ENGINEERING BOOOOKKKKSSSS

INDUSTRIAL INSTRUMENTATION & PROCESS CONTROL SYSTEM:

2013-08-29T19:49:00.003-07:00

INDUSTRIAL INSTRUMENTATION & PROCESS CONTROL SYSTEM CONSIST OF:-

1) Microcontroller 8951.

2) Sensor section

3) Switches

4) Power supply.

5) LED panel for indication.

6) Relay driver and stepper motors

1) Microcontroller 8951:-

It is a low-power,high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 64k bytes of flash programmable and Erasable Read Only Memory (PEROM).The device is manufactured using PHILIPS high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the MCS-51 instruction set and pin-out.The on-chip flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer.By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with flash on a monolithic chip,the PHILIPS 89V51 is apowerful microcomputer,which provides a highly flexible and cost effective solution so many embedded control applications.

In this project microcontroller will do 2 things,firstly microcontroller reads signal from ADC and send it to computer and recives control signal from computer and send it to control relays.

2)Sensor section:-

Sensor section consist of following sensor :-

1)temp.sensor :-it convert the change in temp. into change in voltage and output of it is connect to IN0 input of ADC .

2)viscosity sensor:-it convert the change in viscosity into change in voltage and output of it is connect to IN1 input of ADC.

3)level sensor:-it convert the change in level into change in voltage and output of it is connect to IN2 input of ADC.

3)Swithes:-There are 1 key used.these are normally open push button.When button is normal i.e.not pressed then it gives logic 1.And when button is pressed then it gives logic 0.This switch is used to reset the microcontroller.

4)Power supply:-Step down transformer converts 230V AC into +5V DC. +5V is required for microcontroller 89v51 board and LED display.

+12v are required for relay driver circuit and stepper motor.

5)LED:-

LED display panel is used here as a output device.When there no rainfall detected by sensors then GREEN led will glow and circuit will normally work.

7)Relay driver:-

Output of microcontroller is not sufficient to drive the stepper motor directly.Therefore to drive the stepper motors we are using relay driver.

PROPOSED WORK

Hardware Implementation

1)Microcontroller 8951

2)temp.sensor

3)level sensor

4)viscosity sensor

5)Relay Driver

6)Micro switch.

7)LED’s

8)Transformer

9)Resisters,capacitors,Diodes etc.

10)Stepper motors

NANOROBOTICS

2013-08-29T19:42:00.002-07:00

Nanorobotics encompasses the design, fabrication and programming of robots reportwith overall dimensions in the submicron range, and the manipulation of nanoscale objects with micro or macroscopic robots. Nanorobots are quintessential NEMS (nanoelectromechanical systems) and raise all the important issues that must be addressed in NEMS design:sensing, actuation, control, communications, power, and interfacing across spatial scales and between the organic/inorganic and biotic/abiotic realms. Nanorobots are expected to have revolutionary applications in such areas as environmental monitoring and health care.

This report begins by discussing nanorobot construction, which is still at an embryonic stage. The emphasis is on nanomachines,an area which has seen a spate of rapid progress over the last few years. Nanoactuators will be essential components of future NEMS.

The report's focus then changes to nanoassembly by manipulation with scanning probe microscopes (SPMs), which is a relatively well established process for prototyping nanosystems.Prototyping of nanodevices and systems is important for design validation, parameter optimization and sensitivity studies.Nanomanipulation also has applications in repair and modification of nanostructures built by other means. High-throughput SPM manipulation may be achieved by using multi-tip arrays.

Experimental results are presented which show that interactive SPM manipulation can be used to accurately and reliably position molecular-sized components. These can then be linked by chemical means to form subassemblies, which in turn can be further manipulated. Applications in building wires, single-electron transistors and nanowaveguides are presented.

Fundamentals of power plants:

2013-08-29T19:37:00.001-07:00

Fundamentals of power plants:
The whole world is in the grip of energy crisis and the pollution manifesting itself in the spiraling cost of energy and uncomforted due to increase in pollution as well as the depletion of conventional energy resources and increasing curve of pollution elements. To meet these challenges one way is to check growing energy demand but that would show down the economic growth as first step and to develop nonpolluting energy conversion system as second step. It is commonly accepted that the standard of living increases with increasing energy consumption per capita. Any consideration of energy requirement and supply has to take into account the increase conservation measures. On the industrial font, emphasis must be placed on the increased with constant effort to reduce energy consumption.
Fundamental changes in the process, production and services can affect considerable energy saving without affecting the overall economy. It need not be over emphasized that in house hold commercial and industrial use of energy has considerable scope in energy saving. Attempt at understanding the integrated relationship between environment and energy have given shape due to development of R-134a, (an non pollutant refrirgent) to emerging descipling of environmental management. The government of India has laid down the policy “it is imperative that we carefully utilize our renewal (i.e., non-decaying) resources of soil water, plant and animal live to sustain our economic development” our exploration or exploitation of these is reflected in soil erosion, salutation, floods and rapid destruction of our forest, floral and wild life resources. The depletion of these resources often tends to be irreversible since bulk of our population depends on these natural resources. Depletion of these natural resources such as fuel, fodder, and housing power plant;