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                    <title>World History Encyclopedia</title>
                    <link>https://www.worldhistory.org</link>
                    <description>The free online history encyclopedia with fact-checked articles, images, videos, maps, timelines and more; operated as a non-profit organization.</description>
                    <lastBuildDate>Fri, 15 May 2026 16:00:23 +0000</lastBuildDate>
                    <language>en</language>
                    <image>
                        <url>https://www.worldhistory.org/template/images/header/whe-logo-318x77px.png</url>
                        <title>World History Encyclopedia</title>
                        <link>https://www.worldhistory.org</link>
                    </image>    
                    <item>
                        <title><![CDATA[Cylinder Seal: Ancient Personal Identification]]></title>
                        <link><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/Cylinder_Seal/]]></link>
                        <link_long><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/Cylinder_Seal/]]></link_long>
                        <link_short><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/1-14189-en/]]></link_short>
                        <guid>1-14189</guid>
                        <pubDate>Fri, 15 May 2026 16:00:23 +0000</pubDate>
                        <author><![CDATA[Joshua J. Mark]]></author>
                        <translator><![CDATA[]]></translator>
                        <media:content url="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/1302.jpg" />
                        <firstSentence><![CDATA[Cylinder Seals were impression stamps used by the people of ancient Mesopotamia.]]></firstSentence>
                        <twitterPreview><![CDATA[In ancient Mesopotamia, the cylinder seal was used for all correspondence and for business transactions requiring an official signature in order to be considered valid. ]]></twitterPreview>
                        <blueskyPreview><![CDATA[In ancient Mesopotamia, the cylinder seal was used for all correspondence and for business transactions requiring an official signature in order to be considered valid. ]]></blueskyPreview>
                        <description><![CDATA[In ancient Mesopotamia, the cylinder seal was used for all correspondence and for business transactions requiring an official signature in order to be considered valid. Land deals, marriage contracts, sales of goods, royal decrees, and religious declarations all required the personal signature of the presiding official or participants involved. Regardless of what purpose it was put to, the seal was a prized possession, and its loss was taken as seriously as people today regard the loss of their personal ID or credit cards. ]]></description>
                        <image><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/1302.jpg]]></image>
                        <imageUncropped><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1500x1500/1302.jpg?v=1772509814]]></imageUncropped>
                        <video><![CDATA[]]></video>
                        <hashtags><![CDATA[#Writing #CylinderSeal]]></hashtags>
                        <hashtagsCSV><![CDATA[#Writing,#CylinderSeal]]></hashtagsCSV>
                        <regions><![CDATA[MiddleEast]]></regions>
                        <subjects><![CDATA[DailyLife]]></subjects>
                        <periods><![CDATA[Ancient]]></periods>
                        <section><![CDATA[]]></section>
                        <rating><![CDATA[]]></rating>
                        <ratingstars><![CDATA[]]></ratingstars>
                        <type><![CDATA[Definition]]></type>
                        <category><![CDATA[lang_en]]></category>
                        <shortUrl><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/1-14189-en/]]></shortUrl>
                        <slug><![CDATA[cylinder-seal]]></slug>
                    </item>    
                    <item>
                        <title><![CDATA[Jameson Raid: The Failed British Coup in Transvaal]]></title>
                        <link><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/Jameson_Raid/]]></link>
                        <link_long><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/Jameson_Raid/]]></link_long>
                        <link_short><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/1-26323-en/]]></link_short>
                        <guid>1-26323</guid>
                        <pubDate>Fri, 15 May 2026 08:47:29 +0000</pubDate>
                        <author><![CDATA[Mark Cartwright]]></author>
                        <translator><![CDATA[]]></translator>
                        <media:content url="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/21814.png" />
                        <firstSentence><![CDATA[The Jameson Raid was an unofficial and failed attempt by the British to take over the Boer Republic of Transvaal in Southern Africa in December 1895.]]></firstSentence>
                        <twitterPreview><![CDATA[The Jameson Raid was an unofficial and failed attempt by the British to take over the Boer Republic of Transvaal in Southern Africa in December...]]></twitterPreview>
                        <blueskyPreview><![CDATA[The Jameson Raid was an unofficial and failed attempt by the British to take over the Boer Republic of Transvaal in Southern Africa in December 1895. https://whe.to/ci/1-26323-en/]]></blueskyPreview>
                        <description><![CDATA[The Jameson Raid was an unofficial and failed attempt by the British to take over the Boer Republic of Transvaal in Southern Africa in December 1895. Masterminded by the millionaire imperialist Cecil Rhodes, the raid failed to gain support from the immigrant community within Transvaal and was easily quashed. Rhodes was discredited over the fiasco, and the heightened mutual suspicion between the British and Boers eventually led to the Second Anglo-Boer War (1899-1902).]]></description>
                        <image><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/21814.png]]></image>
                        <imageUncropped><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1500x1500/21814.png?v=1778748495-1778748637]]></imageUncropped>
                        <video><![CDATA[]]></video>
                        <hashtags><![CDATA[#JamesonRaid #Boers #BritishEmpire #CecilRhodes #SouthAfrica #Transvaal #TransvaalRepublic]]></hashtags>
                        <hashtagsCSV><![CDATA[#JamesonRaid,#Boers,#BritishEmpire,#CecilRhodes,#SouthAfrica,#Transvaal,#TransvaalRepublic]]></hashtagsCSV>
                        <regions><![CDATA[Africa]]></regions>
                        <subjects><![CDATA[WarfareBattles]]></subjects>
                        <periods><![CDATA[Modern]]></periods>
                        <section><![CDATA[]]></section>
                        <rating><![CDATA[]]></rating>
                        <ratingstars><![CDATA[]]></ratingstars>
                        <type><![CDATA[Definition]]></type>
                        <category><![CDATA[lang_en]]></category>
                        <shortUrl><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/1-26323-en/]]></shortUrl>
                        <slug><![CDATA[jameson-raid]]></slug>
                    </item>    
                    <item>
                        <title><![CDATA[The Marduk Prophecy: Travels of the Statue of a Babylonian God]]></title>
                        <link><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/990/the-marduk-prophecy/]]></link>
                        <link_long><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/990/the-marduk-prophecy/]]></link_long>
                        <link_short><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/2-990-en/]]></link_short>
                        <guid>2-990</guid>
                        <pubDate>Thu, 14 May 2026 16:00:10 +0000</pubDate>
                        <author><![CDATA[Joshua J. Mark]]></author>
                        <translator><![CDATA[]]></translator>
                        <media:content url="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/2463.jpg" />
                        <firstSentence><![CDATA[The Marduk Prophecy is an Assyrian document dating to between 713 and 612 BCE found in a building known as The House of the Exorcist, adjacent to a temple in the city of Ashur.]]></firstSentence>
                        <twitterPreview><![CDATA[The Marduk Prophecy is historical fiction created to celebrate the victory over the Elamites of Nebuchadnezzar I. ]]></twitterPreview>
                        <blueskyPreview><![CDATA[The Marduk Prophecy is historical fiction created to celebrate the victory over the Elamites of Nebuchadnezzar I. ]]></blueskyPreview>
                        <description><![CDATA[The Marduk Prophecy is historical fiction created to celebrate the victory over the Elamites of Nebuchadnezzar I. It is not so much relevant as history as it is in understanding the great value the people of a city placed on their patron deity. Marduk was not just some invisible, ethereal being one prayed to in time of need or praised in time of plenty, but a close friend and neighbor who lived just down the road. In the same way one would be distressed today to find one had lost a close friend, so was it to the ancient Babylonians when the statue of their god was taken from them.]]></description>
                        <image><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/2463.jpg]]></image>
                        <imageUncropped><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1500x1500/2463.jpg?v=1778571400-1778571400]]></imageUncropped>
                        <video><![CDATA[]]></video>
                        <hashtags><![CDATA[#Mesopotamia #Marduk #Hittite #Esarhaddon #Babylon #Ashur]]></hashtags>
                        <hashtagsCSV><![CDATA[#Mesopotamia,#Marduk,#Hittite,#Esarhaddon,#Babylon,#Ashur]]></hashtagsCSV>
                        <regions><![CDATA[MiddleEast]]></regions>
                        <subjects><![CDATA[ReligionMythology,ArtArchitecture]]></subjects>
                        <periods><![CDATA[Ancient]]></periods>
                        <section><![CDATA[]]></section>
                        <rating><![CDATA[]]></rating>
                        <ratingstars><![CDATA[]]></ratingstars>
                        <type><![CDATA[Article]]></type>
                        <category><![CDATA[lang_en]]></category>
                        <shortUrl><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/2-990-en/]]></shortUrl>
                        <slug><![CDATA[the-marduk-prophecy]]></slug>
                    </item>    
                    <item>
                        <title><![CDATA[Edmund I: The Second King of England]]></title>
                        <link><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/Edmund_I/]]></link>
                        <link_long><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/Edmund_I/]]></link_long>
                        <link_short><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/1-26318-en/]]></link_short>
                        <guid>1-26318</guid>
                        <pubDate>Thu, 14 May 2026 08:56:04 +0000</pubDate>
                        <author><![CDATA[Michael McComb]]></author>
                        <translator><![CDATA[]]></translator>
                        <media:content url="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/21776.jpg" />
                        <firstSentence><![CDATA[Edmund I ruled the Kingdom of the English from 939 to 946.]]></firstSentence>
                        <twitterPreview><![CDATA[Edmund learnt from Aethelstan's heavy-handedness, and instead of promoting himself as an overking of Britain, he placed himself as a ‘first among  equals.']]></twitterPreview>
                        <blueskyPreview><![CDATA[Edmund learnt from Aethelstan's heavy-handedness, and instead of promoting himself as an overking of Britain, he placed himself as a ‘first among  equals.']]></blueskyPreview>
                        <description><![CDATA[While Edmund remains overshadowed by Aethelstan and their grandfather, Alfred the Great, he has been remembered sympathetically by medieval and modern scholars alike. As a young boy, he could not have ever expected to inherit the throne, but when Aethelstan died in 939, at the age of 45, and 18-year-old Edmund was set the challenge of proving himself a worthy successor. By 946, 25-year-old Edmund could look back on a successful reign of military expansion, harmony with his chief magnates, and alliances with his neighbours. ]]></description>
                        <image><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/21776.jpg]]></image>
                        <imageUncropped><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1500x1500/21776.jpg?v=1778763137-1778580025]]></imageUncropped>
                        <video><![CDATA[]]></video>
                        <hashtags><![CDATA[#Vikings #EdmundI #Aethelstan #England]]></hashtags>
                        <hashtagsCSV><![CDATA[#Vikings,#EdmundI,#Aethelstan,#England]]></hashtagsCSV>
                        <regions><![CDATA[NorthernEurope]]></regions>
                        <subjects><![CDATA[IndividualPeople]]></subjects>
                        <periods><![CDATA[Medieval]]></periods>
                        <section><![CDATA[]]></section>
                        <rating><![CDATA[]]></rating>
                        <ratingstars><![CDATA[]]></ratingstars>
                        <type><![CDATA[Definition]]></type>
                        <category><![CDATA[lang_en]]></category>
                        <shortUrl><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/1-26318-en/]]></shortUrl>
                        <slug><![CDATA[edmund-i]]></slug>
                    </item>    
                    <item>
                        <title><![CDATA[Eurydice I: The First Macedonian Queen with Political Influence]]></title>
                        <link><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/Eurydice_I/]]></link>
                        <link_long><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/Eurydice_I/]]></link_long>
                        <link_short><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/1-26272-en/]]></link_short>
                        <guid>1-26272</guid>
                        <pubDate>Wed, 13 May 2026 16:01:02 +0000</pubDate>
                        <author><![CDATA[Nathalie Choubineh]]></author>
                        <translator><![CDATA[]]></translator>
                        <media:content url="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/20084.jpg" />
                        <firstSentence><![CDATA[Eurydice I (circa 410 to before 343 BCE) is the earliest queen in the history of ancient Macedonia, whose impact on the political affairs of her time is known to us.]]></firstSentence>
                        <twitterPreview><![CDATA[Eurydice I serves as a classical model for subsequent Hellenistic queens, who were able to exercise varying degrees of power, autonomy, and authority.]]></twitterPreview>
                        <blueskyPreview><![CDATA[Eurydice I serves as a classical model for subsequent Hellenistic queens, who were able to exercise varying degrees of power, autonomy, and authority.]]></blueskyPreview>
                        <description><![CDATA[Although the history of ancient Macedonia is largely male-dominated, it is evident that the Macedonian royal women began to appear in remarkable public positions at least since the late 5th century BCE. Eurydice I, mother of Philip II of Macedon (383/382-336 BCE) and the grandmother of Alexander the Great (356-323 BCE) through her marriage to the Argead king, Amyntas III of Macedon (circa 420-370/369 BCE), serves as a classical model for subsequent Hellenistic queens, who were able to exercise varying degrees of power, autonomy, and authority. Eurydice's political impact became apparent after her husband's death, and it was so remarkable and decisive that she was honoured later through both verbal tributes and material constructions.]]></description>
                        <image><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/20084.jpg]]></image>
                        <imageUncropped><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1500x1500/20084.jpg?v=1778763140-1740391811]]></imageUncropped>
                        <video><![CDATA[]]></video>
                        <hashtags><![CDATA[#Macedon #HerakleiaLynkestis #HellenisticPeriod #Greece #EurydiceI #AlexanderTheGreat #AmyntasIII #HouseOfArgead #Lynkestis #Macedonia #Pella #Vergina]]></hashtags>
                        <hashtagsCSV><![CDATA[#Macedon,#HerakleiaLynkestis,#HellenisticPeriod,#Greece,#EurydiceI,#AlexanderTheGreat,#AmyntasIII,#HouseOfArgead,#Lynkestis,#Macedonia,#Pella,#Vergina]]></hashtagsCSV>
                        <regions><![CDATA[Mediterranean]]></regions>
                        <subjects><![CDATA[IndividualPeople]]></subjects>
                        <periods><![CDATA[Ancient]]></periods>
                        <section><![CDATA[]]></section>
                        <rating><![CDATA[]]></rating>
                        <ratingstars><![CDATA[]]></ratingstars>
                        <type><![CDATA[Definition]]></type>
                        <category><![CDATA[lang_en]]></category>
                        <shortUrl><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/1-26272-en/]]></shortUrl>
                        <slug><![CDATA[eurydice-i]]></slug>
                    </item>    
                    <item>
                        <title><![CDATA[Witwatersrand Gold & the Creation of South Africa]]></title>
                        <link><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2927/witwatersrand-gold--the-creation-of-south-africa/]]></link>
                        <link_long><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2927/witwatersrand-gold--the-creation-of-south-africa/]]></link_long>
                        <link_short><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/2-2927-en/]]></link_short>
                        <guid>2-2927</guid>
                        <pubDate>Wed, 13 May 2026 09:03:01 +0000</pubDate>
                        <author><![CDATA[Mark Cartwright]]></author>
                        <translator><![CDATA[]]></translator>
                        <media:content url="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/21810.jpg" />
                        <firstSentence><![CDATA[The discovery of gold at Witwatersrand in Transvaal in 1886, coupled with that of diamonds at Kimberley in 1867, transformed the entire region of Southern Africa.]]></firstSentence>
                        <twitterPreview><![CDATA[By 1915, South Africa was producing 40% of the world's gold. Gold was fast becoming the international monetary standard for currencies, and the demand was insatiable.]]></twitterPreview>
                        <blueskyPreview><![CDATA[By 1915, South Africa was producing 40% of the world's gold. Gold was fast becoming the international monetary standard for currencies, and the demand was insatiable.]]></blueskyPreview>
                        <description><![CDATA[The colonial authorities responded to the news of the gold find at Witwatersrand by sending surveyors to choose a suitable nearby site where the inevitable influx of gold prospectors from all over the world could live. The site chosen would eventually become the great city of Johannesburg. Within a decade, the young town boasted 100,000 inhabitants, and by 1900, this figure had risen to 166,000. Johannesburg became the largest African city south of the Sahara. It was a wild place in the early days where the spending was as loose as the morals. One contemporary described Johannesburg as “Monte Carlo imposed on Sodom and Gomorrah” (Jackson, 14).]]></description>
                        <image><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/21810.jpg]]></image>
                        <imageUncropped><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1500x1500/21810.jpg?v=1778763144-1778610894]]></imageUncropped>
                        <video><![CDATA[]]></video>
                        <hashtags><![CDATA[#JamesonRaid #Gold #Anglo-BoerWar #Boers #BritishEmpire #GoldMine #Rand #SouthAfrica #Transvaal #Witwatersrand]]></hashtags>
                        <hashtagsCSV><![CDATA[#JamesonRaid,#Gold,#Anglo-BoerWar,#Boers,#BritishEmpire,#GoldMine,#Rand,#SouthAfrica,#Transvaal,#Witwatersrand]]></hashtagsCSV>
                        <regions><![CDATA[Africa]]></regions>
                        <subjects><![CDATA[StatesCultures]]></subjects>
                        <periods><![CDATA[Modern]]></periods>
                        <section><![CDATA[]]></section>
                        <rating><![CDATA[]]></rating>
                        <ratingstars><![CDATA[]]></ratingstars>
                        <type><![CDATA[Article]]></type>
                        <category><![CDATA[lang_en]]></category>
                        <shortUrl><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/2-2927-en/]]></shortUrl>
                        <slug><![CDATA[witwatersrand-gold--the-creation-of-south-africa]]></slug>
                    </item>    
                    <item>
                        <title><![CDATA[Code of Hammurabi: The Most Influential Law Code of the Ancient World]]></title>
                        <link><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/Code_of_Hammurabi/]]></link>
                        <link_long><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/Code_of_Hammurabi/]]></link_long>
                        <link_short><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/1-19882-en/]]></link_short>
                        <guid>1-19882</guid>
                        <pubDate>Tue, 12 May 2026 16:00:38 +0000</pubDate>
                        <author><![CDATA[Joshua J. Mark]]></author>
                        <translator><![CDATA[]]></translator>
                        <media:content url="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/14341.jpg" />
                        <firstSentence><![CDATA[The Code of Hammurabi was a set of 282 laws inscribed in stone by the Babylonian king Hammurabi (reign 1792-1750 BCE), who conquered and then ruled ancient Mesopotamia.]]></firstSentence>
                        <twitterPreview><![CDATA[Hammurabi's Code exemplifies the law of retributive justice known as Lex Talionis, defined by the concept of "an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth." ]]></twitterPreview>
                        <blueskyPreview><![CDATA[Hammurabi's Code exemplifies the law of retributive justice known as Lex Talionis, defined by the concept of "an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth." ]]></blueskyPreview>
                        <description><![CDATA[Hammurabi's code was instituted throughout the land, unifying the people under law instead of only by conquest. Unlike the Akkadian Empire, which had found it necessary to position handpicked officials to administrate their conquered cities, Hammurabi controlled his empire through law. In the prologue to his code, he not only makes clear that these are divine laws but that he had only the people's best interests at heart.]]></description>
                        <image><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/14341.jpg]]></image>
                        <imageUncropped><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1500x1500/14341.jpg?v=1778763147-1778488429]]></imageUncropped>
                        <video><![CDATA[]]></video>
                        <hashtags><![CDATA[#Mesopotamia #Hammurabi #CodeOfHammurabi #Babylon #BabylonianEmpire #BabylonianSociety #CodeOfLaws #Law]]></hashtags>
                        <hashtagsCSV><![CDATA[#Mesopotamia,#Hammurabi,#CodeOfHammurabi,#Babylon,#BabylonianEmpire,#BabylonianSociety,#CodeOfLaws,#Law]]></hashtagsCSV>
                        <regions><![CDATA[MiddleEast]]></regions>
                        <subjects><![CDATA[StatesCultures]]></subjects>
                        <periods><![CDATA[Ancient]]></periods>
                        <section><![CDATA[]]></section>
                        <rating><![CDATA[]]></rating>
                        <ratingstars><![CDATA[]]></ratingstars>
                        <type><![CDATA[Definition]]></type>
                        <category><![CDATA[lang_en]]></category>
                        <shortUrl><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/1-19882-en/]]></shortUrl>
                        <slug><![CDATA[code-of-hammurabi]]></slug>
                    </item>    
                    <item>
                        <title><![CDATA[How Diamonds Transformed Southern Africa: Kimberley's Blood, Sweat & Segregation]]></title>
                        <link><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2926/how-diamonds-transformed-southern-africa/]]></link>
                        <link_long><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2926/how-diamonds-transformed-southern-africa/]]></link_long>
                        <link_short><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/2-2926-en/]]></link_short>
                        <guid>2-2926</guid>
                        <pubDate>Tue, 12 May 2026 09:01:19 +0000</pubDate>
                        <author><![CDATA[Mark Cartwright]]></author>
                        <translator><![CDATA[]]></translator>
                        <media:content url="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/13980.png" />
                        <firstSentence><![CDATA[The discovery of diamonds in 1867 in Griqualand ultimately transformed the entire region of Southern Africa.]]></firstSentence>
                        <twitterPreview><![CDATA[The discovery of diamonds in 1867 in Griqualand ultimately transformed the entire region of Southern Africa.]]></twitterPreview>
                        <blueskyPreview><![CDATA[The discovery of diamonds in 1867 in Griqualand ultimately transformed the entire region of Southern Africa. https://whe.to/ci/2-2926-en/]]></blueskyPreview>
                        <description><![CDATA[By 1890, South Africa was by far the world’s largest producer of diamonds, easily outstripping such traditional sources as Brazil. In fact, Rhodes and De Beers had gained control of around 90% of the world’s diamonds. The De Beers monopoly in Kimberley allowed the company to do two things: control the output of the diamonds to maintain prices and drive down the costs of labour. In order to reduce theft, workers were obliged to live in compounds with wire meshes, but, in the first step towards segregation, this only applied to Black Africans, not White miners.]]></description>
                        <image><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/13980.png]]></image>
                        <imageUncropped><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1500x1500/13980.png?v=1778763151-1778506626]]></imageUncropped>
                        <video><![CDATA[]]></video>
                        <hashtags><![CDATA[#BritishEmpire #CecilRhodes #DeBeers #DiamondMines #Diamonds #Griqualand #Kimberley #SouthAfrica #Transvaal]]></hashtags>
                        <hashtagsCSV><![CDATA[#BritishEmpire,#CecilRhodes,#DeBeers,#DiamondMines,#Diamonds,#Griqualand,#Kimberley,#SouthAfrica,#Transvaal]]></hashtagsCSV>
                        <regions><![CDATA[Africa]]></regions>
                        <subjects><![CDATA[StatesCultures]]></subjects>
                        <periods><![CDATA[Modern]]></periods>
                        <section><![CDATA[]]></section>
                        <rating><![CDATA[]]></rating>
                        <ratingstars><![CDATA[]]></ratingstars>
                        <type><![CDATA[Article]]></type>
                        <category><![CDATA[lang_en]]></category>
                        <shortUrl><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/2-2926-en/]]></shortUrl>
                        <slug><![CDATA[how-diamonds-transformed-southern-africa]]></slug>
                    </item>    
                    <item>
                        <title><![CDATA[Digital Reconstruction of Caesarea Maritima: A Gallery of 11 Images]]></title>
                        <link><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/collection/322/digital-reconstruction-of-caesarea-maritima/]]></link>
                        <link_long><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/collection/322/digital-reconstruction-of-caesarea-maritima/]]></link_long>
                        <link_short><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/9-322-en/]]></link_short>
                        <guid>9-322</guid>
                        <pubDate>Mon, 11 May 2026 16:00:11 +0000</pubDate>
                        <author><![CDATA[Ibolya Horváth]]></author>
                        <translator><![CDATA[]]></translator>
                        <media:content url="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/21685.jpg" />
                        <firstSentence><![CDATA[Caesarea Maritima was a bustling trading hub of the Eastern Mediterranean.]]></firstSentence>
                        <twitterPreview><![CDATA[Caesarea Maritima was a bustling trading hub of the Eastern Mediterranean.]]></twitterPreview>
                        <blueskyPreview><![CDATA[Caesarea Maritima was a bustling trading hub of the Eastern Mediterranean. https://whe.to/ci/9-322-en/]]></blueskyPreview>
                        <description><![CDATA[Caesarea Maritima was a bustling trading hub of the Eastern Mediterranean. Built on earlier ruins, the new metropolis was commissioned by Herod the Great (reign 37-4 BCE), and it became one of the most important trade centers of the day due to its colossal harbor. Herod's harbor was a fortress at sea which both facilitated trade in the Roman Empire and served a military purpose. Besides the harbor, the city had a temple, palaces, an amphitheater, a theater, paved streets, and waterworks.]]></description>
                        <image><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/21685.jpg]]></image>
                        <imageUncropped><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1500x1500/21685.jpg?v=1778763185-1774270803]]></imageUncropped>
                        <video><![CDATA[]]></video>
                        <hashtags><![CDATA[#RomanEmpire #HerodTheGreat #CaesareaMaritima #Architecture #Herod'sHarbor #Israel #MediterraneanSea]]></hashtags>
                        <hashtagsCSV><![CDATA[#RomanEmpire,#HerodTheGreat,#CaesareaMaritima,#Architecture,#Herod'sHarbor,#Israel,#MediterraneanSea]]></hashtagsCSV>
                        <regions><![CDATA[MiddleEast,Mediterranean]]></regions>
                        <subjects><![CDATA[Places,ArtArchitecture]]></subjects>
                        <periods><![CDATA[Ancient]]></periods>
                        <section><![CDATA[]]></section>
                        <rating><![CDATA[]]></rating>
                        <ratingstars><![CDATA[]]></ratingstars>
                        <type><![CDATA[Image Gallery]]></type>
                        <category><![CDATA[lang_en]]></category>
                        <shortUrl><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/9-322-en/]]></shortUrl>
                        <slug><![CDATA[digital-reconstruction-of-caesarea-maritima]]></slug>
                    </item>    
                    <item>
                        <title><![CDATA[Margaret Thatcher: The Iron Lady of British Politics]]></title>
                        <link><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/Margaret_Thatcher/]]></link>
                        <link_long><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/Margaret_Thatcher/]]></link_long>
                        <link_short><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/1-26202-en/]]></link_short>
                        <guid>1-26202</guid>
                        <pubDate>Mon, 11 May 2026 08:56:26 +0000</pubDate>
                        <author><![CDATA[Reha Mert]]></author>
                        <translator><![CDATA[]]></translator>
                        <media:content url="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/21753.png" />
                        <firstSentence><![CDATA[Margaret Thatcher served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 4 November 1979 to 28 November 1990.]]></firstSentence>
                        <twitterPreview><![CDATA[As the first female prime minister of the UK, Margaret Thatcher remains one of the most controversial figures in British politics even today.]]></twitterPreview>
                        <blueskyPreview><![CDATA[As the first female prime minister of the UK, Margaret Thatcher remains one of the most controversial figures in British politics even today.]]></blueskyPreview>
                        <description><![CDATA[Margaret Thatcher is one of the most liked and simultaneously hated figures in modern British history. She privatized state-owned companies, steadily increasing public participation in the economy, and transformed London from a manufacturing hub to a financial center, a trend that continues to this day. She prioritized individualism over collectivism. People should be able to stand on their own feet instead of relying on state aid, she believed. This was one of the factors that eroded the sense of solidarity in society. In southern England, she is seen more as a prime minister who modernized and enriched the country, but in northern England, Scotland, and Wales, she is remembered as someone who destroyed industry and disintegrated communities. ]]></description>
                        <image><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/21753.png]]></image>
                        <imageUncropped><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1500x1500/21753.png?v=1778763188-1777894234]]></imageUncropped>
                        <video><![CDATA[]]></video>
                        <hashtags><![CDATA[#MargaretThatcher #BritishPolitics #ConservativeParty #FalklandsWar #GreatBritain #IronLady #Monetarism #PrimeMinister]]></hashtags>
                        <hashtagsCSV><![CDATA[#MargaretThatcher,#BritishPolitics,#ConservativeParty,#FalklandsWar,#GreatBritain,#IronLady,#Monetarism,#PrimeMinister]]></hashtagsCSV>
                        <regions><![CDATA[NorthernEurope]]></regions>
                        <subjects><![CDATA[IndividualPeople]]></subjects>
                        <periods><![CDATA[Modern]]></periods>
                        <section><![CDATA[]]></section>
                        <rating><![CDATA[]]></rating>
                        <ratingstars><![CDATA[]]></ratingstars>
                        <type><![CDATA[Definition]]></type>
                        <category><![CDATA[lang_en]]></category>
                        <shortUrl><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/1-26202-en/]]></shortUrl>
                        <slug><![CDATA[margaret-thatcher]]></slug>
                    </item>    
                    <item>
                        <title><![CDATA[Hammurabi: Conquerer, King, and Law-Giver]]></title>
                        <link><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/hammurabi/]]></link>
                        <link_long><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/hammurabi/]]></link_long>
                        <link_short><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/1-150-en/]]></link_short>
                        <guid>1-150</guid>
                        <pubDate>Fri, 08 May 2026 09:00:02 +0000</pubDate>
                        <author><![CDATA[Joshua J. Mark]]></author>
                        <translator><![CDATA[]]></translator>
                        <media:content url="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/541.jpg" />
                        <firstSentence><![CDATA[Hammurabi (reign 1792-1750 BCE) was the sixth king of the Amorite First Dynasty of Babylon, best known for his famous law code, which served as the model for others, including the Mosaic Law of the Bible.]]></firstSentence>
                        <twitterPreview><![CDATA[Hammurabi's law code is not the first in history (though it is often called so), but it is certainly the most famous from antiquity prior to the code set down in the biblical books. ]]></twitterPreview>
                        <blueskyPreview><![CDATA[Hammurabi's law code is not the first in history (though it is often called so), but it is certainly the most famous from antiquity prior to the code set down in the biblical books. ]]></blueskyPreview>
                        <description><![CDATA[Hammurabi is best remembered today as a lawgiver whose code served as a standard for later laws but, in his time, he was known as the ruler who united Mesopotamia under a single governing body in the same way Sargon of Akkad (also known as Sargon the Great, reign 2334-2279 BCE) had done centuries before. Hammurabi linked himself with great imperialists like Sargon by proclaiming himself "the mighty king, king of Babylon, king of the Four Regions of the World, king of Sumer and Akkad, into whose power the god Bel has given over land and people, in whose hand he has placed the reins of government" and, just like Sargon (and others), claimed his legitimate rule was ordained by the will of the gods.]]></description>
                        <image><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/541.jpg]]></image>
                        <imageUncropped><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1500x1500/541.jpg?v=1778763192-1778224814]]></imageUncropped>
                        <video><![CDATA[]]></video>
                        <hashtags><![CDATA[#Utu-Shamash #Mesopotamia #Hammurabi #CodeOfHammurabi #Babylon #Amorite]]></hashtags>
                        <hashtagsCSV><![CDATA[#Utu-Shamash,#Mesopotamia,#Hammurabi,#CodeOfHammurabi,#Babylon,#Amorite]]></hashtagsCSV>
                        <regions><![CDATA[MiddleEast]]></regions>
                        <subjects><![CDATA[IndividualPeople]]></subjects>
                        <periods><![CDATA[Ancient]]></periods>
                        <section><![CDATA[]]></section>
                        <rating><![CDATA[]]></rating>
                        <ratingstars><![CDATA[]]></ratingstars>
                        <type><![CDATA[Definition]]></type>
                        <category><![CDATA[lang_en]]></category>
                        <shortUrl><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/1-150-en/]]></shortUrl>
                        <slug><![CDATA[hammurabi]]></slug>
                    </item>    
                    <item>
                        <title><![CDATA[Fertile Crescent: A Modern Term For An Ancient Region]]></title>
                        <link><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/Fertile_Crescent/]]></link>
                        <link_long><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/Fertile_Crescent/]]></link_long>
                        <link_short><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/1-17-en/]]></link_short>
                        <guid>1-17</guid>
                        <pubDate>Thu, 07 May 2026 16:00:02 +0000</pubDate>
                        <author><![CDATA[Joshua J. Mark]]></author>
                        <translator><![CDATA[]]></translator>
                        <media:content url="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/12521.png" />
                        <firstSentence><![CDATA[The Fertile Crescent, often called the 'cradle of civilization', is the region in the Middle East that curves like a quarter-moon shape from the Persian Gulf through modern-day southern Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Israel, and northern Egypt.]]></firstSentence>
                        <twitterPreview><![CDATA[Known as the 'cradle of Civilization,' the Fertile Crescent is regarded as the birthplace of agriculture, urbanization, writing, trade, science, history, and organized religion.]]></twitterPreview>
                        <blueskyPreview><![CDATA[Known as the 'cradle of Civilization,' the Fertile Crescent is regarded as the birthplace of agriculture, urbanization, writing, trade, science, history, and organized religion.]]></blueskyPreview>
                        <description><![CDATA[Known as the 'cradle of Civilization,' the Fertile Crescent is regarded as the birthplace of agriculture, urbanization, writing, trade, science, history, and organized religion.
The region has long been recognized for its vital contributions to world culture stemming from the civilizations of ancient Mesopotamia, Egypt, and the Levant, which included the Sumerians, Babylonians, Assyrians, Egyptians, and Phoenicians, all of whom were responsible for the development of civilization.]]></description>
                        <image><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/12521.png]]></image>
                        <imageUncropped><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1500x1500/12521.png?v=1778763196-1762406402]]></imageUncropped>
                        <video><![CDATA[]]></video>
                        <hashtags><![CDATA[#Writing #Uruk #Urbanization #Ur #Sumer #Mesopotamia #FertileCrescent #Eridu #City #Babylon]]></hashtags>
                        <hashtagsCSV><![CDATA[#Writing,#Uruk,#Urbanization,#Ur,#Sumer,#Mesopotamia,#FertileCrescent,#Eridu,#City,#Babylon]]></hashtagsCSV>
                        <regions><![CDATA[MiddleEast]]></regions>
                        <subjects><![CDATA[StatesCultures,ReligionMythology,DailyLife,ArtArchitecture]]></subjects>
                        <periods><![CDATA[Ancient]]></periods>
                        <section><![CDATA[]]></section>
                        <rating><![CDATA[]]></rating>
                        <ratingstars><![CDATA[]]></ratingstars>
                        <type><![CDATA[Definition]]></type>
                        <category><![CDATA[lang_en]]></category>
                        <shortUrl><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/1-17-en/]]></shortUrl>
                        <slug><![CDATA[fertile-crescent]]></slug>
                    </item>    
                    <item>
                        <title><![CDATA[Britain and the Suez Canal: 75 Years of Colonialism & Crisis]]></title>
                        <link><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2925/britain-and-the-suez-canal/]]></link>
                        <link_long><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2925/britain-and-the-suez-canal/]]></link_long>
                        <link_short><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/2-2925-en/]]></link_short>
                        <guid>2-2925</guid>
                        <pubDate>Thu, 07 May 2026 09:00:16 +0000</pubDate>
                        <author><![CDATA[Mark Cartwright]]></author>
                        <translator><![CDATA[]]></translator>
                        <media:content url="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/21792.png" />
                        <firstSentence><![CDATA[The Suez Canal in Egypt, which links the Mediterranean to the Red Sea, was taken over by the British in 1882 and was only reluctantly released 75 years later.]]></firstSentence>
                        <twitterPreview><![CDATA[The Suez Canal in Egypt, which links the Mediterranean to the Red Sea, was taken over by the British in 1882 and was only...]]></twitterPreview>
                        <blueskyPreview><![CDATA[The Suez Canal in Egypt, which links the Mediterranean to the Red Sea, was taken over by the British in 1882 and was only reluctantly released 75 years later. https://whe.to/ci/2-2925-en/]]></blueskyPreview>
                        <description><![CDATA[The Suez Canal in Egypt, which links the Mediterranean to the Red Sea, was taken over by the British in 1882 and was only reluctantly released 75 years later. The seizure in the 19th century caused an international furore every bit as damaging to Britain's reputation as the more famous Suez Crisis of the mid-20th century. Successive British governments regarded the canal as a vital strategic link between the home country and the British Empire, particularly India. Held on through two world wars, the British were eventually obliged to withdraw when Egypt was taken over by the nationalist leader Gamal Abdel Nasser and by the rejection of the Anglo-French-Israeli military intervention in 1956 by both the United States and the United Nations.]]></description>
                        <image><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/21792.png]]></image>
                        <imageUncropped><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1500x1500/21792.png?v=1778763199-1778052116]]></imageUncropped>
                        <video><![CDATA[]]></video>
                        <hashtags><![CDATA[#Egypt #BritishEmpire #Canal #Colonialism #Imperialism #Suez #SuezCanal #SuezCanalCompany #SuezCrisis #SuezWar]]></hashtags>
                        <hashtagsCSV><![CDATA[#Egypt,#BritishEmpire,#Canal,#Colonialism,#Imperialism,#Suez,#SuezCanal,#SuezCanalCompany,#SuezCrisis,#SuezWar]]></hashtagsCSV>
                        <regions><![CDATA[Africa]]></regions>
                        <subjects><![CDATA[WarfareBattles,Places]]></subjects>
                        <periods><![CDATA[Modern]]></periods>
                        <section><![CDATA[]]></section>
                        <rating><![CDATA[]]></rating>
                        <ratingstars><![CDATA[]]></ratingstars>
                        <type><![CDATA[Article]]></type>
                        <category><![CDATA[lang_en]]></category>
                        <shortUrl><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/2-2925-en/]]></shortUrl>
                        <slug><![CDATA[britain-and-the-suez-canal]]></slug>
                    </item>    
                    <item>
                        <title><![CDATA[Mortimer and Isabella: The Lovers Who Brought Down a King]]></title>
                        <link><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2920/mortimer-and-isabella/]]></link>
                        <link_long><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2920/mortimer-and-isabella/]]></link_long>
                        <link_short><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/2-2920-en/]]></link_short>
                        <guid>2-2920</guid>
                        <pubDate>Wed, 06 May 2026 16:05:25 +0000</pubDate>
                        <author><![CDATA[Harrison W. Mark]]></author>
                        <translator><![CDATA[]]></translator>
                        <media:content url="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/17339.jpg" />
                        <firstSentence><![CDATA[On 22 September 1326, a strong wind carried 95 ships from the shores of Flanders into the foamy maw of the North Sea.]]></firstSentence>
                        <twitterPreview><![CDATA[Isabella and Mortimer started to live together and appear in public, as if they were flaunting their adultery before the world. They had formulated a plan to invade England and oust the Despensers.]]></twitterPreview>
                        <blueskyPreview><![CDATA[Isabella and Mortimer started to live together and appear in public, as if they were flaunting their adultery before the world. They had formulated a plan to invade England and oust the Despensers.]]></blueskyPreview>
                        <description><![CDATA[Isabella and Mortimer formed a political alliance that soon blossomed into something more. By December 1325, rumors of their passionate love affair had spread across Europe. Indeed, the couple even started to live with one another and appear in public together, as if they were flaunting their adultery before the world. Within months, they had formulated a plan to invade England and oust the Despensers once and for all. ]]></description>
                        <image><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/17339.jpg]]></image>
                        <imageUncropped><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1500x1500/17339.jpg?v=1778763203-1778481010]]></imageUncropped>
                        <video><![CDATA[]]></video>
                        <hashtags><![CDATA[#RogerMortimer #IsabellaOfFrance #DespenserWars #England]]></hashtags>
                        <hashtagsCSV><![CDATA[#RogerMortimer,#IsabellaOfFrance,#DespenserWars,#England]]></hashtagsCSV>
                        <regions><![CDATA[NorthernEurope]]></regions>
                        <subjects><![CDATA[StatesCultures,WarfareBattles]]></subjects>
                        <periods><![CDATA[Medieval]]></periods>
                        <section><![CDATA[]]></section>
                        <rating><![CDATA[]]></rating>
                        <ratingstars><![CDATA[]]></ratingstars>
                        <type><![CDATA[Article]]></type>
                        <category><![CDATA[lang_en]]></category>
                        <shortUrl><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/2-2920-en/]]></shortUrl>
                        <slug><![CDATA[mortimer-and-isabella]]></slug>
                    </item>    
                    <item>
                        <title><![CDATA[The Search for the Source of the Nile: Solving Geography's Last Great Riddle]]></title>
                        <link><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2924/the-search-for-the-source-of-the-nile/]]></link>
                        <link_long><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2924/the-search-for-the-source-of-the-nile/]]></link_long>
                        <link_short><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/2-2924-en/]]></link_short>
                        <guid>2-2924</guid>
                        <pubDate>Wed, 06 May 2026 09:02:08 +0000</pubDate>
                        <author><![CDATA[Mark Cartwright]]></author>
                        <translator><![CDATA[]]></translator>
                        <media:content url="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/21790.jpg" />
                        <firstSentence><![CDATA[The search for the source of the Nile River was one of the last great geographical mysteries of 19th-century European exploration.]]></firstSentence>
                        <twitterPreview><![CDATA[The search for the source of the Nile River was one of the last great geographical mysteries of 19th-century European exploration.]]></twitterPreview>
                        <blueskyPreview><![CDATA[The search for the source of the Nile River was one of the last great geographical mysteries of 19th-century European exploration. https://whe.to/ci/2-2924-en/]]></blueskyPreview>
                        <description><![CDATA[The search for the source of the Nile River was one of the last great geographical mysteries of 19th-century European exploration. Men like Livingstone, Burton, Speke, and Stanley launched multiple expeditions to reach the rumoured Great Lakes of East Africa to discover where exactly the Nile waters came from. Not only an endeavour that filled a blank on the map, navigating the upper reaches of the Nile was seen as essential if trade, missionary work, and, ultimately, colonisation were to follow.]]></description>
                        <image><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/21790.jpg]]></image>
                        <imageUncropped><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1500x1500/21790.jpg?v=1778763207-1777874107]]></imageUncropped>
                        <video><![CDATA[]]></video>
                        <hashtags><![CDATA[#DavidLivingstone #Exploration #JohnHanningSpeke #LakeVictoria #NileRiver #SamuelBaker #WhiteNile]]></hashtags>
                        <hashtagsCSV><![CDATA[#DavidLivingstone,#Exploration,#JohnHanningSpeke,#LakeVictoria,#NileRiver,#SamuelBaker,#WhiteNile]]></hashtagsCSV>
                        <regions><![CDATA[Africa]]></regions>
                        <subjects><![CDATA[StatesCultures,PhilosophyScience]]></subjects>
                        <periods><![CDATA[Modern]]></periods>
                        <section><![CDATA[]]></section>
                        <rating><![CDATA[]]></rating>
                        <ratingstars><![CDATA[]]></ratingstars>
                        <type><![CDATA[Article]]></type>
                        <category><![CDATA[lang_en]]></category>
                        <shortUrl><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/2-2924-en/]]></shortUrl>
                        <slug><![CDATA[the-search-for-the-source-of-the-nile]]></slug>
                    </item>    
                    <item>
                        <title><![CDATA[Lullaby for a Son of Shulgi: A Single Moment Preserved in Time]]></title>
                        <link><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2118/lullaby-for-a-son-of-shulgi/]]></link>
                        <link_long><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2118/lullaby-for-a-son-of-shulgi/]]></link_long>
                        <link_short><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/2-2118-en/]]></link_short>
                        <guid>2-2118</guid>
                        <pubDate>Tue, 05 May 2026 15:58:01 +0000</pubDate>
                        <author><![CDATA[Joshua J. Mark]]></author>
                        <translator><![CDATA[]]></translator>
                        <media:content url="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/3637.jpg" />
                        <firstSentence><![CDATA[Lullaby for a Son of Shulgi is a Sumerian cradlesong from the reign of Shulgi of Ur (2094 to circa 2046 BCE) written for one of his sons.]]></firstSentence>
                        <twitterPreview><![CDATA[Lullaby for a Son of Shulgi is a Sumerian cradlesong that preserves a single moment in which the boy is being sung to sleep by his mother, unchanged and unchanging after over 4,000 years.]]></twitterPreview>
                        <blueskyPreview><![CDATA[Lullaby for a Son of Shulgi is a Sumerian cradlesong that preserves a single moment in which the boy is being sung to sleep by his mother, unchanged and unchanging after over 4,000 years.]]></blueskyPreview>
                        <description><![CDATA[Lullaby for a Son of Shulgi is a Sumerian cradlesong from the reign of Shulgi of Ur (2094 to circa 2046 BCE) written for one of his sons. Shulgi had three wives and six consorts who gave birth to 18 sons and 13 daughters whose names are known (there may have been more), and this piece could have been addressed to any one of the male children. The lullaby preserves a single moment in which the boy is being sung to sleep by his mother, who loves him and wishes only the best for him, just like any mother and her child today; and there they remain, in that moment, unchanged and unchanging after over 4,000 years.]]></description>
                        <image><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/3637.jpg]]></image>
                        <imageUncropped><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1500x1500/3637.jpg?v=1778763211-1736154904]]></imageUncropped>
                        <video><![CDATA[]]></video>
                        <hashtags><![CDATA[#Sumerians #Sumer #ShulgiOfUr #Mesopotamia]]></hashtags>
                        <hashtagsCSV><![CDATA[#Sumerians,#Sumer,#ShulgiOfUr,#Mesopotamia]]></hashtagsCSV>
                        <regions><![CDATA[MiddleEast]]></regions>
                        <subjects><![CDATA[DailyLife,ArtArchitecture]]></subjects>
                        <periods><![CDATA[Ancient]]></periods>
                        <section><![CDATA[PrimarySource]]></section>
                        <rating><![CDATA[]]></rating>
                        <ratingstars><![CDATA[]]></ratingstars>
                        <type><![CDATA[Article]]></type>
                        <category><![CDATA[lang_en]]></category>
                        <shortUrl><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/2-2118-en/]]></shortUrl>
                        <slug><![CDATA[lullaby-for-a-son-of-shulgi]]></slug>
                    </item>    
                    <item>
                        <title><![CDATA[The Germanic Warrior: Loyalty Unto Death]]></title>
                        <link><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2923/the-germanic-warrior/]]></link>
                        <link_long><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2923/the-germanic-warrior/]]></link_long>
                        <link_short><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/2-2923-en/]]></link_short>
                        <guid>2-2923</guid>
                        <pubDate>Tue, 05 May 2026 08:56:23 +0000</pubDate>
                        <author><![CDATA[John Haywood]]></author>
                        <translator><![CDATA[]]></translator>
                        <media:content url="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/12731.jpg" />
                        <firstSentence><![CDATA[In Germanic society, the surest route to wealth, status and power was success in battle.]]></firstSentence>
                        <twitterPreview><![CDATA[In Germanic society, the surest route to wealth, status and power was success in battle.]]></twitterPreview>
                        <blueskyPreview><![CDATA[In Germanic society, the surest route to wealth, status and power was success in battle. https://whe.to/ci/2-2923-en/]]></blueskyPreview>
                        <description><![CDATA[In Germanic society, the surest route to wealth, status and power was success in battle. Its most important institution was the comitatus or war band, the personal retinue of elite warriors that every king or chief tried to gather around him and which formed the core of the tribal army. The need to keep the war band together often dictated the politics of early German chiefdoms and kingdoms.]]></description>
                        <image><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/12731.jpg]]></image>
                        <imageUncropped><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1500x1500/12731.jpg?v=1778763215]]></imageUncropped>
                        <video><![CDATA[]]></video>
                        <hashtags><![CDATA[#Warfare #AncientWarfare #GermanicCulture #GermanicTribes #GermanicWarfare #GermanicWarrior]]></hashtags>
                        <hashtagsCSV><![CDATA[#Warfare,#AncientWarfare,#GermanicCulture,#GermanicTribes,#GermanicWarfare,#GermanicWarrior]]></hashtagsCSV>
                        <regions><![CDATA[NorthernEurope]]></regions>
                        <subjects><![CDATA[WarfareBattles]]></subjects>
                        <periods><![CDATA[Medieval]]></periods>
                        <section><![CDATA[]]></section>
                        <rating><![CDATA[]]></rating>
                        <ratingstars><![CDATA[]]></ratingstars>
                        <type><![CDATA[Article]]></type>
                        <category><![CDATA[lang_en]]></category>
                        <shortUrl><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/2-2923-en/]]></shortUrl>
                        <slug><![CDATA[the-germanic-warrior]]></slug>
                    </item>    
                    <item>
                        <title><![CDATA[The World's Oldest Love Poem: The Love Song for Shu-Sin]]></title>
                        <link><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/750/the-worlds-oldest-love-poem/]]></link>
                        <link_long><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/750/the-worlds-oldest-love-poem/]]></link_long>
                        <link_short><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/2-750-en/]]></link_short>
                        <guid>2-750</guid>
                        <pubDate>Mon, 04 May 2026 15:58:46 +0000</pubDate>
                        <author><![CDATA[Joshua J. Mark]]></author>
                        <translator><![CDATA[]]></translator>
                        <media:content url="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/2636.gif" />
                        <firstSentence><![CDATA[The world's oldest love poem is The Love Song for Shu-Sin (written circa 2000 BCE), composed in ancient Mesopotamia for use in part of the sacred rites of fertility.]]></firstSentence>
                        <twitterPreview><![CDATA[The literature of ancient Mesopotamia provided the first forms of world literature, the first expressions of human emotion and experience, and among them, the world's oldest love poem.]]></twitterPreview>
                        <blueskyPreview><![CDATA[The literature of ancient Mesopotamia provided the first forms of world literature, the first expressions of human emotion and experience, and among them, the world's oldest love poem.]]></blueskyPreview>
                        <description><![CDATA[The literature of ancient Mesopotamia provided the first forms of world literature, the first expressions of human emotion and experience, and among them, the experience of romantic love and passion through the world's oldest love poem. Prior to the discovery of the Library of Ashurbanipal, the Bible was considered the oldest book in the world, and The Song of Songs from the Bible (also known as The Song of Solomon) the oldest love poem. However, dated to the 6th-3rd centuries BCE, it could no longer be considered the oldest love poem once The Love Song for Shu-Sin was discovered in the ruins of Nineveh.]]></description>
                        <image><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/2636.gif]]></image>
                        <imageUncropped><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1500x1500/2636.gif?v=1778379803-1775037220]]></imageUncropped>
                        <video><![CDATA[]]></video>
                        <hashtags><![CDATA[#Ur #ShulgiOfUr #Mesopotamia #Literature #Inanna #Shu-Sin]]></hashtags>
                        <hashtagsCSV><![CDATA[#Ur,#ShulgiOfUr,#Mesopotamia,#Literature,#Inanna,#Shu-Sin]]></hashtagsCSV>
                        <regions><![CDATA[MiddleEast]]></regions>
                        <subjects><![CDATA[ReligionMythology,DailyLife]]></subjects>
                        <periods><![CDATA[Ancient]]></periods>
                        <section><![CDATA[PrimarySource]]></section>
                        <rating><![CDATA[]]></rating>
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                        <type><![CDATA[Article]]></type>
                        <category><![CDATA[lang_en]]></category>
                        <shortUrl><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/2-750-en/]]></shortUrl>
                        <slug><![CDATA[the-worlds-oldest-love-poem]]></slug>
                    </item>    
                    <item>
                        <title><![CDATA[Scandinavia Before the Vikings]]></title>
                        <link><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2922/scandinavia-before-the-vikings/]]></link>
                        <link_long><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2922/scandinavia-before-the-vikings/]]></link_long>
                        <link_short><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/2-2922-en/]]></link_short>
                        <guid>2-2922</guid>
                        <pubDate>Mon, 04 May 2026 09:04:05 +0000</pubDate>
                        <author><![CDATA[John Haywood]]></author>
                        <translator><![CDATA[]]></translator>
                        <media:content url="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/8030.jpg" />
                        <firstSentence><![CDATA[In the Merovingian period, Scandinavia was only just emerging from its prehistoric Iron Age.]]></firstSentence>
                        <twitterPreview><![CDATA[In the Merovingian period, Scandinavia was only just emerging from its prehistoric Iron Age.]]></twitterPreview>
                        <blueskyPreview><![CDATA[In the Merovingian period, Scandinavia was only just emerging from its prehistoric Iron Age. https://whe.to/ci/2-2922-en/]]></blueskyPreview>
                        <description><![CDATA[In the Merovingian period, Scandinavia was only just emerging from its prehistoric Iron Age. A process of political centralization that had begun in the Migration Period led to the emergence of the first Scandinavian kingdoms and a warlike society with a tradition of piracy. During the late Roman period, the Scandinavians were still divided into tribes, each dominated by a warrior aristocracy that maintained its status with raiding.]]></description>
                        <image><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/8030.jpg]]></image>
                        <imageUncropped><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1500x1500/8030.jpg?v=1778379806]]></imageUncropped>
                        <video><![CDATA[]]></video>
                        <hashtags><![CDATA[#Vikings #Scandinavia]]></hashtags>
                        <hashtagsCSV><![CDATA[#Vikings,#Scandinavia]]></hashtagsCSV>
                        <regions><![CDATA[NorthernEurope]]></regions>
                        <subjects><![CDATA[StatesCultures]]></subjects>
                        <periods><![CDATA[Medieval]]></periods>
                        <section><![CDATA[]]></section>
                        <rating><![CDATA[]]></rating>
                        <ratingstars><![CDATA[]]></ratingstars>
                        <type><![CDATA[Article]]></type>
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                        <shortUrl><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/2-2922-en/]]></shortUrl>
                        <slug><![CDATA[scandinavia-before-the-vikings]]></slug>
                    </item>    
                    <item>
                        <title><![CDATA[Shulgi and Ninlil's Barge: A Poem Celebrating a Divine Event]]></title>
                        <link><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2176/shulgi-and-ninlils-barge/]]></link>
                        <link_long><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2176/shulgi-and-ninlils-barge/]]></link_long>
                        <link_short><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/2-2176-en/]]></link_short>
                        <guid>2-2176</guid>
                        <pubDate>Fri, 01 May 2026 09:00:11 +0000</pubDate>
                        <author><![CDATA[Joshua J. Mark]]></author>
                        <translator><![CDATA[]]></translator>
                        <media:content url="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/17105.jpg" />
                        <firstSentence><![CDATA[Shulgi and Ninlil's Barge is a Sumerian poem dated to the reign of Shulgi of Ur (2094 - circa 2046 BCE) celebrating the caulking of the barge of the goddess Ninlil, consort of the sky god Enlil, and the banquet held in the couple's honor by Shulgi, who is then blessed by Ninlil with the promise of a prosperous reign.]]></firstSentence>
                        <twitterPreview><![CDATA[Shulgi and Ninlil's Barge is a Sumerian poem dated to the reign of Shulgi of Ur (2094 - circa 2046 BCE) celebrating the caulking of the barge of the goddess Ninlil, consort...]]></twitterPreview>
                        <blueskyPreview><![CDATA[Shulgi and Ninlil's Barge is a Sumerian poem dated to the reign of Shulgi of Ur (2094 - circa 2046 BCE) celebrating the caulking of the barge of the goddess Ninlil, consort of the sky god Enlil, and the banquet held in the couple's honor by Shulgi, who... https://whe.to/ci/2-2176-en/]]></blueskyPreview>
                        <description><![CDATA[Shulgi and Ninlil's Barge is a Sumerian poem dated to the reign of Shulgi of Ur (2094 - circa 2046 BCE) celebrating the caulking of the barge of the goddess Ninlil, consort of the sky god Enlil, and the banquet held in the couple's honor by Shulgi, who is then blessed by Ninlil with the promise of a prosperous reign.]]></description>
                        <image><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/17105.jpg]]></image>
                        <imageUncropped><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1500x1500/17105.jpg?v=1778379809-1677141369]]></imageUncropped>
                        <video><![CDATA[]]></video>
                        <hashtags><![CDATA[#Sumer #ShulgiOfUr #Mesopotamia #Nippur #Poem #SumerianPoem]]></hashtags>
                        <hashtagsCSV><![CDATA[#Sumer,#ShulgiOfUr,#Mesopotamia,#Nippur,#Poem,#SumerianPoem]]></hashtagsCSV>
                        <regions><![CDATA[MiddleEast]]></regions>
                        <subjects><![CDATA[IndividualPeople,ReligionMythology,DailyLife]]></subjects>
                        <periods><![CDATA[Ancient]]></periods>
                        <section><![CDATA[PrimarySource]]></section>
                        <rating><![CDATA[]]></rating>
                        <ratingstars><![CDATA[]]></ratingstars>
                        <type><![CDATA[Article]]></type>
                        <category><![CDATA[lang_en]]></category>
                        <shortUrl><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/2-2176-en/]]></shortUrl>
                        <slug><![CDATA[shulgi-and-ninlils-barge]]></slug>
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