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                    <title>World History Encyclopedia</title>
                    <link>https://www.worldhistory.org</link>
                    <description>The free online history encyclopedia with fact-checked articles, images, videos, maps, timelines and more; operated as a non-profit organization.</description>
                    <lastBuildDate>Mon, 17 Aug 2026 16:00:02 +0000</lastBuildDate>
                    <language>en</language>
                    <image>
                        <url>https://www.worldhistory.org/template/images/header/whe-logo-318x77px.png</url>
                        <title>World History Encyclopedia</title>
                        <link>https://www.worldhistory.org</link>
                    </image>    
                    <item>
                        <title><![CDATA[Losing an Opportunity at Bull Run: Porter's Critique of the Confederate Victory]]></title>
                        <link><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2965/losing-an-opportunity-at-bull-run/]]></link>
                        <link_long><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2965/losing-an-opportunity-at-bull-run/]]></link_long>
                        <link_short><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/2-2965-en/]]></link_short>
                        <guid>2-2965</guid>
                        <pubDate>Mon, 17 Aug 2026 16:00:02 +0000</pubDate>
                        <author><![CDATA[Joshua J. Mark]]></author>
                        <translator><![CDATA[]]></translator>
                        <media:content url="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/21986.jpeg">
                                <media:caption><![CDATA[The Stampede from Bull Run by Frank Vizetelly]]></media:caption>
                                <media:credit><![CDATA[Frank Vizetelly (Public Domain)]]></media:credit>
                        </media:content>
                        <firstSentence><![CDATA[William H. Russell’s account of the Union retreat at the First Battle of Bull Run (First Manassas) on 21 July 1861 became famous almost a month after the engagement (see Panic at Bull Run).]]></firstSentence>
                        <twitterPreview><![CDATA[William H. Russell’s account of the Union retreat at the First Battle of Bull Run (First Manassas) on 21 July 1861 became famous almost a month after the engagement (see Panic at...]]></twitterPreview>
                        <blueskyPreview><![CDATA[William H. Russell’s account of the Union retreat at the First Battle of Bull Run (First Manassas) on 21 July 1861 became famous almost a month after the engagement (see Panic at Bull Run). https://whe.to/ci/2-2965-en/]]></blueskyPreview>
                        <description><![CDATA[William H. Russell’s account of the Union retreat at the First Battle of Bull Run (First Manassas) on 21 July 1861 became famous almost a month after the engagement (see Panic at Bull Run). Less attention was given, at least in the North, to the missed opportunity of the Confederate Army to press their advantage during that retreat.]]></description>
                        <image><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/21986.jpeg]]></image>
                        <imageUncropped><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1500x1500/21986.jpeg?v=1785359012-1786435643]]></imageUncropped>
                        <video><![CDATA[]]></video>
                        <hashtags><![CDATA[#StonewallJackson #JeffersonDavis #AmericanCivilWar]]></hashtags>
                        <hashtagsCSV><![CDATA[#StonewallJackson,#JeffersonDavis,#AmericanCivilWar]]></hashtagsCSV>
                        <regions><![CDATA[Americas]]></regions>
                        <subjects><![CDATA[StatesCultures,WarfareBattles]]></subjects>
                        <periods><![CDATA[Modern]]></periods>
                        <section><![CDATA[PrimarySource]]></section>
                        <rating><![CDATA[]]></rating>
                        <ratingstars><![CDATA[]]></ratingstars>
                        <type><![CDATA[Article]]></type>
                        <category><![CDATA[lang_en]]></category>
                        <shortUrl><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/2-2965-en/]]></shortUrl>
                        <slug><![CDATA[losing-an-opportunity-at-bull-run]]></slug>
                    </item>    
                    <item>
                        <title><![CDATA[Mitsubishi A6M Zero: From Finest Fighter to Kamikaze Fodder]]></title>
                        <link><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/Mitsubishi_A6M_Zero/]]></link>
                        <link_long><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/Mitsubishi_A6M_Zero/]]></link_long>
                        <link_short><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/1-23552-en/]]></link_short>
                        <guid>1-23552</guid>
                        <pubDate>Mon, 17 Aug 2026 08:59:14 +0000</pubDate>
                        <author><![CDATA[Mark Cartwright]]></author>
                        <translator><![CDATA[]]></translator>
                        <media:content url="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/22005.jpg">
                                <media:caption><![CDATA[Mitsubishi A6M Zero in Flight]]></media:caption>
                                <media:credit><![CDATA[Airwolfhound (CC BY-SA)]]></media:credit>
                        </media:content>
                        <firstSentence><![CDATA[The Mitsubishi A6M Zero-sen is the most famous Japanese fighter of the Second World War (1939-45).]]></firstSentence>
                        <twitterPreview><![CDATA[The Mitsubishi A6M Zero-sen is the most famous Japanese fighter of the Second World War (1939-45).]]></twitterPreview>
                        <blueskyPreview><![CDATA[The Mitsubishi A6M Zero-sen is the most famous Japanese fighter of the Second World War (1939-45). https://whe.to/ci/1-23552-en/]]></blueskyPreview>
                        <description><![CDATA[The Mitsubishi A6M Zero-sen is the most famous Japanese fighter of the Second World War (1939-45). The single-seater aircraft was a leap forward for the Japanese air force and navy; indeed, this was the fastest and most manoeuvrable of all fighter planes in the early years of the war. Deployed very often from aircraft carriers, the Zero was used as both a fighter and dive-bomber in such key battles as the attack on Pearl Harbor and the Battle of Midway. Although outclassed in the final two years of the war by Allied fighters, production of the Zero continued, and it became the most produced of any aircraft by any air force in WWII.]]></description>
                        <image><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/22005.jpg]]></image>
                        <imageUncropped><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1500x1500/22005.jpg?v=1785825145-1785825279]]></imageUncropped>
                        <video><![CDATA[]]></video>
                        <hashtags><![CDATA[#MitsubishiA6MZero #Aircraft #FighterPlane #PacificWar #SecondWorldWar #WWII]]></hashtags>
                        <hashtagsCSV><![CDATA[#MitsubishiA6MZero,#Aircraft,#FighterPlane,#PacificWar,#SecondWorldWar,#WWII]]></hashtagsCSV>
                        <regions><![CDATA[EastAsia]]></regions>
                        <subjects><![CDATA[WarfareBattles]]></subjects>
                        <periods><![CDATA[Modern]]></periods>
                        <section><![CDATA[]]></section>
                        <rating><![CDATA[]]></rating>
                        <ratingstars><![CDATA[]]></ratingstars>
                        <type><![CDATA[Definition]]></type>
                        <category><![CDATA[lang_en]]></category>
                        <shortUrl><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/1-23552-en/]]></shortUrl>
                        <slug><![CDATA[mitsubishi-a6m-zero]]></slug>
                    </item>    
                    <item>
                        <title><![CDATA[A History of the Ottoman Empire]]></title>
                        <link><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/review/572/a-history-of-the-ottoman-empire/]]></link>
                        <link_long><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/review/572/a-history-of-the-ottoman-empire/]]></link_long>
                        <link_short><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/8-572-en/]]></link_short>
                        <guid>8-572</guid>
                        <pubDate>Mon, 17 Aug 2026 08:00:02 +0000</pubDate>
                        <author><![CDATA[Batuhan Aksu]]></author>
                        <translator><![CDATA[]]></translator>
                        <media:content url="https://i.ebayimg.com/images/g/lsYAAeSwH3JqTHEj/s-l1600.webp">
                                <media:caption><![CDATA[]]></media:caption>
                                <media:credit><![CDATA[ ()]]></media:credit>
                        </media:content>
                        <firstSentence><![CDATA["A History of the Ottoman Empire" is recommended to people seeking to learn about the Ottoman world from its inception to its dissolution.]]></firstSentence>
                        <twitterPreview><![CDATA["A History of the Ottoman Empire" is recommended to people seeking to learn about the Ottoman world from its inception to its dissolution.]]></twitterPreview>
                        <blueskyPreview><![CDATA["A History of the Ottoman Empire" is recommended to people seeking to learn about the Ottoman world from its inception to its dissolution. https://whe.to/ci/8-572-en/]]></blueskyPreview>
                        <description><![CDATA["A History of the Ottoman Empire" is recommended to people seeking to learn about the Ottoman world from its inception to its dissolution. Designed in the form of a textbook, it is intended primarily for the general public and history students. As a unique contribution, it refutes widespread assumptions regarding the Ottoman society and economy from a revisionist perspective.]]></description>
                        <image><![CDATA[https://i.ebayimg.com/images/g/lsYAAeSwH3JqTHEj/s-l1600.webp]]></image>
                        <imageUncropped><![CDATA[]]></imageUncropped>
                        <video><![CDATA[]]></video>
                        <hashtags><![CDATA[#OttomanEmpire #GregorianCalendar #IslamicCalendar #Ottoman #Textbook]]></hashtags>
                        <hashtagsCSV><![CDATA[#OttomanEmpire,#GregorianCalendar,#IslamicCalendar,#Ottoman,#Textbook]]></hashtagsCSV>
                        <regions><![CDATA[MiddleEast]]></regions>
                        <subjects><![CDATA[StatesCultures,ReligionMythology]]></subjects>
                        <periods><![CDATA[Medieval]]></periods>
                        <section><![CDATA[]]></section>
                        <rating><![CDATA[5]]></rating>
                        <ratingstars><![CDATA[★★★★★]]></ratingstars>
                        <type><![CDATA[Book Review]]></type>
                        <category><![CDATA[lang_en]]></category>
                        <shortUrl><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/8-572-en/]]></shortUrl>
                        <slug><![CDATA[a-history-of-the-ottoman-empire]]></slug>
                    </item>    
                    <item>
                        <title><![CDATA[Vienna’s Legacy: The Habsburg Empire on the Intellectual Map]]></title>
                        <link><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2961/viennas-legacy-the-habsburg-empire-on-the-intellec/]]></link>
                        <link_long><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2961/viennas-legacy-the-habsburg-empire-on-the-intellec/]]></link_long>
                        <link_short><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/2-2961-en/]]></link_short>
                        <guid>2-2961</guid>
                        <pubDate>Fri, 14 Aug 2026 09:00:02 +0000</pubDate>
                        <author><![CDATA[Ambika Natarajan]]></author>
                        <translator><![CDATA[]]></translator>
                        <media:content url="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/22032.jpg">
                                <media:caption><![CDATA[Café Griensteidl, Vienna]]></media:caption>
                                <media:credit><![CDATA[Reinhold Völkel (Public Domain)]]></media:credit>
                        </media:content>
                        <firstSentence><![CDATA[While most people today know about the influence of London, Paris, and New York on modern thought, Vienna makes few appearances in people’s discussions.]]></firstSentence>
                        <twitterPreview><![CDATA[While most people today know about the influence of London, Paris, and New York on modern thought, Vienna makes few appearances...]]></twitterPreview>
                        <blueskyPreview><![CDATA[While most people today know about the influence of London, Paris, and New York on modern thought, Vienna makes few appearances in people’s discussions. https://whe.to/ci/2-2961-en/]]></blueskyPreview>
                        <description><![CDATA[While most people today know about the influence of London, Paris, and New York on modern thought, Vienna makes few appearances in people’s discussions. However, Vienna, and such individuals as Sigmund Freud and Robert Musil, had a profound impact on modern thinking. The intellectual scene in Vienna, the capital of the Habsburg Empire in Central Europe, in the later part of the 19th century and the earlier half of the 20th century was influenced by the acceptance of modern sciences and the reception of philosophical irrationalism.]]></description>
                        <image><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/22032.jpg]]></image>
                        <imageUncropped><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1500x1500/22032.jpg?v=1786525121-1786525175]]></imageUncropped>
                        <video><![CDATA[]]></video>
                        <hashtags><![CDATA[#Philosophy #HabsburgEmpire #Irrationalism #Psychoanalysis #Psychology #RobertMusil #SigmundFreud #Vienna]]></hashtags>
                        <hashtagsCSV><![CDATA[#Philosophy,#HabsburgEmpire,#Irrationalism,#Psychoanalysis,#Psychology,#RobertMusil,#SigmundFreud,#Vienna]]></hashtagsCSV>
                        <regions><![CDATA[NorthernEurope]]></regions>
                        <subjects><![CDATA[PhilosophyScience]]></subjects>
                        <periods><![CDATA[Modern]]></periods>
                        <section><![CDATA[]]></section>
                        <rating><![CDATA[]]></rating>
                        <ratingstars><![CDATA[]]></ratingstars>
                        <type><![CDATA[Article]]></type>
                        <category><![CDATA[lang_en]]></category>
                        <shortUrl><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/2-2961-en/]]></shortUrl>
                        <slug><![CDATA[viennas-legacy-the-habsburg-empire-on-the-intellec]]></slug>
                    </item>    
                    <item>
                        <title><![CDATA[History by the Numbers: 12 Visual Stories of Power, Conflict, Discovery & Change]]></title>
                        <link><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/collection/324/history-by-the-numbers/]]></link>
                        <link_long><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/collection/324/history-by-the-numbers/]]></link_long>
                        <link_short><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/9-324-en/]]></link_short>
                        <guid>9-324</guid>
                        <pubDate>Fri, 14 Aug 2026 07:20:38 +0000</pubDate>
                        <author><![CDATA[Simeon Netchev]]></author>
                        <translator><![CDATA[]]></translator>
                        <media:content url="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/21809.png">
                                <media:caption><![CDATA[Ten Longest Reigns in History]]></media:caption>
                                <media:credit><![CDATA[Simeon Netchev (CC BY-NC-ND)]]></media:credit>
                        </media:content>
                        <firstSentence><![CDATA[History is filled with numbers: years of rule, distances travelled, armies mobilized, cities besieged, territories conquered, and generations transformed.]]></firstSentence>
                        <twitterPreview><![CDATA[History is filled with numbers: years of...]]></twitterPreview>
                        <blueskyPreview><![CDATA[History is filled with numbers: years of rule, distances travelled, armies mobilized, cities besieged, territories conquered, and generations transformed. https://whe.to/ci/9-324-en/]]></blueskyPreview>
                        <description><![CDATA[History is filled with numbers: years of rule, distances travelled, armies mobilized, cities besieged, territories conquered, and generations transformed. History by the Numbers brings together a collection of visual infographics that use rankings, timelines, comparisons, and carefully selected examples to explore patterns across world history. From long-lived dynasties and imperial expansion to famous sieges, voyages of exploration, military disasters, technological change, and religious history, each infographic turns complex historical subjects into an accessible visual story.]]></description>
                        <image><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/21809.png]]></image>
                        <imageUncropped><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1500x1500/21809.png?v=1779681958-1779681970]]></imageUncropped>
                        <video><![CDATA[]]></video>
                        <hashtags><![CDATA[#Empire #CivilWar #Emperor #Empires #Military #Monarchs #Revolution #Revolutionary #RevolutionaryWar #Rule #Ruler #Sack #SackOfRome #Siege #SiegeOfRome #SiegeWarfare #Warrior #WorldHistory]]></hashtags>
                        <hashtagsCSV><![CDATA[#Empire,#CivilWar,#Emperor,#Empires,#Military,#Monarchs,#Revolution,#Revolutionary,#RevolutionaryWar,#Rule,#Ruler,#Sack,#SackOfRome,#Siege,#SiegeOfRome,#SiegeWarfare,#Warrior,#WorldHistory]]></hashtagsCSV>
                        <regions><![CDATA[]]></regions>
                        <subjects><![CDATA[StatesCultures,IndividualPeople]]></subjects>
                        <periods><![CDATA[]]></periods>
                        <section><![CDATA[Featured,Infographics]]></section>
                        <rating><![CDATA[]]></rating>
                        <ratingstars><![CDATA[]]></ratingstars>
                        <type><![CDATA[Image Gallery]]></type>
                        <category><![CDATA[lang_en]]></category>
                        <shortUrl><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/9-324-en/]]></shortUrl>
                        <slug><![CDATA[history-by-the-numbers]]></slug>
                    </item>    
                    <item>
                        <title><![CDATA[Panic at Bull Run: Russell's Account of the Union Retreat]]></title>
                        <link><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2959/panic-at-bull-run/]]></link>
                        <link_long><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2959/panic-at-bull-run/]]></link_long>
                        <link_short><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/2-2959-en/]]></link_short>
                        <guid>2-2959</guid>
                        <pubDate>Thu, 13 Aug 2026 16:00:09 +0000</pubDate>
                        <author><![CDATA[Joshua J. Mark]]></author>
                        <translator><![CDATA[]]></translator>
                        <media:content url="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/21988.jpeg">
                                <media:caption><![CDATA[Bridge During the Retreat from First Battle of Bull Run]]></media:caption>
                                <media:credit><![CDATA[William Ridgway (Public Domain)]]></media:credit>
                        </media:content>
                        <firstSentence><![CDATA[Panic at Bull Run is an excerpt from a longer article, The Battle of Bull Run, by the famous English journalist William H. Russell (1827 to 1907, also known as Sir William Howard Russell), one of the most widely read writers of his day.]]></firstSentence>
                        <twitterPreview><![CDATA[Panic at Bull Run is an excerpt from a longer article, The Battle of Bull Run, by the famous English journalist William H. Russell (1827 to 1907, also known as Sir William Howard...]]></twitterPreview>
                        <blueskyPreview><![CDATA[Panic at Bull Run is an excerpt from a longer article, The Battle of Bull Run, by the famous English journalist William H. Russell (1827 to 1907, also known as Sir William Howard Russell), one of the most widely read writers of his day. https://whe.to/ci/2-2959-en/]]></blueskyPreview>
                        <description><![CDATA[Panic at Bull Run is an excerpt from a longer article, The Battle of Bull Run, by the famous English journalist William H. Russell (1827 to 1907, also known as Sir William Howard Russell), one of the most widely read writers of his day. Russell was an eyewitness to the First Battle of Bull Run (First Manassas) on 21 July 1861 during the American Civil War, but his article focused primarily on only one aspect: the disorderly Union retreat at the end of the day.]]></description>
                        <image><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/21988.jpeg]]></image>
                        <imageUncropped><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1500x1500/21988.jpeg?v=1785360670-1786434717]]></imageUncropped>
                        <video><![CDATA[]]></video>
                        <hashtags><![CDATA[#JeffersonDavis #AmericanCivilWar #WilliamH.Russell]]></hashtags>
                        <hashtagsCSV><![CDATA[#JeffersonDavis,#AmericanCivilWar,#WilliamH.Russell]]></hashtagsCSV>
                        <regions><![CDATA[Americas]]></regions>
                        <subjects><![CDATA[StatesCultures,WarfareBattles]]></subjects>
                        <periods><![CDATA[Modern]]></periods>
                        <section><![CDATA[PrimarySource]]></section>
                        <rating><![CDATA[]]></rating>
                        <ratingstars><![CDATA[]]></ratingstars>
                        <type><![CDATA[Article]]></type>
                        <category><![CDATA[lang_en]]></category>
                        <shortUrl><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/2-2959-en/]]></shortUrl>
                        <slug><![CDATA[panic-at-bull-run]]></slug>
                    </item>    
                    <item>
                        <title><![CDATA[The Integration of Church and State in the Roman Empire]]></title>
                        <link><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2966/the-integration-of-church-and-state-in-the-roman-e/]]></link>
                        <link_long><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2966/the-integration-of-church-and-state-in-the-roman-e/]]></link_long>
                        <link_short><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/2-2966-en/]]></link_short>
                        <guid>2-2966</guid>
                        <pubDate>Wed, 12 Aug 2026 09:00:09 +0000</pubDate>
                        <author><![CDATA[Rebecca Denova]]></author>
                        <translator><![CDATA[]]></translator>
                        <media:content url="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/5335.jpg">
                                <media:caption><![CDATA[St. Ambrose]]></media:caption>
                                <media:credit><![CDATA[Fr Lawrence Lew, O.P. (CC BY-NC-SA)]]></media:credit>
                        </media:content>
                        <firstSentence><![CDATA[In the ancient world, "religion" and society were not separate entities.]]></firstSentence>
                        <twitterPreview><![CDATA[In the ancient world, "religion" and society were not separate entities.]]></twitterPreview>
                        <blueskyPreview><![CDATA[In the ancient world, "religion" and society were not separate entities. https://whe.to/ci/2-2966-en/]]></blueskyPreview>
                        <description><![CDATA[In the ancient world, "religion" and society were not separate entities. Various gods dictated covenants, "law-codes," and social conventions. Such law-codes were most often the responsibility of the king, endowing him with authority to punish any violations. The rationalization for this concept was that the gods or God endowed the ruler with a share of "divinity," as a unified society and political order where the secular government protects each community and provides moral guidance for everyday life. It was a symbiotic authority, the belief that spiritual and temporal leaders complement one another. Cultural uniformity and national borders were transcended under a common spiritual overlay. In many ancient cultures, the king simultaneously served as "the high-priest."]]></description>
                        <image><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/5335.jpg]]></image>
                        <imageUncropped><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1500x1500/5335.jpg?v=1786440826-1786440826]]></imageUncropped>
                        <video><![CDATA[]]></video>
                        <hashtags><![CDATA[#RomanEmpire #ConstantineI #Christianity #EarlyChristianity #SaintAmbrose #TheodosiusI]]></hashtags>
                        <hashtagsCSV><![CDATA[#RomanEmpire,#ConstantineI,#Christianity,#EarlyChristianity,#SaintAmbrose,#TheodosiusI]]></hashtagsCSV>
                        <regions><![CDATA[NorthernEurope]]></regions>
                        <subjects><![CDATA[ReligionMythology]]></subjects>
                        <periods><![CDATA[Medieval,EarlyModern]]></periods>
                        <section><![CDATA[]]></section>
                        <rating><![CDATA[]]></rating>
                        <ratingstars><![CDATA[]]></ratingstars>
                        <type><![CDATA[Article]]></type>
                        <category><![CDATA[lang_en]]></category>
                        <shortUrl><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/2-2966-en/]]></shortUrl>
                        <slug><![CDATA[the-integration-of-church-and-state-in-the-roman-e]]></slug>
                    </item>    
                    <item>
                        <title><![CDATA[First Battle of Bull Run (First Manassas): The Wake-Up Call for Both Sides in the American Civil War]]></title>
                        <link><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/First_Battle_of_Bull_Run_(First_Manassas)/]]></link>
                        <link_long><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/First_Battle_of_Bull_Run_(First_Manassas)/]]></link_long>
                        <link_short><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/1-28809-en/]]></link_short>
                        <guid>1-28809</guid>
                        <pubDate>Tue, 11 Aug 2026 16:00:01 +0000</pubDate>
                        <author><![CDATA[Joshua J. Mark]]></author>
                        <translator><![CDATA[]]></translator>
                        <media:content url="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/21982.jpeg">
                                <media:caption><![CDATA[First Battle of Bull Run (First Manassas), 21 July 1861]]></media:caption>
                                <media:credit><![CDATA[Kurz & Allison (Public Domain)]]></media:credit>
                        </media:content>
                        <firstSentence><![CDATA[The First Battle of Bull Run (First Manassas) on 21 July 1861 was the first major battle of the American Civil War and a wake-up call for both sides which, until then, believed that the war would be over quickly, and they would come out the winner.]]></firstSentence>
                        <twitterPreview><![CDATA[The First Battle of Bull Run (First Manassas) on 21 July 1861 was the first major battle of the American Civil War and a wake-up call for both sides...]]></twitterPreview>
                        <blueskyPreview><![CDATA[The First Battle of Bull Run (First Manassas) on 21 July 1861 was the first major battle of the American Civil War and a wake-up call for both sides which, until then, believed that the war would be over quickly, and they would come out the winner. https://whe.to/ci/1-28809-en/]]></blueskyPreview>
                        <description><![CDATA[The First Battle of Bull Run (First Manassas) on 21 July 1861 was the first major battle of the American Civil War and a wake-up call for both sides which, until then, believed that the war would be over quickly, and they would come out the winner. Each side pointed to earlier, smaller, battles to support their claim.]]></description>
                        <image><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/21982.jpeg]]></image>
                        <imageUncropped><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1500x1500/21982.jpeg?v=1785356759-1786429367]]></imageUncropped>
                        <video><![CDATA[]]></video>
                        <hashtags><![CDATA[#StonewallJackson #AmericanCivilWar #ConfederateArmy #P.G.T.Beauregard #UnionArmy]]></hashtags>
                        <hashtagsCSV><![CDATA[#StonewallJackson,#AmericanCivilWar,#ConfederateArmy,#P.G.T.Beauregard,#UnionArmy]]></hashtagsCSV>
                        <regions><![CDATA[Americas]]></regions>
                        <subjects><![CDATA[StatesCultures,WarfareBattles]]></subjects>
                        <periods><![CDATA[Modern]]></periods>
                        <section><![CDATA[]]></section>
                        <rating><![CDATA[]]></rating>
                        <ratingstars><![CDATA[]]></ratingstars>
                        <type><![CDATA[Definition]]></type>
                        <category><![CDATA[lang_en]]></category>
                        <shortUrl><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/1-28809-en/]]></shortUrl>
                        <slug><![CDATA[first-battle-of-bull-run-first-manassas]]></slug>
                    </item>    
                    <item>
                        <title><![CDATA[Battle of Rich Mountain: The Victory That Created an Army]]></title>
                        <link><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2955/battle-of-rich-mountain/]]></link>
                        <link_long><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2955/battle-of-rich-mountain/]]></link_long>
                        <link_short><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/2-2955-en/]]></link_short>
                        <guid>2-2955</guid>
                        <pubDate>Mon, 10 Aug 2026 16:00:02 +0000</pubDate>
                        <author><![CDATA[Joshua J. Mark]]></author>
                        <translator><![CDATA[]]></translator>
                        <media:content url="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/21969.jpg">
                                <media:caption><![CDATA[Union Soldiers at the Battle of Rich Mountain]]></media:caption>
                                <media:credit><![CDATA[Alonzo Chappel (Public Domain)]]></media:credit>
                        </media:content>
                        <firstSentence><![CDATA[The Battle of Rich Mountain (11 July 1861), fought in Randolph County, Virginia (now West Virginia) was the second Union victory attributed to Major General George B. McClellan in the beginning of the American Civil War.]]></firstSentence>
                        <twitterPreview><![CDATA[The Battle of Rich Mountain (11 July 1861), fought in Randolph County, Virginia (now West Virginia) was the second Union victory attributed to Major General George B. McClellan in the...]]></twitterPreview>
                        <blueskyPreview><![CDATA[The Battle of Rich Mountain (11 July 1861), fought in Randolph County, Virginia (now West Virginia) was the second Union victory attributed to Major General George B. McClellan in the beginning of the American Civil War. https://whe.to/ci/2-2955-en/]]></blueskyPreview>
                        <description><![CDATA[The Battle of Rich Mountain (11 July 1861), fought in Randolph County, Virginia (now West Virginia) was the second Union victory attributed to Major General George B. McClellan in the beginning of the American Civil War. The first was the Battle of Philippi (Philippi Races) on 3 June 1861.]]></description>
                        <image><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/21969.jpg]]></image>
                        <imageUncropped><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1500x1500/21969.jpg?v=1786444694-1785896875]]></imageUncropped>
                        <video><![CDATA[]]></video>
                        <hashtags><![CDATA[#AmericanCivilWar #Virginia #WilliamRosecrans]]></hashtags>
                        <hashtagsCSV><![CDATA[#AmericanCivilWar,#Virginia,#WilliamRosecrans]]></hashtagsCSV>
                        <regions><![CDATA[Americas]]></regions>
                        <subjects><![CDATA[WarfareBattles]]></subjects>
                        <periods><![CDATA[Modern]]></periods>
                        <section><![CDATA[]]></section>
                        <rating><![CDATA[]]></rating>
                        <ratingstars><![CDATA[]]></ratingstars>
                        <type><![CDATA[Article]]></type>
                        <category><![CDATA[lang_en]]></category>
                        <shortUrl><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/2-2955-en/]]></shortUrl>
                        <slug><![CDATA[battle-of-rich-mountain]]></slug>
                    </item>    
                    <item>
                        <title><![CDATA[Andrew Johnson: The First US President to be Impeached]]></title>
                        <link><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/Andrew_Johnson/]]></link>
                        <link_long><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/Andrew_Johnson/]]></link_long>
                        <link_short><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/1-26463-en/]]></link_short>
                        <guid>1-26463</guid>
                        <pubDate>Thu, 06 Aug 2026 16:00:10 +0000</pubDate>
                        <author><![CDATA[Harrison W. Mark]]></author>
                        <translator><![CDATA[]]></translator>
                        <media:content url="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/21887.jpg">
                                <media:caption><![CDATA[President Andrew Johnson]]></media:caption>
                                <media:credit><![CDATA[Mathew Brady (Public Domain)]]></media:credit>
                        </media:content>
                        <firstSentence><![CDATA[Andrew Johnson (1808-1875) was the 17th President of the United States, who was suddenly thrust into the office in 1865 after the assassination of Abraham Lincoln.]]></firstSentence>
                        <twitterPreview><![CDATA[Andrew Johnson (1808-1875) was the 17th President of the United States, who was suddenly thrust into the office...]]></twitterPreview>
                        <blueskyPreview><![CDATA[Andrew Johnson (1808-1875) was the 17th President of the United States, who was suddenly thrust into the office in 1865 after the assassination of Abraham Lincoln. https://whe.to/ci/1-26463-en/]]></blueskyPreview>
                        <description><![CDATA[Andrew Johnson (1808-1875) was the 17th President of the United States, who was suddenly thrust into the office in 1865 after the assassination of Abraham Lincoln. A gruff Southern Democrat, Johnson favored a quick end to Reconstruction (circa 1863-1877), which pitted him against the Radical Republicans in control of Congress. His opposition to 'Radical Reconstruction' led to his impeachment in 1868, which he survived by a single vote. After leaving the presidency in disgrace on 4 March 1869, he plotted a return to national politics, but died on 31 July 1875 shortly after winning election to the US Senate. He is often ranked as one of the worst US presidents, unequal to the crucial moment of Reconstruction.]]></description>
                        <image><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/21887.jpg]]></image>
                        <imageUncropped><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1500x1500/21887.jpg?v=1786444698-1782111356]]></imageUncropped>
                        <video><![CDATA[]]></video>
                        <hashtags><![CDATA[#AndrewJohnson #AmericanCivilWar #AbrahamLincoln #Reconstruction #USHistory #USPolitics #USPresident #USVicePresident]]></hashtags>
                        <hashtagsCSV><![CDATA[#AndrewJohnson,#AmericanCivilWar,#AbrahamLincoln,#Reconstruction,#USHistory,#USPolitics,#USPresident,#USVicePresident]]></hashtagsCSV>
                        <regions><![CDATA[Americas]]></regions>
                        <subjects><![CDATA[IndividualPeople]]></subjects>
                        <periods><![CDATA[Modern]]></periods>
                        <section><![CDATA[]]></section>
                        <rating><![CDATA[]]></rating>
                        <ratingstars><![CDATA[]]></ratingstars>
                        <type><![CDATA[Definition]]></type>
                        <category><![CDATA[lang_en]]></category>
                        <shortUrl><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/1-26463-en/]]></shortUrl>
                        <slug><![CDATA[andrew-johnson]]></slug>
                    </item>    
                    <item>
                        <title><![CDATA[Evliya Çelebi: The Most Famous Ottoman Traveler]]></title>
                        <link><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/Evliya_Celebi/]]></link>
                        <link_long><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/Evliya_Celebi/]]></link_long>
                        <link_short><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/1-28804-en/]]></link_short>
                        <guid>1-28804</guid>
                        <pubDate>Thu, 06 Aug 2026 09:00:02 +0000</pubDate>
                        <author><![CDATA[Batuhan Aksu]]></author>
                        <translator><![CDATA[]]></translator>
                        <media:content url="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/21604.jpg">
                                <media:caption><![CDATA[Evliya Çelebi]]></media:caption>
                                <media:credit><![CDATA[Globetrotter19 (CC BY-SA)]]></media:credit>
                        </media:content>
                        <firstSentence><![CDATA[Evliya Çelebi (1611 -1682/85) is the most famous Ottoman Turkish traveler and explorer.]]></firstSentence>
                        <twitterPreview><![CDATA[Evliya Çelebi (1611 -1682/85) is the most famous Ottoman Turkish traveler and explorer.]]></twitterPreview>
                        <blueskyPreview><![CDATA[Evliya Çelebi (1611 -1682/85) is the most famous Ottoman Turkish traveler and explorer. https://whe.to/ci/1-28804-en/]]></blueskyPreview>
                        <description><![CDATA[Evliya Çelebi (1611 -1682/85) is the most famous Ottoman Turkish traveler and explorer. He is well-known for his ten-volume travelogue, the Seyahatnâme ('Book of Travels'), a monumental narrative of his travels spanning over 40 years. In this account, he gives a broad perspective of the Ottoman world of the 17th century. Calling himself a "world traveler" (seyyâh-ı ‘âlem), Evliya was also a musician, soldier, dervish, and conversationalist with members of the court. Instead of writing a straightforward history book, he embellished the Seyahatnâme with stories and reflections to both educate and entertain his readers.]]></description>
                        <image><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/21604.jpg]]></image>
                        <imageUncropped><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1500x1500/21604.jpg?v=1786349119-1786005283]]></imageUncropped>
                        <video><![CDATA[]]></video>
                        <hashtags><![CDATA[#OttomanEmpire #EvliyaCelebi #BookOfTravels]]></hashtags>
                        <hashtagsCSV><![CDATA[#OttomanEmpire,#EvliyaCelebi,#BookOfTravels]]></hashtagsCSV>
                        <regions><![CDATA[MiddleEast,Mediterranean]]></regions>
                        <subjects><![CDATA[IndividualPeople]]></subjects>
                        <periods><![CDATA[EarlyModern]]></periods>
                        <section><![CDATA[]]></section>
                        <rating><![CDATA[]]></rating>
                        <ratingstars><![CDATA[]]></ratingstars>
                        <type><![CDATA[Definition]]></type>
                        <category><![CDATA[lang_en]]></category>
                        <shortUrl><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/1-28804-en/]]></shortUrl>
                        <slug><![CDATA[evliya-celebi]]></slug>
                    </item>    
                    <item>
                        <title><![CDATA[The History of the Inquisition: The Catholic Church's Battle Against Deviance]]></title>
                        <link><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2960/the-history-of-the-inquisition/]]></link>
                        <link_long><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2960/the-history-of-the-inquisition/]]></link_long>
                        <link_short><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/2-2960-en/]]></link_short>
                        <guid>2-2960</guid>
                        <pubDate>Wed, 05 Aug 2026 09:00:01 +0000</pubDate>
                        <author><![CDATA[Rebecca Denova]]></author>
                        <translator><![CDATA[]]></translator>
                        <media:content url="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/9344.jpg">
                                <media:caption><![CDATA[Expulsion of the Cathars from Carcassonne]]></media:caption>
                                <media:credit><![CDATA[Unknown Artist (Public Domain)]]></media:credit>
                        </media:content>
                        <firstSentence><![CDATA[The Inquisition was the official institution of the medieval Catholic Church that established ecclesiastical judges to investigate and judge divergent opinions and practices that went against what became "systematic Catholic theology.]]></firstSentence>
                        <twitterPreview><![CDATA[The Inquisition was the official institution of the medieval Catholic Church that established ecclesiastical judges to investigate and judge divergent...]]></twitterPreview>
                        <blueskyPreview><![CDATA[The Inquisition was the official institution of the medieval Catholic Church that established ecclesiastical judges to investigate and judge divergent opinions and practices that went against what became "systematic Catholic theology. https://whe.to/ci/2-2960-en/]]></blueskyPreview>
                        <description><![CDATA[The Inquisition was the official institution of the medieval Catholic Church that established ecclesiastical judges to investigate and judge divergent opinions and practices that went against what became "systematic Catholic theology." An inquisition was a Catholic judicial procedure in which ecclesiastical judges could initiate, investigate and try cases in their jurisdiction. Popularly, the Inquisition became the name for various medieval and Reformation-era state-organized tribunals whose aim was to combat heresy, apostasy, blasphemy, alchemy, witchcraft, and customs considered to be deviant, using this judicial procedure.]]></description>
                        <image><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/9344.jpg]]></image>
                        <imageUncropped><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1500x1500/9344.jpg?v=1786444706]]></imageUncropped>
                        <video><![CDATA[]]></video>
                        <hashtags><![CDATA[#Christianity #CatholicChurch #Heresy #Inquisition #JudicialProcedure #Theology]]></hashtags>
                        <hashtagsCSV><![CDATA[#Christianity,#CatholicChurch,#Heresy,#Inquisition,#JudicialProcedure,#Theology]]></hashtagsCSV>
                        <regions><![CDATA[NorthernEurope,Mediterranean]]></regions>
                        <subjects><![CDATA[ReligionMythology]]></subjects>
                        <periods><![CDATA[Ancient,Medieval]]></periods>
                        <section><![CDATA[]]></section>
                        <rating><![CDATA[]]></rating>
                        <ratingstars><![CDATA[]]></ratingstars>
                        <type><![CDATA[Article]]></type>
                        <category><![CDATA[lang_en]]></category>
                        <shortUrl><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/2-2960-en/]]></shortUrl>
                        <slug><![CDATA[the-history-of-the-inquisition]]></slug>
                    </item>    
                    <item>
                        <title><![CDATA[Friedrich Gentz's Stance on the French Revolution: The Fusion of Berlin Enlightenment and British Conservatism]]></title>
                        <link><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2956/friedrich-gentzs-stance-on-the-french-revolution/]]></link>
                        <link_long><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2956/friedrich-gentzs-stance-on-the-french-revolution/]]></link_long>
                        <link_short><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/2-2956-en/]]></link_short>
                        <guid>2-2956</guid>
                        <pubDate>Tue, 04 Aug 2026 09:00:49 +0000</pubDate>
                        <author><![CDATA[Ambika Natarajan]]></author>
                        <translator><![CDATA[]]></translator>
                        <media:content url="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/22006.png">
                                <media:caption><![CDATA[Portrait of Friedrich von Gentz]]></media:caption>
                                <media:credit><![CDATA[Thomas Lawrence (Public Domain)]]></media:credit>
                        </media:content>
                        <firstSentence><![CDATA[The story of the French Revolution is incomplete without the Prussian-Austrian diplomat and writer Friedrich von Gentz (1764-1832).]]></firstSentence>
                        <twitterPreview><![CDATA[The story of the French Revolution is incomplete without the Prussian-Austrian diplomat and writer Friedrich von Gentz (1764-1832).]]></twitterPreview>
                        <blueskyPreview><![CDATA[The story of the French Revolution is incomplete without the Prussian-Austrian diplomat and writer Friedrich von Gentz (1764-1832). https://whe.to/ci/2-2956-en/]]></blueskyPreview>
                        <description><![CDATA[The story of the French Revolution is incomplete without the Prussian-Austrian diplomat and writer Friedrich von Gentz (1764-1832). It was Gentz who provided the best-known German translation of Edmund Burke’s Reflections on the Revolution in France. This work reveals Gentz as a French Revolution reactionary and a conservative of the Burkean lineage. However, such a characterization is a very simplistic portrayal of this complex figure from the past.]]></description>
                        <image><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/22006.png]]></image>
                        <imageUncropped><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1500x1500/22006.png?v=1786233804-1785829364]]></imageUncropped>
                        <video><![CDATA[]]></video>
                        <hashtags><![CDATA[#TheEnlightenment #Philosophy #FrenchRevolution #EdmundBurke #FriedrichGentz #Revolution]]></hashtags>
                        <hashtagsCSV><![CDATA[#TheEnlightenment,#Philosophy,#FrenchRevolution,#EdmundBurke,#FriedrichGentz,#Revolution]]></hashtagsCSV>
                        <regions><![CDATA[NorthernEurope]]></regions>
                        <subjects><![CDATA[IndividualPeople]]></subjects>
                        <periods><![CDATA[Modern]]></periods>
                        <section><![CDATA[]]></section>
                        <rating><![CDATA[]]></rating>
                        <ratingstars><![CDATA[]]></ratingstars>
                        <type><![CDATA[Article]]></type>
                        <category><![CDATA[lang_en]]></category>
                        <shortUrl><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/2-2956-en/]]></shortUrl>
                        <slug><![CDATA[friedrich-gentzs-stance-on-the-french-revolution]]></slug>
                    </item>    
                    <item>
                        <title><![CDATA[US Presidential Election of 1864: The Election That Decided the Fate of the US Civil War]]></title>
                        <link><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/US_Presidential_Election_of_1864/]]></link>
                        <link_long><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/US_Presidential_Election_of_1864/]]></link_long>
                        <link_short><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/1-28805-en/]]></link_short>
                        <guid>1-28805</guid>
                        <pubDate>Mon, 03 Aug 2026 16:00:10 +0000</pubDate>
                        <author><![CDATA[Harrison W. Mark]]></author>
                        <translator><![CDATA[]]></translator>
                        <media:content url="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/22000.png">
                                <media:caption><![CDATA[Lincoln & Johnson Election Ticket, 1864]]></media:caption>
                                <media:credit><![CDATA[Currier & Ives (Public Domain)]]></media:credit>
                        </media:content>
                        <firstSentence><![CDATA[The Election of 1864 was one of the most important United States presidential elections of the 19th century.]]></firstSentence>
                        <twitterPreview><![CDATA[The Election of 1864 was one of the most important United States presidential elections of the 19th century.]]></twitterPreview>
                        <blueskyPreview><![CDATA[The Election of 1864 was one of the most important United States presidential elections of the 19th century. https://whe.to/ci/1-28805-en/]]></blueskyPreview>
                        <description><![CDATA[The Election of 1864 was one of the most important United States presidential elections of the 19th century. Occurring amidst the American Civil War (1861-1865), the election served as a referendum on the way that incumbent President Abraham Lincoln and his Republican Party had conducted the war thus far. Indeed, the election could be seen as a referendum on the war itself. Peace Democrats and Copperheads wanted to end the war as soon as possible, even if it meant negotiating with the rebellious Confederacy, while Republicans and War Democrats would accept nothing less than total victory over the South. In the end, Lincoln swiftly defeated Democratic candidate George B. McClellan at the polls, giving him the mandate he needed to finish the fight and win the war.]]></description>
                        <image><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/22000.png]]></image>
                        <imageUncropped><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1500x1500/22000.png?v=1786444714-1785749611]]></imageUncropped>
                        <video><![CDATA[]]></video>
                        <hashtags><![CDATA[#GeorgeB.McClellan #AmericanCivilWar #AbrahamLincoln]]></hashtags>
                        <hashtagsCSV><![CDATA[#GeorgeB.McClellan,#AmericanCivilWar,#AbrahamLincoln]]></hashtagsCSV>
                        <regions><![CDATA[Americas]]></regions>
                        <subjects><![CDATA[StatesCultures,WarfareBattles]]></subjects>
                        <periods><![CDATA[Modern]]></periods>
                        <section><![CDATA[]]></section>
                        <rating><![CDATA[]]></rating>
                        <ratingstars><![CDATA[]]></ratingstars>
                        <type><![CDATA[Definition]]></type>
                        <category><![CDATA[lang_en]]></category>
                        <shortUrl><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/1-28805-en/]]></shortUrl>
                        <slug><![CDATA[us-presidential-election-of-1864]]></slug>
                    </item>    
                    <item>
                        <title><![CDATA[Kesh Temple Hymn: The Oldest Work of Religious Literature in the World]]></title>
                        <link><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2193/kesh-temple-hymn/]]></link>
                        <link_long><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2193/kesh-temple-hymn/]]></link_long>
                        <link_short><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/2-2193-en/]]></link_short>
                        <guid>2-2193</guid>
                        <pubDate>Mon, 03 Aug 2026 09:00:01 +0000</pubDate>
                        <author><![CDATA[Joshua J. Mark]]></author>
                        <translator><![CDATA[]]></translator>
                        <media:content url="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/17182.jpg">
                                <media:caption><![CDATA[Kesh Temple Hymn]]></media:caption>
                                <media:credit><![CDATA[The Walters Art Museum (Public Domain)]]></media:credit>
                        </media:content>
                        <firstSentence><![CDATA[The Kesh Temple Hymn (circa 2600 BCE) is the oldest work of religious literature in the world, sometimes referenced as the oldest extant religious poem.]]></firstSentence>
                        <twitterPreview><![CDATA[The Kesh Temple Hymn (circa 2600 BCE) is the oldest work of religious literature in the world, sometimes referenced as the oldest extant religious poem.]]></twitterPreview>
                        <blueskyPreview><![CDATA[The Kesh Temple Hymn (circa 2600 BCE) is the oldest work of religious literature in the world, sometimes referenced as the oldest extant religious poem. https://whe.to/ci/2-2193-en/]]></blueskyPreview>
                        <description><![CDATA[The Kesh Temple Hymn (circa 2600 BCE) is the oldest work of religious literature in the world, sometimes referenced as the oldest extant religious poem. It is a Sumerian praise song to the goddess Ninhursag and her temple in the city of Kesh, composed in eight sections of "houses" progressing from the temple's foundation to a cautionary welcome.]]></description>
                        <image><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/17182.jpg]]></image>
                        <imageUncropped><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1500x1500/17182.jpg?v=1786444746-1678441989]]></imageUncropped>
                        <video><![CDATA[]]></video>
                        <hashtags><![CDATA[#Sumer #Ninhursag]]></hashtags>
                        <hashtagsCSV><![CDATA[#Sumer,#Ninhursag]]></hashtagsCSV>
                        <regions><![CDATA[MiddleEast]]></regions>
                        <subjects><![CDATA[ReligionMythology,ArtArchitecture]]></subjects>
                        <periods><![CDATA[Ancient]]></periods>
                        <section><![CDATA[PrimarySource]]></section>
                        <rating><![CDATA[]]></rating>
                        <ratingstars><![CDATA[]]></ratingstars>
                        <type><![CDATA[Article]]></type>
                        <category><![CDATA[lang_en]]></category>
                        <shortUrl><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/2-2193-en/]]></shortUrl>
                        <slug><![CDATA[kesh-temple-hymn]]></slug>
                    </item>    
                    <item>
                        <title><![CDATA[Poor Man of Nippur: What Does One Deserve?]]></title>
                        <link><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2145/poor-man-of-nippur/]]></link>
                        <link_long><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2145/poor-man-of-nippur/]]></link_long>
                        <link_short><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/2-2145-en/]]></link_short>
                        <guid>2-2145</guid>
                        <pubDate>Sun, 02 Aug 2026 07:03:05 +0000</pubDate>
                        <author><![CDATA[Joshua J. Mark]]></author>
                        <translator><![CDATA[]]></translator>
                        <media:content url="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/2786.jpg">
                                <media:caption><![CDATA[Terracotta Tablet from Nippur]]></media:caption>
                                <media:credit><![CDATA[Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin (Copyright)]]></media:credit>
                        </media:content>
                        <firstSentence><![CDATA[The Poor Man of Nippur (circa 701 BCE) is a Babylonian poem on the themes of the obligations of hospitality and revenge for an undeserved injury.]]></firstSentence>
                        <twitterPreview><![CDATA[The Poor Man of Nippur (circa 701 BCE) is a Babylonian poem on the themes of the obligations of hospitality and revenge for an undeserved injury.]]></twitterPreview>
                        <blueskyPreview><![CDATA[The Poor Man of Nippur (circa 701 BCE) is a Babylonian poem on the themes of the obligations of hospitality and revenge for an undeserved injury. https://whe.to/ci/2-2145-en/]]></blueskyPreview>
                        <description><![CDATA[The Poor Man of Nippur (circa 701 BCE) is a Babylonian poem on the themes of the obligations of hospitality and revenge for an undeserved injury. A poor man of the city of Nippur feels mistreated when he visits the mayor and then goes to great lengths to avenge the insult; but is he abused or the abuser?]]></description>
                        <image><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/2786.jpg]]></image>
                        <imageUncropped><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1500x1500/2786.jpg?v=1786444750]]></imageUncropped>
                        <video><![CDATA[]]></video>
                        <hashtags><![CDATA[#Sumerians #Ninurta #Cuneiform #Nippur]]></hashtags>
                        <hashtagsCSV><![CDATA[#Sumerians,#Ninurta,#Cuneiform,#Nippur]]></hashtagsCSV>
                        <regions><![CDATA[MiddleEast]]></regions>
                        <subjects><![CDATA[ReligionMythology,DailyLife,ArtArchitecture]]></subjects>
                        <periods><![CDATA[Ancient]]></periods>
                        <section><![CDATA[PrimarySource]]></section>
                        <rating><![CDATA[]]></rating>
                        <ratingstars><![CDATA[]]></ratingstars>
                        <type><![CDATA[Article]]></type>
                        <category><![CDATA[lang_en]]></category>
                        <shortUrl><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/2-2145-en/]]></shortUrl>
                        <slug><![CDATA[poor-man-of-nippur]]></slug>
                    </item>    
                    <item>
                        <title><![CDATA[Battle of the Coral Sea: First Aircraft Carrier Battle in History]]></title>
                        <link><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2957/battle-of-the-coral-sea/]]></link>
                        <link_long><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2957/battle-of-the-coral-sea/]]></link_long>
                        <link_short><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/2-2957-en/]]></link_short>
                        <guid>2-2957</guid>
                        <pubDate>Fri, 31 Jul 2026 09:01:03 +0000</pubDate>
                        <author><![CDATA[Mark Cartwright]]></author>
                        <translator><![CDATA[]]></translator>
                        <media:content url="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/21992.png">
                                <media:caption><![CDATA[USS Yorktown, 1942]]></media:caption>
                                <media:credit><![CDATA[US Navy (Public Domain)]]></media:credit>
                        </media:content>
                        <firstSentence><![CDATA[The Battle of the Coral Sea, the first naval battle in history between aircraft carriers, took place between 4 and 8 May 1942 during the Second World War (1939-45).]]></firstSentence>
                        <twitterPreview><![CDATA[The Battle of the Coral Sea, the first naval battle in history between aircraft carriers, took place between 4 and 8 May 1942 during the Second World...]]></twitterPreview>
                        <blueskyPreview><![CDATA[The Battle of the Coral Sea, the first naval battle in history between aircraft carriers, took place between 4 and 8 May 1942 during the Second World War (1939-45). https://whe.to/ci/2-2957-en/]]></blueskyPreview>
                        <description><![CDATA[The Battle of the Coral Sea, the first naval battle in history between aircraft carriers, took place between 4 and 8 May 1942 during the Second World War (1939-45). The Japanese navy hoped to occupy the eastern part of Papua and the Solomon Islands, but the US Navy was determined to prevent further Japanese expansion in the region. In the battle, the Japanese lost the light carrier Shōhō while the US Navy lost the carrier Lexington, one of only four carriers it possessed in the Pacific. The battle was a Japanese tactical victory given the tonnage sunk, but an Allied strategic victory since Japanese expansion had been halted. In addition, two Japanese carriers were so badly damaged they could not participate in the crucial Battle of Midway the following month, an absence which helped ensure a US victory, finally turning the tide of the Pacific War.]]></description>
                        <image><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/21992.png]]></image>
                        <imageUncropped><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1500x1500/21992.png?v=1786993452-1785399906]]></imageUncropped>
                        <video><![CDATA[]]></video>
                        <hashtags><![CDATA[#NavalWarfare #PacificWar #SecondWorldWar #USNavy #USSLexington #USSYorktown #WWII]]></hashtags>
                        <hashtagsCSV><![CDATA[#NavalWarfare,#PacificWar,#SecondWorldWar,#USNavy,#USSLexington,#USSYorktown,#WWII]]></hashtagsCSV>
                        <regions><![CDATA[Oceania]]></regions>
                        <subjects><![CDATA[WarfareBattles]]></subjects>
                        <periods><![CDATA[Modern]]></periods>
                        <section><![CDATA[]]></section>
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                        <ratingstars><![CDATA[]]></ratingstars>
                        <type><![CDATA[Article]]></type>
                        <category><![CDATA[lang_en]]></category>
                        <shortUrl><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/2-2957-en/]]></shortUrl>
                        <slug><![CDATA[battle-of-the-coral-sea]]></slug>
                    </item>    
                    <item>
                        <title><![CDATA[Athelstan]]></title>
                        <link><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/review/565/athelstan/]]></link>
                        <link_long><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/review/565/athelstan/]]></link_long>
                        <link_short><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/8-565-en/]]></link_short>
                        <guid>8-565</guid>
                        <pubDate>Fri, 31 Jul 2026 08:00:02 +0000</pubDate>
                        <author><![CDATA[Michael McComb]]></author>
                        <translator><![CDATA[]]></translator>
                        <media:content url="https://m.media-amazon.com/images/I/21FtzKG5GTL._SL500_.jpg">
                                <media:caption><![CDATA[]]></media:caption>
                                <media:credit><![CDATA[ ()]]></media:credit>
                        </media:content>
                        <firstSentence><![CDATA[Tom Holland’s "Athelstan: The Making of England" is a concise and brilliantly written biography of England’s first king.]]></firstSentence>
                        <twitterPreview><![CDATA[Tom Holland’s "Athelstan: The Making of England" is a concise and brilliantly written biography of England’s first king.]]></twitterPreview>
                        <blueskyPreview><![CDATA[Tom Holland’s "Athelstan: The Making of England" is a concise and brilliantly written biography of England’s first king. https://whe.to/ci/8-565-en/]]></blueskyPreview>
                        <description><![CDATA[Tom Holland’s "Athelstan: The Making of England" is a concise and brilliantly written biography of England’s first king. Newcomers to English history will find this book easily accessible, and informed readers will find an engaging and lively account of one of England’s most underrated rulers. ]]></description>
                        <image><![CDATA[https://m.media-amazon.com/images/I/21FtzKG5GTL._SL500_.jpg]]></image>
                        <imageUncropped><![CDATA[]]></imageUncropped>
                        <video><![CDATA[]]></video>
                        <hashtags><![CDATA[#RomanEmpire #AlfredTheGreat #Athelstan #England #Wessex]]></hashtags>
                        <hashtagsCSV><![CDATA[#RomanEmpire,#AlfredTheGreat,#Athelstan,#England,#Wessex]]></hashtagsCSV>
                        <regions><![CDATA[NorthernEurope]]></regions>
                        <subjects><![CDATA[StatesCultures,IndividualPeople]]></subjects>
                        <periods><![CDATA[Medieval]]></periods>
                        <section><![CDATA[]]></section>
                        <rating><![CDATA[5]]></rating>
                        <ratingstars><![CDATA[★★★★★]]></ratingstars>
                        <type><![CDATA[Book Review]]></type>
                        <category><![CDATA[lang_en]]></category>
                        <shortUrl><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/8-565-en/]]></shortUrl>
                        <slug><![CDATA[athelstan]]></slug>
                    </item>    
                    <item>
                        <title><![CDATA[George B. McClellan: The Wrong Man for the Job]]></title>
                        <link><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/George_B._McClellan/]]></link>
                        <link_long><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/George_B._McClellan/]]></link_long>
                        <link_short><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/1-24841-en/]]></link_short>
                        <guid>1-24841</guid>
                        <pubDate>Thu, 30 Jul 2026 16:00:12 +0000</pubDate>
                        <author><![CDATA[Joshua J. Mark]]></author>
                        <translator><![CDATA[]]></translator>
                        <media:content url="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/21460.jpeg">
                                <media:caption><![CDATA[George B. McClellan]]></media:caption>
                                <media:credit><![CDATA[Mathew Brady (Public Domain)]]></media:credit>
                        </media:content>
                        <firstSentence><![CDATA[George B. McClellan (1826-1885) was an American army officer and engineer who was elevated to the position of Commanding General of the United States Army in 1861 and was the Major General of the Army of the Potomac from 1861-1862, during which time he was criticized for his failure to actually use that army effectively.]]></firstSentence>
                        <twitterPreview><![CDATA[George B. McClellan (1826-1885) was an American army officer and engineer who was elevated to the position of Commanding General of the United States Army in 1861 and...]]></twitterPreview>
                        <blueskyPreview><![CDATA[George B. McClellan (1826-1885) was an American army officer and engineer who was elevated to the position of Commanding General of the United States Army in 1861 and was the Major General of the Army of the Potomac from 1861-1862, during which time he... https://whe.to/ci/1-24841-en/]]></blueskyPreview>
                        <description><![CDATA[George B. McClellan (1826-1885) was an American army officer and engineer who was elevated to the position of Commanding General of the United States Army in 1861 and was the Major General of the Army of the Potomac from 1861-1862, during which time he was criticized for his failure to actually use that army effectively.]]></description>
                        <image><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/21460.jpeg]]></image>
                        <imageUncropped><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1500x1500/21460.jpeg?v=1786444758-1765870428]]></imageUncropped>
                        <video><![CDATA[]]></video>
                        <hashtags><![CDATA[#WinfieldScott #RobertE.Lee #GeorgeB.McClellan #AmericanCivilWar]]></hashtags>
                        <hashtagsCSV><![CDATA[#WinfieldScott,#RobertE.Lee,#GeorgeB.McClellan,#AmericanCivilWar]]></hashtagsCSV>
                        <regions><![CDATA[Americas]]></regions>
                        <subjects><![CDATA[StatesCultures,IndividualPeople,WarfareBattles]]></subjects>
                        <periods><![CDATA[Modern]]></periods>
                        <section><![CDATA[]]></section>
                        <rating><![CDATA[]]></rating>
                        <ratingstars><![CDATA[]]></ratingstars>
                        <type><![CDATA[Definition]]></type>
                        <category><![CDATA[lang_en]]></category>
                        <shortUrl><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/1-24841-en/]]></shortUrl>
                        <slug><![CDATA[george-b-mcclellan]]></slug>
                    </item>    
                    <item>
                        <title><![CDATA[The Nimrud Dogs: The Security System of Ancient Mesopotamia]]></title>
                        <link><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1001/the-nimrud-dogs/]]></link>
                        <link_long><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1001/the-nimrud-dogs/]]></link_long>
                        <link_short><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/2-1001-en/]]></link_short>
                        <guid>2-1001</guid>
                        <pubDate>Thu, 30 Jul 2026 08:55:47 +0000</pubDate>
                        <author><![CDATA[Joshua J. Mark]]></author>
                        <translator><![CDATA[]]></translator>
                        <media:content url="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/6230.jpg">
                                <media:caption><![CDATA[Dog Figurine from Nimrud]]></media:caption>
                                <media:credit><![CDATA[Metropolitan Museum of Art (Public Domain)]]></media:credit>
                        </media:content>
                        <firstSentence><![CDATA[The Nimrud Dogs, five clay canine figurines found at the ancient Mesopotamian city of Nimrud, were only a few of the many startling finds in the region in the 20th century.]]></firstSentence>
                        <twitterPreview><![CDATA[The Nimrud Dogs, five clay canine figurines found at the ancient Mesopotamian city of Nimrud, were only a few of the many startling finds in the region in...]]></twitterPreview>
                        <blueskyPreview><![CDATA[The Nimrud Dogs, five clay canine figurines found at the ancient Mesopotamian city of Nimrud, were only a few of the many startling finds in the region in the 20th century. https://whe.to/ci/2-1001-en/]]></blueskyPreview>
                        <description><![CDATA[The Nimrud Dogs, five clay canine figurines found at the ancient Mesopotamian city of Nimrud, were only a few of the many startling finds in the region in the 20th century. During the 19th century, expeditions were sent to the Near East to corroborate biblical narratives through physical evidence – but wound up doing precisely the opposite – and later expeditions in the 20th century did the same. The Nimrud Dogs were discovered by archaeologist Max Mallowan in the 1951-1952 season and are among the most interesting and often overlooked artifacts held in museums today. The figurines date to the 8th-7th century BCE, during the time of the Neo-Assyrian Empire and, like other artifacts from that time, were preserved by the empire's fall.]]></description>
                        <image><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/6230.jpg]]></image>
                        <imageUncropped><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1500x1500/6230.jpg?v=1786444762-1786179935]]></imageUncropped>
                        <video><![CDATA[]]></video>
                        <hashtags><![CDATA[#Neo-AssyrianEmpire #Mesopotamia #Kalhu #Gula #Dog #Nimrud #NimrudIvories]]></hashtags>
                        <hashtagsCSV><![CDATA[#Neo-AssyrianEmpire,#Mesopotamia,#Kalhu,#Gula,#Dog,#Nimrud,#NimrudIvories]]></hashtagsCSV>
                        <regions><![CDATA[MiddleEast]]></regions>
                        <subjects><![CDATA[ReligionMythology,ArtArchitecture]]></subjects>
                        <periods><![CDATA[Ancient]]></periods>
                        <section><![CDATA[]]></section>
                        <rating><![CDATA[]]></rating>
                        <ratingstars><![CDATA[]]></ratingstars>
                        <type><![CDATA[Article]]></type>
                        <category><![CDATA[lang_en]]></category>
                        <shortUrl><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/2-1001-en/]]></shortUrl>
                        <slug><![CDATA[the-nimrud-dogs]]></slug>
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