Amitabh Patra

How To Crack SSB (for Army/Navy/Air-Force)

2012-03-23T08:59:00.001-07:00

Hi, I am Amitabh Patra. I have recently Cracked SSB in my second attempt and want to share my thoughts about the Exam so that people can get some guidance to prepare themselves for this Exam.

First of all I would like to share the Composition of the Exam.

Ist day or we can say it as 0th Day its about Document Verification.

The Exam is divided into two Stages.

Ist Stage

Intelligence Test

Verbal Intelligence Test
Non-Verbal Intelligence Test

PPDT (Picture Perception & Description Test)

Writing a Picture
Narration
Group Discussion

IInd Stage

Psychological Test

TAT (Thematic Apperception Test)
WAT (Word Association Test)
SRT (Situation Reaction Test)
SDT (Self Description Test)

Interview
GTO's Test

Civil Services Preparation - General Studies (General Science) -1

2011-12-16T07:30:00.001-08:00

Dear Friends, in the previous Blog (Civil Services Preparation - The Introduction), I have mentioned the vast syllabus of General Studies Subject. Now, in this Blog I have mentioned the Subject called General Science. As this subject itself is an vast one, So I will explain it in parts of Blogs. Also it includes the subjects - General Science, Physics, Chemistry and Biology, which will be separated later. The Contents have already been discussed in the Introduction Part. Kindly go through this.

1. Food

1. Food & Its Variety
Food is any substance consumed to provide Nutritional support for the Body. It is usually of plants or animal origin, & contains essential nutrients, such as carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins or minerals. The substance is ingested by an organism and assimilated by the organism's cell in an effort to produce energy, maintain life, or stimulate growth.
The variety of food depends majorly upon following factors:

Habitat
Location
Environmental Conditions
Weather
Population, etc.

In India, we have very wide variety of food majorly because of its cultural heritage, weather and various kinds of soil available in India. Food in India varies from location to location.

2. Ingredients of Food

It is defined as the part of food which collectively present in food.

3. Sources of Food

Almost all foods are of Plants or Animal origin. Some of the foods are listed below with their sources:

Cereals - Plant Origin
Vegetables - Plant Origin
Meat, Egg & Fish - Animal Origin
Mushroom - Edible Fungi
Baking Soda - Chemical Origin (In-Organic Substance)

Some of the Food requires fungi or bacteria for preparation, like pickle needs to be fermented and bread, etc.

4. Classification of Animals according to the food they eat

Carnivore - Carnivorous creatures are Meat eaters.
Herbivore - Herbivorous creatures are Plant eaters.
Insectivore - These creatures eats insects.
Frugivore - Frugivorous creatures are Fruit eaters.
Omnivorous - Omnivorous creatures are just eat almost anything edible.

Note: None of these classifications are exclusive, however. For Example., Herbivorous animals will tend to eat insects and Fruits. Carnivorous may eat plants & plant parts if it helps their digestion.

5. Classification of Living Organisms
Living Organisms can be broadly classified as follows:

Autotrophs - Those Organisms who make their own food by Photosynthesis, like Green Plants

Photo-Autotrophs - Those Organisms who make their food by deriving energy from Chemical Reactions, synthesize all necessary organic compounds from CO2. Chemo-Autotrophs use In-Organic energy sources, such as H2S, elemental Sulphur, ferrous Iron, Molecular Hydrogen and Ammonia. Most are Bacteria or archea that live in hostile environments, such as deep-sea vents and are the Primary Producers in such ecosystem.

Heterotrophs - They are the Organisms that can fix Carbon and uses Organic Carbon for Growth.

Photo-Heterotrophs - They are those Heterotrophic Organisms that use light for energy, but cannot use CO2 as their sole carbon source. Consequently, they use Organic Compounds from the environment to satisfy their Carbon requirements. Some examples are, Purple Non-Sulfur Bacteria, Green Non-Sulfur Bacteria & Helio-Bacteria.

Chemotrophs - Chemotrophs are the organisms that obtain energy by the Oxidation of electron donors in their environments. These molecules can be Organic (Chemo-Organotrophs) or Inorganic (Chemo-Lithotrophs). The Chemotropth designation is in contrast to Phototrophs, which utilizes Solar energy. Chemotrophs can be either Autotrophic or Heterotrophic.

Chemo-Autotrophs - They are also called Chemotrophic Autotrophs. In addition to deriving energy from Chemical Reactions, synthesize all necessary Organic Compounds from CO2. Chemoautotrophs use Inorganic energy sources, such as H2S, Elemental Sulfur, Ferrous Iron, Molecular Hydrogen and Ammonia (NH3). Most are Bacteria or Archea that live in hostile environments such as deep sea vents and are the Primary producers in such ecosystem.
Chemo-Heterotrophs - They are also called Chemotrophic Heterotrophs. They are unable to fix Carbon and form their own Organic Compounds. Chemoheterotrophs can be Chemo-Litho-Heterotrophs, utilizing Inorganic energy sources such as Carbohydrates, Lipids and Proteins.

Radiographic Fungus - Radiographic Fungii are Fungii which appear to use the pigment melanin to convert Gamma Radiation into Chemical energy for Growth. However, whether melanin containing fungii employ a similar multi step pathway as Photosynthesis, or same Chemosynthesis, is unknown. These were first discovered in the year 2007 as Black Molds growing inside and around the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant. Examples of these Fungii are: Cladosporium Sphaerospermum, Wangiella Dermatidis & Cryptoccus Neoformans.

5. Food Distribution

Food Distribution is a method of distributing or transporting food or drink from one place to another, is a very important factor in Public Nutrition, where it breaks down famine, malnutrition or illness can occur. During Same Periods of Ancient Rome, food distribution occurred with the policy of giving free bread to its citizens under the provision of a common good. These are the three components of food distribution.

Transport Infrastructure, such as Roads, Vehicles, Rail-Transports, Airports and Sea Ports.
Food handling technology & regulation, such as refrigeration, storage and warehousing.
Adequate source & supply logistics, based on demand & need.

2. Components of Food

1. Nutrient

Nutrient is a Chemical that an Organism needs to live and grow or a substance used in an Organism's metabolism which must be taken in from its environment. They are used to be taken in from its environment. They are used to build and repair tissues, regulate body processes & are converted to and used as energy. Organic nutrients includes Carbohydrates, Fats, Proteins (or their building blocks, Amino Acids) and Vitamins. Inorganic chemical compounds includes dietary minerals, water and Oxygen may also be considered nutrients. A nutrient is said to be essential if it must be obtained from an external source, either because the organism cannot synthesize it or produces insufficient quantities. Nutrients needed in very small amounts are called Micro-Nutrients and those that are needed in larger quantities are called Macro-Nutrients. The effects of over dose of nutrients are called dose dependents and shortages are called deficiencies.

2. Types of Nutrients

We can classify nutrients broadly in two types, which are as follows:

Substances that provide energy.
Substances that supports metabolism.

Substances that provide Energy - In this category there are three major parts of Nutrients, these are further explained below:

Carbohydrates - These are the compounds made up of types of sugars. Carbohydrates are classified by their number of sugar units: Mono-Saccharides (such as Glucose and Fructose), Di-Saccharides (such as Sucrose & Lactose), Oligo-Saccharides (such as Fructo-Oligo-Saccharides & Galacto-Oligo-Saccharides GOS), and Poly-Saccharides (such as Starch, Glycogen & Cellulose).
Proteins - These are the Organic Compounds that consists of the Amino Acids joined by peptide bonds. The body cannot manufacture some of the Amino Acids (termed as Essential Amino Acids); the diet must supply these. In Nutrition, Proteins are broken down through digestion by Proteases back into free Amino Acids.
Fats - Fats consists of Glycerin molecule with three fatty acids attached. fatty acids are unbranched hydrocarbon chains connected by single bonds alone (called Saturated Fatty Acids) or by both Double and Single Bonds (called Unsaturated Fatty Acids). Fats are needed to keep cell membranes functioning properly, to insulate body organs against shock, to keep body temperature stable and to maintain healthy skin and hair. The body does not manufacture certain fatty acids (termed as Esseantial Fatty Acids) & the diet must supply these.

Note:- Fat has an energy content of 9 KCal/gm (~37.7 KJ/gm)

Proteins & Carbohydrates has an enrgy content of 4KCal/gm (~16.7 KJ/gm)

Ethanol (Grain Alcohol) has an energy content of 7 KCal/gm (29.3 KJ/gm)

Substances that supports Metabolism

Dietary Minerals - Dietary minerals are generally trace elements, salts or ions such as Copper and Iron. Some of these minerals are essential to human metabolism.
Vitamins - Vitamins are organic compounds essential to the body. They Usually act as co-enzymes or co-factors for various proteins in the body.
Water - Water is an essential nutrient and is the solvent in which all the chemical reactions of life takes place.

3. Essential and Non-Essential Nutrients

Nutrients are frequently categorized as essential or non essential nutrients.

Essential Nutrients - These are the Nutrients which are unable to synthesized internally (either at all, or in sufficient quantities), and so must be consumed by an organism from its environment.
Non-Essential Nutrients - These are the Nutrients that can be made by the body, they may often also be absorbed from consumed food. The majority of animals ultimately derive their essential nutrients from plants, though some animals may consume mineral based soils to supplement their diet.

4. Deficiencies and Toxicity

An adequate amount of a nutrients is a deficiency. Deficiencies can be due to a number of causes including inadequacy in nutrient intake called dietary deficiency, or conditions that interfere with the utilization of a nutrient within an organism. Some of the conditions that can interfere with nutrient utilization include problems with nutrient absorption, substances that cause a greater than normal need for a nutrient, conditions that cause nutrient destruction, and conditions that cause greater nutrient excretion. Nutrient toxicity occurs when an excess of a nutrient does harm to an organism.

In Plants five types of deficiency or toxicity symptoms are common:

Chlorosis - which is the yellowing of plant tissue caused by a shortage of Chlorophyll Synthesis.
Necrosis - which is the death of Plant Tissue.
Accumulation of Anthocyanin - which produces a purple or reddish colorization of foilage and/or stems.
Lack of new growth.
Stunting or reduced growth - where new growth is stunted or reduced.

Oversupply of Plant nutrients in the environment can cause excessive plant or Algae growth. This Process is called Eutrophication, which may cause imbalances in population numbers and other nutrients that can be harmful to certain species.
For Example, an Algal bloom can deplete the Oxygen available for fish to breathe, causes include water pollution from sewage or run off from farms (carrying excess agricultural fertilizer). Nitrogen and Phosphorus are most commonly the limiting factor in growth, and thus the most likely to trigger Eutrophication when introduced artificially.

5. Vitamins
Vitamin is an Organic Compound required as a Nutrient in tiny amounts by an Organism. In other words, an Organic Chemical Compound (or related set of compounds) is called a Vitamin, when it cannot be synthesized in sufficient quantities by an organism.
For Example, Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C) is a Vitamin for Humans, but not for most other animals. Vitamins are Classified as either Water-Soluble or Fat-Soluble. In Human, there are 13 Vitamins: 4 Fat Soluble, (A, D, E and K) and 9 Water Soluble, (8 B-Vitamins & Vitamin C). Water soluble vitamins dissolve easily in water and in general, are readily excreted from the body, to the degree that Urinary Output is a Strong Predictor of Vitamin Consumption. Because they are not readily stored, consistent daily intake is important. Many types of water soluble vitamins are synthesized by bacteria. Fat-Soluble Vitamins are absorbed through the intestinal tract with the help of lipids (Fats). Because they are more likely to accumulate in the body , they are more likely to lead to hypervitaminosis than are Water-Soluble Vitamins. Fat-Soluble Vitamin regulation is of particular significance in cystic fibrosis.

List of Vitamins

Vitamin-A - Its Chemical name is Retinol, this is a Fat Soluble Vitamin. Deficiency diseases includes, and the overdose Disease is Hyper-Vitaminosis-A. Good Sources are Orange Vegetables, Carrots, Pumpkin, Squash, Spinach, etc.
Vitamin-B1 - Its Chemical name is Thiamine, this a Water Soluble Vitamin. The Deficiency diseases includes, Beri-Beri, Wernicke Korsakoff Syndrome, and the Overdose disease is Drowsiness or Muscle relaxation with large doses. The good sources are Oatmeal, Rice, Vegetables, Cauliflower, Potatoes, Liver and eggs.
Vitamin-B2 -

Civil Services Preparation - The Introduction

2011-12-07T23:26:00.001-08:00

Dear Friends, I am an Engineering Graduate, (B.Tech-Mech.), like you guys I am also preparing for the Civil Services Exam. Before sharing my views and other related content, I would like to mention you that I am going to explain each and every details I know about this Exam, also I would like to tell you guys that I will try my best to help you with this Blog also it is helping me to revise what I have prepared for the Exam. I would like to mention here that as I am doing all this with my own without any help from anybody, also I am preparing for the Exam, So it might take some time to complete this Blog or lists of Blogs based on this Preparation Series, so inconvenience is deeply regretted.

Kindly, check out the list of contents about this Blog, mentioned below:

Civil Services Exam
Eligibility for Civil Services
Civil Services Exam Schedule and Pattern
Syllabus for General Studies
General Studies
Current Affairs
Civil Services Aptitude Test (CSAT)
Hindi (Optional Language)
English
Sample Essays
Political Science (Optional Subject-1)
Sociology (Optional Subject-2)
Sample Interviews
Mock Test Papers (1 - 1000)

Civil Services Exam

The Civil Services Examination (CSE) is a nationwide Competitive Examination in India conducted by the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) for recruitment to the various Civil Services of the Government of India, including the services listed below. The Examination , consisting of nine papers of conventional (Essay) type followed by the Personality Test (Interview). The entire process from the notification of the Preliminary Examination to declaration of the final results take roughly one and a half year. Usually referred to as the mother of all the Examinations in India, its success rate lies below 0.5%. The Civil Services Examination is based on the British Raj-Era Indian Civil Service. The Civil Services Examination of India is considered to be amongst of the most difficult Competitive Examinations in the World. On an average, 4 to 5 hundred thousand candidates appear for the examination. Aspirants must compete a three stage process, with a final success rate of about 0.3% of the total applicants.

The Indian Civil Services includes the following:

Indian Administrative Service (IAS)
Indian Foreign Service (IFS)
Indian Police Service (IPS)
Indian P&T Accounts and Finance Service
Indian Audit & Accounts Service
Indian Customs & Central Excise Service
Indian Defence Accounts Service
Indian Revenue Service
Indian Ordinance Factories Service
Indian Postal Service
Indian Civil Accounts Service
Indian Railway Traffic Service
Indian Railway Accounts Service
Indian Railway Personnel Service
Posts of Assistant Security Officer
Indian Defence Estates Service
Indian Information Service
Indian Trade Service
Indian Corporate Law Service
The Posts of Assistant Commandant in the Central Industrial Security Service Force
Central Secretariat Service
Railway Board Secretariat Service
The Armed Forces Headquarters Civil Service
The Delhi, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Lakshadweep, Daman & Diu & Dadar & Nagar Haveli Civil Services
The Delhi, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Lakshadweep, Daman & Diu & Dadar & Nagar Haveli Police Services

NOTE: The Government of India will not allot the above said services as per his / her preference and rank

2. Elgibility for Civil Services

The Candidate should be Graduate or undergraduate (Final Year)
No Percentage Barrier in Class 10 / 10+2 / Graduation
Maximum Age Limit for General Category Candidates is 30 years as on 1st August, Number of Attempts he/she can appear is 4.
Maximum Age Limit for OBC Candidates is 33 years as on 1st August, Number of Attempts he/she can appear is 7.
Maximum Age Limit for SC/ST Category Candidates is 35 years as on 1st August, Number of Attempts he/she can appear is 14.

3. Civil Services Exam Schedule & Pattern

PATTERN:
Stage 1 - Preliminary Examination

- Date of Examination : May/June

General Studies - (100 Multiple choice questions - each question carry 2 marks) - 200 Marks
Civil Services Aptitude Test (CSAT) - (80 Multiple choice questions - each carry 2.5 marks) - 200 Marks

Stage 2 - Main Examination

- Date of Examination : October

Languages :

Indian Language (Optional) - 300 Marks
English (Compulsory Language) - 300 Marks

Essay - 200 Marks
General Studies - 600 Marks
Optional Subject 1 - 600 Marks
Optional Subject 2 - 600 Marks

Stage 3 - Interview

LIST OF OPTIONAL SUBJECTS FOR MAIN EXAMINATION :

Sociology
Public Administration
Geography
History
Political Science & International Relations
Anthropology
Psychology
Law
Electrical Engineering
Botany
Chemistry
Mathematics
Physics
Agriculture
Zoology
Mechanical Engineering
Statistics
Medical Science
Philosophy
Civil Engineering
Commerce & Accountancy
Economics
Literature
Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Science
Management
Geology

4. Syllabus for General Studies

The General Studies subject is the major Subject for the Civil Services Examination (CSE) Preparation. As this Subject includes so many basic Subjects, hence it is considered to be one of the Vast Subjects in the Preparation for this Exam. Here, I am firstly listing the major Subjects Under this Vast Subject, Secondly mentioning Each and every Details, then followed by Topics & definitions.
The General Studies includes the following:

Ancient India
Medieval India
Modern India
Indian Geography
World Geography
Indian Polity
Indian Economy
Physics
Chemistry
Human Physiology
Science & Technology
Environmental Issues
Current Affairs

But, Now I am going to show you the detailed contents of this subject (Based on NCERT Books and some other Books too with which I am preparing). Though it is quite vast and you might feel bored, but let me tell you that there is no room for getting bored in the preparation of this Exam. Also, I would like to tell you that breaking of a Unit into smaller units is easy to prepare well. So, kindly check the detailed contents of this Subject.

Geography, Ecology & Environment

Earth in the Solar System
Globe: Latitudes & Longitudes
Motions of the Earth
Maps
Major Domains of the Earth
Major Land-forms of the Earth
Our Country - India
India: Climate, Vegetation & Wildlife
Environment
Inside our Earth
Our changing Earth
Air
Water
Natural Vegetation & Wildlife
Human Environment - Settlement, Transport & Communication
Human Environment Interactions - The Tropical & the Sub-Tropical Regions
Life in the Temperature Grasslands
Life in the Deserts
Resources
Land, Soil, Water, Natural Vegetation& Wildlife Resources
Mineral & Power Resources
Agriculture
Industries
Human Resources
India - Size & Location
Physical features of India
Drainage
Climate
Natural Vegetation & Wildlife
Population
Resources & Development
Forest & Wildlife Resources
Water Resources
Agriculture
Minerals & Energy Resources
Manufacturing Industries
Lifelines of National Economy
Interior of the Earth
Distribution of Oceans & Continents
Introduction to Maps
Map Scale
Latitude, Longitude & Time
Map Projections
Topographical Maps
Introduction to Aerial Photographs
Introduction to Remote Sensing
Weather Instruments, maps & Charts
Drainage System
Natural Vegetation
Soils
Geo-Morphic Processes
Landforms & their Evolution
Solar Radiation, Heat Balance & Temperature
Atmospheric Circulation & Weather Systems
Water in the Atmosphere
World Climate & Climate change
Movements of Ocean Water
Bio-diversity & Conservation
Human Geography
The World Population
Population Composition
Human Development
Primary Activities
Secondary Activities
Tertiary & Quaternary Activities
Transport & Communication
International Trade
Human Settlements
Population
Migration
Human Development
Human Settlements
Land Resources & Agriculture
Water Resources
Mineral & Energy Resources
Manufacturing Industries
Planning & Sustainable Development in Indian Context
Transport & Communication
International Trade
Geographical perspective on selected Issues and Problems
Data - Its Source & Compilation
Data Processing
Graphical Representation of Data
Use of Computer in Data Processing and Mapping
Field Surveys
Spatial Information Technology
Nature & Scope of Geography
Earth in the Universe
Origin & Structure of the Earth
Atmosphere
Distribution of Continents & Oceans
Oceans & Oceanography
Rivers & Lakes
Internal Forces or Earth Movements and Landforms
External or Exogenous Processes and Landforms
Atmospheric Moisture
Soil
Weather & Climate
Biodiversity & Environment
Agriculture
Animal Husbandry & Fishery
Minerals
Industry
Infrastructure
Demography
Human Settlements & Migration with Special reference to India
Concepts in Ecology
Environment
Sustainable Development
Biodiversity
Wildlife
Combating Desertification
Pollution and its Control
Climate Concerns
Contemporary Issues
Selected National Parks & Sanctuaries of India : A Survey

History

What, Where, How & When
On the trail of the Earliest People
From Gathering to Growing Food
In the Earliest Cities
What Books & Burials Tell Us
Kingdoms, Kings & an Early Republic
New Questions & Ideas
Ashoka, the Emperor who gave up War
Vital Villages, Thriving Towns
Traders, Kings and Pilgrims
New Empires & Kingdoms
Buildings, Paintings and Books
Tracing Changes through a Thousand Years
New Kings and Kingdoms
The Delhi Sultans
The Creation of an Empire: The Mughal Dynasty
Towns, Traders and Crafts Persons
Tribes, Nomads and Settled Communities
Devotional Paths to the Divine
The making of Regional Cultures
Eighteenth Century Political Formations
How, When & Where
From Trade to Territory (The Company establishes Power)
Ruling the Countryside
Tribals, Dikus & the Vision of a Golden Age
When People Rebel (1857 & After)
Colonialism & the City (The Story of an Imperial Capital)
The French Revolution
Socialism in Europe & the Russian Revolution
Nazism & the Rise of Hitler
Forest Society & Colonialism
Pastoralists in the Modern World
Peasants & Farmers
History & Sport: The Story of Cricket
Clothing a Social History
The Rise of Nationalism in Europe
The Nationalist Movement in Indo-China
Nationalism in India
The making of Global World
The Age of industrialization
Work, Life & Leisure (Cities in the Contemporary World)
Print Culture & the Modern World
Novels, Society & History
Early Societies

From the Beginning of Time
Writing & City Life

Empires

An Empire across three Continents
The Central Islamic Lands
Nomadic Empires

Changing Traditions

The Three Orders
Changing Cultural Traditions
Confrontation of Cultures

Towards Modernization

The Industrial Revolution
Displacing Indigenous People
Paths to Modernization

Bricks, Beads & Bones

The Harappan Civilization

Kings, Farmers & Towns

early States & Economies - (C. 600 BCE to 600 CE)

Kinship, castle & Class

Early Socities - (C. 600 BCE to 600 CE)

Thinkers, Beliefs & Buildings

Cultural Developments - (C. 600 BCE to 600 CE)

Colonialism & the Countryside

Exploring Official Archives

Rebels & the Raj

The Revolt of 1857 & its Representations

Colonial Cities

Urbanization, Planning & Architecture

Mahatma Gandhi - The Nationalist Movement

Civil Disobedience & Beyond

Understanding Partition

Politics, Memories, Experiences

Framing the Constitution

The Beginning of a New Era

History of India - An Introduction
Pre-History
The Harappan Culture
The Vedic Age
The Age of Buddha
The Mauryan Empire
Post - Mauryan Period (200 BC to AD 300)
The Gupta Age
North India & the Deccan after the Guptas
History of South India
Northern India - From the 8th Century to AD 1200
The Sultanate of Delhi
Provincial Kingdoms after the Sultanate
The Mughal Empire
The Marathas
Advent of European Commerce
British Expansion & Consolidation
Governors - General & Viceroys during the British Period
Administration Under British Rule
Economic Impact of British Rule
Socio-Religious Reform Movements
Development of Education
The Trade Union Movement
Development of the Press
Early Uprisings against British Rule
Growth of Nationalism
The Struggle for Independence begins: Early Phase (1855 -1918)
The Gandhian Era - Till the end of Second World War (1919 - 1945)
The Final Phase & The Achievement of Independence
Personalities Associated with the National Movement

Civics, Economics, Political Science & Sociology

Understanding diversity
Diversity & Discrimination
What is Government ?
Key Elements of Democratic Government
Panchayati Raj
Rural Administration
Urban Administration
Rural Livelihoods
Equality in Indian Democracy
State Government
How the State Government works ?
Gender
Women change the World
Media & Advertising
Understanding Advertising
Markets
A Shirt in the Market
Struggles for Equality
The Indian Constitution
Understanding Secularism
Why do we need a Parliament ?
Understanding Laws
Judiciary
Understanding our Criminal Justice System
Understanding Marginalization
Confronting Marginalization
Public Facilities
Law & Social Justice
Understanding Resources
People as Resource
Poverty as a Challenge
Food Security in India
Power sharing
Federalism
Democracy & Diversity
Gender, Religion & Caste
Popular Struggles & Movements
Political Parties
Outcomes of Democracy
Challenges to Democracy
Indian Economy on the eve of Independence
Indian Economy (1950 - 1990)
Human Capital formation in India
Rural Development
Employment: Growth, Informalisation & Other Issues
Infrastructure
Environment & Sustainable Development
Sociology & Society
Terms, Concepts & their use in Sociology
Understanding Social Institutions
Culture & Socialization
Doing Sociology: Research Methods
Social Structure, Satisfaction & Social Processes in Society
Social Change & Social Order in Rural & Urban Society
Environment & Society
Introducing Western Sociologists
Indian Sociologists
Introduction to Economics (Micro)
Theory of Consumer Behaviour
Production & Costs
The Theory of the Firm under Perfect Competition
Market Equilibrium
Non-Competitive Markets
Introduction to Economics (Macro)
National Income Accounting
Money & Banking
Income Determination
The Government: Functions & Scope
Open Economy - Macroeconomics
Challenges of Nation Building
Era of One Party Dominance
Politics & Planned Development
India's External Relations
Challenges to & Restoration of the Congress System
The Crisis of the Democratic Order
Rise of Popular Movements
Regional Aspirations
Recent Developments in Indian Politics
The Cold War Era
The end of Bi-Polarity
US hegemony in World Politics
Alternative Centers of Power
Contemporary South Asia
International Organisations
Security in the Contemporary World
Environment & Natural Resources
Globalization
Introducing Indian Society
The Demographic Structure of the Indian Society
Social Institutions, Continuity & Change
The Market as a Social Institution
Patterns of Social Inequality & Exclusion
The Challenges of Cultural Diversity
Structural Change
Cultural Change
The Story of Indian Democracy
Change & Development in Industrial Society
Globalization & Social Change
Mass Media & Communications
Social Movements
Historical Perspective
Features & Philosophy of the Constitution
Territory of the Union & Re-Organisation of the States
Citizenship
Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles & Fundamental Duties
The Union Executive
The Union Legislature
Comptroller & Auditor-General
The State Executive
The State Legislative
The State of Jammu & Kashmir
Local Government
Union Territories & Special Areas
The Judiciary
Indian Federalism & Centre-State Relations
Emergency Provisions
Civil Services & Public Service Commission
Elections
Official Language
Provisions relating to Special Castes
Schedules of the Constitution
Amendment of the Constitution
India's Foreign Policy
Economics, Economies & economic Development
Historical Perspective & Nature of Indian Economy
Planning
Natural Resources & Sustainable Development
Demography & Human Development
National Income & Structural Change
Capital Formation
Poverty & Poverty Alleviation Programmes
Employment Issues
Agriculture
Food Security
The Co-Operative Movement in India
Industry
Infrastructure
Foreign Trade
Balance of Payments
Foreign Capital in Economic Development
Prices
Indian Currency, Exchange Rate & Convertibility
Financial Market
Public Finance
Economic Reforms & Inclusive Growth

Science - (Chemistry/Physics/Biology)

Food: Where does it come from ?
Components of Food
Fibre to Fabric
Sorting Materials into Groups
Separation of Substances
Changes Around Us
Getting to know Plants
Body Movements
The Living Organisms & their Surroundings
Motion & Measurement of Distances
Light, Shadows & Reflections
Electricity & Circuits
Magnets
Water
Air
Nutrition in Plants
Nutrition in Animals
Fibre to Fabric
Heat
Acids, Bases & Salts
Physical & Chemical Changes
Weather, Climate & Adaptations of Animal to Climate
Winds, Storms & Cyclones
Soil
Respiration in Organisms
Transportation in Animals & Plants
Reproduction in Plants
Motion & Time
Electric Current & Its Effects
Light
Water: A Precious Resource
Forests: Our Lifeline
Waste Water
Crop Production & Management
Microorganisms: Friends & Foe
Synthetic Fibres & Plastics
Materials: Metals & Non-Metals
Coal & Petroleum
Combustion & Flame
Conservation of Plants & Animals
Cell: Structure & Functions
Reproduction in Animals
Reaching the Age of Adolescence
Force & Pressure
Friction
Sound
Chemical Effects of Electric Current
Some Natural Phenomena
Light
Stars & The Solar System
Pollution of Air & Water
Matter in Our Surroundings
Is Matter Around Us Pure
Atoms & Molecules
Structure of the Atom
The Fundamental Unit of Life
Tissues
Diversity in Living Organisms
Motion
Force & Laws of Motion
Gravitation
Work & Energy
Sound
Why do we Fall ill ?
Natural Resources
Improvement in Food Resources
Chemical Reactions & Equations
Acids, Bases & Salts
Metals & Non-Metals
Carbon & Its Compounds
Periodic Classification of Elements
Life Processes
Control & Co-Ordination
How do Organisms Reproduce ?
Heredity & Evolution
Light - Reflection & Refraction
The Human Eye & The Colourful World
Electricity
Magnetic Effects of Electric Current
Sources of Energy
our Environment
Management of Natural Resources
Some basic Concepts of Chemistry
Structure of Atom
Classification of Elements & Periodicity in Properties
Chemical Bonding & Molecular Structure
States of Matter
Thermodynamics
Equilibrium
Redox Reactions
Hydrogen
The s-Block Elements
The p-Block Elements
Organic Chemistry - Some Basic Principles & Techniques
Hydrocarbons
Environmental Chemistry
Physical World
Units & Measurement
Motion in a Straight Line
Motion in a Plane
Laws of Motion
Work, Energy & Power
Systems of Particles & Rotational Motion
Gravitation
Mechanical Properties of Solids
Mechanical Properties of Fluids
Thermal Properties of Matter
Thermodynamics
Kinetic Theory
Oscillations
Waves
The Living World
Biological Classification
Plant Kingdom
Animal Kingdom
Morphology of Flowering Plants
Structural Organisation in Animals
Cell: The Unit of Life
Biomolecules
Cell Cycle & Cell Division
Transport in Plants
Mineral Nutrition
Photosynthesis in Higher Plants
Respiration in Plants
Plant Growth & Development
Digestion & Absorption
Breathing & Exchange of Gases
Body Fluids & Circulation
Excretory Products & their Elimination
Locomotion & Movement
Neutral Control & Co-Ordination
Chemical Control & Co-Ordination
The Solid State
Solutions
Electro-chemistry
Chemical Kinetics
Surface Chemistry
General Principles & Processes of Isolation of Elements
The p-Block Elements
The d- and f- Block Elements
Coordination Compounds
Haloalkanes & Haloarenes
Alcohols, Phenols & Ethers
Aldehydes, Ketones & Carboxylic Acids
Amines
Biomolecules
Polymers
Chemistry in Everyday Life
Electric Charges & Fields
Electrostatic Potential & Capacitance
Current Electricity
Moving Charges & Magnetism
Magnetism & Matter
Electromagnetic Induction
Alternating Current
Electromagnetic Waves
Ray Optics & Optical Instruments
Wave Optics
Dual Nature of Radiation & Matter
Atoms
Nuclei
Semiconductor Electronics: Materials, Devices & Simple Circuits
Communication Systems
Reproduction in Organisms
Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
Human Reproduction
Reproductive Health
Principles of Inheritence & Variation
Molecular basis of Inheritence
Evolution
Human Health & Disease
Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production
Microbes in Human Welfare
Biotechnology: Principles & Processes
Biotechnology & Its Applications
Organisms & Populations
Ecosystem
Biodiversity & Conservation
Environmental Issues
General Science - The Basics
Matter
Structure of Matter
States of Matter
Elements
Compounds
Mixtures
Solutions & Colloids
Chemical Formulae, Reactions & Equations
Force & Motion
Work, Energy, Power & Machines
Pressure
Heat
Waves
Light
Sound
Magnetism & Magnets
Electronics & Information Technology
Nuclear Science
Astronomy
Living & Non-Living Organisms
The Cell: Basic Unit of Life
Taxonomy & General Classification
Organisation of Living Bodies
Nutrition
Respiration
Circulation
Excretion
Skin & Temperature Control
Coordinating Systems
Muscular Systems
The Skeletal Systems
Reproduction
Genetics
Biotechnology
Evolution
Ecology
Diseases & Medicines

Mathematics (Important for CSAT & Mains)

Numbers
Whole Numbers
Using Numbers
Basic Geometrical Ideas
Understanding Elementary Shapes
Integers
Fractions
Decimals
Data Handling
Mensuration
Algebra
Ratio & Proportion
Symmetry
Practical Geometry
Integers
Fractions & Decimals
Data Handling
Simple Equations
Lines & Angles
The Triangle & its Properties
Congruence of Triangles
Comparing Quantities
Rational Numbers
Practical Geometry
Perimeter & Area
Algebraic Expressions
Exponents & Powers
Symmetry
Visualizing Solid Shapes
Rational Numbers
Linear Equations in One Variable
Understanding Quadrilaterals
Practical Geometry
Data Handling
Squares & Square Roots
Cubes & Cube Roots
Comparing Quantities
Algebraic Expressions & Identities
Visualizing Solid Shapes
Mensuration
Exponents & Powers
Direct & Inverse Proportions
Factorization
Introduction to Graphs
Understanding Numbers
Number Systems
Polynomials
Co-Ordinate Geometry
Linear Equations in Two Variables
Introduction to Euclid's Geometry
Lines & Angles
Triangles
Quadrilaterals
Areas of Parallelograms & Triangles
Circles
Constructions
Heron's Formula
Surface Areas & Volumes
Statistics
Probability
Real Numbers
Polynomials
Pair of Linear Equations in Two Variables
Quadratic Equations
Arithmetic Progressions
Triangles
Co-Ordinate Geometry
Introduction to Trigonometry
Some Applications of Trigonometry
Circles
Constructions
Areas related to Circles
Surface Areas & Volumes
Statistics
Probability
Sets
Relations & Functions
Trigonometric Functions
Principal of Mathematical Induction
Complex Numbers & Quadratic Equations
Linear Inequalities
Permutations & Combinations
Binomial Theorem
Sequences & Series
Straight Lines
Conic Sections
Introduction to 3-D Geometry
Limits & Derivatives
Mathematical Reasoning
Statistics
Probability
Relations & Functions
Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Matrices
Determinants
Continuity & Differentiability
Application of Derivatives
Integrals
Application of Integrals
Differential Equations
Vector Algebra
3-D Geometry
Linear Programming
Probability

NOTE:

Some of the Units are repeated, they are done intentionally as here I have followed NCERT and some other Books, so the later Unit is more detailed than the Previous Unit, though the names are same.
The above said Syllabus will be explained in details for subjects mentioned above as General Studies, CSAT, Current Affairs, Essays, English, Political Science, Sociology & Interview, in the next Blogs named as Civil Services Preparation - (Subject)

LFG a new fuel technology

2011-09-06T12:33:00.000-07:00

I was working with a company as a Mechanical Engineer, what I am actually. In that Company, I got the opportunity to learn about LFG, a new kind of technology to solve pollution problems and this technology can help us to earn more CARBON CREDITS as per the KYOTO Protocol, even we can reduce our Garbage, as this technology is related with Garbage Decomposition.

So, here I will explain this technology step by step, also I will share with you about its benefits and cost of initial investments required.

First of all I would like to share the idea behind this technology with my experience.

Most of the developing nations like India are facing a big problem with the Garbage of their respective big cities. Initially, there was no system and these countries followed the principle of throwing the Garbage at a specified Area govern by the Garbage Decomposition Departments in their Municipality. Later on, it was found or we can say, observed that if these Garbage is bio-degradable, then while Bacterial Decomposition Process the valuable Methane based gas releases in the absence of pure air and we were wasting that, not only this Methane is around 8 to 10 times more Green House Gas than Carbon Dioxide. This, Gas was further named as LFG, i.e. Landfill Gas.

So, it was all history, now is the time to utilize this Energy, So the technology is.....

Cover the complete Garbage Dumped Area with Neoprene or EPDM after the full dumping in that Area, and make some Piping arrangement so that we can Suck that Gas through them with the help of Blowers.
The Piping Arrangement or Design should be in such a way so that we can achieve a continuous supply of Gas to the Blowers without any leakage. Also, the Piping Arrangement will end at a central point to the Collection and Gas Processing System.
In the Gas Processing System firstly we will clean the Gas and then we will make it suitable for Power Generation. Here, we will allow the Gas to pass through the Mesh Filters to avoid Suspensions, and then through Liquid for complete washing of Gas.Then we will allow the Gas to pass through Flowmeters to calculate the amount of the Gas in the System for Complete Autromation. Then, we will Scrub the Gas to remove Hydrogen Sulphide, NOX and SOX contents in the Gas. After this, a series of Heat Exchangers (depending upon the Gas Flow) will dry the Gas and it will make its temperature appropriate for the combustion inside the Generator's Engine.
To make its flow towards the Generator, we will provide Blowers in the line of the Gas. Actually, the Blower is driving the Flow of the Gas in the whole System, by creating Negative Pressure upto the Heat Exchanger and Positive Pressure till the end of its Flow (As per the Circuit Explained). We can add one more Blower to make it as One Working - One Standby System.
After the Blower the Gas will flow towards the Gas Engines (Numbers depending upon the Gas Quantity/Requirement/Engine Size), and we can Generate Power from the System. This Power is more than enough to run itself and selling.
One more Flare System is required at its another end. This is for the safety of the whole System also this will ensure that No amount of Methane we are expelling into the Atmosphere. About this Flare System Technology, I will explain it in my next Blogs.

All this explained Circuit is controlled by a PLC based Control Panel, making it as fully Automatic with some added Motorised Valves (MOV), Sensors, etc.

All this was the Technology in brief, Now I will share some benefits from this Technology.

First of all, it is helping us to reduce the Air Pollution, which was earlier through the Methane based Gases as well as through the Smell of the Garbage.
The Power Generated is very clean and the Wastes like Hydrogen Sulphide can also be a way of earning money to sell these types of remaining chemicals to Chemical Companies.
As the whole Area is now covered we can make it as a Park by adding a layer of soil over the EPDM cover, which will make a new Green Space in the City.
The Calculated Carbon Credits is the major part in the process as it will generate money by selling.

It is for sure that there are lot other benefits in this Technology. But, we will now move to its Investment Part.

The Initial investment is not very costly if you have your Waste Land. I am an Engineer and I am not related with the Costing Part, So I am quite not sure about it. But, as far as I know the Investment Cost is very Low, compared to other technologies.

My be I have missed something to explain, So kindly, add some comments.

Pneumatic Engine

2011-09-05T00:00:00.001-07:00

Now is the time to look for the new technology to make us independent from the fossil fuel old technologies, I thought of lots of new inventions but some flaws are there, then I thought about the Pneumatic Engines. We can store highly compressed air, and can use that air in a Wankel Engine to move the rotary piston, as shown in the figure below:

Intake (Through Intake Port 1)

The compressed air is drawn in the intake port during this phase of the rotation.

Expansion (instead of Compression)

The compressed air will move the rotary piston and it will Expand, Hence give the power to the Engine.

Intake (Through Intake Port 2)

Again the Compressed Air is allowed through the Intake Port 2 to the Engine, as shown.

Exhaust

And finally the expanded air is expelled here in this stroke.

The rotary motion is transferred to the drive shaft by an eccentric wheel (illustrated in blue) that rides in a matching bearing in the rotor.

We are using Wankel Engine here, as it is more efficient than Piston Cylinder Arrangement also cheaper than the Turbine Technology.

Not only this, the Expelled gas has some Energy so we can also convert its remaining Energy for other purposes.

No doubt it has some complications but we can remove those, also the complications are comparatively less challenging than any other technology which are under research, with very less modifications we can make Engines, which are comparatively highly efficient, directly it is not emitting any amount of Pollution if we count then indirectly it will consume some energy to compress the Gas, but that can also be done with the help of Electric Energy. So we can achieve a possibility which is 100% pollution free.

Big Bang Theory a MYTH or a TRUTH

2011-09-04T23:56:00.000-07:00

I have studied Big Bang Theory, and I was amazed that it is all about the story after the Explosion, then what about the theory before it. Also, we have found that even Black Holes have their limited tendencies, after that they too expel the extra matter and that explosion is called Quasars. So I have concluded that actually Universe does not have any start or end this is all about no ending process, and the celestial objects are moving away from each other because of the gravitational waves in the universe due to massive explosions in it, like supernova, hypernova and Quasars and lot more which are yet to be discovered.