Anatomy Artery, Vein, Nerves Pathways

Cranial Nerve Tables

noreply@blogger.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 07 Mar 2013 17:30:00 +0000


Crainial Nerve	Orgin	Terminates	Branches	These Brances Feed	Foramen of Imp.
Olfactory-I	Olfactory Cells in Nasal Mucosa	Orbitofrontal Cortex	None	None	Cribiform Plate
Optic-II	Photoreceptors in Retina	Occipital Lobe	Nasal Retina and Temporal Retina	Optic Nerve-Tract	Optic Canal
Oculomotor-III	III-Nucleus in cerebral peduncle	Muscles of eye-somatic, Muscles of pupil&lens-autonomic	Ciliary Ganglion & eye muscles	None	Superior Orbital Fissure
Trochlear-IV	IV-Nucleus in cerebral peduncle	Superior Oblique Muscle	None	None	Superior Orbital Fissure
Trigeminal-V	V-Nucleus in Pons	V1-Opthalmic V2-Maxillary, V3-Mandibular	V1-Frontal, Lacrimal, Nasociliary.V2-Zygomaticofacial, infraorbital, superior alveolar, pterygoid ganglion V3-buccal, lingual, inferior alveolar, auriculartemporal	V1-Forehead, V2-upper jaw, V3-lower jaw	Foramen Rotudum-maxillary, Foramen Ovale- mandibular
Abducens-VI	VI-Nucleus in Pons	lateral rectus muscle	none	none	Superior Orbital Fissure
Facial-VII	VII-Nucleus in Pons	efferent somatic-6 branches, autonomic-nasal nerves & saliva glands,afferent-solitary tract in medulla	efferent-temporal,zygomatic,buccal, mandibular, cervical, occipital. Autonomic-grearter petrosal nerve, chorda tympani. Afferent-medulla	efferent-those 6 branches Autonomic-nasal nerve Afferent-tongue	Exits- stylomastoid foramen, Enters- internal acoustic meatus
Vestibularcochlear-VIII	VIII-Nucleus in Medulla	Balance-vestubilar nuclei in medulla Hearing-cochlear nuclei in medulla	None	None	Exits-internal acoustic meatus
Glossopharyngeal-IX	IX-Nucleus in Medulla	efferent-parotid gland afferent-nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx	efferent-lesser petrosal nerve to otic ganglion afferent-none	None	Jugular foramen-enters and exits
Crainial Nerve	Orgin	Terminates	Branches	These Brances Feed	Foramen of Imp.
Vagus-X	X-Nucleus in Vagus	efferent-pharygeal constrictor, cricothyroid muscle, larynx muscles, recurrent laryngeal, superior cervical branch, carotid plexus, pulm. Plexus, internal organs afferent-interal organs, meninges	Branches going to respective organs	None	Jugular foramen-enters and exits
Accessory-XI	XI-Nucleus in Medulla	efferent-cervical spinal cord, sternocleidomastoid, trapezius	None	None	Rises through foramen magnum
Hypoglossal-XII	XII-Nucleus in Medulla	efferent-cervical spinal muscles and many other muscles afferent-meninges	None	None	Hypoglossal Canal

Nerve Pathways

noreply@blogger.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 07 Mar 2013 17:26:00 +0000

olfactory CN #1

olfactory cells in nasal mucosa (N38)

olfactory nerves through olfactory foramina of cribriform plate of ethmoid

bone (N7)

olfactory bulb (N113)

olfactory tract (N113)

amygdaloid body of limbic system (N113,106,104)

temporal lobe for interpretation (the only sensory

nerves to go directly to the cortex of the brain)

anterior commissure (N100)

thalamus (N100)

frontal lobe (analysis/ processing)

optic CN #2

photoreceptors in retina of eye (N86)

optic nerve (N82) through the optic canal (N1)

optic chiasm (N101)

optic tracts (N114, 108)

lateral geniculate nucleus (N114, 105) (thalamus)

(relays for autonomic reflexes/higher brain centers)

optic radiation (N114)

occipital cortex along calcarine

sulcus (N114, 100) (interpretation)

oculomotor CN #3

oculomotor nucleus in cerebral peduncle (N111, 109)

oculomotor nerve through the cavernous sinus (N98) then through the

superior orbital fissure (N1, 7, 78)

orbit of eye (N115, 79)

somatic motor effectors

inferior oblique muscle (moves the eye up/lateral)

inferior rectus muscle (moves the eye down)

medial rectus muscle (moves the eye medial)

superior rectus muscle (moves the eye up)

levator palpebrae (moves the upper eyelid)

autonomic motor effectors (parasympathetic)

ciliary ganglion

sphincter muscle of pupil (N83)

(contraction to narrow pupil)

ciliary muscle (N83) (contraction to thicken

lens for near vision)

trochlear CN #4

trochlear nucleus in cerebral peduncle (N111) exiting posterior brainstem just below the inferior colliculus (N109) proceeding around brainstem to the anterior

(N108), then through the cavernous sinus (N98), then through the superior orbital fissure into the orbit (N1, 7, 79)

superior oblique muscle (N115, 79) (moves the eye down and lateral)

trigeminal CN #5

efferent motor nucleus in pons (N111)

trigeminal ganglion (N40)

mandibular nerve (V₃) (N40) through foramen ovale (N7)

deep temporal (N41) (temporalis muscle)

masseteric (N41, 48, 49, 65, 116) (masseter muscle)

tensor tympani (N41, 88) (tensor tympani muscle)

mylohyoid (N41) (mylohyoid muscle)

afferent sensory nucleus in pons (N111)

trigeminal ganglion (N116)

ophthalmic (V₁) nerve through the cavernous sinus (N98) then

through the superior orbital fissure (N1, 78)

nasociliary (N40)

anterior ethmoidal (N81, 37) (nasal vestibule/nose)

ciliary (N81) (ciliary process of eye) (ciliary nerves

also contain sympathetic fibers from the carotid

plexus to the dilator muscle of pupil (N115)

lacrimal (N81) (does not stimulate tears-see CN #7)

frontal (N40)

supraorbital through supraorbital foramen (N1, 18)

(forehead)

supratrochlear (N18) (forehead)

maxillary (V₂) nerve through the cavernous sinus (N98) through

foramen rotundum (N40)

zygomatic (N40)

zygomaticofacial through zygomaticofacial foramen

(N1, 18) (cheek)

pterygopalatine branches (N40)

pterygopalatine ganglion

nasal branches (N38) (nasal pharynx)

palatine nerves (N38) (palate)

superior alveolar branches (N40) (upper jaw & teeth)

infraorbital nerve through infraorbital foramen (N1, 18)

(upper lip)

mandibular (V₃) nerve through foramen ovale (N40)

buccal nerve (N41) (buccinator muscle)

lingual nerve (N41) (tongue muscles) (not taste-see CN #7/9)

inferior alveolar (N41) (lower jaw & teeth)

auriculotemporal (N41, 18) (lateral head)

abducens CN #VI

abducens nucleus in pons (N111) exists brainstem between pons and medulla (N108) through the cavernous sinus (N98), then through the superior orbital fissure (N1, 78).

Lateral rectus muscle (N115) (moves eye lateral N79).

facial CN # VII (N117)

efferent

somatic motor (facial nucleus in pons (N111) exit brainstem between pons and medulla lateral to abducens (N108) through internal acoustic meatus (N1, 117) into facial canal of temporal bone (N118)

geniculate ganglion

facial nerve exits temporal bone through stylomastoid foramen (N5)

occipital branch (to occipital muscles)

cervical branch (to platysma muscle)

mandibular branch (to depressor oris labii)

buccal branch (to buccinator muscle)

zygomatic branch (to levator labii muscles)

temporal branch (to oculi and frontalis muscles)

autonomic motor (salivary nucleus in medulla (N111) (parasympathetic)

nervus intermedius along facial nerve through internal acoustic meatus into facial canal of temporal bone (N118)

geniculate ganglion

greater petrosal nerve

pterygopalatine ganglion (N116) joins zygomatic nerve V₂

lacrimal glands (tears) (joined by sympathetic fibers from carotid plexus to inhibit tears)

chorda tympani from facial nerve in temporal bone through the tympanic cavity (N118, 89)

submandibular ganglion (N117)

sublingual gland (salivation)

submandibular gland (salivation)

afferent

solitary tract nucleus in medulla (N111)

nervus intermedius along facial nerve through internal acoustic meatus into facial canal of temporal bone (N118)

chorda tympani meets lingual from V₃ (N117)

tongue (taste from anterior two thirds) (N129)

vestibulocochlear CN # VIII (N118)

vestibular nucleus in medulla (N11)

vestibulocochlear nerve exits brainstem between pons and medulla just lateral to facial (N108), through internal acoustic meatus into temporal bone (N7)

vestibular ganglion

branches to utricle and saccule (equilibrium) (N90)

cochlear nucleus in medulla (N111)

vestibulocochlear nerve exits brainstem between pons and medulla just lateral to facial (N108), through internal acoustic meatus into temporal bone (N7)

cochlear nerve

spiral ganglia

spiral organs (of Corti) (hearing) (N91)

glossopharyngeal CN # IX (N119)

efferent

somatic motor nucleus in medulla (N111) exits brainstem on posterior side of olive just above the vagus (N108)

glossopharyngeal nerve through jugular foramen (N7)

stylopharyngeus muscle (N119) (aids swallowing)

autonomic motor nucleus in medulla (N111) (parasympathetic)

exits brainstem on posterior side of olive just above the vagus (N108)

glossopharyngeal nerve through jugular foramen (N7)

tympanic nerve through tympanic cavity

lesser petrosal nerve, joined by sympathetic fibers from the carotid plexus (N117)

otic ganglion

joins auriculotemporal nerve V₃ (N116)

parotid gland (N119) (salivation)

afferent

solitary tract and trigeminal nucleus in medulla (N111) exits brainstem on posterior side of olive just above the vagus (N108)

glossopharyngeal nerve through jugular foramen (N7)

tympanic nerve (N119) (auditory tube)

pharyngeal plexus (oropharynx)

tongue (N129) (taste & somatic sensation posterior 1/3

carotid sinus & carotid body (blood pressure)

vagus CN # X (N120)

efferent

somatic motor nucleus in medulla

vagus nerve exits brainstem on the posterior side of the olive just below the glossopharyngeal nerve (N108) through the jugular foramen (N7)

at inferior ganglion of the vagus nerve fibers merge with those of the accessory nerve CN #11

pharyngeal plexus (pharyngeal muscles)

superior laryngeal (upper larynx)

recurrent laryngeal (lower larynx)

autonomic dorsal vagal nucleus (N111)

vagus nerve exits brainstem on the posterior side of the olive just below the glossopharyngeal nerve (N108) through the jugular foramen (N7)

pharyngeal plexus (throat)

superior laryngeal (upper larynx)

recurrent laryngeal (trachea and lower larynx)

cervical cardiac branches

cardiac plexus (N214, 215) (heart)

pulmonary plexus (N198, 199) (bronchi)

esophageal plexus (N303, 228) (esophagus)

anterior and posterior vagal trunks (N301, 302) (stomach)

hepatic branch (N301) (liver)

celiac ganglion (N301)

superior mesenteric ganglion (N302)

vagal branches to small intestine (N306)

ascending and transverse colon (N306)

afferent

solitary tract and trigeminal nucleus on medulla (N111)

vagus nerve exits brainstem on the posterior side of the olive just

below the glossopharyngeal nerve (N108) through the jugular

foramen (N7)

auricular branch (outer ear)

pharyngeal plexus (throat)

carotid sinus (communicating with CN# 9) (BP)

superior laryngeal (upper larynx)

recurrent laryngeal (trachea and lower larynx)

cervical cardiac branches

cardiac plexus (N214, 215) (heart)

pulmonary plexus (N198, 199) (bronchi)

esophageal plexus (N303) (esophagus)

anterior and posterior vagal trucks (N301, 302) (stomach)

hepatic branch (N301) (liver)

celiac ganglion (N301)

superior mesenteric ganglion (N302)

vagal branches to small intestine (N306)

ascending and transverse colon (N306)

accessory CN # XI (N121) (somatic motor)

accessory nucleus in medulla(N111)exits brainstem at lower part of medulla (N108)

cranial root (merges with spinal root of accessory)

through the jugular foramen

merges with fibers from vagus via recurrent laryngeal

larynx (muscles of voice)

spinal nucleus of accessory nerve (N111)

rising through vertebral canal, passing through foramen magnum to join with cranial root

through jugular foramen

joins ventral roots of spinal nerves C₁ - C₄ (N121)

sternocleidomastoid muscle

trapezius muscle

hypoglossal CN # XII (N122) (somatic motor)

hypoglossal nucleus in medulla (N111) exits brainstem on the anterior side of the olive (N108)

through the hypoglossal canal of the occipital bone (N3, 5)

joins vagus at inferior vagal ganglion and fibers from cervical plexus

tongue (intrinsic muscles)

sublingual muscles

throat muscles (aids swallowing)

cervical plexus (N123, 27)

efferent

throat muscles (aids swallowing)

posterior neck muscles (extension of head)

scalene muscles (lifts rib cage)

levator scapulae muscle (elevates shoulder)

phrenic nerve (diaphragm)

afferent

great auricular nerve (N18) (posterior ear)

lesser occipital (N18) (posteriolateral scalp)

greater occipital (C₂ dorsal rami) (N18) (back of head & neck)

transverse cervical (N18) (throat)

supraclavicular (N18) (anterior shoulder)

sympathetic pathways to the head

preganglionic fiber

gray matter of thoracic spinal cord

ventral root

thoracic spinal nerves

white rami communicantes

sympathetic trunk

superior cervical sympathetic ganglion-synapse with

postganglionic fiber

external carotid plexus (N127)

along lingual artery

sublingual gland (salivation)

submandibular gland (salivation)

along maxillary artery

nasal and palatine nerves (nasal cavity)

parotid gland (N128) (salivation)

internal carotid plexus (N117)

greater petrosal nerve

pterygopalatine ganglion

zygomatic nerve

lacrimal gland (N127) (inhibit tears)

sympathetic root

ciliary ganglion

dilator muscle (N115)

nasociliary nerve

dilator muscle (N115)

voluntary skeletal muscle movement

precentral gyrus of frontal lobe of cerebrum (N99)

basal ganglia (N104) (inhibition control)

cerebral peduncle (N109, 107) (communicates with cerebellum for coordination of different muscles and groups)

medulla oblongata (N109) (fibers cross over)

white matter of spinal cord (N151) (corticospinal tract)

interneurons synapse in gray matter (communicate with other neuron pathways)

ventral root of spinal nerve

dorsal ramus (N166, 179) (back muscles)

ventral ramus (lateral and anterior trunk muscles)

brachial plexus (arm)

lumbosacral plexus (leg) (see below)

brachial plexus (N401)

ventral rami of C₅ -T₁

lateral cord

musculocutaneous nerve (N443) (anterior arm muscles/lateral forearm skin)

lateral & medial cords

median nerve (N444) (digital flexors/palmar skin)

posterior cord (follows axillary artery)

axillary nerve (N450) (follows posterior circumflex humeral artery) (upper arm skin)

radial nerve (N446, 447) (posterior arm muscles/digit extensors/posterior arm & forearm skin/dorsal hand)

medial cord

ulnar nerve (N445) (digital flexors/medial hand)

medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve (N450) (medial forearm skin)

lumbosacral plexus (N463)

T₁₂ subcostal nerve (lower lateral abdominal wall)

L₁ iliohypogastric nerve (N250) (lower belly)

ilioinguinal nerve (N250) (pubic/inguinal area, scrotum) (N385, 380)

L₁L₂L₃ lateral femoral cutaneous nerve

behind inguinal ligament (N502, 463)

lateral thigh skin (N380, 244)

L₁L₂ genitofemoral nerve (N463)

genital branch (N380) (external genitalia)

femoral branch (N380) (upper thigh skin)

L₂L₃L₄ femoral nerve (N463) (behind inguinal ligament) (anterior and lateral

thigh muscles (N466) (anterior thigh skin (N502)

saphenous nerve (N467) (medial leg skin N502, 463, 404, 465)

L₂L₃L₄ obturator nerve (N463, 464, 465)

through obturator foramen

adductor muscles of leg (N503)

skin of lower medial thigh

sciatic nerve (N463) (flexor muscles of thigh N504)

common peroneal L₄L₅S₁S₂

lateral leg muscles/skin, dorsum of foot (N506)

tibial L₄L₅S₁S₂S₃

posterior leg muscles/skin, plantar surface of foot (N505)

L₄L₅S₁S₂ gluteal branches

gluteal muscles (N465, 469)

S₁S₂S₃ posterior femoral cutaneous (N463)

posterior thigh skin (N504)

S₂S₃S₄ pudendal

perineum (N381, 382, 384)

abdominal/pelvic autonomic nerves

sympathetic preganglionic fibers

gray matter of spinal cord

ventral root of spinal nerve

white rami communicantes

sympathetic trunk

greater thoracic splanchnic nerves (N322)

celiac ganglion

postganglionic fibers to

stomach (N303)

postganglionic fibers to

liver (N309)

postganglionic fibers to

pancreas (N310)

postganglionic fibers to

adrenal blood vessels

(N326)

preganglionic fibers directly to

adrenal medulla (N326)

superior mesenteric ganglion

pancreas (N310)

small intestine, ascending &

transverse colon (N306)

lesser thoracic splanchnic nerves (N322)

superior mesenteric ganglion

pancreas (N310)

small intestine, ascending &

transverse colon (N306)

aorticorenal ganglion

postganglionic fibers to

kidney (N323)

least thoracic splanchnic nerves (N322)

aorticorenal ganglion

postganglionic fibers to

kidney (N323)

lumbar splanchnic nerves

inferior mesenteric ganglion

descending colon (N306)

sigmoid colon

rectum

superior hypogastric plexus (N305)

hypogastric nerves

inferior hypogastric

plexus

sacral splanchnic nerves

inferior hypogastric plexus (N300)

rectum, bladder, uterus

(N381)

parasympathetic preganglionic fibers

hypothalamus (N306)

vagus nerve (see CN # X)

spinal cord

S₂S₃S₄ ventral spinal roots

sacral plexus

pelvic splanchnic nerves

inferior hypogastric plexus (N306,

387, 388)

descending colon

(peristalsis)

sigmoid colon (peristalsis)

rectum (N306) (defecation)

urinary bladder (N387, 388)

(urination)

reproductive organs (N387,

388)

Vein Pathways

noreply@blogger.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 07 Mar 2013 17:24:00 +0000

right atrium (deoxygenated blood drainage)

coronary sinus (N204)

great cardiac vein (N204) (left anterior myocardium)

middle cardiac vein (N204) (posterior myocardium)

small cardiac vein (N204) (right anterior heart)

superior vena cava

azygous (N226,218)

intercostal veins (right posterior chest wall)

esophageal plexus (esophagus)

hemiazygous (N226) (drains lower left posterior chest)

right brachiocephalic (N226)

inferior thyroid (N68) (inferior thyroid)

(N226) (upper esophagus)

vertebral (N226)

spinal veins (N137) (cervical spinal cord)

pericardiophrenic (N200) (pericardium and diaphragm)

internal thoracic (N176)

anterior intercostals (N239) (anterior chest wall)

musculophrenic (N239) (diaphragm)

superior epigastric(N239)(superior, anterior abdomen) right lymphatic duct (N197) (tissue fluid/lymph return to blood)

internal jugular (N64)

middle thyroid

superior thyroid

common truck

communicating vein to anterior jugular (N26)

lingual (N53) (tongue)

facial (N17) (face)

retromandibular (N64)

maxillary (jaw)

middle meningeal (N96) (dura mater)

cavernous sinus (N64)

transverse facial (N17)

superficial temporal (N17) (lateral scalp)

frontal branch (frontal scalp)

parietal branch (parietal scalp)

emissary veins (N94)

diploic veins (cranium)

occipital (posterior scalp)

through the jugular foramen (N7)

inferior petrosal sinus (N98)

basilar venous plexus (N98) (brainstem)

cavernous sinus (N98)

hypophyseal veins (N133, 141)

(pituitary gland-great endocrine

importance)

sphneoparietal sinus (N98)

superficial middle cerebral

(N138) (parietal & temporal lobes)

superior ophthalmic (N98, 80) (eye)

sigmoid sinus (N97)

superior petrosal sinus (N98)

transverse sinus (N98)

straight sinus (N98)

inferior sagittal sinus (N137)

great cerebral vein (N137)

internal cerebral veins (N137)

(thalamus)

basilar vein (N137)

anterior cerebral (N139)(frontal lobe)

deep middle cerebral (N138)

(parietal/temporal lobe)

superior cerebellar (N137) (cerebellum)

superior sagittal sinus (N97)

arachnoid granulations (N96) (return of CSF

to blood)

occipital sinus (N97) (cerebellum)

external jugular (N26)

anterior jugular (N26) (throat)

suprascapular (N64) (top of shoulder)

transverse cervical (N163) (base of neck/trapezius muscle)

retromandibular (communicates with internal jugular)

posterior auricular (N64) (mastoid area)

left brachiocephalic (N226)

accessory hemiazygous (N226, 219)

intercostals (N226) (left upper posterior chest wall)

inferior thyroid, vertebral, pericardiophrenic, internal thoracic,

internal jugular (all same as right side)

thoracic duct (drains tissue fluid/lymph into blood from left upper body and entire lower body)

external jugular (same as right)

brachiocephalic veins continue into shoulders as the subclavian vein (right

and left being the same)

cephalic (N399), 448) (lateral arm and forearm)

subclavian veins continue through axilla as the axillary veins

brachial veins (N400) (continues into deep arm muscles)

basilic vein (N400) (continues along medial arm and forearm)

intermediate cubital (N448) (communicates between

cephalic and basilic veins)

inferior vena cava (through diaphragm) (N220)

inferior phrenic (N248) (diaphragm)

hepatic veins (N226)

sublobular veins (N233)

central veins (N274)

sinusoids (N275) (liver)

branches of portal vein (N273)

paraumbilical veins (N293)

(falciform & round ligament

portal vein (N226)

left gastric (N226, 290)

esophageal branches

(lower esophagus)

right gastric (N290) (lesser

curvature of stomach)

posterior pancreaticoduodenal

(N290) (head of pancreas, duodenum)

splenic (N290) (spleen, tail of pancreas)

inferior mesenteric (N292)

left colic (descending colon)

(sigmoid colon)

superior rectal (N293)

(upper rectum)

superior mesenteric (N292)

right gastroepiploic (N290) (greater

curvature of stomach)

anterior pancreatico-

duodenal (N290)

(pancreas, duodenum)

middle colic (N293)

(transverse colon)

right colic (N293) (ascending colon)

ileocolic (N293) (cecum, ileum)

intestinal veins (N292) (jejunum,

ileum)

renal veins (N248)

inferior suprarenal veins (N314) (lower adrenal gland)

segmental veins

interlobar veins (N318)

arcuate veins

interlobular veins

glomerulus (renal corpuscle)

left gonadal vein (N248) (from left renal vein) (left ovary/testis)

right gonadal vein (N248) (from inferior vena cava) (right ovary/testis)

lumbar veins (N248) (lower back)

inferior vena cava bifurcation into common iliac veins

middle sacral (N370) (sacrum)

common iliac continues as external iliac after internal iliac branch

internal iliac (N370)

superior gluteal (N248, 292) (upper butt)

obturator (N370, 292)

superior vesical /uterine (N370, 248,292) (urinary bladder)(uterus)

inferior vesical/vaginal (N370, 248, 292) (urinary bladder)(vagina)

middle rectal (N370, 248, 292) (middle rectum)

internal pudendal (N 370, 248, 292) (perineum)

inferior rectal (N370, 292) (lower rectum)

inferior gluteal (N248, 292) (lower butt)

external iliac

deep circumflex iliac (N248) (lateral pelvic wall)

inferior epigastric (N248), 239) (anterior inferior abdominal wall)

paraumbilical veins (N236,239) (umbilicus) (also see portal)

external iliac continues through femoral sheath past inguinal ligament as the femoral vein

femoral vein (N466) (drains thigh muscles)

superficial epigastric (N239, 232) (lower belly)

superficial circumflex (N248, 239) (groin)

external pudendal (N239) (perineum)

great saphenous (N248, 510) (medial thigh & leg)

femoral vein continues back of the knee as the popliteal vein

genicular veins (drain knee)

lesser saphenous (N481) (posterior leg, gastrocnemius muscle)

anterior tibial (N487) (tibialis anterior muscle, dorsum of foot)

peroneal (N487) (peroneus muscle, lateral leg, lateral ankle)

posterior tibial (N487, 482) (posterior leg, medial ankle,

plantar surface of foot)