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                    <title>World History Encyclopedia</title>
                    <link>https://www.worldhistory.org</link>
                    <description>The free online history encyclopedia with fact-checked articles, images, videos, maps, timelines and more; operated as a non-profit organization.</description>
                    <lastBuildDate>Mon, 19 Oct 2026 09:00:03 +0000</lastBuildDate>
                    <language>en</language>
                    <image>
                        <url>https://www.worldhistory.org/template/images/header/whe-logo-318x77px.png</url>
                        <title>World History Encyclopedia</title>
                        <link>https://www.worldhistory.org</link>
                    </image>    
                    <item>
                        <title><![CDATA[The Ideal of Christendom in Antiquity]]></title>
                        <link><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2997/the-ideal-of-christendom-in-antiquity/]]></link>
                        <link_long><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2997/the-ideal-of-christendom-in-antiquity/]]></link_long>
                        <link_short><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/2-2997-en/]]></link_short>
                        <guid>2-2997</guid>
                        <pubDate>Mon, 19 Oct 2026 09:00:03 +0000</pubDate>
                        <author><![CDATA[Rebecca Denova]]></author>
                        <translator><![CDATA[]]></translator>
                        <media:content url="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/19574.jpg">
                                <media:caption><![CDATA[Sermon on the Mount Fresco]]></media:caption>
                                <media:credit><![CDATA[Franz Xaver Kirchebner (Public Domain)]]></media:credit>
                        </media:content>
                        <firstSentence><![CDATA[The ideal of Christendom is a historical and political vision where society and government are unified under the Christian faith.]]></firstSentence>
                        <twitterPreview><![CDATA[The ideal of Christendom is a historical and political vision where society and government are unified under the Christian faith.]]></twitterPreview>
                        <blueskyPreview><![CDATA[The ideal of Christendom is a historical and political vision where society and government are unified under the Christian faith. https://whe.to/ci/2-2997-en/]]></blueskyPreview>
                        <description><![CDATA[The ideal of Christendom is a historical and political vision where society and government are unified under the Christian faith. According to this vision, power on Earth is divided between the church through the clergy and secular rulers. The church oversaw spiritual needs, and secular rulers enforced their views and protected the church, while both were understood as carrying out the commandments of the God of Israel.]]></description>
                        <image><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/19574.jpg]]></image>
                        <imageUncropped><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1500x1500/19574.jpg?v=1729191125-1729150244-53dqywjr]]></imageUncropped>
                        <video><![CDATA[]]></video>
                        <hashtags><![CDATA[]]></hashtags>
                        <hashtagsCSV><![CDATA[]]></hashtagsCSV>
                        <regions><![CDATA[MiddleEast,Mediterranean]]></regions>
                        <subjects><![CDATA[ReligionMythology]]></subjects>
                        <periods><![CDATA[Ancient]]></periods>
                        <section><![CDATA[]]></section>
                        <rating><![CDATA[]]></rating>
                        <ratingstars><![CDATA[]]></ratingstars>
                        <type><![CDATA[Article]]></type>
                        <category><![CDATA[lang_en]]></category>
                        <shortUrl><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/2-2997-en/]]></shortUrl>
                        <slug><![CDATA[the-ideal-of-christendom-in-antiquity]]></slug>
                    </item>    
                    <item>
                        <title><![CDATA[Lugalbanda and the Anzud Bird: A Sumerian Hero's Journey]]></title>
                        <link><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2163/lugalbanda-and-the-anzud-bird/]]></link>
                        <link_long><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2163/lugalbanda-and-the-anzud-bird/]]></link_long>
                        <link_short><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/2-2163-en/]]></link_short>
                        <guid>2-2163</guid>
                        <pubDate>Fri, 16 Oct 2026 09:00:02 +0000</pubDate>
                        <author><![CDATA[Joshua J. Mark]]></author>
                        <translator><![CDATA[]]></translator>
                        <media:content url="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/6316.jpg">
                                <media:caption><![CDATA[Ninurta & Anzu]]></media:caption>
                                <media:credit><![CDATA[The Trustees of the British Museum (Copyright)]]></media:credit>
                        </media:content>
                        <firstSentence><![CDATA[Lugalbanda and the Anzud Bird is a Sumerian myth dated to the Ur III period (circa 2112 to circa 2004 BCE) featuring the hero-king of Uruk, Lugalbanda, father of Gilgamesh, in his younger years as an honorable officer in the army.]]></firstSentence>
                        <twitterPreview><![CDATA[Lugalbanda and the Anzud Bird is a Sumerian myth dated to the Ur III period (circa 2112 to circa 2004 BCE) featuring the hero-king of Uruk, Lugalbanda, father of Gilgamesh, in his younger...]]></twitterPreview>
                        <blueskyPreview><![CDATA[Lugalbanda and the Anzud Bird is a Sumerian myth dated to the Ur III period (circa 2112 to circa 2004 BCE) featuring the hero-king of Uruk, Lugalbanda, father of Gilgamesh, in his younger years as an honorable officer in the army. https://whe.to/ci/2-2163-en/]]></blueskyPreview>
                        <description><![CDATA[Lugalbanda and the Anzud Bird is a Sumerian myth dated to the Ur III period (circa 2112 to circa 2004 BCE) featuring the hero-king of Uruk, Lugalbanda, father of Gilgamesh, in his younger years as an honorable officer in the army. Lugalbanda's purity of spirit and kindness to the great bird's offspring are emphasized as qualities befitting a future king.]]></description>
                        <image><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/6316.jpg]]></image>
                        <imageUncropped><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1500x1500/6316.jpg?v=1792201449-gwjpeifm]]></imageUncropped>
                        <video><![CDATA[]]></video>
                        <hashtags><![CDATA[#Writing #Uruk #Sumerians #MatterOfAratta]]></hashtags>
                        <hashtagsCSV><![CDATA[#Writing,#Uruk,#Sumerians,#MatterOfAratta]]></hashtagsCSV>
                        <regions><![CDATA[MiddleEast]]></regions>
                        <subjects><![CDATA[ReligionMythology,ArtArchitecture]]></subjects>
                        <periods><![CDATA[Ancient]]></periods>
                        <section><![CDATA[PrimarySources]]></section>
                        <rating><![CDATA[]]></rating>
                        <ratingstars><![CDATA[]]></ratingstars>
                        <type><![CDATA[Article]]></type>
                        <category><![CDATA[lang_en]]></category>
                        <shortUrl><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/2-2163-en/]]></shortUrl>
                        <slug><![CDATA[lugalbanda-and-the-anzud-bird]]></slug>
                    </item>    
                    <item>
                        <title><![CDATA[75 Images of the Pacific War]]></title>
                        <link><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/collection/328/75-images-of-the-pacific-war/]]></link>
                        <link_long><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/collection/328/75-images-of-the-pacific-war/]]></link_long>
                        <link_short><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/9-328-en/]]></link_short>
                        <guid>9-328</guid>
                        <pubDate>Thu, 15 Oct 2026 09:00:01 +0000</pubDate>
                        <author><![CDATA[Mark Cartwright]]></author>
                        <translator><![CDATA[]]></translator>
                        <media:content url="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/22062.jpg">
                                <media:caption><![CDATA[US Marines and Wrecked Zero, Iwo Jima]]></media:caption>
                                <media:credit><![CDATA[Ragus - US Signal Corps (Public Domain)]]></media:credit>
                        </media:content>
                        <firstSentence><![CDATA[In this gallery of 75 images, we examine the key features of WWII's Pacific War.]]></firstSentence>
                        <twitterPreview><![CDATA[In this gallery of 75 images, we examine the key features of WWII's Pacific War.]]></twitterPreview>
                        <blueskyPreview><![CDATA[In this gallery of 75 images, we examine the key features of WWII's Pacific War. https://whe.to/ci/9-328-en/]]></blueskyPreview>
                        <description><![CDATA[In this gallery of 75 images, we examine the key features of WWII's Pacific War. After the 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor, the US naval base in Hawaii, Japan continued to expand its empire until the turning point of the Battle of Midway in mid-1942, when four Japanese aircraft carriers were sunk. The US air, sea, and land forces then went on the offensive and proceeded over the next three years to liberate successive Pacific island groups. Japan itself was attacked but did not surrender until the dropping of two atomic bombs in August 1945.]]></description>
                        <image><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/22062.jpg]]></image>
                        <imageUncropped><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1500x1500/22062.jpg?v=1792327030-1791452617-4xseijmj]]></imageUncropped>
                        <video><![CDATA[]]></video>
                        <hashtags><![CDATA[#PacificWar #AmphibiousLanding #ImperialJapan #PearlHarbor #SecondWorldWar #USAirForce #USArmy #USHistory #USMarines #USNavy #USAAF #WorldWarII #WWII]]></hashtags>
                        <hashtagsCSV><![CDATA[#PacificWar,#AmphibiousLanding,#ImperialJapan,#PearlHarbor,#SecondWorldWar,#USAirForce,#USArmy,#USHistory,#USMarines,#USNavy,#USAAF,#WorldWarII,#WWII]]></hashtagsCSV>
                        <regions><![CDATA[Oceania,EastAsia]]></regions>
                        <subjects><![CDATA[WarfareBattles]]></subjects>
                        <periods><![CDATA[Modern]]></periods>
                        <section><![CDATA[]]></section>
                        <rating><![CDATA[]]></rating>
                        <ratingstars><![CDATA[]]></ratingstars>
                        <type><![CDATA[Image Gallery]]></type>
                        <category><![CDATA[lang_en]]></category>
                        <shortUrl><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/9-328-en/]]></shortUrl>
                        <slug><![CDATA[75-images-of-the-pacific-war]]></slug>
                    </item>    
                    <item>
                        <title><![CDATA[Matter of Aratta: The Great Sumerian Epic]]></title>
                        <link><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2164/matter-of-aratta/]]></link>
                        <link_long><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2164/matter-of-aratta/]]></link_long>
                        <link_short><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/2-2164-en/]]></link_short>
                        <guid>2-2164</guid>
                        <pubDate>Wed, 14 Oct 2026 09:00:01 +0000</pubDate>
                        <author><![CDATA[Joshua J. Mark]]></author>
                        <translator><![CDATA[]]></translator>
                        <media:content url="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/2775.jpg">
                                <media:caption><![CDATA[Tablet of King Lugalbanda]]></media:caption>
                                <media:credit><![CDATA[Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin (Copyright)]]></media:credit>
                        </media:content>
                        <firstSentence><![CDATA[The Matter of Aratta is the modern-day title for a collection of four poems – Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta, Enmerkar and En-suhgir-ana, Lugalbanda in the Mountain Cave, and Lugalbanda and the Anzud Bird – concerning the rivalry between the cities of Uruk and Aratta and dated to the Ur III period (circa 2112 to circa 2004 BCE).]]></firstSentence>
                        <twitterPreview><![CDATA[The Matter of Aratta is the modern-day title for a collection of four poems – Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta, Enmerkar and En-suhgir-ana, Lugalbanda in the Mountain Cave, and...]]></twitterPreview>
                        <blueskyPreview><![CDATA[The Matter of Aratta is the modern-day title for a collection of four poems – Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta, Enmerkar and En-suhgir-ana, Lugalbanda in the Mountain Cave, and Lugalbanda and the Anzud Bird – concerning the rivalry between the cities of... https://whe.to/ci/2-2164-en/]]></blueskyPreview>
                        <description><![CDATA[The Matter of Aratta is the modern-day title for a collection of four poems – Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta, Enmerkar and En-suhgir-ana, Lugalbanda in the Mountain Cave, and Lugalbanda and the Anzud Bird – concerning the rivalry between the cities of Uruk and Aratta and dated to the Ur III period (circa 2112 to circa 2004 BCE).]]></description>
                        <image><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/2775.jpg]]></image>
                        <imageUncropped><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1500x1500/2775.jpg?v=1792201456-1791960416-r3ysfwo6]]></imageUncropped>
                        <video><![CDATA[]]></video>
                        <hashtags><![CDATA[#Ur-Nammu #Ur #Sumerians #Sumer #ShulgiOfUr #Lugalbanda]]></hashtags>
                        <hashtagsCSV><![CDATA[#Ur-Nammu,#Ur,#Sumerians,#Sumer,#ShulgiOfUr,#Lugalbanda]]></hashtagsCSV>
                        <regions><![CDATA[MiddleEast]]></regions>
                        <subjects><![CDATA[StatesCultures,ArtArchitecture]]></subjects>
                        <periods><![CDATA[Ancient]]></periods>
                        <section><![CDATA[]]></section>
                        <rating><![CDATA[]]></rating>
                        <ratingstars><![CDATA[]]></ratingstars>
                        <type><![CDATA[Article]]></type>
                        <category><![CDATA[lang_en]]></category>
                        <shortUrl><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/2-2164-en/]]></shortUrl>
                        <slug><![CDATA[matter-of-aratta]]></slug>
                    </item>    
                    <item>
                        <title><![CDATA[First Days in the Union Army: Recruitment and Training in the Civil War]]></title>
                        <link><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/3007/first-days-in-the-union-army/]]></link>
                        <link_long><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/3007/first-days-in-the-union-army/]]></link_long>
                        <link_short><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/2-3007-en/]]></link_short>
                        <guid>2-3007</guid>
                        <pubDate>Tue, 13 Oct 2026 16:00:08 +0000</pubDate>
                        <author><![CDATA[Joshua J. Mark]]></author>
                        <translator><![CDATA[]]></translator>
                        <media:content url="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/22249.jpg">
                                <media:caption><![CDATA[Union Officers at Washington, D.C.]]></media:caption>
                                <media:credit><![CDATA[Unknown photographer (Public Domain)]]></media:credit>
                        </media:content>
                        <firstSentence><![CDATA[Recruitment and training practices during the American Civil War varied according to the year, the commanding officer, and between the opposing forces, but followed the same basic model.]]></firstSentence>
                        <twitterPreview><![CDATA[Recruitment and training practices during the American Civil War varied according to the year, the commanding officer, and between the opposing forces, but followed the...]]></twitterPreview>
                        <blueskyPreview><![CDATA[Recruitment and training practices during the American Civil War varied according to the year, the commanding officer, and between the opposing forces, but followed the same basic model. https://whe.to/ci/2-3007-en/]]></blueskyPreview>
                        <description><![CDATA[Recruitment and training practices during the American Civil War varied according to the year, the commanding officer, and between the opposing forces, but followed the same basic model. When the war began in 1861, both sides believed it would be a short conflict and easily won. They both realized they were wrong after the First Battle of Bull Run (First Manassas) on 21 July 1861.]]></description>
                        <image><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/22249.jpg]]></image>
                        <imageUncropped><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1500x1500/22249.jpg?v=1792327039-1791748428-du2dgct2]]></imageUncropped>
                        <video><![CDATA[]]></video>
                        <hashtags><![CDATA[#JeffersonDavis #AmericanCivilWar #AbrahamLincoln #USHistory]]></hashtags>
                        <hashtagsCSV><![CDATA[#JeffersonDavis,#AmericanCivilWar,#AbrahamLincoln,#USHistory]]></hashtagsCSV>
                        <regions><![CDATA[Americas]]></regions>
                        <subjects><![CDATA[StatesCultures,WarfareBattles]]></subjects>
                        <periods><![CDATA[Modern]]></periods>
                        <section><![CDATA[PrimarySources]]></section>
                        <rating><![CDATA[]]></rating>
                        <ratingstars><![CDATA[]]></ratingstars>
                        <type><![CDATA[Article]]></type>
                        <category><![CDATA[lang_en]]></category>
                        <shortUrl><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/2-3007-en/]]></shortUrl>
                        <slug><![CDATA[first-days-in-the-union-army]]></slug>
                    </item>    
                    <item>
                        <title><![CDATA[Battle of Belmont: B. F. Sawyer's Eyewitness Account]]></title>
                        <link><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/3003/battle-of-belmont/]]></link>
                        <link_long><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/3003/battle-of-belmont/]]></link_long>
                        <link_short><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/2-3003-en/]]></link_short>
                        <guid>2-3003</guid>
                        <pubDate>Mon, 12 Oct 2026 16:00:02 +0000</pubDate>
                        <author><![CDATA[Joshua J. Mark]]></author>
                        <translator><![CDATA[]]></translator>
                        <media:content url="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/22235.jpg">
                                <media:caption><![CDATA[Battle of Belmont]]></media:caption>
                                <media:credit><![CDATA[Unknown artist (Public Domain)]]></media:credit>
                        </media:content>
                        <firstSentence><![CDATA[The Battle of Belmont (7 November 1861) was an engagement fought during the American Civil War in Mississippi County, Missouri.]]></firstSentence>
                        <twitterPreview><![CDATA[The Battle of Belmont (7 November 1861) was an engagement fought during the American Civil War in Mississippi County, Missouri.]]></twitterPreview>
                        <blueskyPreview><![CDATA[The Battle of Belmont (7 November 1861) was an engagement fought during the American Civil War in Mississippi County, Missouri. https://whe.to/ci/2-3003-en/]]></blueskyPreview>
                        <description><![CDATA[The Battle of Belmont (7 November 1861) was an engagement fought during the American Civil War in Mississippi County, Missouri. It was the first combat command of Union Brigadier General Ulysses S. Grant in the war and the first battle experience of most of the men under him. The same was true of the Confederate soldiers fighting under Major General Leonidas Polk and Brigadier General Gideon J. Pillow.

The battle is considered inconclusive, as Grant failed to take and hold the Confederate position he had attacked, and the forces under Pillow failed to capture Grant and his forces. The Confederates claimed it as a victory because the Union army fled the field in a rout.

Grant also claimed victory, however, because he had achieved his two objectives: destroy the Confederate camp below Columbus, Kentucky, and frighten Polk into keeping his forces close in the city instead of reinforcing other positions.]]></description>
                        <image><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/22235.jpg]]></image>
                        <imageUncropped><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1500x1500/22235.jpg?v=1792327043-1791748214-k2xjxnzd]]></imageUncropped>
                        <video><![CDATA[]]></video>
                        <hashtags><![CDATA[#UlyssesS.Grant #AmericanCivilWar #BattleOfBelmont #USHistory]]></hashtags>
                        <hashtagsCSV><![CDATA[#UlyssesS.Grant,#AmericanCivilWar,#BattleOfBelmont,#USHistory]]></hashtagsCSV>
                        <regions><![CDATA[Americas]]></regions>
                        <subjects><![CDATA[WarfareBattles]]></subjects>
                        <periods><![CDATA[Modern]]></periods>
                        <section><![CDATA[PrimarySources]]></section>
                        <rating><![CDATA[]]></rating>
                        <ratingstars><![CDATA[]]></ratingstars>
                        <type><![CDATA[Article]]></type>
                        <category><![CDATA[lang_en]]></category>
                        <shortUrl><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/2-3003-en/]]></shortUrl>
                        <slug><![CDATA[battle-of-belmont]]></slug>
                    </item>    
                    <item>
                        <title><![CDATA[Drinking Customs in Merry Olde England]]></title>
                        <link><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/3006/drinking-customs-in-merry-olde-england/]]></link>
                        <link_long><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/3006/drinking-customs-in-merry-olde-england/]]></link_long>
                        <link_short><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/2-3006-en/]]></link_short>
                        <guid>2-3006</guid>
                        <pubDate>Fri, 09 Oct 2026 09:00:02 +0000</pubDate>
                        <author><![CDATA[Mark Cartwright]]></author>
                        <translator><![CDATA[]]></translator>
                        <media:content url="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/22245.png">
                                <media:caption><![CDATA[Drinking from a Wassail Bowl]]></media:caption>
                                <media:credit><![CDATA[Archibald Standish Hartrick (CC BY-NC-SA)]]></media:credit>
                        </media:content>
                        <firstSentence><![CDATA[Raising toasts, sharing cups of cheer, and singing raucous songs while partaking of alcohol are customs which date back to the early Middle Ages in England.]]></firstSentence>
                        <twitterPreview><![CDATA[Raising toasts, sharing cups of cheer, and singing raucous songs while partaking of alcohol are customs which date back...]]></twitterPreview>
                        <blueskyPreview><![CDATA[Raising toasts, sharing cups of cheer, and singing raucous songs while partaking of alcohol are customs which date back to the early Middle Ages in England. https://whe.to/ci/2-3006-en/]]></blueskyPreview>
                        <description><![CDATA[Raising toasts, sharing cups of cheer, and singing raucous songs while partaking of alcohol are customs which date back to the early Middle Ages in England. Several of the more formal customs persist today in public and private institutions that cherish traditions. Nowadays, glass dominates when landlords pull a pint, but this was not always so. From Peg tankards to Toby jugs, from tanned leather to pewter, landlords of the past were wont to serve beers and ales in all kinds of ingenious ways, encouraging overconsumption and raising a giggle amongst the revellers.]]></description>
                        <image><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/22245.png]]></image>
                        <imageUncropped><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1500x1500/22245.png?v=1792327047-1791525446-z61gz3x4]]></imageUncropped>
                        <video><![CDATA[]]></video>
                        <hashtags><![CDATA[#Beer #Alcohol #Ale #Black-Jack #Bombard #CoachingInn #England #PegTankard #Pub #Tankard #Tavern #WassailBowl]]></hashtags>
                        <hashtagsCSV><![CDATA[#Beer,#Alcohol,#Ale,#Black-Jack,#Bombard,#CoachingInn,#England,#PegTankard,#Pub,#Tankard,#Tavern,#WassailBowl]]></hashtagsCSV>
                        <regions><![CDATA[NorthernEurope]]></regions>
                        <subjects><![CDATA[DailyLife]]></subjects>
                        <periods><![CDATA[Medieval,EarlyModern,Modern]]></periods>
                        <section><![CDATA[]]></section>
                        <rating><![CDATA[]]></rating>
                        <ratingstars><![CDATA[]]></ratingstars>
                        <type><![CDATA[Article]]></type>
                        <category><![CDATA[lang_en]]></category>
                        <shortUrl><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/2-3006-en/]]></shortUrl>
                        <slug><![CDATA[drinking-customs-in-merry-olde-england]]></slug>
                    </item>    
                    <item>
                        <title><![CDATA[Officers of the Roman Army]]></title>
                        <link><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1711/officers-of-the-roman-army/]]></link>
                        <link_long><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1711/officers-of-the-roman-army/]]></link_long>
                        <link_short><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/2-1711-en/]]></link_short>
                        <guid>2-1711</guid>
                        <pubDate>Thu, 08 Oct 2026 10:30:07 +0000</pubDate>
                        <author><![CDATA[Donald L. Wasson]]></author>
                        <translator><![CDATA[]]></translator>
                        <media:content url="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/13708.jpg">
                                <media:caption><![CDATA[Roman Officers & Standard-Bearers]]></media:caption>
                                <media:credit><![CDATA[The Creative Assembly (Copyright)]]></media:credit>
                        </media:content>
                        <firstSentence><![CDATA[With the appearance of the legionary, the Roman army was able to maintain a vast empire that totally embraced the Mediterranean Sea.]]></firstSentence>
                        <twitterPreview><![CDATA[With the appearance of the legionary, the Roman army was able to maintain a vast empire that totally embraced the Mediterranean Sea.]]></twitterPreview>
                        <blueskyPreview><![CDATA[With the appearance of the legionary, the Roman army was able to maintain a vast empire that totally embraced the Mediterranean Sea. https://whe.to/ci/2-1711-en/]]></blueskyPreview>
                        <description><![CDATA[With the appearance of the legionary, the Roman army was able to maintain a vast empire that totally embraced the Mediterranean Sea. Although the success of the army rested on the backs of the foot-soldiers and cavalry, there were others on the field and in camp who enabled them to prevail. Besides the famed centurion who stood at the front of his cohort and led his legionaries into battle, there was a command hierarchy of military tribunes, a camp prefect, and a legate. Alongside the centurion in the thick of battle were the principales: optio, signifier, aquilifer, and tesserarius. There were others, some with specialized skills, who were as essential but remained in camp. These were the immunes and beneficiarii: laborers, clerks, surveyors, architects, engineers, and orderlies. The legionaries could not have conquered and maintained an empire without this capable support; together they made the Roman army a feared adversary for over eight centuries.]]></description>
                        <image><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/13708.jpg]]></image>
                        <imageUncropped><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1500x1500/13708.jpg?v=1791716835-1jwrq6xq]]></imageUncropped>
                        <video><![CDATA[]]></video>
                        <hashtags><![CDATA[#RomanStandard #RomanLegionary #RomanArmy #Centurion]]></hashtags>
                        <hashtagsCSV><![CDATA[#RomanStandard,#RomanLegionary,#RomanArmy,#Centurion]]></hashtagsCSV>
                        <regions><![CDATA[Mediterranean]]></regions>
                        <subjects><![CDATA[WarfareBattles]]></subjects>
                        <periods><![CDATA[Ancient]]></periods>
                        <section><![CDATA[]]></section>
                        <rating><![CDATA[]]></rating>
                        <ratingstars><![CDATA[]]></ratingstars>
                        <type><![CDATA[Article]]></type>
                        <category><![CDATA[lang_en]]></category>
                        <shortUrl><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/2-1711-en/]]></shortUrl>
                        <slug><![CDATA[officers-of-the-roman-army]]></slug>
                    </item>    
                    <item>
                        <title><![CDATA[How Music and Politics Intertwined in the Time of Louis XIV]]></title>
                        <link><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2970/how-music-and-politics-intertwined-in-the-time-of/]]></link>
                        <link_long><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2970/how-music-and-politics-intertwined-in-the-time-of/]]></link_long>
                        <link_short><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/2-2970-en/]]></link_short>
                        <guid>2-2970</guid>
                        <pubDate>Thu, 08 Oct 2026 09:00:04 +0000</pubDate>
                        <author><![CDATA[Arash Ahmadzadeh]]></author>
                        <translator><![CDATA[]]></translator>
                        <media:content url="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/22241.jpg">
                                <media:caption><![CDATA[Performance at the Palace of Versailles, 1676]]></media:caption>
                                <media:credit><![CDATA[Jean Lepautre (CC BY-NC-SA)]]></media:credit>
                        </media:content>
                        <firstSentence><![CDATA[During the reign of Louis XIV of France (1643-1715), music accompanied some of the most visible occasions of royal life: entrances, diplomatic receptions, religious services, court festivals, ballets, and eventually tragédie en musique.]]></firstSentence>
                        <twitterPreview><![CDATA[During the reign of Louis XIV of France (1643-1715), music accompanied some of the most visible occasions of royal life: entrances, diplomatic receptions, religious services, court...]]></twitterPreview>
                        <blueskyPreview><![CDATA[During the reign of Louis XIV of France (1643-1715), music accompanied some of the most visible occasions of royal life: entrances, diplomatic receptions, religious services, court festivals, ballets, and eventually tragédie en musique. https://whe.to/ci/2-2970-en/]]></blueskyPreview>
                        <description><![CDATA[During the reign of Louis XIV of France (1643-1715), music accompanied some of the most visible occasions of royal life: entrances, diplomatic receptions, religious services, court festivals, ballets, and eventually tragédie en musique. To explain this phenomenon simply through the king's enthusiasm for music, patronage, or propaganda, however, would be insufficient. Music belonged to a broader culture of royal representation in which myth, dance, poetry, costume, architecture, painting, ritual, and sound associated Louis with victory, peace, splendour, concord, and order. Music was therefore one element within a much broader artistic system through which the monarchy constructed and communicated its public image.]]></description>
                        <image><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/22241.jpg]]></image>
                        <imageUncropped><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1500x1500/22241.jpg?v=1791407202-1791440056-sx7n1rpf]]></imageUncropped>
                        <video><![CDATA[]]></video>
                        <hashtags><![CDATA[#LouisXIVOfFrance #France #Music #Opera #Versailles]]></hashtags>
                        <hashtagsCSV><![CDATA[#LouisXIVOfFrance,#France,#Music,#Opera,#Versailles]]></hashtagsCSV>
                        <regions><![CDATA[NorthernEurope]]></regions>
                        <subjects><![CDATA[StatesCultures,DailyLife,ArtArchitecture]]></subjects>
                        <periods><![CDATA[EarlyModern]]></periods>
                        <section><![CDATA[]]></section>
                        <rating><![CDATA[]]></rating>
                        <ratingstars><![CDATA[]]></ratingstars>
                        <type><![CDATA[Article]]></type>
                        <category><![CDATA[lang_en]]></category>
                        <shortUrl><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/2-2970-en/]]></shortUrl>
                        <slug><![CDATA[how-music-and-politics-intertwined-in-the-time-of]]></slug>
                    </item>    
                    <item>
                        <title><![CDATA[Ming Taxation & the Silver Economy]]></title>
                        <link><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/3004/ming-taxation--the-silver-economy/]]></link>
                        <link_long><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/3004/ming-taxation--the-silver-economy/]]></link_long>
                        <link_short><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/2-3004-en/]]></link_short>
                        <guid>2-3004</guid>
                        <pubDate>Wed, 07 Oct 2026 09:02:42 +0000</pubDate>
                        <author><![CDATA[Mark Cartwright]]></author>
                        <translator><![CDATA[]]></translator>
                        <media:content url="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/22237.png">
                                <media:caption><![CDATA[East Asian Silver Bars]]></media:caption>
                                <media:credit><![CDATA[Chatsam (CC BY-SA)]]></media:credit>
                        </media:content>
                        <firstSentence><![CDATA[The rulers of China's Ming dynasty (1368-1644) acquired an insatiable desire for silver in the 16th century, largely to pay for huge prestige projects like building the Forbidden City in Beijing and repairing the Great Wall of China.]]></firstSentence>
                        <twitterPreview><![CDATA[The rulers of China's Ming dynasty (1368-1644) acquired an insatiable desire for silver in the 16th century, largely to pay for huge prestige...]]></twitterPreview>
                        <blueskyPreview><![CDATA[The rulers of China's Ming dynasty (1368-1644) acquired an insatiable desire for silver in the 16th century, largely to pay for huge prestige projects like building the Forbidden City in Beijing and repairing the Great Wall of China. https://whe.to/ci/2-3004-en/]]></blueskyPreview>
                        <description><![CDATA[The rulers of China's Ming dynasty (1368-1644) acquired an insatiable desire for silver in the 16th century, largely to pay for huge prestige projects like building the Forbidden City in Beijing and repairing the Great Wall of China. A new tax system, the Single Whip Reform, had to be paid in silver. Another major source of silver bullion was trade with Japan and European merchants who brought silver from the mines in Spanish America via the Manila galleons. When the silver supply weakened in the 17th century, this contributed to the fall of the Ming and the establishment of the Qing dynasty in 1644.]]></description>
                        <image><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/22237.png]]></image>
                        <imageUncropped><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1500x1500/22237.png?v=1791300507-1791300551-2gj86qmc]]></imageUncropped>
                        <video><![CDATA[]]></video>
                        <hashtags><![CDATA[#Silver #MingDynasty #ManilaGalleon #JapaneseSilver #MingChina #SingleWhipTax #Taxation #Trade]]></hashtags>
                        <hashtagsCSV><![CDATA[#Silver,#MingDynasty,#ManilaGalleon,#JapaneseSilver,#MingChina,#SingleWhipTax,#Taxation,#Trade]]></hashtagsCSV>
                        <regions><![CDATA[EastAsia]]></regions>
                        <subjects><![CDATA[StatesCultures]]></subjects>
                        <periods><![CDATA[EarlyModern]]></periods>
                        <section><![CDATA[]]></section>
                        <rating><![CDATA[]]></rating>
                        <ratingstars><![CDATA[]]></ratingstars>
                        <type><![CDATA[Article]]></type>
                        <category><![CDATA[lang_en]]></category>
                        <shortUrl><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/2-3004-en/]]></shortUrl>
                        <slug><![CDATA[ming-taxation--the-silver-economy]]></slug>
                    </item>    
                    <item>
                        <title><![CDATA[U. S. Grant's Account of the Battle of Fort Donelson: Excerpts from the Official Action Report]]></title>
                        <link><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/3000/u-s-grants-account-of-the-battle-of-fort-donelson/]]></link>
                        <link_long><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/3000/u-s-grants-account-of-the-battle-of-fort-donelson/]]></link_long>
                        <link_short><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/2-3000-en/]]></link_short>
                        <guid>2-3000</guid>
                        <pubDate>Tue, 06 Oct 2026 15:55:12 +0000</pubDate>
                        <author><![CDATA[Joshua J. Mark]]></author>
                        <translator><![CDATA[]]></translator>
                        <media:content url="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/22213.jpg">
                                <media:caption><![CDATA[Capture of Fort Donelson]]></media:caption>
                                <media:credit><![CDATA[Unknown Artist (Public Domain)]]></media:credit>
                        </media:content>
                        <firstSentence><![CDATA[Ulysses S. Grant's victory at the Battle of Fort Donelson (11-16 February 1862) during the American Civil War elevated him to national fame, opened the Cumberland River to Union traffic, captured 12,000-15,000 Confederate soldiers, including officers, and led directly to the fall of the Confederate industrial center and state capital of Nashville, Tennessee, and the withdrawal of Confederate troops from Columbus, Kentucky.]]></firstSentence>
                        <twitterPreview><![CDATA[Ulysses S. Grant's victory at the Battle of Fort Donelson (11-16 February 1862) during the American Civil War elevated him to national fame, opened the Cumberland River to Union traffic...]]></twitterPreview>
                        <blueskyPreview><![CDATA[Ulysses S. Grant's victory at the Battle of Fort Donelson (11-16 February 1862) during the American Civil War elevated him to national fame, opened the Cumberland River to Union traffic, captured 12,000-15,000 Confederate soldiers, including officers, and... https://whe.to/ci/2-3000-en/]]></blueskyPreview>
                        <description><![CDATA[Ulysses S. Grant's victory at the Battle of Fort Donelson (11-16 February 1862) during the American Civil War elevated him to national fame, opened the Cumberland River to Union traffic, captured 12,000-15,000 Confederate soldiers, including officers, and led directly to the fall of the Confederate industrial center and state capital of Nashville, Tennessee, and the withdrawal of Confederate troops from Columbus, Kentucky.]]></description>
                        <image><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/22213.jpg]]></image>
                        <imageUncropped><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1500x1500/22213.jpg?v=1791117190-1791120355-hpopkfet]]></imageUncropped>
                        <video><![CDATA[]]></video>
                        <hashtags><![CDATA[#UlyssesS.Grant #AmericanCivilWar #USHistory]]></hashtags>
                        <hashtagsCSV><![CDATA[#UlyssesS.Grant,#AmericanCivilWar,#USHistory]]></hashtagsCSV>
                        <regions><![CDATA[Americas]]></regions>
                        <subjects><![CDATA[WarfareBattles]]></subjects>
                        <periods><![CDATA[Modern]]></periods>
                        <section><![CDATA[PrimarySources]]></section>
                        <rating><![CDATA[]]></rating>
                        <ratingstars><![CDATA[]]></ratingstars>
                        <type><![CDATA[Article]]></type>
                        <category><![CDATA[lang_en]]></category>
                        <shortUrl><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/2-3000-en/]]></shortUrl>
                        <slug><![CDATA[u-s-grants-account-of-the-battle-of-fort-donelson]]></slug>
                    </item>    
                    <item>
                        <title><![CDATA[AP World History Unit 5: Revolutions (c. 1750–1900)]]></title>
                        <link><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/collection/334/ap-world-history-unit-5/]]></link>
                        <link_long><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/collection/334/ap-world-history-unit-5/]]></link_long>
                        <link_short><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/9-334-en/]]></link_short>
                        <guid>9-334</guid>
                        <pubDate>Tue, 06 Oct 2026 08:59:53 +0000</pubDate>
                        <author><![CDATA[Jan van der Crabben]]></author>
                        <translator><![CDATA[]]></translator>
                        <media:content url="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/17652.png">
                                <media:caption><![CDATA[Map of the American Revolutionary War, 1775–1783]]></media:caption>
                                <media:credit><![CDATA[Simeon Netchev (CC BY-NC-ND)]]></media:credit>
                        </media:content>
                        <firstSentence><![CDATA[Two major revolutions remade the world between 1750 and 1900.]]></firstSentence>
                        <twitterPreview><![CDATA[Two major revolutions remade the world between 1750 and 1900.]]></twitterPreview>
                        <blueskyPreview><![CDATA[Two major revolutions remade the world between 1750 and 1900. https://whe.to/ci/9-334-en/]]></blueskyPreview>
                        <description><![CDATA[Two major revolutions remade the world between 1750 and 1900. The first was a revolution of the mind: thinkers of the Enlightenment argued that authority was based upon reason and consent, rather than birth or divine right. Both in Europe and the Americas, many people heeded their words, wanting to control their own destiny &ndash; first in British North America, then in France, Haiti, and Spanish America.]]></description>
                        <image><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/17652.png]]></image>
                        <imageUncropped><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1500x1500/17652.png?v=1791747245-1780714658-h4s62776]]></imageUncropped>
                        <video><![CDATA[]]></video>
                        <hashtags><![CDATA[#MeijiRestoration #MeijiPeriod #JohnLocke #AmericanRevolution #Agriculture #Britain #Enlightenment #Industrialization #Industry #Japan #SuezCanal #UnitedStates]]></hashtags>
                        <hashtagsCSV><![CDATA[#MeijiRestoration,#MeijiPeriod,#JohnLocke,#AmericanRevolution,#Agriculture,#Britain,#Enlightenment,#Industrialization,#Industry,#Japan,#SuezCanal,#UnitedStates]]></hashtagsCSV>
                        <regions><![CDATA[]]></regions>
                        <subjects><![CDATA[StatesCultures,PhilosophyScience]]></subjects>
                        <periods><![CDATA[EarlyModern]]></periods>
                        <section><![CDATA[Education]]></section>
                        <rating><![CDATA[]]></rating>
                        <ratingstars><![CDATA[]]></ratingstars>
                        <type><![CDATA[Curriculum Collection]]></type>
                        <category><![CDATA[lang_en]]></category>
                        <shortUrl><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/9-334-en/]]></shortUrl>
                        <slug><![CDATA[ap-world-history-unit-5]]></slug>
                    </item>    
                    <item>
                        <title><![CDATA[Battle of Fort Donelson: The Victory that Might Have Won the War in the West]]></title>
                        <link><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/Battle_of_Fort_Donelson/]]></link>
                        <link_long><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/Battle_of_Fort_Donelson/]]></link_long>
                        <link_short><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/1-29130-en/]]></link_short>
                        <guid>1-29130</guid>
                        <pubDate>Mon, 05 Oct 2026 15:55:13 +0000</pubDate>
                        <author><![CDATA[Joshua J. Mark]]></author>
                        <translator><![CDATA[]]></translator>
                        <media:content url="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/22216.jpg">
                                <media:caption><![CDATA[Attack of the Second Iowa Regiment on Fort Donelson]]></media:caption>
                                <media:credit><![CDATA[Unknown Artist (Public Domain)]]></media:credit>
                        </media:content>
                        <firstSentence><![CDATA[The Battle of Fort Donelson (11-16 February 1862) was a Union victory in the Western theater of the American Civil War on the Cumberland River near the Tennessee-Kentucky border.]]></firstSentence>
                        <twitterPreview><![CDATA[The Battle of Fort Donelson (11-16 February 1862) was a Union victory in the Western theater of the American Civil War on the Cumberland River near the Tennessee-Kentucky border.]]></twitterPreview>
                        <blueskyPreview><![CDATA[The Battle of Fort Donelson (11-16 February 1862) was a Union victory in the Western theater of the American Civil War on the Cumberland River near the Tennessee-Kentucky border. https://whe.to/ci/1-29130-en/]]></blueskyPreview>
                        <description><![CDATA[The Battle of Fort Donelson (11-16 February 1862) was a Union victory in the Western theater of the American Civil War on the Cumberland River near the Tennessee-Kentucky border. The campaign followed the Union victory at the Battle of Fort Henry (6 February 1862) and was a joint venture between Ulysses S. Grant of the US Army and Andrew H. Foote of the US Navy, commanding over 24,000 troops.]]></description>
                        <image><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/22216.jpg]]></image>
                        <imageUncropped><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1500x1500/22216.jpg?v=1791117387-1791120380-r57mktj4]]></imageUncropped>
                        <video><![CDATA[]]></video>
                        <hashtags><![CDATA[#UlyssesS.Grant #AmericanCivilWar #USHistory]]></hashtags>
                        <hashtagsCSV><![CDATA[#UlyssesS.Grant,#AmericanCivilWar,#USHistory]]></hashtagsCSV>
                        <regions><![CDATA[Americas]]></regions>
                        <subjects><![CDATA[StatesCultures,WarfareBattles]]></subjects>
                        <periods><![CDATA[Modern]]></periods>
                        <section><![CDATA[]]></section>
                        <rating><![CDATA[]]></rating>
                        <ratingstars><![CDATA[]]></ratingstars>
                        <type><![CDATA[Definition]]></type>
                        <category><![CDATA[lang_en]]></category>
                        <shortUrl><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/1-29130-en/]]></shortUrl>
                        <slug><![CDATA[battle-of-fort-donelson]]></slug>
                    </item>    
                    <item>
                        <title><![CDATA[Paper Money in Song China]]></title>
                        <link><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/3002/paper-money-in-song-china/]]></link>
                        <link_long><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/3002/paper-money-in-song-china/]]></link_long>
                        <link_short><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/2-3002-en/]]></link_short>
                        <guid>2-3002</guid>
                        <pubDate>Mon, 05 Oct 2026 09:33:33 +0000</pubDate>
                        <author><![CDATA[Mark Cartwright]]></author>
                        <translator><![CDATA[]]></translator>
                        <media:content url="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/22229.jpg">
                                <media:caption><![CDATA[Song Paper Money]]></media:caption>
                                <media:credit><![CDATA[Unknown Photographer (Public Domain)]]></media:credit>
                        </media:content>
                        <firstSentence><![CDATA[Paper money was invented in China and became widely used by merchants during the Song dynasty (960-1279), principally as proof of cash holdings in state treasuries and for larger trade transactions.]]></firstSentence>
                        <twitterPreview><![CDATA[Paper money was invented in China and became widely used by merchants during the Song dynasty (960-1279), principally as proof of cash holdings in state treasuries and...]]></twitterPreview>
                        <blueskyPreview><![CDATA[Paper money was invented in China and became widely used by merchants during the Song dynasty (960-1279), principally as proof of cash holdings in state treasuries and for larger trade transactions. https://whe.to/ci/2-3002-en/]]></blueskyPreview>
                        <description><![CDATA[Paper money was invented in China and became widely used by merchants during the Song dynasty (960-1279), principally as proof of cash holdings in state treasuries and for larger trade transactions. The greater security and convenience of paper money were significant advantages as commerce boomed and merchants travelled far and wide. Coinage and silver ingots remained popular, however, especially when high inflation rendered paper money almost obsolete in the late 13th century.]]></description>
                        <image><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/22229.jpg]]></image>
                        <imageUncropped><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1500x1500/22229.jpg?v=1790929291-1790929433-beujrnww]]></imageUncropped>
                        <video><![CDATA[]]></video>
                        <hashtags><![CDATA[#China #Commerce #Currency #Money #PaperMoney #SongChina #Trade]]></hashtags>
                        <hashtagsCSV><![CDATA[#China,#Commerce,#Currency,#Money,#PaperMoney,#SongChina,#Trade]]></hashtagsCSV>
                        <regions><![CDATA[EastAsia]]></regions>
                        <subjects><![CDATA[StatesCultures,DailyLife]]></subjects>
                        <periods><![CDATA[Medieval]]></periods>
                        <section><![CDATA[]]></section>
                        <rating><![CDATA[]]></rating>
                        <ratingstars><![CDATA[]]></ratingstars>
                        <type><![CDATA[Article]]></type>
                        <category><![CDATA[lang_en]]></category>
                        <shortUrl><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/2-3002-en/]]></shortUrl>
                        <slug><![CDATA[paper-money-in-song-china]]></slug>
                    </item>    
                    <item>
                        <title><![CDATA[Cheka: Lenin's Secret Police]]></title>
                        <link><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/Cheka/]]></link>
                        <link_long><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/Cheka/]]></link_long>
                        <link_short><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/1-24925-en/]]></link_short>
                        <guid>1-24925</guid>
                        <pubDate>Fri, 02 Oct 2026 09:00:01 +0000</pubDate>
                        <author><![CDATA[Mark Cartwright]]></author>
                        <translator><![CDATA[]]></translator>
                        <media:content url="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/22225.png">
                                <media:caption><![CDATA[Peterss & Dzerzhinsky]]></media:caption>
                                <media:credit><![CDATA[Unknown Photographer (Public Domain)]]></media:credit>
                        </media:content>
                        <firstSentence><![CDATA[The Cheka (Vecheka) Secret Police was created by Vladimir Lenin's Soviet government in December 1917 to ruthlessly stamp out all opposition to the Bolshevik Revolution.]]></firstSentence>
                        <twitterPreview><![CDATA[The Cheka (Vecheka) Secret Police was created by Vladimir Lenin's Soviet government in December 1917 to ruthlessly stamp out all opposition to the Bolshevik...]]></twitterPreview>
                        <blueskyPreview><![CDATA[The Cheka (Vecheka) Secret Police was created by Vladimir Lenin's Soviet government in December 1917 to ruthlessly stamp out all opposition to the Bolshevik Revolution. https://whe.to/ci/1-24925-en/]]></blueskyPreview>
                        <description><![CDATA[The Cheka (Vecheka) Secret Police was created by Vladimir Lenin's Soviet government in December 1917 to ruthlessly stamp out all opposition to the Bolshevik Revolution. During the Russian Civil War, the Cheka operated without restrictions of any kind, arresting, torturing, and executing without trial tens of thousands of citizens deemed enemies of the state. The Cheka, dissolved in 1922, was the first of many Soviet incarnations of a secret police force which involved itself in every aspect of public and private life in the USSR.]]></description>
                        <image><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/22225.png]]></image>
                        <imageUncropped><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1500x1500/22225.png?v=1791046153-1790924088-xx43kfzm]]></imageUncropped>
                        <video><![CDATA[]]></video>
                        <hashtags><![CDATA[#RussianCivilWar #Cheka #FelixDzerzhinsky #SecretPolice #Vecheka #VladimirLenin]]></hashtags>
                        <hashtagsCSV><![CDATA[#RussianCivilWar,#Cheka,#FelixDzerzhinsky,#SecretPolice,#Vecheka,#VladimirLenin]]></hashtagsCSV>
                        <regions><![CDATA[NorthernEurope]]></regions>
                        <subjects><![CDATA[StatesCultures,Crime]]></subjects>
                        <periods><![CDATA[Modern]]></periods>
                        <section><![CDATA[]]></section>
                        <rating><![CDATA[]]></rating>
                        <ratingstars><![CDATA[]]></ratingstars>
                        <type><![CDATA[Definition]]></type>
                        <category><![CDATA[lang_en]]></category>
                        <shortUrl><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/1-24925-en/]]></shortUrl>
                        <slug><![CDATA[cheka]]></slug>
                    </item>    
                    <item>
                        <title><![CDATA[England's Peasant Uprising of 1381]]></title>
                        <link><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/collection/333/englands-peasant-uprising-of-1381/]]></link>
                        <link_long><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/collection/333/englands-peasant-uprising-of-1381/]]></link_long>
                        <link_short><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/9-333-en/]]></link_short>
                        <guid>9-333</guid>
                        <pubDate>Thu, 01 Oct 2026 16:00:02 +0000</pubDate>
                        <author><![CDATA[Mark Cartwright]]></author>
                        <translator><![CDATA[]]></translator>
                        <media:content url="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/15424.png">
                                <media:caption><![CDATA[The Feudal Society in Medieval Europe]]></media:caption>
                                <media:credit><![CDATA[Simeon Netchev (CC BY-NC-ND)]]></media:credit>
                        </media:content>
                        <firstSentence><![CDATA[In this collection of resources, we examine the Peasants' Revolt in England in 1381, a popular uprising that sought dramatic social changes such as the removal of the poll tax, an end to the cap on labour wages, redistribution of the Church's wealth, and the total abolition of serfdom.]]></firstSentence>
                        <twitterPreview><![CDATA[In this collection of resources, we examine the Peasants' Revolt in England in 1381, a popular uprising that sought dramatic social changes...]]></twitterPreview>
                        <blueskyPreview><![CDATA[In this collection of resources, we examine the Peasants' Revolt in England in 1381, a popular uprising that sought dramatic social changes such as the removal of the poll tax, an end to the cap on labour wages, redistribution of the Church's wealth, and... https://whe.to/ci/9-333-en/]]></blueskyPreview>
                        <description><![CDATA[In this collection of resources, we examine the Peasants' Revolt in England in 1381, a popular uprising that sought dramatic social changes such as the removal of the poll tax, an end to the cap on labour wages, redistribution of the Church's wealth, and the total abolition of serfdom. Although the rebellion was quashed, some of these demands were met by the reigning monarch, Richard II of England. The collection provides the context and deeper causes of the revolt, such as the Hundred Years' War, the Black Death, the structure of medieval society, and the role of the medieval Church.]]></description>
                        <image><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/15424.png]]></image>
                        <imageUncropped><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1500x1500/15424.png?v=1791778329-1773124275-26gav724]]></imageUncropped>
                        <video><![CDATA[]]></video>
                        <hashtags><![CDATA[#Peasants'Revolt #MedievalEngland #PeasantUprising #Peasantry #SocialChange #Uprising #WatTyler]]></hashtags>
                        <hashtagsCSV><![CDATA[#Peasants'Revolt,#MedievalEngland,#PeasantUprising,#Peasantry,#SocialChange,#Uprising,#WatTyler]]></hashtagsCSV>
                        <regions><![CDATA[NorthernEurope]]></regions>
                        <subjects><![CDATA[StatesCultures,DailyLife]]></subjects>
                        <periods><![CDATA[Medieval]]></periods>
                        <section><![CDATA[]]></section>
                        <rating><![CDATA[]]></rating>
                        <ratingstars><![CDATA[]]></ratingstars>
                        <type><![CDATA[Collection]]></type>
                        <category><![CDATA[lang_en]]></category>
                        <shortUrl><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/9-333-en/]]></shortUrl>
                        <slug><![CDATA[englands-peasant-uprising-of-1381]]></slug>
                    </item>    
                    <item>
                        <title><![CDATA[Dialogue of Pessimism: Meaning of Life or Satire?]]></title>
                        <link><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2162/dialogue-of-pessimism/]]></link>
                        <link_long><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2162/dialogue-of-pessimism/]]></link_long>
                        <link_short><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/2-2162-en/]]></link_short>
                        <guid>2-2162</guid>
                        <pubDate>Thu, 01 Oct 2026 09:09:24 +0000</pubDate>
                        <author><![CDATA[Joshua J. Mark]]></author>
                        <translator><![CDATA[]]></translator>
                        <media:content url="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/2267.jpg">
                                <media:caption><![CDATA[Clay Mask from the Old Babylonian Era]]></media:caption>
                                <media:credit><![CDATA[Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin (Copyright)]]></media:credit>
                        </media:content>
                        <firstSentence><![CDATA[The Dialogue of Pessimism (circa 1000 BCE) is a Babylonian poem featuring a master and his slave in ten exchanges during which the master proposes an action, and the slave gives reasons for and against its pursuit.]]></firstSentence>
                        <twitterPreview><![CDATA[The Dialogue of Pessimism (circa 1000 BCE) is a Babylonian poem featuring a master and his slave in ten exchanges during which the master proposes an action, and the slave gives reasons for...]]></twitterPreview>
                        <blueskyPreview><![CDATA[The Dialogue of Pessimism (circa 1000 BCE) is a Babylonian poem featuring a master and his slave in ten exchanges during which the master proposes an action, and the slave gives reasons for and against its pursuit. https://whe.to/ci/2-2162-en/]]></blueskyPreview>
                        <description><![CDATA[The Dialogue of Pessimism (circa 1000 BCE) is a Babylonian poem featuring a master and his slave in ten exchanges during which the master proposes an action, and the slave gives reasons for and against its pursuit. The piece has been interpreted as an existential statement, satire, a theodicy, and social commentary.]]></description>
                        <image><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/2267.jpg]]></image>
                        <imageUncropped><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1500x1500/2267.jpg?v=1791046149-1675249608-jcdt48n2]]></imageUncropped>
                        <video><![CDATA[]]></video>
                        <hashtags><![CDATA[#Sumer #Script #Mesopotamia #Cuneiform]]></hashtags>
                        <hashtagsCSV><![CDATA[#Sumer,#Script,#Mesopotamia,#Cuneiform]]></hashtagsCSV>
                        <regions><![CDATA[MiddleEast]]></regions>
                        <subjects><![CDATA[PhilosophyScience,ArtArchitecture]]></subjects>
                        <periods><![CDATA[Ancient]]></periods>
                        <section><![CDATA[PrimarySources]]></section>
                        <rating><![CDATA[]]></rating>
                        <ratingstars><![CDATA[]]></ratingstars>
                        <type><![CDATA[Article]]></type>
                        <category><![CDATA[lang_en]]></category>
                        <shortUrl><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/2-2162-en/]]></shortUrl>
                        <slug><![CDATA[dialogue-of-pessimism]]></slug>
                    </item>    
                    <item>
                        <title><![CDATA[Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor: The Great Enlightened Despot]]></title>
                        <link><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/Joseph_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor/]]></link>
                        <link_long><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/Joseph_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor/]]></link_long>
                        <link_short><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/1-29094-en/]]></link_short>
                        <guid>1-29094</guid>
                        <pubDate>Wed, 30 Sep 2026 16:00:02 +0000</pubDate>
                        <author><![CDATA[Ambika Natarajan]]></author>
                        <translator><![CDATA[]]></translator>
                        <media:content url="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/22222.jpg">
                                <media:caption><![CDATA[Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor]]></media:caption>
                                <media:credit><![CDATA[Adam Ludwig d'Argent (Public Domain)]]></media:credit>
                        </media:content>
                        <firstSentence><![CDATA[Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor (1741-1790), was the son and successor of Maria Theresa (1717-1780) and Francis Stephen, aka Francis I (1708-1765), of the imperial house of the Habsburgs.]]></firstSentence>
                        <twitterPreview><![CDATA[Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor (1741-1790), was the son and successor of Maria Theresa (1717-1780) and Francis Stephen, aka Francis I (1708-1765), of the imperial house...]]></twitterPreview>
                        <blueskyPreview><![CDATA[Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor (1741-1790), was the son and successor of Maria Theresa (1717-1780) and Francis Stephen, aka Francis I (1708-1765), of the imperial house of the Habsburgs. https://whe.to/ci/1-29094-en/]]></blueskyPreview>
                        <description><![CDATA[Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor (1741-1790), was the son and successor of Maria Theresa (1717-1780) and Francis Stephen, aka Francis I (1708-1765), of the imperial house of the Habsburgs. He governed as co-ruler with his mother from 1765 to 1780 and was sole ruler of the Habsburg Empire from 1780 to 1790. A remarkable emperor, Joseph II has gone down in the annals of history as an Enlightenment reformer comparable to the monarchs Catherine II of Russia (reign 1762-1796) and Frederick II of Prussia (reign 1740-1786), both of whom received the epithet "Great."]]></description>
                        <image><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/22222.jpg]]></image>
                        <imageUncropped><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1500x1500/22222.jpg?v=1791046156-1790749259-ztzancry]]></imageUncropped>
                        <video><![CDATA[]]></video>
                        <hashtags><![CDATA[#MariaTheresa #HolyRomanEmpire #Enlightenment #HabsburgEmpire]]></hashtags>
                        <hashtagsCSV><![CDATA[#MariaTheresa,#HolyRomanEmpire,#Enlightenment,#HabsburgEmpire]]></hashtagsCSV>
                        <regions><![CDATA[NorthernEurope]]></regions>
                        <subjects><![CDATA[IndividualPeople]]></subjects>
                        <periods><![CDATA[EarlyModern]]></periods>
                        <section><![CDATA[]]></section>
                        <rating><![CDATA[]]></rating>
                        <ratingstars><![CDATA[]]></ratingstars>
                        <type><![CDATA[Definition]]></type>
                        <category><![CDATA[lang_en]]></category>
                        <shortUrl><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/1-29094-en/]]></shortUrl>
                        <slug><![CDATA[joseph-ii-holy-roman-emperor]]></slug>
                    </item>    
                    <item>
                        <title><![CDATA[Taj Mahal: Symbol of Love, Power, & Mughal Architecture]]></title>
                        <link><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/Taj_Mahal/]]></link>
                        <link_long><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/Taj_Mahal/]]></link_long>
                        <link_short><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/1-13735-en/]]></link_short>
                        <guid>1-13735</guid>
                        <pubDate>Wed, 30 Sep 2026 08:58:55 +0000</pubDate>
                        <author><![CDATA[Mark Cartwright]]></author>
                        <translator><![CDATA[]]></translator>
                        <media:content url="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/3837.jpg">
                                <media:caption><![CDATA[Taj Mahal]]></media:caption>
                                <media:credit><![CDATA[Dennis Jarvis (CC BY-SA)]]></media:credit>
                        </media:content>
                        <firstSentence><![CDATA[The Taj Mahal is a mausoleum complex in Agra, Uttar Pradesh, northern India.]]></firstSentence>
                        <twitterPreview><![CDATA[The Taj Mahal is a mausoleum complex in Agra, Uttar Pradesh, northern India.]]></twitterPreview>
                        <blueskyPreview><![CDATA[The Taj Mahal is a mausoleum complex in Agra, Uttar Pradesh, northern India. https://whe.to/ci/1-13735-en/]]></blueskyPreview>
                        <description><![CDATA[The Taj Mahal is a mausoleum complex in Agra, Uttar Pradesh, northern India. Commissioned by the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan to inter and memorialise his wife Mumtaz Mahal, the building is the finest complete example of Mughal architecture. For its perfect symmetry within a garden complex, soaring central dome, and exquisite Islamic sculpture and inscriptions rendered in gleaming white marble, the building was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1983.]]></description>
                        <image><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/3837.jpg]]></image>
                        <imageUncropped><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1500x1500/3837.jpg?v=1791046164-1790670868-uttvz2r2]]></imageUncropped>
                        <video><![CDATA[]]></video>
                        <hashtags><![CDATA[#TajMahal #India #Agra #Mausoleum #MughalArchitecture #MughalEmpire #MumtazMahal #ShahJahan #UNESCO #UttarPradesh]]></hashtags>
                        <hashtagsCSV><![CDATA[#TajMahal,#India,#Agra,#Mausoleum,#MughalArchitecture,#MughalEmpire,#MumtazMahal,#ShahJahan,#UNESCO,#UttarPradesh]]></hashtagsCSV>
                        <regions><![CDATA[SouthAsia]]></regions>
                        <subjects><![CDATA[Places,ArtArchitecture]]></subjects>
                        <periods><![CDATA[EarlyModern]]></periods>
                        <section><![CDATA[]]></section>
                        <rating><![CDATA[]]></rating>
                        <ratingstars><![CDATA[]]></ratingstars>
                        <type><![CDATA[Definition]]></type>
                        <category><![CDATA[lang_en]]></category>
                        <shortUrl><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/1-13735-en/]]></shortUrl>
                        <slug><![CDATA[taj-mahal]]></slug>
                    </item>    
                    <item>
                        <title><![CDATA[A. H. Foote's Account of the Battle of Fort Henry: Letter to His Wife on the Day of Victory]]></title>
                        <link><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2994/a-h-footes-account-of-the-battle-of-fort-henry/]]></link>
                        <link_long><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2994/a-h-footes-account-of-the-battle-of-fort-henry/]]></link_long>
                        <link_short><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/2-2994-en/]]></link_short>
                        <guid>2-2994</guid>
                        <pubDate>Tue, 29 Sep 2026 16:00:02 +0000</pubDate>
                        <author><![CDATA[Joshua J. Mark]]></author>
                        <translator><![CDATA[]]></translator>
                        <media:content url="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/22184.jpeg">
                                <media:caption><![CDATA[Union Gunboat Attack on Fort Henry]]></media:caption>
                                <media:credit><![CDATA[Unknown Artist (Public Domain)]]></media:credit>
                        </media:content>
                        <firstSentence><![CDATA[Union Flag Officer Andrew H. Foote (1806-1863) came to national attention during the American Civil War following his naval victory over Confederate land forces at the Battle of Fort Henry (6 February 1862) in a joint mission with the army under Ulysses S. Grant.]]></firstSentence>
                        <twitterPreview><![CDATA[Union Flag Officer Andrew H. Foote (1806-1863) came to national attention during the American Civil War following his naval victory over Confederate land forces at the Battle...]]></twitterPreview>
                        <blueskyPreview><![CDATA[Union Flag Officer Andrew H. Foote (1806-1863) came to national attention during the American Civil War following his naval victory over Confederate land forces at the Battle of Fort Henry (6 February 1862) in a joint mission with the army under Ulysses... https://whe.to/ci/2-2994-en/]]></blueskyPreview>
                        <description><![CDATA[Union Flag Officer Andrew H. Foote (1806-1863) came to national attention during the American Civil War following his naval victory over Confederate land forces at the Battle of Fort Henry (6 February 1862) in a joint mission with the army under Ulysses S. Grant. He continued with Grant for the Battle of Fort Donelson (11-16 February 1862) during which his fleet was badly damaged, and Foote was wounded. Still, Donelson was a Union victory, this time due to Grant. Foote won a second victory, though, at the Battle of Island Number Ten (28 February-8 April 1862) and was again hailed by the North as a national hero.]]></description>
                        <image><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/22184.jpeg]]></image>
                        <imageUncropped><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1500x1500/22184.jpeg?v=1791046160-1790546996-5rdttq7q]]></imageUncropped>
                        <video><![CDATA[]]></video>
                        <hashtags><![CDATA[#UlyssesS.Grant #AmericanCivilWar #A.H.Foote #USHistory]]></hashtags>
                        <hashtagsCSV><![CDATA[#UlyssesS.Grant,#AmericanCivilWar,#A.H.Foote,#USHistory]]></hashtagsCSV>
                        <regions><![CDATA[Americas]]></regions>
                        <subjects><![CDATA[IndividualPeople,WarfareBattles]]></subjects>
                        <periods><![CDATA[Modern]]></periods>
                        <section><![CDATA[PrimarySources]]></section>
                        <rating><![CDATA[]]></rating>
                        <ratingstars><![CDATA[]]></ratingstars>
                        <type><![CDATA[Article]]></type>
                        <category><![CDATA[lang_en]]></category>
                        <shortUrl><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/2-2994-en/]]></shortUrl>
                        <slug><![CDATA[a-h-footes-account-of-the-battle-of-fort-henry]]></slug>
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