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                    <title>World History Encyclopedia</title>
                    <link>https://www.worldhistory.org</link>
                    <description>The free online history encyclopedia with fact-checked articles, images, videos, maps, timelines and more; operated as a non-profit organization.</description>
                    <lastBuildDate>Fri, 19 Jun 2026 08:00:02 +0000</lastBuildDate>
                    <language>en</language>
                    <image>
                        <url>https://www.worldhistory.org/template/images/header/whe-logo-318x77px.png</url>
                        <title>World History Encyclopedia</title>
                        <link>https://www.worldhistory.org</link>
                    </image>    
                    <item>
                        <title><![CDATA[Rome and Persia: The Seven Hundred Year Rivalry]]></title>
                        <link><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/review/559/rome-and-persia/]]></link>
                        <link_long><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/review/559/rome-and-persia/]]></link_long>
                        <link_short><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/8-559-en/]]></link_short>
                        <guid>8-559</guid>
                        <pubDate>Fri, 19 Jun 2026 08:00:02 +0000</pubDate>
                        <author><![CDATA[Tommy Sandford]]></author>
                        <translator><![CDATA[]]></translator>
                        <media:content url="https://m.media-amazon.com/images/I/41Pj35OfHaL._SL500_.jpg" />
                        <firstSentence><![CDATA[A sweeping narrative of the two incredibly powerful neighboring empires, Adrian Goldsworthy takes his readers behind the scenes as Rome and Persia vie for control.]]></firstSentence>
                        <twitterPreview><![CDATA[A sweeping narrative of the two incredibly powerful neighboring empires, Adrian Goldsworthy takes his readers behind the scenes as Rome and Persia vie...]]></twitterPreview>
                        <blueskyPreview><![CDATA[A sweeping narrative of the two incredibly powerful neighboring empires, Adrian Goldsworthy takes his readers behind the scenes as Rome and Persia vie for control. https://whe.to/ci/8-559-en/]]></blueskyPreview>
                        <description><![CDATA[A sweeping narrative of the two incredibly powerful neighboring empires, Adrian Goldsworthy takes his readers behind the scenes as Rome and Persia vie for control. The book covers the period between roughly 100 BCE and 700 CE and traces the contact and conflict between its two subject states. Drawing on sources from both empires with as much evenness as the records allow, Goldsworthy does a tremendous job impartially demonstrating his respect for this period in history.]]></description>
                        <image><![CDATA[https://m.media-amazon.com/images/I/41Pj35OfHaL._SL500_.jpg]]></image>
                        <imageUncropped><![CDATA[]]></imageUncropped>
                        <video><![CDATA[]]></video>
                        <hashtags><![CDATA[#RomanEmpire #AlexanderTheGreat #ComparativeHistory #PersianEmpire #Rivalries]]></hashtags>
                        <hashtagsCSV><![CDATA[#RomanEmpire,#AlexanderTheGreat,#ComparativeHistory,#PersianEmpire,#Rivalries]]></hashtagsCSV>
                        <regions><![CDATA[MiddleEast,Mediterranean]]></regions>
                        <subjects><![CDATA[StatesCultures,WarfareBattles,TimePeriod]]></subjects>
                        <periods><![CDATA[Ancient]]></periods>
                        <section><![CDATA[]]></section>
                        <rating><![CDATA[4]]></rating>
                        <ratingstars><![CDATA[★★★★☆]]></ratingstars>
                        <type><![CDATA[Book Review]]></type>
                        <category><![CDATA[lang_en]]></category>
                        <shortUrl><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/8-559-en/]]></shortUrl>
                        <slug><![CDATA[rome-and-persia]]></slug>
                    </item>    
                    <item>
                        <title><![CDATA[Hymn to Nisaba: A Praise Song for the Sumerian Goddess of Writing]]></title>
                        <link><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2103/hymn-to-nisaba/]]></link>
                        <link_long><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2103/hymn-to-nisaba/]]></link_long>
                        <link_short><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/2-2103-en/]]></link_short>
                        <guid>2-2103</guid>
                        <pubDate>Thu, 18 Jun 2026 16:00:02 +0000</pubDate>
                        <author><![CDATA[Joshua J. Mark]]></author>
                        <translator><![CDATA[]]></translator>
                        <media:content url="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/4854.jpg" />
                        <firstSentence><![CDATA[The Hymn to Nisaba (circa 3rd millennium BCE) is a poem praising Nisaba, the Sumerian goddess of writing and accounts who also served as scribe of the gods.]]></firstSentence>
                        <twitterPreview><![CDATA[The act of writing seems to have been the primary form of worship for Nisaba. It is most likely the hymn to her was sung in one of her sanctuaries, which were attached to libraries and scribal houses.]]></twitterPreview>
                        <blueskyPreview><![CDATA[The act of writing seems to have been the primary form of worship for Nisaba. It is most likely the hymn to her was sung in one of her sanctuaries, which were attached to libraries and scribal houses.]]></blueskyPreview>
                        <description><![CDATA[The Hymn to Nisaba is a devotional piece, which names the attributes of the deity while giving thanks for the gifts they give to humanity.  Nisaba was the spark of inspiration that allowed a scribe to create any written work, and the act of writing seems to have been the primary form of worship for Nisaba. It is most likely that the hymn to her was sung in one of her sanctuaries, which were attached to libraries and scribal houses.]]></description>
                        <image><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/4854.jpg]]></image>
                        <imageUncropped><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1500x1500/4854.jpg?v=1777775544]]></imageUncropped>
                        <video><![CDATA[]]></video>
                        <hashtags><![CDATA[#Writing #Sumer #Seshat #Nisaba #Ninhursag #Accounts]]></hashtags>
                        <hashtagsCSV><![CDATA[#Writing,#Sumer,#Seshat,#Nisaba,#Ninhursag,#Accounts]]></hashtagsCSV>
                        <regions><![CDATA[MiddleEast]]></regions>
                        <subjects><![CDATA[ReligionMythology,ArtArchitecture]]></subjects>
                        <periods><![CDATA[Ancient]]></periods>
                        <section><![CDATA[PrimarySource]]></section>
                        <rating><![CDATA[]]></rating>
                        <ratingstars><![CDATA[]]></ratingstars>
                        <type><![CDATA[Article]]></type>
                        <category><![CDATA[lang_en]]></category>
                        <shortUrl><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/2-2103-en/]]></shortUrl>
                        <slug><![CDATA[hymn-to-nisaba]]></slug>
                    </item>    
                    <item>
                        <title><![CDATA[Tehran Conference: The Debate on How the Allies Should Win WWII]]></title>
                        <link><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/Tehran_Conference/]]></link>
                        <link_long><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/Tehran_Conference/]]></link_long>
                        <link_short><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/1-26480-en/]]></link_short>
                        <guid>1-26480</guid>
                        <pubDate>Thu, 18 Jun 2026 08:56:56 +0000</pubDate>
                        <author><![CDATA[Mark Cartwright]]></author>
                        <translator><![CDATA[]]></translator>
                        <media:content url="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/21880.png" />
                        <firstSentence><![CDATA[The Tehran Conference, code-named Eureka, was a meeting, in November-December 1943, of 'the Big Three' Allied leaders: Roosevelt, Stalin, and Churchill.]]></firstSentence>
                        <twitterPreview><![CDATA[The Tehran Conference, code-named Eureka, was a meeting, in November-December 1943, of 'the Big Three' Allied leaders...]]></twitterPreview>
                        <blueskyPreview><![CDATA[The Tehran Conference, code-named Eureka, was a meeting, in November-December 1943, of 'the Big Three' Allied leaders: Roosevelt, Stalin, and Churchill. https://whe.to/ci/1-26480-en/]]></blueskyPreview>
                        <description><![CDATA[The Tehran Conference, code-named Eureka, was a meeting, in November-December 1943, of 'the Big Three' Allied leaders: Roosevelt, Stalin, and Churchill. The conference in Iran aimed to decide how the Second World War (1939-45) against Germany and Japan should proceed militarily, when an invasion of Western Europe would be conducted, and who would control what in Central and Eastern Europe after victory was achieved.]]></description>
                        <image><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/21880.png]]></image>
                        <imageUncropped><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1500x1500/21880.png?v=1781688698-1781688990]]></imageUncropped>
                        <video><![CDATA[]]></video>
                        <hashtags><![CDATA[#YaltaConference #TehranConference #PotsdamConference #Allies #JosephStalin #SecondWorldWar #WinstonChurchill #WWII]]></hashtags>
                        <hashtagsCSV><![CDATA[#YaltaConference,#TehranConference,#PotsdamConference,#Allies,#JosephStalin,#SecondWorldWar,#WinstonChurchill,#WWII]]></hashtagsCSV>
                        <regions><![CDATA[Americas,NorthernEurope]]></regions>
                        <subjects><![CDATA[StatesCultures]]></subjects>
                        <periods><![CDATA[Modern]]></periods>
                        <section><![CDATA[]]></section>
                        <rating><![CDATA[]]></rating>
                        <ratingstars><![CDATA[]]></ratingstars>
                        <type><![CDATA[Definition]]></type>
                        <category><![CDATA[lang_en]]></category>
                        <shortUrl><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/1-26480-en/]]></shortUrl>
                        <slug><![CDATA[tehran-conference]]></slug>
                    </item>    
                    <item>
                        <title><![CDATA[Nisaba: Sumerian Goddess of Writing and Scribe of the Gods]]></title>
                        <link><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/Nisaba/]]></link>
                        <link_long><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/Nisaba/]]></link_long>
                        <link_short><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/1-15618-en/]]></link_short>
                        <guid>1-15618</guid>
                        <pubDate>Wed, 17 Jun 2026 15:53:12 +0000</pubDate>
                        <author><![CDATA[Joshua J. Mark]]></author>
                        <translator><![CDATA[]]></translator>
                        <media:content url="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/3093.jpg" />
                        <firstSentence><![CDATA[Nisaba (also Naga, Se-Naga, Nissaba, Nidaba, and associated with Nanibgal) is the Sumerian goddess of writing, accounts, and scribe of the gods.]]></firstSentence>
                        <twitterPreview><![CDATA[Nisaba, formerly goddess of grain, became associated with writing as records were made regarding grain transactions. ]]></twitterPreview>
                        <blueskyPreview><![CDATA[Nisaba, formerly goddess of grain, became associated with writing as records were made regarding grain transactions. ]]></blueskyPreview>
                        <description><![CDATA[Nisaba, formerly goddess of grain, became associated with writing as records were made regarding grain transactions. As the great lady who made the grain grow, she also oversaw the accounts of where it was distributed and how. Writing developed as trade grew until Nisaba was synonymous with the concept of writing. ]]></description>
                        <image><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/3093.jpg]]></image>
                        <imageUncropped><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1500x1500/3093.jpg?v=1777775547]]></imageUncropped>
                        <video><![CDATA[]]></video>
                        <hashtags><![CDATA[#Writing #Sumerians #Nisaba #Nanshe #Nabu #Mesopotamia #Literature #Cuneiform #HymnToNisaba]]></hashtags>
                        <hashtagsCSV><![CDATA[#Writing,#Sumerians,#Nisaba,#Nanshe,#Nabu,#Mesopotamia,#Literature,#Cuneiform,#HymnToNisaba]]></hashtagsCSV>
                        <regions><![CDATA[MiddleEast]]></regions>
                        <subjects><![CDATA[ReligionMythology]]></subjects>
                        <periods><![CDATA[Ancient]]></periods>
                        <section><![CDATA[]]></section>
                        <rating><![CDATA[]]></rating>
                        <ratingstars><![CDATA[]]></ratingstars>
                        <type><![CDATA[Definition]]></type>
                        <category><![CDATA[lang_en]]></category>
                        <shortUrl><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/1-15618-en/]]></shortUrl>
                        <slug><![CDATA[nisaba]]></slug>
                    </item>    
                    <item>
                        <title><![CDATA[The Great Game: Britain and Russia's Imperial Rivalry]]></title>
                        <link><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/The_Great_Game/]]></link>
                        <link_long><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/The_Great_Game/]]></link_long>
                        <link_short><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/1-26472-en/]]></link_short>
                        <guid>1-26472</guid>
                        <pubDate>Wed, 17 Jun 2026 09:00:47 +0000</pubDate>
                        <author><![CDATA[Mark Cartwright]]></author>
                        <translator><![CDATA[]]></translator>
                        <media:content url="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/16881.png" />
                        <firstSentence><![CDATA[The Great Game describes the rivalry between the British and Russian empires through the 19th century.]]></firstSentence>
                        <twitterPreview><![CDATA[The Great Game, referring to the relations between the British and Russian empires and their efforts to undermine each other, had been just that, a mere game for overly imaginative imperialists. ]]></twitterPreview>
                        <blueskyPreview><![CDATA[The Great Game, referring to the relations between the British and Russian empires and their efforts to undermine each other, had been just that, a mere game for overly imaginative imperialists. ]]></blueskyPreview>
                        <description><![CDATA[The term ‘Great Game’ was coined in the 19th century by Arthur Connolly, a British officer and explorer, but became more widely used following its appearance in the 1901 novel Kim by Rudyard Kipling (1865-1936). The term refers to the relations between the British and Russian empires and their efforts to undermine each other and their respective alliances.]]></description>
                        <image><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/16881.png]]></image>
                        <imageUncropped><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1500x1500/16881.png?v=1673542058-1673542090]]></imageUncropped>
                        <video><![CDATA[]]></video>
                        <hashtags><![CDATA[#TheGreatGame #Afghanistan #BritishEmpire #Imperialism #North-WestFrontier #RussianEmpire]]></hashtags>
                        <hashtagsCSV><![CDATA[#TheGreatGame,#Afghanistan,#BritishEmpire,#Imperialism,#North-WestFrontier,#RussianEmpire]]></hashtagsCSV>
                        <regions><![CDATA[NorthernEurope,SouthAsia]]></regions>
                        <subjects><![CDATA[StatesCultures]]></subjects>
                        <periods><![CDATA[Modern]]></periods>
                        <section><![CDATA[]]></section>
                        <rating><![CDATA[]]></rating>
                        <ratingstars><![CDATA[]]></ratingstars>
                        <type><![CDATA[Definition]]></type>
                        <category><![CDATA[lang_en]]></category>
                        <shortUrl><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/1-26472-en/]]></shortUrl>
                        <slug><![CDATA[the-great-game]]></slug>
                    </item>    
                    <item>
                        <title><![CDATA[Capitalism: A Global History]]></title>
                        <link><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/review/560/capitalism-a-global-history/]]></link>
                        <link_long><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/review/560/capitalism-a-global-history/]]></link_long>
                        <link_short><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/8-560-en/]]></link_short>
                        <guid>8-560</guid>
                        <pubDate>Wed, 17 Jun 2026 08:00:01 +0000</pubDate>
                        <author><![CDATA[Shankar Chaudhuri]]></author>
                        <translator><![CDATA[]]></translator>
                        <media:content url="https://m.media-amazon.com/images/I/31nMnZiKMyL._SL500_.jpg" />
                        <firstSentence><![CDATA[In this sweeping work, Sven Beckert demonstrates that far from being a European-centric system, capitalism had a global origin.]]></firstSentence>
                        <twitterPreview><![CDATA[In this sweeping work, Sven Beckert demonstrates that far from being a European-centric system, capitalism had a global origin.]]></twitterPreview>
                        <blueskyPreview><![CDATA[In this sweeping work, Sven Beckert demonstrates that far from being a European-centric system, capitalism had a global origin. https://whe.to/ci/8-560-en/]]></blueskyPreview>
                        <description><![CDATA[In this sweeping work, Sven Beckert demonstrates that far from being a European-centric system, capitalism had a global origin. Capitalism, the author demonstrates, connected distant places and evolved through a combination of state power, warfare, and coercion. He defines capitalism as an “economic logic in which privately owned capital is invested with the primary goal of producing more capital.”]]></description>
                        <image><![CDATA[https://m.media-amazon.com/images/I/31nMnZiKMyL._SL500_.jpg]]></image>
                        <imageUncropped><![CDATA[]]></imageUncropped>
                        <video><![CDATA[]]></video>
                        <hashtags><![CDATA[#Capitalism #Colonialism #GlobalHistory #Merchant #WorldHistory]]></hashtags>
                        <hashtagsCSV><![CDATA[#Capitalism,#Colonialism,#GlobalHistory,#Merchant,#WorldHistory]]></hashtagsCSV>
                        <regions><![CDATA[]]></regions>
                        <subjects><![CDATA[StatesCultures,PhilosophyScience,Places]]></subjects>
                        <periods><![CDATA[]]></periods>
                        <section><![CDATA[]]></section>
                        <rating><![CDATA[5]]></rating>
                        <ratingstars><![CDATA[★★★★★]]></ratingstars>
                        <type><![CDATA[Book Review]]></type>
                        <category><![CDATA[lang_en]]></category>
                        <shortUrl><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/8-560-en/]]></shortUrl>
                        <slug><![CDATA[capitalism-a-global-history]]></slug>
                    </item>    
                    <item>
                        <title><![CDATA[First Intermediate Period of Egypt: Era of Transformation]]></title>
                        <link><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/First_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt/]]></link>
                        <link_long><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/First_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt/]]></link_long>
                        <link_short><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/1-15056-en/]]></link_short>
                        <guid>1-15056</guid>
                        <pubDate>Tue, 16 Jun 2026 08:57:28 +0000</pubDate>
                        <author><![CDATA[Joshua J. Mark]]></author>
                        <translator><![CDATA[]]></translator>
                        <media:content url="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/5746.jpg" />
                        <firstSentence><![CDATA[The First Intermediate Period of Egypt (2181-2040 BCE) is the era that followed the Old Kingdom (circa 2613-2181 BCE) and preceded the Middle Kingdom (2040-1782 BCE) periods of Egyptian history.]]></firstSentence>
                        <twitterPreview><![CDATA[The First Intermediate Period of Egypt is mainly characterized by an increase in the power of provincial administrators of separate regions and a decrease in that of the central government at Memphis.]]></twitterPreview>
                        <blueskyPreview><![CDATA[The First Intermediate Period of Egypt is mainly characterized by an increase in the power of provincial administrators of separate regions and a decrease in that of the central government at Memphis.]]></blueskyPreview>
                        <description><![CDATA[This rise of the priesthood, coupled with other factors such as the lack of a successor for the long-lived Pepi II and a severe drought, brought about the collapse of the political structure of the Old Kingdom and moved Egypt into the First Intermediate Period, but this should not be seen as a 'dark age' or an era of chaos. It was a period of change for Egypt, and when that change was assimilated into the culture, the country emerged into the era of the Middle Kingdom and went on. The lack of reliable records, especially for the 7th and 8th Dynasties, contributes to the reputation of the era as a 'dark age,' as does the quality of the art and architecture produced. The great monuments of the Old Kingdom of Egypt on the scale of the pyramids at Giza were no longer built in the First Intermediate Period because there was no powerful central ruler to commission and pay for them and no bureaucracy to organize the sizeable labor force.]]></description>
                        <image><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/5746.jpg]]></image>
                        <imageUncropped><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1500x1500/5746.jpg?v=1776153909]]></imageUncropped>
                        <video><![CDATA[]]></video>
                        <hashtags><![CDATA[#Thebes(Egypt) #Karnak #Egypt]]></hashtags>
                        <hashtagsCSV><![CDATA[#Thebes(Egypt),#Karnak,#Egypt]]></hashtagsCSV>
                        <regions><![CDATA[Africa,Mediterranean]]></regions>
                        <subjects><![CDATA[StatesCultures,TimePeriod]]></subjects>
                        <periods><![CDATA[Ancient]]></periods>
                        <section><![CDATA[]]></section>
                        <rating><![CDATA[]]></rating>
                        <ratingstars><![CDATA[]]></ratingstars>
                        <type><![CDATA[Definition]]></type>
                        <category><![CDATA[lang_en]]></category>
                        <shortUrl><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/1-15056-en/]]></shortUrl>
                        <slug><![CDATA[first-intermediate-period-of-egypt]]></slug>
                    </item>    
                    <item>
                        <title><![CDATA[Nanshe: The Selfless Sumerian Goddess of Social Justice]]></title>
                        <link><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/Nanshe/]]></link>
                        <link_long><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/Nanshe/]]></link_long>
                        <link_short><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/1-15680-en/]]></link_short>
                        <guid>1-15680</guid>
                        <pubDate>Mon, 15 Jun 2026 09:02:21 +0000</pubDate>
                        <author><![CDATA[Joshua J. Mark]]></author>
                        <translator><![CDATA[]]></translator>
                        <media:content url="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/2861.jpg" />
                        <firstSentence><![CDATA[Nanshe (also known as Nanse, Nazi) is the Sumerian goddess of social justice and divination, whose popularity eventually transcended her original boundaries of southern Mesopotamia toward all points throughout the region in the 3rd millennium BCE.]]></firstSentence>
                        <twitterPreview><![CDATA[Nanshe (also known as Nanse, Nazi) is the Sumerian goddess of social justice and divination, whose popularity eventually transcended her original boundaries of southern Mesopotamia toward all points...]]></twitterPreview>
                        <blueskyPreview><![CDATA[Nanshe (also known as Nanse, Nazi) is the Sumerian goddess of social justice and divination, whose popularity eventually transcended her original boundaries of southern Mesopotamia toward all points throughout the region in the 3rd millennium BCE. https://whe.to/ci/1-15680-en/]]></blueskyPreview>
                        <description><![CDATA[Nanshe (also known as Nanse, Nazi) is the Sumerian goddess of social justice and divination, whose popularity eventually transcended her original boundaries of southern Mesopotamia toward all points throughout the region in the 3rd millennium BCE. She became one of the most popular deities of the Mesopotamian pantheon for her selfless devotion to the good of humanity. She watched over orphans and widows, oversaw fairness, fresh water, birds and fish, fertility, and favored prophets, giving them the ability to interpret dreams accurately. She was also known as the "Lady of the Storerooms" and, in this capacity, made sure that weights and measures were correct. It was originally in this role, connected to commerce, that her popularity grew.]]></description>
                        <image><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/2861.jpg]]></image>
                        <imageUncropped><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1500x1500/2861.jpg?v=1765340735]]></imageUncropped>
                        <video><![CDATA[]]></video>
                        <hashtags><![CDATA[#Utu-Shamash #Nanshe #Inanna #Enki]]></hashtags>
                        <hashtagsCSV><![CDATA[#Utu-Shamash,#Nanshe,#Inanna,#Enki]]></hashtagsCSV>
                        <regions><![CDATA[MiddleEast]]></regions>
                        <subjects><![CDATA[StatesCultures,ReligionMythology,ArtArchitecture]]></subjects>
                        <periods><![CDATA[Ancient]]></periods>
                        <section><![CDATA[]]></section>
                        <rating><![CDATA[]]></rating>
                        <ratingstars><![CDATA[]]></ratingstars>
                        <type><![CDATA[Definition]]></type>
                        <category><![CDATA[lang_en]]></category>
                        <shortUrl><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/1-15680-en/]]></shortUrl>
                        <slug><![CDATA[nanshe]]></slug>
                    </item>    
                    <item>
                        <title><![CDATA[Old Kingdom of Egypt: The Age of the Pyramids]]></title>
                        <link><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt/]]></link>
                        <link_long><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt/]]></link_long>
                        <link_short><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/1-15055-en/]]></link_short>
                        <guid>1-15055</guid>
                        <pubDate>Fri, 12 Jun 2026 16:00:12 +0000</pubDate>
                        <author><![CDATA[Joshua J. Mark]]></author>
                        <translator><![CDATA[]]></translator>
                        <media:content url="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/346.jpg" />
                        <firstSentence><![CDATA[The Old Kingdom of Egypt (circa 2613-2181 BCE) is also known as the "Age of the Pyramids" or "Age of the Pyramid Builders" as it includes the great 4th Dynasty when King Sneferu perfected the art of pyramid building and the pyramids of Giza were constructed under the kings Khufu, Khafre, and Menkaure.]]></firstSentence>
                        <twitterPreview><![CDATA[The Old Kingdom of Egypt (circa 2613-2181 BCE) is also known as the "Age of the Pyramids" or "Age of the Pyramid Builders" as it includes the great 4th Dynasty when King Sneferu perfected...]]></twitterPreview>
                        <blueskyPreview><![CDATA[The Old Kingdom of Egypt (circa 2613-2181 BCE) is also known as the "Age of the Pyramids" or "Age of the Pyramid Builders" as it includes the great 4th Dynasty when King Sneferu perfected the art of pyramid building and the pyramids of Giza were constructed... https://whe.to/ci/1-15055-en/]]></blueskyPreview>
                        <description><![CDATA[The Old Kingdom of Egypt (circa 2613-2181 BCE) is also known as the "Age of the Pyramids" or "Age of the Pyramid Builders" as it includes the great 4th Dynasty when King Sneferu perfected the art of pyramid building and the pyramids of Giza were constructed under the kings Khufu, Khafre, and Menkaure.]]></description>
                        <image><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/346.jpg]]></image>
                        <imageUncropped><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1500x1500/346.jpg?v=1776689306]]></imageUncropped>
                        <video><![CDATA[]]></video>
                        <hashtags><![CDATA[#Pyramid #Pharaoh #Nitocris #Giza #Egypt #Djoser]]></hashtags>
                        <hashtagsCSV><![CDATA[#Pyramid,#Pharaoh,#Nitocris,#Giza,#Egypt,#Djoser]]></hashtagsCSV>
                        <regions><![CDATA[Africa,Mediterranean]]></regions>
                        <subjects><![CDATA[StatesCultures,TimePeriod]]></subjects>
                        <periods><![CDATA[Ancient]]></periods>
                        <section><![CDATA[]]></section>
                        <rating><![CDATA[]]></rating>
                        <ratingstars><![CDATA[]]></ratingstars>
                        <type><![CDATA[Definition]]></type>
                        <category><![CDATA[lang_en]]></category>
                        <shortUrl><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/1-15055-en/]]></shortUrl>
                        <slug><![CDATA[old-kingdom-of-egypt]]></slug>
                    </item>    
                    <item>
                        <title><![CDATA[Scramble for Africa: How European Empires Took Over a Continent]]></title>
                        <link><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/Scramble_for_Africa/]]></link>
                        <link_long><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/Scramble_for_Africa/]]></link_long>
                        <link_short><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/1-23319-en/]]></link_short>
                        <guid>1-23319</guid>
                        <pubDate>Fri, 12 Jun 2026 09:03:25 +0000</pubDate>
                        <author><![CDATA[Mark Cartwright]]></author>
                        <translator><![CDATA[]]></translator>
                        <media:content url="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/19247.png" />
                        <firstSentence><![CDATA[The Scramble for Africa describes the competition between European imperial powers to first control trade and then territory in Africa in the final two decades of the 19th century.]]></firstSentence>
                        <twitterPreview><![CDATA[As a result of the Scramble for Africa, by the early 20th century, only two African states were free from some sort of European control.]]></twitterPreview>
                        <blueskyPreview><![CDATA[As a result of the Scramble for Africa, by the early 20th century, only two African states were free from some sort of European control.]]></blueskyPreview>
                        <description><![CDATA[The result of the Scramble for Africa was a continent partitioned on the map by a cartographer’s ruler, but with a physical reality of damaging divisions between local peoples and traditional trade networks. Natural resources and indigenous peoples were ruthlessly exploited for profit. By the early 20th century, only two African states were free from some sort of European control.]]></description>
                        <image><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/19247.png]]></image>
                        <imageUncropped><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1500x1500/19247.png?v=1760720285-1760682525]]></imageUncropped>
                        <video><![CDATA[]]></video>
                        <hashtags><![CDATA[#ScrambleForAfrica #Empire #Africa #Colonisation #Imperialism]]></hashtags>
                        <hashtagsCSV><![CDATA[#ScrambleForAfrica,#Empire,#Africa,#Colonisation,#Imperialism]]></hashtagsCSV>
                        <regions><![CDATA[Africa]]></regions>
                        <subjects><![CDATA[StatesCultures,WarfareBattles]]></subjects>
                        <periods><![CDATA[Modern]]></periods>
                        <section><![CDATA[]]></section>
                        <rating><![CDATA[]]></rating>
                        <ratingstars><![CDATA[]]></ratingstars>
                        <type><![CDATA[Definition]]></type>
                        <category><![CDATA[lang_en]]></category>
                        <shortUrl><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/1-23319-en/]]></shortUrl>
                        <slug><![CDATA[scramble-for-africa]]></slug>
                    </item>    
                    <item>
                        <title><![CDATA[Assassination of Abraham Lincoln]]></title>
                        <link><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2940/assassination-of-abraham-lincoln/]]></link>
                        <link_long><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2940/assassination-of-abraham-lincoln/]]></link_long>
                        <link_short><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/2-2940-en/]]></link_short>
                        <guid>2-2940</guid>
                        <pubDate>Thu, 11 Jun 2026 16:00:02 +0000</pubDate>
                        <author><![CDATA[Harrison W. Mark]]></author>
                        <translator><![CDATA[]]></translator>
                        <media:content url="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/21206.jpg" />
                        <firstSentence><![CDATA[On the evening of 14 April 1865, US President Abraham Lincoln was shot in the back of the head by John Wilkes Booth, while attending a play at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C. He died the next morning.]]></firstSentence>
                        <twitterPreview><![CDATA[On the evening of 14 April 1865, US President Abraham Lincoln was shot in the back of the head by John Wilkes Booth, while attending a play...]]></twitterPreview>
                        <blueskyPreview><![CDATA[On the evening of 14 April 1865, US President Abraham Lincoln was shot in the back of the head by John Wilkes Booth, while attending a play at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C. He died the next morning. https://whe.to/ci/2-2940-en/]]></blueskyPreview>
                        <description><![CDATA[On the night of 14 April 1865, President Abraham Lincoln was assassinated, on the eve of his greatest triumph. Having seen the nation through the bloodshed of the American Civil War, Lincoln had been preparing to continue his work through Reconstruction. John Wilkes Booth - an actor and Confederate sympathizer - vowed not to let that happen. Discover the story of Lincoln's last day, as well as the actions of the man who killed him. ]]></description>
                        <image><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/21206.jpg]]></image>
                        <imageUncropped><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1500x1500/21206.jpg?v=1761539977-1761540000]]></imageUncropped>
                        <video><![CDATA[]]></video>
                        <hashtags><![CDATA[#JohnWilkesBooth #AmericanCivilWar #AbrahamLincoln #Assassination #Reconstruction #USHistory]]></hashtags>
                        <hashtagsCSV><![CDATA[#JohnWilkesBooth,#AmericanCivilWar,#AbrahamLincoln,#Assassination,#Reconstruction,#USHistory]]></hashtagsCSV>
                        <regions><![CDATA[Americas]]></regions>
                        <subjects><![CDATA[StatesCultures,IndividualPeople]]></subjects>
                        <periods><![CDATA[Modern]]></periods>
                        <section><![CDATA[]]></section>
                        <rating><![CDATA[]]></rating>
                        <ratingstars><![CDATA[]]></ratingstars>
                        <type><![CDATA[Article]]></type>
                        <category><![CDATA[lang_en]]></category>
                        <shortUrl><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/2-2940-en/]]></shortUrl>
                        <slug><![CDATA[assassination-of-abraham-lincoln]]></slug>
                    </item>    
                    <item>
                        <title><![CDATA[Second Intermediate Period of Egypt: The Era of the Hyksos]]></title>
                        <link><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/Second_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt/]]></link>
                        <link_long><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/Second_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt/]]></link_long>
                        <link_short><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/1-15058-en/]]></link_short>
                        <guid>1-15058</guid>
                        <pubDate>Thu, 11 Jun 2026 09:00:30 +0000</pubDate>
                        <author><![CDATA[Joshua J. Mark]]></author>
                        <translator><![CDATA[]]></translator>
                        <media:content url="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/5382.jpg" />
                        <firstSentence><![CDATA[The Second Intermediate Period (circa 1782 to circa 1570 BCE) is the era following the Middle Kingdom of Egypt (2040-1782 BCE) and preceding the New Kingdom (circa 1570-1069 BCE).]]></firstSentence>
                        <twitterPreview><![CDATA[The Second Intermediate Period of Egypt was a time of disunity, and records of the time are confused or missing, but it was not as dark a time as later Egyptian scribes claimed.]]></twitterPreview>
                        <blueskyPreview><![CDATA[The Second Intermediate Period of Egypt was a time of disunity, and records of the time are confused or missing, but it was not as dark a time as later Egyptian scribes claimed.]]></blueskyPreview>
                        <description><![CDATA[The Second Intermediate Period is marked by a divided Egypt with the people known as the Hyksos holding power in the north, Egyptian rule at Thebes in the center of the country, and Nubians ruling in the south. As with the First Intermediate Period of Egypt, this time is traditionally characterized as chaotic, lacking in cultural advancements, and lawless, but as with that earlier period, this claim has been discredited. The Second Intermediate Period of Egypt was a time of disunity, and records of the time are confused or missing, but it was not as dark a time as later Egyptian scribes claimed.]]></description>
                        <image><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/5382.jpg]]></image>
                        <imageUncropped><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1500x1500/5382.jpg?v=1781374148-1781168559]]></imageUncropped>
                        <video><![CDATA[]]></video>
                        <hashtags><![CDATA[#Thebes(Egypt) #TheWestcarPapyrus #Pharaoh #Hyksos #EgyptianWarfare #EgyptianEmpire #EgyptianCulture #Egypt]]></hashtags>
                        <hashtagsCSV><![CDATA[#Thebes(Egypt),#TheWestcarPapyrus,#Pharaoh,#Hyksos,#EgyptianWarfare,#EgyptianEmpire,#EgyptianCulture,#Egypt]]></hashtagsCSV>
                        <regions><![CDATA[Africa,Mediterranean]]></regions>
                        <subjects><![CDATA[StatesCultures,TimePeriod]]></subjects>
                        <periods><![CDATA[Ancient]]></periods>
                        <section><![CDATA[]]></section>
                        <rating><![CDATA[]]></rating>
                        <ratingstars><![CDATA[]]></ratingstars>
                        <type><![CDATA[Definition]]></type>
                        <category><![CDATA[lang_en]]></category>
                        <shortUrl><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/1-15058-en/]]></shortUrl>
                        <slug><![CDATA[second-intermediate-period-of-egypt]]></slug>
                    </item>    
                    <item>
                        <title><![CDATA[Ivory & the Colonization of Africa]]></title>
                        <link><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2941/ivory--the-colonization-of-africa/]]></link>
                        <link_long><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2941/ivory--the-colonization-of-africa/]]></link_long>
                        <link_short><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/2-2941-en/]]></link_short>
                        <guid>2-2941</guid>
                        <pubDate>Wed, 10 Jun 2026 15:58:44 +0000</pubDate>
                        <author><![CDATA[Mark Cartwright]]></author>
                        <translator><![CDATA[]]></translator>
                        <media:content url="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/21872.png" />
                        <firstSentence><![CDATA[European colonising powers sought to exploit Africa's resources from the 15th century onwards.]]></firstSentence>
                        <twitterPreview><![CDATA[European colonising powers sought to exploit Africa's resources from the 15th century onwards.]]></twitterPreview>
                        <blueskyPreview><![CDATA[European colonising powers sought to exploit Africa's resources from the 15th century onwards. https://whe.to/ci/2-2941-en/]]></blueskyPreview>
                        <description><![CDATA[European colonising powers sought to exploit Africa's resources from the 15th century onwards. Arab traders had been doing the same in North Africa and East Africa through the Middle Ages, but it was from the 17th century that European traders began to penetrate deep into the interior in search of high-value goods. Traders, often alerted by the work of explorers and missionaries, were interested in anything that could be sold, such as gold, palm oil, rubber, and slaves. One of the most valuable commodities was ivory, in great demand in India for jewellery and in Europe in the 18th century for everything from decorative boxes to piano keys to billiard balls. The consequences of this lucrative trade included cultural upheaval, the construction of transport systems, wars, colonisation, and the death of tens of thousands of elephants each year.]]></description>
                        <image><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/21872.png]]></image>
                        <imageUncropped><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1500x1500/21872.png?v=1781030187-1781030244]]></imageUncropped>
                        <video><![CDATA[]]></video>
                        <hashtags><![CDATA[#Africa #Colonization #Imperialism #Ivory #Trade]]></hashtags>
                        <hashtagsCSV><![CDATA[#Africa,#Colonization,#Imperialism,#Ivory,#Trade]]></hashtagsCSV>
                        <regions><![CDATA[Africa]]></regions>
                        <subjects><![CDATA[StatesCultures]]></subjects>
                        <periods><![CDATA[Modern]]></periods>
                        <section><![CDATA[]]></section>
                        <rating><![CDATA[]]></rating>
                        <ratingstars><![CDATA[]]></ratingstars>
                        <type><![CDATA[Article]]></type>
                        <category><![CDATA[lang_en]]></category>
                        <shortUrl><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/2-2941-en/]]></shortUrl>
                        <slug><![CDATA[ivory--the-colonization-of-africa]]></slug>
                    </item>    
                    <item>
                        <title><![CDATA[Ancient Egypt: The Land of the Gods of Balance and Harmony]]></title>
                        <link><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/egypt/]]></link>
                        <link_long><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/egypt/]]></link_long>
                        <link_short><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/1-74-en/]]></link_short>
                        <guid>1-74</guid>
                        <pubDate>Wed, 10 Jun 2026 09:11:15 +0000</pubDate>
                        <author><![CDATA[Joshua J. Mark]]></author>
                        <translator><![CDATA[]]></translator>
                        <media:content url="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/5974.jpg" />
                        <firstSentence><![CDATA[Egypt is a country in North Africa, on the Mediterranean Sea, and is home to one of the oldest civilizations on Earth.]]></firstSentence>
                        <twitterPreview><![CDATA[Egypt thrived for thousands of years (from before circa 6000 BCE to 30 BCE) as an independent nation whose culture was famous for great cultural advances in every area of human knowledge.]]></twitterPreview>
                        <blueskyPreview><![CDATA[Egypt thrived for thousands of years (from before circa 6000 BCE to 30 BCE) as an independent nation whose culture was famous for great cultural advances in every area of human knowledge.]]></blueskyPreview>
                        <description><![CDATA[Egypt thrived for thousands of years (from before circa 6000 BCE to 30 BCE) as an independent nation whose culture was famous for great cultural advances in every area of human knowledge, from the arts to science to technology and religion. The great monuments of ancient Egypt reflect the depth and grandeur of Egyptian culture, which influenced many ancient civilizations, among them Greece and Rome. One of the reasons for the enduring popularity of Egyptian culture is its emphasis on the grandeur of the human experience. Their great monuments, tombs, temples, and artwork all celebrate life and stand as reminders of what once was and what human beings, at their best, are capable of achieving.]]></description>
                        <image><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/5974.jpg]]></image>
                        <imageUncropped><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1500x1500/5974.jpg?v=1779138310-1778134996]]></imageUncropped>
                        <video><![CDATA[]]></video>
                        <hashtags><![CDATA[#Tutankhamun #RosettaStone #Pharaoh #Neith #Ma'at #Hyksos #EgyptianVizier #EgyptianObelisk #EgyptianArt #Egypt #Dodekaschoinos #DeirEl-Medina #Caesarion #Berbers #Bastet #Anubis #Amun]]></hashtags>
                        <hashtagsCSV><![CDATA[#Tutankhamun,#RosettaStone,#Pharaoh,#Neith,#Ma'at,#Hyksos,#EgyptianVizier,#EgyptianObelisk,#EgyptianArt,#Egypt,#Dodekaschoinos,#DeirEl-Medina,#Caesarion,#Berbers,#Bastet,#Anubis,#Amun]]></hashtagsCSV>
                        <regions><![CDATA[Africa,Mediterranean]]></regions>
                        <subjects><![CDATA[StatesCultures]]></subjects>
                        <periods><![CDATA[Ancient]]></periods>
                        <section><![CDATA[]]></section>
                        <rating><![CDATA[]]></rating>
                        <ratingstars><![CDATA[]]></ratingstars>
                        <type><![CDATA[Definition]]></type>
                        <category><![CDATA[lang_en]]></category>
                        <shortUrl><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/1-74-en/]]></shortUrl>
                        <slug><![CDATA[ancient-egypt]]></slug>
                    </item>    
                    <item>
                        <title><![CDATA[Hyksos: The Rulers of Foreign Lands Who Transformed Egypt]]></title>
                        <link><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/Hyksos/]]></link>
                        <link_long><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/Hyksos/]]></link_long>
                        <link_short><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/1-15689-en/]]></link_short>
                        <guid>1-15689</guid>
                        <pubDate>Tue, 09 Jun 2026 08:59:50 +0000</pubDate>
                        <author><![CDATA[Joshua J. Mark]]></author>
                        <translator><![CDATA[]]></translator>
                        <media:content url="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/6359.jpg" />
                        <firstSentence><![CDATA[The Hyksos were a West Semitic-speaking people who gained a foothold in Egypt circa 1782 BCE at the city of Avaris in Lower Egypt, thus initiating the era known in Egyptian history as the Second Intermediate Period (circa 1782 to circa 1570 BCE).]]></firstSentence>
                        <twitterPreview><![CDATA[Though villified by later Egyptian scribes, the innovations the Hyksos introduced transformed Egypt, and without them, there would have been no Egyptian Empire.]]></twitterPreview>
                        <blueskyPreview><![CDATA[Though villified by later Egyptian scribes, the innovations the Hyksos introduced transformed Egypt, and without them, there would have been no Egyptian Empire.]]></blueskyPreview>
                        <description><![CDATA[The Hyksos were a West Semitic-speaking people who gained a foothold in Egypt circa 1782 BCE at the city of Avaris in Lower Egypt, thus initiating the era known in Egyptian history as the Second Intermediate Period (circa 1782 to circa 1570 BCE). Though villified by later Egyptian scribes, the innovations they introduced transformed Egypt, and without them, there would have been no Egyptian Empire.]]></description>
                        <image><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/6359.jpg]]></image>
                        <imageUncropped><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1500x1500/6359.jpg?v=1781715728-1780989896]]></imageUncropped>
                        <video><![CDATA[]]></video>
                        <hashtags><![CDATA[#Thebes(Egypt) #Hyksos #EgyptianWarfare #EgyptianEmpire #EgyptianCulture #Egypt]]></hashtags>
                        <hashtagsCSV><![CDATA[#Thebes(Egypt),#Hyksos,#EgyptianWarfare,#EgyptianEmpire,#EgyptianCulture,#Egypt]]></hashtagsCSV>
                        <regions><![CDATA[Africa,Mediterranean]]></regions>
                        <subjects><![CDATA[StatesCultures,TimePeriod]]></subjects>
                        <periods><![CDATA[Ancient]]></periods>
                        <section><![CDATA[]]></section>
                        <rating><![CDATA[]]></rating>
                        <ratingstars><![CDATA[]]></ratingstars>
                        <type><![CDATA[Definition]]></type>
                        <category><![CDATA[lang_en]]></category>
                        <shortUrl><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/1-15689-en/]]></shortUrl>
                        <slug><![CDATA[hyksos]]></slug>
                    </item>    
                    <item>
                        <title><![CDATA[A Gallery of the Boer Wars]]></title>
                        <link><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/collection/323/a-gallery-of-the-boer-wars/]]></link>
                        <link_long><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/collection/323/a-gallery-of-the-boer-wars/]]></link_long>
                        <link_short><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/9-323-en/]]></link_short>
                        <guid>9-323</guid>
                        <pubDate>Mon, 08 Jun 2026 09:09:35 +0000</pubDate>
                        <author><![CDATA[Mark Cartwright]]></author>
                        <translator><![CDATA[]]></translator>
                        <media:content url="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/21844.png" />
                        <firstSentence><![CDATA[Throughout the 19th century, British and Boer settlers (people of largely Dutch ancestry) in Southern Africa were frequent rivals as they established new settlements and competed for resources.]]></firstSentence>
                        <twitterPreview><![CDATA[Throughout the 19th century, British and Boer settlers (people of largely Dutch ancestry) in Southern Africa were frequent...]]></twitterPreview>
                        <blueskyPreview><![CDATA[Throughout the 19th century, British and Boer settlers (people of largely Dutch ancestry) in Southern Africa were frequent rivals as they established new settlements and competed for resources. https://whe.to/ci/9-323-en/]]></blueskyPreview>
                        <description><![CDATA[Throughout the 19th century, British and Boer settlers (people of largely Dutch ancestry) in Southern Africa were frequent rivals as they established new settlements and competed for resources. At the expense of African peoples in the region, the British founded the colonies of Cape Colony (1806) and Natal (1843), and the Boers created the two neighbouring republics of Transvaal (1852) and Orange Free State (1854). The British and Boer rivalry broke out into open warfare in the First Anglo-Boer War of 1880-1881 and again in the much larger Boer War of 1899-1902. This gallery of images tells the story of this rivalry, one eventually won by the British Empire, which formed the single colony of South Africa in 1910.]]></description>
                        <image><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/21844.png]]></image>
                        <imageUncropped><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1500x1500/21844.png?v=1781715733-1780640201]]></imageUncropped>
                        <video><![CDATA[]]></video>
                        <hashtags><![CDATA[#BoerWar #BoerWars #BrtiishEmpire #CapeColony #Natal #OrangeFreeState #SouthAfrica #SouthAfricaWar #Transvaal]]></hashtags>
                        <hashtagsCSV><![CDATA[#BoerWar,#BoerWars,#BrtiishEmpire,#CapeColony,#Natal,#OrangeFreeState,#SouthAfrica,#SouthAfricaWar,#Transvaal]]></hashtagsCSV>
                        <regions><![CDATA[Africa]]></regions>
                        <subjects><![CDATA[WarfareBattles]]></subjects>
                        <periods><![CDATA[Modern]]></periods>
                        <section><![CDATA[]]></section>
                        <rating><![CDATA[]]></rating>
                        <ratingstars><![CDATA[]]></ratingstars>
                        <type><![CDATA[Image Gallery]]></type>
                        <category><![CDATA[lang_en]]></category>
                        <shortUrl><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/9-323-en/]]></shortUrl>
                        <slug><![CDATA[a-gallery-of-the-boer-wars]]></slug>
                    </item>    
                    <item>
                        <title><![CDATA[Nabu: The Babylonian God of Wisdom and Writing]]></title>
                        <link><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/Nabu/]]></link>
                        <link_long><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/Nabu/]]></link_long>
                        <link_short><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/1-12714-en/]]></link_short>
                        <guid>1-12714</guid>
                        <pubDate>Fri, 05 Jun 2026 16:00:13 +0000</pubDate>
                        <author><![CDATA[Joshua J. Mark]]></author>
                        <translator><![CDATA[]]></translator>
                        <media:content url="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/6236.jpg" />
                        <firstSentence><![CDATA[Nabu (sometimes known as Tutu) was the Babylonian god of wisdom, learning, prophecy, scribes, and writing, also responsible for the abundant harvest and all growing things.]]></firstSentence>
                        <twitterPreview><![CDATA[Veneration of the Mesopotamian god Nabu established writing as more than simply a utilitarian craft for communication but as an art form that helped to preserve the present for the future.]]></twitterPreview>
                        <blueskyPreview><![CDATA[Veneration of the Mesopotamian god Nabu established writing as more than simply a utilitarian craft for communication but as an art form that helped to preserve the present for the future.]]></blueskyPreview>
                        <description><![CDATA[Nabu (sometimes known as Tutu) was the Babylonian god of wisdom, learning, prophecy, scribes, and writing, also responsible for the abundant harvest and all growing things. His name means "the Announcer," which refers to his prophetic and creative powers in calling forth words, the harvest and other plant life, and the visions of prophecies.]]></description>
                        <image><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/6236.jpg]]></image>
                        <imageUncropped><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1500x1500/6236.jpg?v=1780804457-1780647881]]></imageUncropped>
                        <video><![CDATA[]]></video>
                        <hashtags><![CDATA[#Nabu #Mesopotamia #Marduk #Babylon #Ashur]]></hashtags>
                        <hashtagsCSV><![CDATA[#Nabu,#Mesopotamia,#Marduk,#Babylon,#Ashur]]></hashtagsCSV>
                        <regions><![CDATA[MiddleEast]]></regions>
                        <subjects><![CDATA[ReligionMythology]]></subjects>
                        <periods><![CDATA[Ancient]]></periods>
                        <section><![CDATA[]]></section>
                        <rating><![CDATA[]]></rating>
                        <ratingstars><![CDATA[]]></ratingstars>
                        <type><![CDATA[Definition]]></type>
                        <category><![CDATA[lang_en]]></category>
                        <shortUrl><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/1-12714-en/]]></shortUrl>
                        <slug><![CDATA[nabu]]></slug>
                    </item>    
                    <item>
                        <title><![CDATA[Boer War: Imperialism v. Nationalism in Southern Africa]]></title>
                        <link><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/Boer_War/]]></link>
                        <link_long><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/Boer_War/]]></link_long>
                        <link_short><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/1-26354-en/]]></link_short>
                        <guid>1-26354</guid>
                        <pubDate>Fri, 05 Jun 2026 09:06:59 +0000</pubDate>
                        <author><![CDATA[Mark Cartwright]]></author>
                        <translator><![CDATA[]]></translator>
                        <media:content url="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/21850.png" />
                        <firstSentence><![CDATA[The Boer War (aka Second Anglo-Boer War, South Africa War, and Second War of Freedom, 1899-1902) was won by the British but only after it employed controversial policies such as scorched-earth tactics and civilian concentration camps, both intended to deprive the Boers of logistical support.]]></firstSentence>
                        <twitterPreview><![CDATA[The Boer War (aka Second Anglo-Boer War, South Africa War, and Second War of Freedom, 1899-1902) was won by...]]></twitterPreview>
                        <blueskyPreview><![CDATA[The Boer War (aka Second Anglo-Boer War, South Africa War, and Second War of Freedom, 1899-1902) was won by the British but only after it employed controversial policies such as scorched-earth tactics and civilian concentration camps, both intended to deprive... https://whe.to/ci/1-26354-en/]]></blueskyPreview>
                        <description><![CDATA[The Boer War (aka Second Anglo-Boer War, South Africa War, and Second War of Freedom, 1899-1902) was won by the British but only after it employed controversial policies such as scorched-earth tactics and civilian concentration camps, both intended to deprive the Boers of logistical support. A watershed conflict, the Boer War involved technologically advanced weaponry, was followed closely by the British public thanks to newsreels and photography, and was one of the first major wars where civilian deaths far outweighed those of combatants.]]></description>
                        <image><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/21850.png]]></image>
                        <imageUncropped><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1500x1500/21850.png?v=1781715744-1780906383]]></imageUncropped>
                        <video><![CDATA[]]></video>
                        <hashtags><![CDATA[#BoerWar #Boers #BrtiishEmpire #CapeColony #Natal #OrangeFreeState #SecondBoerWar #SouthAfrica #SouthAfricaWar #Transvaal]]></hashtags>
                        <hashtagsCSV><![CDATA[#BoerWar,#Boers,#BrtiishEmpire,#CapeColony,#Natal,#OrangeFreeState,#SecondBoerWar,#SouthAfrica,#SouthAfricaWar,#Transvaal]]></hashtagsCSV>
                        <regions><![CDATA[Africa]]></regions>
                        <subjects><![CDATA[WarfareBattles]]></subjects>
                        <periods><![CDATA[Modern]]></periods>
                        <section><![CDATA[]]></section>
                        <rating><![CDATA[]]></rating>
                        <ratingstars><![CDATA[]]></ratingstars>
                        <type><![CDATA[Definition]]></type>
                        <category><![CDATA[lang_en]]></category>
                        <shortUrl><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/1-26354-en/]]></shortUrl>
                        <slug><![CDATA[boer-war]]></slug>
                    </item>    
                    <item>
                        <title><![CDATA[New Kingdom of Egypt: The Age of Empire]]></title>
                        <link><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt/]]></link>
                        <link_long><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt/]]></link_long>
                        <link_short><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/1-15059-en/]]></link_short>
                        <guid>1-15059</guid>
                        <pubDate>Thu, 04 Jun 2026 16:00:01 +0000</pubDate>
                        <author><![CDATA[Joshua J. Mark]]></author>
                        <translator><![CDATA[]]></translator>
                        <media:content url="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/3480.jpg" />
                        <firstSentence><![CDATA[The New Kingdom (circa 1570 to circa 1069 BCE) is the era in Egyptian history following the disunity of the Second Intermediate Period (circa 1782-1570 BCE) and preceding the dissolution of the central government at the start of the Third Intermediate Period (circa 1069 to circa 525 BCE).]]></firstSentence>
                        <twitterPreview><![CDATA[The New Kingdom (circa 1570 to circa 1069 BCE) is the era in Egyptian history following the disunity of the Second Intermediate...]]></twitterPreview>
                        <blueskyPreview><![CDATA[The New Kingdom (circa 1570 to circa 1069 BCE) is the era in Egyptian history following the disunity of the Second Intermediate Period (circa 1782-1570 BCE) and preceding the dissolution of the central government at the start of the Third Intermediate Period... https://whe.to/ci/1-15059-en/]]></blueskyPreview>
                        <description><![CDATA[The New Kingdom (circa 1570 to circa 1069 BCE) is the era in Egyptian history following the disunity of the Second Intermediate Period (circa 1782-1570 BCE) and preceding the dissolution of the central government at the start of the Third Intermediate Period (circa 1069 to circa 525 BCE). This is the time of Imperial Egypt when it became an empire. It is the most popular era in Egyptian history in the present day, with the best known pharaohs of the 18th Dynasty such as Hatshepsut, Thuthmoses III, Amenhotep III, Akhenaten and his wife Nefertiti, Tutankhamun, those of the 19th Dynasty like Seti I, Ramesses II (The Great), and Merenptah, and of the 20th Dynasty such as Ramesses III.]]></description>
                        <image><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/3480.jpg]]></image>
                        <imageUncropped><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1500x1500/3480.jpg?v=1781715749]]></imageUncropped>
                        <video><![CDATA[]]></video>
                        <hashtags><![CDATA[#Nefertiti #Khaemweset #Hatshepsut #EgyptianEmpire #Egypt #ColossiOfMemnon #AmenhotepIII #Amarna #Akhenaten]]></hashtags>
                        <hashtagsCSV><![CDATA[#Nefertiti,#Khaemweset,#Hatshepsut,#EgyptianEmpire,#Egypt,#ColossiOfMemnon,#AmenhotepIII,#Amarna,#Akhenaten]]></hashtagsCSV>
                        <regions><![CDATA[Africa,Mediterranean]]></regions>
                        <subjects><![CDATA[StatesCultures,WarfareBattles,TimePeriod]]></subjects>
                        <periods><![CDATA[Ancient]]></periods>
                        <section><![CDATA[]]></section>
                        <rating><![CDATA[]]></rating>
                        <ratingstars><![CDATA[]]></ratingstars>
                        <type><![CDATA[Definition]]></type>
                        <category><![CDATA[lang_en]]></category>
                        <shortUrl><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/1-15059-en/]]></shortUrl>
                        <slug><![CDATA[new-kingdom-of-egypt]]></slug>
                    </item>    
                    <item>
                        <title><![CDATA[Causes of the Boer War]]></title>
                        <link><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2937/causes-of-the-boer-war/]]></link>
                        <link_long><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2937/causes-of-the-boer-war/]]></link_long>
                        <link_short><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/2-2937-en/]]></link_short>
                        <guid>2-2937</guid>
                        <pubDate>Thu, 04 Jun 2026 09:01:10 +0000</pubDate>
                        <author><![CDATA[Mark Cartwright]]></author>
                        <translator><![CDATA[]]></translator>
                        <media:content url="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/21741.png" />
                        <firstSentence><![CDATA[The causes of the Boer War (aka Second Anglo-Boer War, South Africa War, and Second War of Freedom, 1899-1902) stretched back to the early 19th century and competition for land and resources between British and Boer settlers.]]></firstSentence>
                        <twitterPreview><![CDATA[The causes of the Boer War (aka Second Anglo-Boer War, South Africa War, and Second War of Freedom, 1899-1902) stretched...]]></twitterPreview>
                        <blueskyPreview><![CDATA[The causes of the Boer War (aka Second Anglo-Boer War, South Africa War, and Second War of Freedom, 1899-1902) stretched back to the early 19th century and competition for land and resources between British and Boer settlers. https://whe.to/ci/2-2937-en/]]></blueskyPreview>
                        <description><![CDATA[The causes of the Boer War (aka Second Anglo-Boer War, South Africa War, and Second War of Freedom, 1899-1902) stretched back to the early 19th century and competition for land and resources between British and Boer settlers. The rivalry turned to animosity as the century progressed, accentuated by discoveries of diamonds and gold, and further fuelled by mutual suspicions of uncontrolled imperialism and nationalism. A brief war in 1880-81 and a failed coup d'etat in 1895 pushed the two sides even further apart until the coming of a second, much larger conflict proved unstoppable.]]></description>
                        <image><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/21741.png]]></image>
                        <imageUncropped><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1500x1500/21741.png?v=1781715754-1776234148]]></imageUncropped>
                        <video><![CDATA[]]></video>
                        <hashtags><![CDATA[#Boers #BritishEmpire #CapeColony #Natal #OrangeFreeState #SecondBoerWar #SouthAfrica #SouthAfricaWar #Transvaal]]></hashtags>
                        <hashtagsCSV><![CDATA[#Boers,#BritishEmpire,#CapeColony,#Natal,#OrangeFreeState,#SecondBoerWar,#SouthAfrica,#SouthAfricaWar,#Transvaal]]></hashtagsCSV>
                        <regions><![CDATA[Africa]]></regions>
                        <subjects><![CDATA[WarfareBattles]]></subjects>
                        <periods><![CDATA[Modern]]></periods>
                        <section><![CDATA[]]></section>
                        <rating><![CDATA[]]></rating>
                        <ratingstars><![CDATA[]]></ratingstars>
                        <type><![CDATA[Article]]></type>
                        <category><![CDATA[lang_en]]></category>
                        <shortUrl><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/2-2937-en/]]></shortUrl>
                        <slug><![CDATA[causes-of-the-boer-war]]></slug>
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