adthrive.cmd.push(function() { window.adthrive.siteAds.targeting.push( {key: 'at_custom_1', value: (AHE.interestGroup || 'unknown')} ); });
                        window.adthrive.cmd.push(function() { window.adthrive.siteAds.targeting.push( {key: 'at_custom_2', value: (AHE.contentLang || 'en')} ); });
                        console.log('Raptive interest group & language set:',(AHE.interestGroup || 'unknown'),(AHE.contentLang || 'en'));
                    } catch (e) {
                        console.warn('Error setting Raptive user group!',e);
                    }
                }
            });
        </script>
        <!-- End of Raptive Head Tag -->
        <!-- Raptive Email Detection -->
        <script>
            !function(){"use strict";function e(e){const t=e.match(/((?=([a-z0-9._!#$%+^&*()[\]<>-]+))\2@[a-z0-9._-]+\.[a-z0-9._-]+)/gi);return t?t[0]:""}function t(t){return e(a(t.toLowerCase()))}function a(e){return e.replace(/\s/g,"")}async function n(e){const t={sha256Hash:"",sha1Hash:""};if(!("msCrypto"in window)&&"https:"===location.protocol&&"crypto"in window&&"TextEncoder"in window){const a=(new TextEncoder).encode(e),[n,c]=await Promise.all([s("SHA-256",a),s("SHA-1",a)]);t.sha256Hash=n,t.sha1Hash=c}return t}async function s(e,t){const a=await crypto.subtle.digest(e,t);return Array.from(new Uint8Array(a)).map(e=>("00"+e.toString(16)).slice(-2)).join("")}function c(e){let t=!0;return Object.keys(e).forEach(a=>{0===e[a].length&&(t=!1)}),t}function i(e,t,a){e.splice(t,1);const n="?"+e.join("&")+a.hash;history.replaceState(null,"",n)}var o={checkEmail:e,validateEmail:t,trimInput:a,hashEmail:n,hasHashes:c,removeEmailAndReplaceHistory:i,detectEmails:async function(){const e=new URL(window.location.href),a=Array.from(e.searchParams.entries()).map(e=>`${e[0]}=${e[1]}`);let s,o;const r=["adt_eih","sh_kit"];if(a.forEach((e,t)=>{const a=decodeURIComponent(e),[n,c]=a.split("=");if("adt_ei"===n&&(s={value:c,index:t,emsrc:"url"}),r.includes(n)){o={value:c,index:t,emsrc:"sh_kit"===n?"urlhck":"urlh"}}}),s)t(s.value)&&n(s.value).then(e=>{if(c(e)){const t={value:e,created:Date.now()};localStorage.setItem("adt_ei",JSON.stringify(t)),localStorage.setItem("adt_emsrc",s.emsrc)}});else if(o){const e={value:{sha256Hash:o.value,sha1Hash:""},created:Date.now()};localStorage.setItem("adt_ei",JSON.stringify(e)),localStorage.setItem("adt_emsrc",o.emsrc)}s&&i(a,s.index,e),o&&i(a,o.index,e)},cb:"adthrive"};const{detectEmails:r,cb:l}=o;r()}();
        </script>
        <!-- End Raptive Email Detection -->
        <!-- Raptive Identity API -->
        <script>
            pageReady.then(()=>{
                window.adthrive = window.adthrive || {};
                window.adthrive.cmd = window.adthrive.cmd || [];
                if (AHE.idHashSha256 && AHE.domain) {
                    window.adthrive.cmd.push(function () {
                        let idHash = AHE.idHashSha256;
                        if (AHE.idHashSha256Clean) {
                            idHash = AHE.idHashSha256Clean;
                        }
                        window.adthrive.identityApi({
                            source: AHE.domain,
                            sha256: idHash
                        }, ({ success, data }) => {
                            if (success) {
                                // Identity API success!
                                console.log(`Raptive Identity API success: ${data.message}`)
                            } else {
                                // Identity API error, check message
                                console.error(`Error calling Raptive identity API: ${data.message}`)
                            }
                        })
                    });
                }
            });
        </script>
        <!-- END Raptive Identity API -->
        <!-- Stylesheets -->
    <link rel="stylesheet" fetchpriority="high" type="text/css" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Karla:400,700|Libre+Baskerville:400,400i,700&subset=latin-ext&display=swap">
    <style>aside .adthrive-ad.adthrive-sticky-sidebar{margin-top:40px !important}aside .adthrive-ad.adthrive-sticky-sidebar>div{top:20px !important}#primis_intext .adthrive-collapse-player{padding:0 !important}.adthrive-collapse-bottom-right{margin-right:10px !important}#footer .adthrive-footer-message{padding-bottom:40px}#footer .adthrive-footer-message>span{border-top:0;padding-top:5px;text-transform:none;color:#e0e0e0}.adthrive-device-phone #footer .adthrive-footer-message{margin-bottom:40px}footer .adthrive-ccpa-link{color:#e0e0e0 !important}footer .adthrive-ccpa-link a{color:#fff;text-decoration:none;border:1px solid #fff;border-radius:5px;padding:4px 8px;margin:10px;display:inline-block;font-weight:normal}footer .adthrive-ccpa-link a:hover{color:#293744;background-color:#fff}.ad_Mobile_Intext .adcontainer{min-height:250px}body.footer-test .ad_Flexi_BottomLeft.ahe-ad{display:none}a.book_list_item:hover{text-decoration:none}a.book_list_item:hover .book_title{text-decoration:none;color:#b52600;transition:.25s}a.book_list_item{display:block;clear:both;min-height:115px;border-bottom:1px solid #e3e3e3;padding:20px 0}a.book_list_item:first-of-type{border-top:1px solid #e3e3e3}.book_list_item .book_image{float:left;max-width:70px;height:auto;box-shadow:0 7px 10px -9px #222}.book_data{vertical-align:top;margin-left:120px}.book_list_item .book_title{font-size:18px;color:#000}.book_list_item .book_details{font-size:16px;font-family:Karla;line-height:130%;font-weight:normal;color:#666}.book_list_item .book_pricing{margin:.33em 0}.book_pricing .amazon_icon,.book_pricing .bookdepository_icon{background-image:url("/images/amazon_icon.svg");width:16px;height:16px;display:inline-block;background-position:0 0;position:relative;top:4px;margin-right:2px;background-size:contain}.book_pricing .bookdepository_icon{background-position:10px 0;width:10px;margin-right:4px;top:3px}.book_list_item .book_price{color:#000;margin-right:1em}a.book_purchase_button{color:#000;display:inline-block;border:1px solid #222;border-radius:5px;padding:50px 15px 10px 15px;font-family:Karla;line-height:130%;margin-right:20px;margin-bottom:10px;font-weight:normal;min-width:160px;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:center 10px;text-align:center}a.book_purchase_button:hover{text-decoration:none;cursor:pointer;border:1px solid #000;background-color:#f3f3f3;transition:.25s}a.book_purchase_button.amazon{background-image:url('/images/amazon-logo.svg');background-size:100px;background-position:center 15px}a.book_purchase_button.bookshoporg{background-image:url('/images/bookshoporg-logo.svg');background-size:160px;background-position:center center}a.book_purchase_button.bookdepository{background-image:url('/images/book-depository-logo.svg');background-size:100px;background-position:center 7px}a.book_purchase_button.waterstones{background-image:url('/images/waterstones-logo.svg');background-size:60px;background-position:center 11px}a.book_purchase_button.betterworldbooks{background-image:url('/images/betterworldbooks-logo-150px.png');background-size:150px;background-position:center 10px}a.book_purchase_button .shipping{font-size:14px;color:#999}.book_purchase_buttons{margin:25px 0;background-color:#f3f3f3;padding:15px 20px;border-radius:5px;display:block}aside .book_purchase_buttons_wrapper{margin-bottom:40px}.book_purchase_buttons .purchase{text-transform:uppercase;font-family:Karla,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-weight:bold;margin-right:20px}.book_purchase_buttons .sym{color:#b52600;font-size:20px;position:relative;top:2px;margin-right:5px}.book_purchase_buttons .lp_download_wrapper{padding-left:28px;margin-top:5px}.book_purchase_affiliate_explainer{color:#999;font-family:Karla;font-size:14px;line-height:130%;margin-top:1em}.btn_book_blacklist{float:right}.headline_button,.content_button_tiny,.grey_button,.ci_rel_type{font-family:Karla,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;color:#b52600;padding:0 10px;text-transform:uppercase;border-radius:5px;background-color:#f3f3f3;cursor:pointer}.content_button_tiny{top:0;float:right;margin-right:4px;padding:0 5px;line-height:160%;font-size:12px}a.ci_rel_type{font-weight:normal}.headline_button:hover,.content_button_tiny:hover,.grey_button:hover,.ci_rel_type:hover{background-color:#b52600;color:white;text-decoration:none;transition-duration:.25s}.headline_button{margin-left:1em}.outline_button{border:1px solid #222;padding:3px 10px;border-radius:3px;color:#222;font-family:Karla;font-size:14px;text-transform:uppercase;cursor:pointer;font-weight:normal !important;white-space:nowrap}.outline_button:hover,.outline_button.selector:hover{color:#FFF !important;background-color:#222;transition-duration:.25s;text-decoration:none;border:1px solid #222 !important}.outline_button.red{border:1px solid #b52600;color:#b52600}.outline_button.red:hover{border:1px solid #222;color:#FFF}.outline_button.selector{margin:5px 5px 0 0;display:inline-block;line-height:15px;text-transform:none;border:1px solid #999;color:#999}.outline_button.selected{border:1px solid #b52600;background-color:#b52600;color:white}.outline_button input{display:none}.ci_rel_type{display:inline-block;text-transform:none;cursor:pointer;margin:0 2px;top:auto}.ci_rel_type.selected,.grey_button.selected{background-color:#b52600;color:#FFF}.ci_rel_type.selected .ci_rel_type_count{color:#BBB}.ci_rel_type_count{display:none;margin-top:-11px;font-size:8pt;color:#666}.grey_button{float:none;line-height:15px;font-size:14px;white-space:pre;padding:7px 10px;margin:3px 7px 7px 0;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap}.grey_button.green{background-color:#c9e693;color:#6d9d14}.grey_button.green:hover{background-color:#6d9d14;color:white}.content_button,.link_button,input[type=submit],input[type=button],.link_button.external_link,.content_button.external_link{display:block;width:160px;overflow:hidden;color:#b52600;font-weight:bold;font-family:Karla,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:16px;line-height:100%;text-align:center;text-transform:uppercase;padding:6px 6px !important;cursor:pointer;margin:5px 0 5px 0;border-radius:5px;border:2px solid #b52600;background-color:white;position:relative;top:0;white-space:nowrap}input[type=submit].content_button,input[type=button].content_button{height:33px}.green_button{display:inline-block;color:#FFF;background-color:#1bb77d;font-weight:bold;font-family:Karla,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:16px;line-height:17px;text-align:center;text-transform:uppercase;padding:6px 12px !important;cursor:pointer;margin:5px 0 5px 0;border-radius:5px;border:2px solid #1bb77d;position:relative;top:-1px;white-space:nowrap}.green_button:hover{text-decoration:none;background:#1bca90;border-color:#1bca90;transition-duration:.25s}input[type=submit],input[type=button]{padding:8px inherit !important}.content_button:hover,.link_button:hover,input[type=submit]:hover,input[type=button]:hover{color:#FFF;text-decoration:none;background:#b52600;transition-duration:.25s}.content_button_narrow.inline,.content_button.inline{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle}.content_button_narrow,.content_button.narrow{width:auto !important}.content_button.inline{display:inline-block;width:inherit;padding-left:20px !important;padding-right:20px !important}.content_button.red,.content_button.dark{display:inline-block;border:0;background-color:#b52600;color:#fff;line-height:125%;width:auto;padding:6px 14px !important}.content_button.red:hover{background-color:#222;transition-duration:.25s}.content_button.dark{background-color:#222}.content_button.dark:hover{background-color:#b52600;transition-duration:.25s}input[disabled],.content_button.disabled,.content_button_tiny.disabled,.content_button_narrow.disabled{color:silver !important;cursor:default !important}input[disabled].content_button,input[disabled].content_button_tiny,input[disabled].content_button_narrow,.content_button.disabled,.content_button_tiny.disabled,.content_button_narrow.disabled{border:2px solid silver !important}input[disabled]:hover,.content_button.disabled:hover,.content_button_tiny.disabled:hover,.content_button_narrow.disabled:hover{color:silver !important;background-color:white !important}.social_login_button{display:block;width:174px;height:35px;background-image:url('/images/social_signin_buttons.png');background-color:silver}.social_login_button:hover{opacity:.9;transition-duration:.25s}.social_login_button.google{background-position:0 0}.social_login_button.twitter{background-position:0 -36px}.social_login_button.facebook{background-position:0 71px}.social_login_button.patreon{background-position:0 35px}.big_red_button:hover{text-decoration:none;opacity:.9;transition-duration:.25s}.big_red_button{font-family:Karla,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:20px;background-color:#b52600;background-image:url("/template/images/big_red_button_bg.jpg");border-radius:5px;color:white;display:block;font-weight:bold;margin:20px auto 0;padding:5px 16px;text-align:center;text-transform:uppercase;width:250px;cursor:pointer;white-space:nowrap}button.big_red_button{padding:6px 16px 7px;outline:0;border-style:none;font-size:13pt;font-family:hypatia-sans-pro;cursor:pointer}.simple_button{border:1px solid #222;color:#222;font-weight:normal;width:auto;padding:6px 14px !important;font-family:Karla,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:16px;line-height:33px;text-align:center;text-transform:uppercase;cursor:pointer;margin:5px 5px 5px 0;border-radius:5px;text-decoration:none;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap}.simple_button:hover{text-decoration:none;background:#444;border:1px solid #444;color:#EEE;transition-duration:.25s}.simple_button.red:hover{border:1px solid #222;background-color:#222;transition-duration:.25s}.simple_button.red{border:1px solid #b52600;background-color:#b52600;color:#fff;font-weight:bold}.simple_button.disabled{border:1px solid silver;color:silver}.simple_button.disabled:hover{border:1px solid silver;color:silver;background:#fff;cursor:default}.ad_membership_notice{text-transform:uppercase;font-weight:bold;position:relative;padding:0 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                    <a href="/article/2354/american-invasion-of-quebec/" class="content_item  ci_related_item ci_type_2 " id="2-2354" data-score="372787" data-ci-type-id="2">
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                                The American invasion of Quebec (September 1775-June 1776) was a military campaign undertaken during the American Revolutionary War (1775-1783). Hoping to induce the Province of Quebec to join the rebellion, the Second Continental Congress...                            </div>
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                <h3>American Revolutionary War</h3>
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                                The American Revolutionary War (1775-1783), or the American War of Independence, was a conflict between Great Britain and its 13 North American colonies, who declared independence as the United States of America. Initially a rebellion within...                            </div>
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                                The American Revolution (1765-1789) was a period of political upheaval in the Thirteen Colonies of British North America. Initially a protest over parliamentary taxes, it blossomed into a rebellion and led, ultimately, to the birth of the...                            </div>
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                <h3>Causes of the American Revolution</h3>
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                                The American Revolution (c. 1765-1789) was a definitive event in Western history that saw the emergence of the United States and helped spawn additional waves of revolutions and societal upheavals on both sides of the Atlantic. Though the...                            </div>
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                                The involvement of France in the American War of Independence (1775-1783) was not only significant in the progress of the war itself but also as a critical moment for France. Whereas French intervention in the war would help turn the tide...                            </div>
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                                The history and culture of the Native Peoples of North America are often overlooked as they have been largely eclipsed by the history of the European settlers who colonized the region beginning in the 17th century. The original inhabitants...                            </div>
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                    Article                                        <span class="ci_author">by Harrison W. Mark</span>                </div>
                <h3>Weapons in the American Revolution</h3>
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                                The American Revolutionary War (1775-1783) was a long and bitter conflict fought between Great Britain and its thirteen North American colonies over the Americans' liberties and, eventually, for the independence of the United States. The...                            </div>
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                    Article                                        <span class="ci_author">by Harrison W. Mark</span>                </div>
                <h3>African Americans in the American Revolution</h3>
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                                On the eve of the American Revolution (1765-1789), the Thirteen Colonies had a population of roughly 2.1 million people. Around 500,000 of these were African Americans, of whom approximately 450,000 were enslaved. Comprising such a large...                            </div>
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                <h3>Mexican-American War</h3>
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                                The Mexican-American War (1846-1848) was a conflict between the United States and Mexico, sparked by the US annexation of Texas in 1845. Hoping to seize even more territory from Mexico, US President James K. Polk (served 1845-1849) used the...                            </div>
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                    Article                                        <span class="ci_author">by Joshua J. Mark</span>                </div>
                <h3>Twelve Famous Native American Women</h3>
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                                Native American women are traditionally held in high regard among the diverse nations, whether a given people are matrilineal or patrilineal. Traditionally, women were not only responsible for raising children and caring for the home but...                            </div>
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