Guatemalan literature, literature itself from Guatemala.

Guatemala is by Mexico, the richest Latin American country in aboriginal literature, or previous peers to the Spanish conquest. Although decadent and cut, the nation Mayan culture had an active and, for that matter now, a system of six and eighteen sub-variants of the Mayan-Quiche, and three-Zoque Maya.

Among the rescued Mayan manuscripts and translated by European travelers have the Quiche Bible, the Book of the board, the Memorial Tecpán Atitlan and, above all, the Popol Vuh, a sum of cosmogony, mythology and thought. Among the dances and performances, the texts of Rabinal-Achí or Dance Tun.

Guatemala appears in the chronicles of Bernal Diaz del Castillo and Francisco de Fuentes and Guzman. As a starter in Spanish literature include the work of the catechists Sunday Betanzos, Sunday Vico, Francisco Marroquín and Bartolome de Las Casas.

College life begins in 1563 in Santiago. It is taught scholasticism. Societies of Friends of the Country, in the eighteenth century, while in Spain, disseminate ideas of the Enlightenment. The first Gazette dating from 1729. Rafael Landivar, in the same century, is releasing its Rusticatio Mexicana, written in Latin and contained lengthy descriptions of Guatemala. Other epic of the XVIII are Matias de Cordova and Diego Saenz de Ovecuri. It was also reminds the fabulist Rafael Garcia Goyena. The lyrical poetry began in the sixteenth and continues to collect names like Pedro de Lievano, Juan de Mestanza and Sister Juana Maldonado.

Independence and modernism

Independence was minor literary. In the late nineteenth Estrada stressed Sunday, modernized romantic, linked to the Cuban José Martí. In the modern campaigning novelist and poet Max Soto Hall, Felix Calderon Avila and Alberto Velazquez. Rafael Arevalo Martinez, the signing of the relevant period, practiced a fantastic literature, utopian and political satire, which opens new perspectives: the novel of psychological Flavio Herrera, the naturalism of Wyld Carlos Ospina and impressionism regionalist Jose Rodriguez Cerna and Carlos Samayoa Chinchilla.

In the decades 1920 and 1930 stress Miguel Angel Asturias and Luis Cardoza y Aragón.

The renovators

By 1930 a new generation emerges, nationalistic and indigenous (see Indian Literature, Literature and patriotic independence). The group Tepeus next to Augusto Pino Morales, Oscar Mirón, Miguel Marsicovétere and Mario Monteforte.

In the forties highlights the action of the Association of Young Artists and Writers, with names like Augusto Monterroso, Carlos Illescas, and in the peer review Accent, Raul Leiva, Otto Raul Gonzalez and Enrique Juarez Toledo. Other important bodies of the era are the Journal of Guatemala (1945) and the politicized group Saker-Ti (1947). In subsequent decades: New Sign (1967), Guatemala trade, Alero and university notebooks.

As writers of social protest set to Pellecer Carlos Manuel Jose Maria Teresa Lopez Valdigón and Arevalo. In a more politicized: Arqueles Morales, Marco Antonio Flores and Roberto Obregón.

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Catholic Church, San Luis Jilotepeque

Jalapa is a department in the south east of Guatemala. Its climate is one of the best in the world. It is an entirely pleasant climate, neither cold nor hot. Jalapa, for this very special feature is known as La Morena weather of the East.

The media is of good quality. There are three roads from which you can reach the capital and two of the main communication routes such as Road to The Atlantic and Pan-American Highway. There is another road which is in the process of construction which runs through the mountains of Jalapa, in a village known as La Soledad.

The department has beautiful mountains, volcanoes and landscapes that make it very interesting. This picturesque department also has many tourist attractions, among which are worthy of mention the ecological park of Tatasiriri, The waterfalls of Paraiso, Los Chorros of Pinula, Pinula of lukewarm water and warm water of nuns.

The volcano of Jumay is also ideal for those who enjoy climbing, especially for amateurs, as it constitutes a good basis for training, because it offers no great difficulty in its promotion.

The population is very hospitable and friendly. All visitors receive a warm welcome and are treated with courtesy and respect. The head of the department of the same name, has all the services of any modern city, including Internet access, as it has many cafes with a moderate charge.

This department is famous for its production of glazed ceramic. In the central park of the city is an interesting and very old petrified tree.

Department: Jalapa
Height: 1.362 m SNM
Length: 2.063 km2
Coordinates: 14º 37′58” Latitude Longitude 89º 59′20”
Population: 235.192 inhabitants
Adjacent to the north with the departments of El Progreso, Zacapa east to the south of Chiquimula with those of Jutiapa and Santa Rosa on the west by Guatemala. The department was created by decree number 107 of 24 November 1873. Its municipalities are:
1. Jalapa
2. San Pedro Pinula
3. San Luis Jilotepeque
4. San Manuel Chaparrón
5. San Carlos Alzatate
6. Nuns
7. Mataquescuintla

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Puerto Barrios on the Atlantic coast, is the capital, absorbing the bulk of commercial traffic in timber, coffee, cocoa and sugar cane produced in the department. Such traffic accesses to the city by freight rail line that connects the capital, Guatemala City. Other localities are Morales and Puerto Livingstone. Surface, 9038 km2; population (1995), 359,056 inhabitants.

Izabal, Lake, Lake Guatemala, the largest of the republic with a size averages of 45 km long by 20 km wide, which pours its waters and the Polochic river is drained by the Dulce River (in front of the castle San Felipe).

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Finally it should be noted that in 1865 was first introduced a flow of water through aqueducts to the town of Huehuetenango in 1910 and was inaugurated the National Hospital, built with a legacy of Mrs Margaret Avila and the funds raised by charitable society El Amparo, founded in 1901 at the initiative of Dr. Urban Polanco and Professor Celso Herrera.

It was not until 1950 that established the Joint Institute Normal. In the same year the college started activities for girls La Sagrada Familia, which is an indicator of neglect suffered by the department in education. But in 1893 already had presidio.

Legend of the origin of peoples
Each village has its own printing Huehuetenango history. Thus, in San Gaspar Ixchil is counted among the elderly, who at that time came to San Gaspar walk to the sites where it is now the town. To see everything so beautiful, it was to fish in the river Cuilco; then noted that it brought seeds from chile. San Gaspar took the seed and reaped good chile, so the saint and did not return to Chiapas (Mexico), where he had been and remained to live in this place.

The inhabitants of the place he built a church and San Gaspar continued sowing chile. Since then the town is called San Gaspar Ixchil, “where born chili” because it means ix chile-language Mam. Variants of this legend repeated in Chiantla, La Libertad, San Sebastian Huehuetenango and San Juan Ixcoy. The other legends of the region relate to stories about the origin of corn and the owners of the hills and mountains.

Tale of oral tradition
Within the oral tradition huehueteca tales abound of animals, some of ancient roots of European and other Mayan tradition, with echoes prehispanic.

It is well that appears in Cuilco and San Pedro Nectar tales of the rabbit and the fox, where the rabbit always ready to play against the fox, which is being naive. In Malacatancito and Jacaltenango, is narrated the story of a monkey that was burning our eyes for stealing the jewels of the church. Barillas is narrated in the case of man drone that was turned into vulture, “for not working the milpas.”

In San ta Huista Ana and Santa Barbara, we hear stories of barnyard animals, as the woman who became rich with the egg of a chompipa, which turned out to be gold. In La Libertad and Chiantla, is that there was an orphan who was picked up by a rich man, who was the owner of the hill. The orphan scratch the riches of the lord and to uncover a chest, left a huge cloud of smoke that the owner of the hill he saw from afar. He returned and punished for opening the orphan their chests and threw it in the house. Aj say Yol Pétzal of San Rafael, that “the orphan was punished for touching things that do not belong.”

One of the most beautiful traditional stories of Huehuetenango is the hummingbird, which is narrated in San Pedro nectar, Solome and Concepcion. They say he had a “patoja chula” who sat in the courtyard of her house with her loom to weave waist. A young man fell in love with her, but could not enter the house because the father “was very brave,” then became the patojo hummingbird, and was the youngest and was set in the eyes of the animal, fell in love with him, and no longer tejía his huipil. The patoja grabbed the hummingbird and put him in a cage, but it was not being quiet, so it took him to his tapexco. The hummingbird became a man love a woman and stole. The parents pursued, but then became patojo again in hummingbird and was introduced in the huipil she tejía and no longer came out of there.
That’s why all the young women of Huehuetenango do hummingbirds in their huipiles, the boyfriend who hoped to one day come to their lives.

Other literary forms of Huehuetenango, are the tales of Peter Tecomate, which is a variant of huehueteca Pedro Urdemales, as well as other bandits wonderful Ixcot Juan de Todos Santos Cuchumatán, which takes care of the roads and appears to be men “who have bad intentions “With women. The legends of Animist and souls have appeared in shame, are also present in Huehuetenango. Variants of the Duende, the Tzipitío, La Llorona and the Tatuana, can be heard in San Gaspar Ixchil, San Rafael The Independence and especially in the departmental head. It was also heard romances, romancillos, old and decimal ballads, particularly in San Juan Ixcoy.

The vastness of the territory, ceremonies and social history, make Huehuetenango one of the richest departments in sincretizadas oral traditions that are directly related to the ancient Mayan culture.

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The city of Huehuetenango occupies the site of the ancient indigenous population which became known as Chinabajul (between ravines).
Well contained, for example, in relation War’s common K’iche and Kaqchikel, in the year 1554.

Huehuetenango was perhaps the largest population of the area mam. According to several authors, the original name was Chinabajul and was the capital of the lordship of the Mames in the north. The archaeological research has shown that the area of Zaculeu (in white ground K’iche means and is located a few miles from the header) was occupied from the early classical period (between 300 and 500 of the Christian era).

Chinabajul and Zaculeu were the political and religious center of the most important area mam and fell under the domination K’iche early in the fifteenth century when the town reached its maximum power during the reigns of Gucumatz and his son Quicab the big one.

In July 1525, after taking Gumarcaj and the founding of Santiago de Guatemala, a force of 40 riders, 80 infantry soldiers and two assistants Mexicans thousand and K’iche, commanded by Gonzalo de Alvarado, brought to the site Zaculeu fortress, where the fighters took refuge huehuetecos led by Kaibil Balán, after taking Mazatenango (the current village of San Lorenzo) and Malacatán, Malacatancito today. Some six thousand warriors, including people from Cuilco and Ixtahacán, resisted a siege for a month and a half, at which time he was defeated a force of modest from the Sierra (Todos Santos, San Martín, San Juan and Santiago Chimaltenango Atit).

After the fall of Zaculeu, the Spaniards established their dominance over the area of the Cuchumatanes. Huehuetenango was awarded in entrusts the conquistador Juan de Espinar, who enjoyed this pre between 1525 and 1562.

At the end of the decade of 1540, the Dominican missionaries dropped by the indigenous peoples who lived dispersed, to facilitate the evangelization and control. According to the chronicler Fray Antonio de Remesal, between the villages reduced in those years is Huehuetenango. During colonial times, Huehuetenango was part of the administration and then mayor of greater Vancouver and was only on the two peoples, until 1732, when the mayor lived permanently in Totonicapán The first administrator of the court appointed in 1579, was Francisco Diaz del Castillo, son of the famous chronicler Bernal Diaz del Castillo.

Around 1580, the religious orders to the mercy replaced the Dominicans in tion of the parishes in the northwest, including Huehuetenango, remaining there until the late eighteenth century.

When in 1770 the Archbishop Pedro Cortes and Larraz made his pastoral visit to the parish of Huehuetenango had a population of five thousand 49 people, of whom 916 live in the village of Huehuetenango and the rest in their villages annexed San Lorenzo, San Sebastian Huehuetenango , Santa Isabel, San Juan Atit, Santiago Chimaltenango, San Pedro nectar and Santo Domingo. The San Sebastian was more populous, with 1384 inhabitants.

From the economic point of view, during the colonial period, the population had increased importance of Chiantla, by mines and raising sheep on the farms of the senior. However, in Huehuetenango was a major activity of tissue, thanks to the wool Chiantla.

In September 1821, by the contact that you had to Chiapas, Mexico, and without knowing the events of Sept. 15 in Guatemala, the municipality of Huehuetenango, in the 20th meeting stated that Huehuetenango is independent of Spain and would remain united Guatemala, provided that “this embrace the party of independence.” Topped the municipality Mr. Juan Manuel Recinos and Manuel Mendoza, mayors first and second, respectively.

By decree of the Constituent Assembly of November 12 of 1825, to Huehuetenango was awarded the title of Villa. By decree of May 8 of 1866 created the Department of Huehuetenango. The sanctuary was elevated to a city on November 23 of 1886.

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Political violence

In March 1963, Ydígoras was deposed by his Defense Minister, Colonel Enrique Peralta Azurdia, who declared a state of emergency and canceled elections to be held in December. He also took strong measures to quell a revolt guerrillas of the Revolutionary Armed Forces (FAR), especially active in Zacapa, despite the harsh repression, the guerrillas continued their activity. The paramilitary groups that are authorized by the Army, murdered hundreds of people during the period of Peralta’s successor, Julio Cesar Mendez Montenegro (1966-1970), only exacerbated the situation.

After a campaign marked by violence, Gen. Carlos Arana Osorio was elected president in 1970, four years later was succeeded by General Kjell Eugenio Laugerud Garcia. During the two governments continued political violence, although some decrease was seen in the mid-1970s. However, during that time the country was rocked by two natural disasters, a devastating hurricane (1974) and a violent earthquake (1976), which claimed over 20,000 lives and left more than a million people homeless. Nevertheless, Guatemala’s economy enjoyed a remarkable growth, spurred by rising oil production and high prices of coffee. The resurgence of civil conflict, provoked by the activities of the FAR and the ‘death squads’ paramilitaries, characterized the presidential term of General Fernando Romeo Lucas García, who was elected in 1978.

Coup d’etat

On March 23, 1982, two weeks after the general election as president of Angel Anibal Guevara, a coup d’etat installed in power a military junta headed by General Efraim Rios Montt. In June, Rios Montt dissolved the Board and assumed the presidency, ruling in a dictatorial. After the guerrilla forces that reject a possible amnesty, the activities of paramilitary forces spread throughout the country, perpetrating atrocities among Indians and peasants.

The slow transition to democracy

Rios Montt was deposed from his post on August 8, 1983 after the military coup led by Brigadier Oscar Humberto Mejia Victores, who restored civil liberties. The results of the elections in December 1985 led the Christian Democrat Vinicio Cerezo to the presidency after more than 30 years of military rule. However, Cerezo was unable to suppress drug trafficking and to end abuses of human rights, but progressed attempts to dialogue with the guerrillas, with which agreements were reached in Oslo (Norway) and in El Escorial ( Spain), which allowed the peaceful development of the presidential elections of 1991 which were won by Jorge Serrano Elías, a businessman and evangelical Protestant closely tied to Rios Montt.

A year later, Rigoberta Menchú, Quiche Indian who had fled to Mexico in 1981 to escape persecution of the army and paramilitary groups, received the Nobel Peace Prize for his advocacy of human rights. In May 1993, President Serrano, supported by the Army, gave a coup that led to the dissolution of Congress and the suspension of the Constitution, but in the absence of domestic support and international protests, a ‘kickback’ addressed by the Constitutional Court forced him to resign.

That same year, Congress chose Ramiro de León Carpio as president of the Republic to complete the period of government. Leon Carpio, who had distinguished for their complaints to the institutional violence, prompted a number of constitutional reforms such as limiting the presidential term to four years, set up negotiations with the guerrilla-grouped at the Unidad Revolucionaria Nacional Guatemalteca (URNG) - and supported the creation of a commission to demarcate responsibilities on institutional violence, which resulted in the last three decades more than 100,000 dead and 50,000 missing, also favored the return of thousands of indigenous people displaced by the war, many of whom had taken refuge in Mexico.

In the presidential elections of November 1995 winner was the conservative Álvaro Arzú to the front of the Partido de Avanzada Nacional (PAN). In December 1996, Arzu got the URNG to renounce armed struggle and accept the democratic path as a means to access the government of the country. This event, which marked the end of 36 years of hard fighting, earned him international recognition through the Prince of Asturias Award for International Cooperation (see the Principality of Asturias Foundation), failed in May 1997, which was shared between his government and the URNG.

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In September 1945 Guatemala renewed their claims on the British Honduras (now Belize), a matter pending since the formation of the republic. A negotiated agreement with Britain in 1859 had defined the southern border between the two countries, Guatemala restarted the dispute in recent years of the 1930s, claiming that Britain had not fulfilled all the terms of the agreement. In January 1946, Britain proposed that the border dispute be referred to the discretion of the tribunal in The Hague. The conflict worsened in 1948 when units of the British Navy were sent to the port of Belize City to prevent an alleged invasion of Guatemala. Guatemala issued a protest to the United Nations (UN), the Pan American Union and all countries of Latin America and Canada. Subsequently the Republic of Guatemala closed its border with British Honduras.

Small right-wing uprisings occurred during the first half of 1949, but the main political event of the year was the support the government provided to employees of the United Fruit in their claims, to which the U.S. company had to divest.

Transition to the left

Although Arevalo suffered more than twenty attempts to overthrow, he was able to run their entire presidential term. In November 1950 general elections were held, supported by a coalition of leftist parties, the presidential candidate Jacobo Arbenz Guzman, defense minister in the cabinet of Arevalo, got the victory. The new administration took power in March 1951 and continued in that year Arbenz in a general way with the moderate social policy of his predecessor.

Arbenz’s government began to implement a decisive role in shaping policies more progressive. In June of that year, Congress passed a law on land reform, inspired by Mexican, which established the division of farms not cultivated over 91,000 hectares to landless workers, which affected the United Fruit Company, which owned about 200,000 uncultivated; also carried out a program of building roads and railways that broke the monopoly in this sector were subsidiaries of U.S. companies. The land reform program affecting more than 121,460 had to private properties, they received as compensation bonds issued by the government not negotiable, while 162,000 hectares of land belonging to the government distributed to landless workers.

In 1954 the opposition to the regime of Arbenz increased both inside and outside the country, to the point that was described as communist. In the X Inter-American Conference (see Panamericanism), which took place in March of that year, the U.S. won the approval of a resolution implicitly condemning the government of Guatemala. In April, the Catholic Archbishop of Guatemala, in a pastoral letter called for an uprising against communism. Citing the discovery of a conspiracy, whose aim was to overthrow it (an attempt had been made in 1953), the government began to arrest the May 31 to opposition leaders on June 8 and suspended civil rights.

Government anticommunist

On June 18, 1954, a so-called ‘liberation army’, composed of political exiles trained and supported in a clandestine manner by the United States and led by Colonel Carlos Castillo Armas, invaded Guatemala from Honduras. The rebels quickly seized the nerve centers of the country to the symbolic resistance of the army and bombed the capital and other cities. Arbenz resigned on June 27 and two days later he dissolved Congress, was arrested the top leaders who had supported him and freed about 600 political prisoners from other parties.

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Colonization and independence

The country was conquered by the Spaniards under the command of Pedro de Alvarado in 1523. A year later, Alvarado founded on the site of the former Iximché, the city of Santiago de los Caballeros in Guatemala, while three years later moved to a place known as Almolonga Water at the foot of the volcano, near the place where he stands the current Guatemala City. However, due to its destruction by the eruption of the volcano, the capital was moved to a new city, later known as Antigua Guatemala. Since 1543 he was part of the hearing of the enclosure; in 1565 became dependent on the Hearing of New Spain in 1570 and established the Captaincy General of Guatemala, a division of the Viceroyalty of New Spain, whose area of operation stretched across Central America from Chiapas to Costa Rica. In 1742 established the first Archbishop of Central America. In 1773 the city of Antigua Guatemala, headquarters of the Captaincy General, was destroyed by the eruption of Fuego volcano, three years later, authorized the construction of a new capital city built on a plot near Santiago de los Caballeros, naming it left to acquire in Guatemala.

After three centuries of Spanish domination, Guatemala declared its independence on September 16, 1821. Almost at the same time, Agustin de Iturbide joined this territory to the Mexican Empire. Guatemala does not regained its independence until 1823, when a liberal revolution in Mexico forced to abdicate Iturbide, proclaimed in the country a federal republic. That same year, the federation was established in the United Provinces of Central America, comprising the existing republics of Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua and Costa Rica, Chiapas, however, remained under Mexican authority. The federation was held with great difficulty, with frequent civil strife, until it was finally disbanded in 1842.

First dictators

The government of Guatemala was in the hands of military almost since its beginnings as a republic, who came to power through frequent revolutions. In 1854, Rafael Carrera, that fourteen years earlier had been done to power in Guatemala and in much of Central America in a dictatorial rule, became president for life pursuing a political conservative. In 1873, eight years after his death, after which they were constant civil strife, Justo Rufino Barrios (1873-1885), former Army commander in chief, was named president. Barrios began a period of liberal governments that would last until 1920, although it continued to rule in a dictatorial. In its attempt to revive the federation of the United Provinces of Central America by military means, invaded El Salvador and died in the campaign. His successor, General Manuel Lisandro Barillas, restored relations with El Salvador and other Central American countries. José María Reina Barrios, elected president in 1892, was assassinated six years later.

Last Dictators

Over the next 22 years, the politician Manuel Estrada Cabrera (1898-1920) ruled Guatemala. In 1906 the former president Barillas organized a rebellion against his regime, provoking a war that enveloped the entire Central America, with the exception of Nicaragua. Hostilities ceased after the intervention of U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt, and Mexican President Porfirio Díaz, who organized an armistice. In 1920 Estrada Cabrera forced the president to resign. Carl Herrera and Luna was appointed interim president, but was overthrown in 1921 by General Jose Maria Orellana, who held the presidency until his death in 1926. He was succeeded by former Army officer, Lazaro Chacon. In 1930 the effects of economic depression and allegations of corruption against the dictatorship of President Chacon caused his ouster. Gen. Jorge Ubico Castaneda was appointed chairman in February 1931; under his regime, the Guatemalan economy managed to recover from the economic depression of 1930, although the main beneficiary was the U.S. company United Fruit, as well as large families from the national oligarchy. However, the harshness of his regime caused a civic-military movement forced him to resign in June 1944, finishing well with the military dictatorships that had dominated the country for a century.

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That is intended by this?

Giving a respite to our planet blessed land for only 10 minutes, if we are conscious and mostly around the world turn off the lights, the benefit will be spectacular, do not hesitate. If together we intend to change the negative things that we have implemented in our world, the benefits for generations to come will be better.

If you fear of the dark, thinks that if no action is taken now, the darkness in which we live will be forever.

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