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                    <title>World History Encyclopedia</title>
                    <link>https://www.worldhistory.org</link>
                    <description>The free online history encyclopedia with fact-checked articles, images, videos, maps, timelines and more; operated as a non-profit organization.</description>
                    <lastBuildDate>Fri, 08 May 2026 09:00:02 +0000</lastBuildDate>
                    <language>en</language>
                    <image>
                        <url>https://www.worldhistory.org/template/images/header/whe-logo-318x77px.png</url>
                        <title>World History Encyclopedia</title>
                        <link>https://www.worldhistory.org</link>
                    </image>    
                    <item>
                        <title><![CDATA[Hammurabi: Conquerer, King, and Law-Giver]]></title>
                        <link><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/hammurabi/]]></link>
                        <link_long><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/hammurabi/]]></link_long>
                        <link_short><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/1-150-en/]]></link_short>
                        <guid>1-150</guid>
                        <pubDate>Fri, 08 May 2026 09:00:02 +0000</pubDate>
                        <author><![CDATA[Joshua J. Mark]]></author>
                        <translator><![CDATA[]]></translator>
                        <media:content url="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/541.jpg" />
                        <firstSentence><![CDATA[Hammurabi (reign 1792-1750 BCE) was the sixth king of the Amorite First Dynasty of Babylon, best known for his famous law code, which served as the model for others, including the Mosaic Law of the Bible.]]></firstSentence>
                        <twitterPreview><![CDATA[Hammurabi's law code is not the first in history (though it is often called so), but it is certainly the most famous from antiquity prior to the code set down in the biblical books. ]]></twitterPreview>
                        <blueskyPreview><![CDATA[Hammurabi's law code is not the first in history (though it is often called so), but it is certainly the most famous from antiquity prior to the code set down in the biblical books. ]]></blueskyPreview>
                        <description><![CDATA[Hammurabi is best remembered today as a lawgiver whose code served as a standard for later laws but, in his time, he was known as the ruler who united Mesopotamia under a single governing body in the same way Sargon of Akkad (also known as Sargon the Great, reign 2334-2279 BCE) had done centuries before. Hammurabi linked himself with great imperialists like Sargon by proclaiming himself "the mighty king, king of Babylon, king of the Four Regions of the World, king of Sumer and Akkad, into whose power the god Bel has given over land and people, in whose hand he has placed the reins of government" and, just like Sargon (and others), claimed his legitimate rule was ordained by the will of the gods.]]></description>
                        <image><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/541.jpg]]></image>
                        <imageUncropped><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1500x1500/541.jpg?v=1778379866-1778224814]]></imageUncropped>
                        <video><![CDATA[]]></video>
                        <hashtags><![CDATA[#Utu-Shamash #Mesopotamia #Hammurabi #CodeOfHammurabi #Babylon #Amorite]]></hashtags>
                        <hashtagsCSV><![CDATA[#Utu-Shamash,#Mesopotamia,#Hammurabi,#CodeOfHammurabi,#Babylon,#Amorite]]></hashtagsCSV>
                        <regions><![CDATA[MiddleEast]]></regions>
                        <subjects><![CDATA[IndividualPeople]]></subjects>
                        <periods><![CDATA[Ancient]]></periods>
                        <section><![CDATA[]]></section>
                        <rating><![CDATA[]]></rating>
                        <ratingstars><![CDATA[]]></ratingstars>
                        <type><![CDATA[Definition]]></type>
                        <category><![CDATA[lang_en]]></category>
                        <shortUrl><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/1-150-en/]]></shortUrl>
                        <slug><![CDATA[hammurabi]]></slug>
                    </item>    
                    <item>
                        <title><![CDATA[Fertile Crescent: A Modern Term For An Ancient Region]]></title>
                        <link><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/Fertile_Crescent/]]></link>
                        <link_long><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/Fertile_Crescent/]]></link_long>
                        <link_short><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/1-17-en/]]></link_short>
                        <guid>1-17</guid>
                        <pubDate>Thu, 07 May 2026 16:00:02 +0000</pubDate>
                        <author><![CDATA[Joshua J. Mark]]></author>
                        <translator><![CDATA[]]></translator>
                        <media:content url="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/12521.png" />
                        <firstSentence><![CDATA[The Fertile Crescent, often called the 'cradle of civilization', is the region in the Middle East that curves like a quarter-moon shape from the Persian Gulf through modern-day southern Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Israel, and northern Egypt.]]></firstSentence>
                        <twitterPreview><![CDATA[Known as the 'cradle of Civilization,' the Fertile Crescent is regarded as the birthplace of agriculture, urbanization, writing, trade, science, history, and organized religion.]]></twitterPreview>
                        <blueskyPreview><![CDATA[Known as the 'cradle of Civilization,' the Fertile Crescent is regarded as the birthplace of agriculture, urbanization, writing, trade, science, history, and organized religion.]]></blueskyPreview>
                        <description><![CDATA[Known as the 'cradle of Civilization,' the Fertile Crescent is regarded as the birthplace of agriculture, urbanization, writing, trade, science, history, and organized religion.
The region has long been recognized for its vital contributions to world culture stemming from the civilizations of ancient Mesopotamia, Egypt, and the Levant, which included the Sumerians, Babylonians, Assyrians, Egyptians, and Phoenicians, all of whom were responsible for the development of civilization.]]></description>
                        <image><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/12521.png]]></image>
                        <imageUncropped><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1500x1500/12521.png?v=1778379784-1762406402]]></imageUncropped>
                        <video><![CDATA[]]></video>
                        <hashtags><![CDATA[#Writing #Uruk #Urbanization #Ur #Sumer #Mesopotamia #FertileCrescent #Eridu #City #Babylon]]></hashtags>
                        <hashtagsCSV><![CDATA[#Writing,#Uruk,#Urbanization,#Ur,#Sumer,#Mesopotamia,#FertileCrescent,#Eridu,#City,#Babylon]]></hashtagsCSV>
                        <regions><![CDATA[MiddleEast]]></regions>
                        <subjects><![CDATA[StatesCultures,ReligionMythology,DailyLife,ArtArchitecture]]></subjects>
                        <periods><![CDATA[Ancient]]></periods>
                        <section><![CDATA[]]></section>
                        <rating><![CDATA[]]></rating>
                        <ratingstars><![CDATA[]]></ratingstars>
                        <type><![CDATA[Definition]]></type>
                        <category><![CDATA[lang_en]]></category>
                        <shortUrl><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/1-17-en/]]></shortUrl>
                        <slug><![CDATA[fertile-crescent]]></slug>
                    </item>    
                    <item>
                        <title><![CDATA[Britain and the Suez Canal: 75 Years of Colonialism & Crisis]]></title>
                        <link><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2925/britain-and-the-suez-canal/]]></link>
                        <link_long><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2925/britain-and-the-suez-canal/]]></link_long>
                        <link_short><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/2-2925-en/]]></link_short>
                        <guid>2-2925</guid>
                        <pubDate>Thu, 07 May 2026 09:00:16 +0000</pubDate>
                        <author><![CDATA[Mark Cartwright]]></author>
                        <translator><![CDATA[]]></translator>
                        <media:content url="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/21792.png" />
                        <firstSentence><![CDATA[The Suez Canal in Egypt, which links the Mediterranean to the Red Sea, was taken over by the British in 1882 and was only reluctantly released 75 years later.]]></firstSentence>
                        <twitterPreview><![CDATA[The Suez Canal in Egypt, which links the Mediterranean to the Red Sea, was taken over by the British in 1882 and was only...]]></twitterPreview>
                        <blueskyPreview><![CDATA[The Suez Canal in Egypt, which links the Mediterranean to the Red Sea, was taken over by the British in 1882 and was only reluctantly released 75 years later. https://whe.to/ci/2-2925-en/]]></blueskyPreview>
                        <description><![CDATA[The Suez Canal in Egypt, which links the Mediterranean to the Red Sea, was taken over by the British in 1882 and was only reluctantly released 75 years later. The seizure in the 19th century caused an international furore every bit as damaging to Britain's reputation as the more famous Suez Crisis of the mid-20th century. Successive British governments regarded the canal as a vital strategic link between the home country and the British Empire, particularly India. Held on through two world wars, the British were eventually obliged to withdraw when Egypt was taken over by the nationalist leader Gamal Abdel Nasser and by the rejection of the Anglo-French-Israeli military intervention in 1956 by both the United States and the United Nations.]]></description>
                        <image><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/21792.png]]></image>
                        <imageUncropped><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1500x1500/21792.png?v=1778261237-1778052116]]></imageUncropped>
                        <video><![CDATA[]]></video>
                        <hashtags><![CDATA[#Egypt #BritishEmpire #Canal #Colonialism #Imperialism #Suez #SuezCanal #SuezCanalCompany #SuezCrisis #SuezWar]]></hashtags>
                        <hashtagsCSV><![CDATA[#Egypt,#BritishEmpire,#Canal,#Colonialism,#Imperialism,#Suez,#SuezCanal,#SuezCanalCompany,#SuezCrisis,#SuezWar]]></hashtagsCSV>
                        <regions><![CDATA[Africa]]></regions>
                        <subjects><![CDATA[WarfareBattles,Places]]></subjects>
                        <periods><![CDATA[Modern]]></periods>
                        <section><![CDATA[]]></section>
                        <rating><![CDATA[]]></rating>
                        <ratingstars><![CDATA[]]></ratingstars>
                        <type><![CDATA[Article]]></type>
                        <category><![CDATA[lang_en]]></category>
                        <shortUrl><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/2-2925-en/]]></shortUrl>
                        <slug><![CDATA[britain-and-the-suez-canal]]></slug>
                    </item>    
                    <item>
                        <title><![CDATA[Mortimer and Isabella: The Lovers Who Brought Down a King]]></title>
                        <link><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2920/mortimer-and-isabella/]]></link>
                        <link_long><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2920/mortimer-and-isabella/]]></link_long>
                        <link_short><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/2-2920-en/]]></link_short>
                        <guid>2-2920</guid>
                        <pubDate>Wed, 06 May 2026 16:05:25 +0000</pubDate>
                        <author><![CDATA[Harrison W. Mark]]></author>
                        <translator><![CDATA[]]></translator>
                        <media:content url="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/17339.jpg" />
                        <firstSentence><![CDATA[On 22 September 1326, a strong wind carried 95 ships from the shores of Flanders into the foamy maw of the North Sea.]]></firstSentence>
                        <twitterPreview><![CDATA[Isabella and Mortimer started to live together and appear in public, as if they were flaunting their adultery before the world. They had formulated a plan to invade England and oust the Despensers.]]></twitterPreview>
                        <blueskyPreview><![CDATA[Isabella and Mortimer started to live together and appear in public, as if they were flaunting their adultery before the world. They had formulated a plan to invade England and oust the Despensers.]]></blueskyPreview>
                        <description><![CDATA[Isabella and Mortimer formed a political alliance that soon blossomed into something more. By December 1325, rumors of their passionate love affair had spread across Europe. Indeed, the couple even started to live with one another and appear in public together, as if they were flaunting their adultery before the world. Within months, they had formulated a plan to invade England and oust the Despensers once and for all. ]]></description>
                        <image><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/17339.jpg]]></image>
                        <imageUncropped><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1500x1500/17339.jpg?v=1778379790-1682583587]]></imageUncropped>
                        <video><![CDATA[]]></video>
                        <hashtags><![CDATA[#RogerMortimer #IsabellaOfFrance #DespenserWars #England]]></hashtags>
                        <hashtagsCSV><![CDATA[#RogerMortimer,#IsabellaOfFrance,#DespenserWars,#England]]></hashtagsCSV>
                        <regions><![CDATA[NorthernEurope]]></regions>
                        <subjects><![CDATA[StatesCultures,WarfareBattles]]></subjects>
                        <periods><![CDATA[Medieval]]></periods>
                        <section><![CDATA[]]></section>
                        <rating><![CDATA[]]></rating>
                        <ratingstars><![CDATA[]]></ratingstars>
                        <type><![CDATA[Article]]></type>
                        <category><![CDATA[lang_en]]></category>
                        <shortUrl><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/2-2920-en/]]></shortUrl>
                        <slug><![CDATA[mortimer-and-isabella]]></slug>
                    </item>    
                    <item>
                        <title><![CDATA[The Search for the Source of the Nile: Solving Geography's Last Great Riddle]]></title>
                        <link><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2924/the-search-for-the-source-of-the-nile/]]></link>
                        <link_long><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2924/the-search-for-the-source-of-the-nile/]]></link_long>
                        <link_short><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/2-2924-en/]]></link_short>
                        <guid>2-2924</guid>
                        <pubDate>Wed, 06 May 2026 09:02:08 +0000</pubDate>
                        <author><![CDATA[Mark Cartwright]]></author>
                        <translator><![CDATA[]]></translator>
                        <media:content url="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/21790.jpg" />
                        <firstSentence><![CDATA[The search for the source of the Nile River was one of the last great geographical mysteries of 19th-century European exploration.]]></firstSentence>
                        <twitterPreview><![CDATA[The search for the source of the Nile River was one of the last great geographical mysteries of 19th-century European exploration.]]></twitterPreview>
                        <blueskyPreview><![CDATA[The search for the source of the Nile River was one of the last great geographical mysteries of 19th-century European exploration. https://whe.to/ci/2-2924-en/]]></blueskyPreview>
                        <description><![CDATA[The search for the source of the Nile River was one of the last great geographical mysteries of 19th-century European exploration. Men like Livingstone, Burton, Speke, and Stanley launched multiple expeditions to reach the rumoured Great Lakes of East Africa to discover where exactly the Nile waters came from. Not only an endeavour that filled a blank on the map, navigating the upper reaches of the Nile was seen as essential if trade, missionary work, and, ultimately, colonisation were to follow.]]></description>
                        <image><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/21790.jpg]]></image>
                        <imageUncropped><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1500x1500/21790.jpg?v=1778379793-1777874107]]></imageUncropped>
                        <video><![CDATA[]]></video>
                        <hashtags><![CDATA[#DavidLivingstone #Exploration #JohnHanningSpeke #LakeVictoria #NileRiver #SamuelBaker #WhiteNile]]></hashtags>
                        <hashtagsCSV><![CDATA[#DavidLivingstone,#Exploration,#JohnHanningSpeke,#LakeVictoria,#NileRiver,#SamuelBaker,#WhiteNile]]></hashtagsCSV>
                        <regions><![CDATA[Africa]]></regions>
                        <subjects><![CDATA[StatesCultures,PhilosophyScience]]></subjects>
                        <periods><![CDATA[Modern]]></periods>
                        <section><![CDATA[]]></section>
                        <rating><![CDATA[]]></rating>
                        <ratingstars><![CDATA[]]></ratingstars>
                        <type><![CDATA[Article]]></type>
                        <category><![CDATA[lang_en]]></category>
                        <shortUrl><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/2-2924-en/]]></shortUrl>
                        <slug><![CDATA[the-search-for-the-source-of-the-nile]]></slug>
                    </item>    
                    <item>
                        <title><![CDATA[Lullaby for a Son of Shulgi: A Single Moment Preserved in Time]]></title>
                        <link><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2118/lullaby-for-a-son-of-shulgi/]]></link>
                        <link_long><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2118/lullaby-for-a-son-of-shulgi/]]></link_long>
                        <link_short><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/2-2118-en/]]></link_short>
                        <guid>2-2118</guid>
                        <pubDate>Tue, 05 May 2026 15:58:01 +0000</pubDate>
                        <author><![CDATA[Joshua J. Mark]]></author>
                        <translator><![CDATA[]]></translator>
                        <media:content url="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/3637.jpg" />
                        <firstSentence><![CDATA[Lullaby for a Son of Shulgi is a Sumerian cradlesong from the reign of Shulgi of Ur (2094 to circa 2046 BCE) written for one of his sons.]]></firstSentence>
                        <twitterPreview><![CDATA[Lullaby for a Son of Shulgi is a Sumerian cradlesong that preserves a single moment in which the boy is being sung to sleep by his mother, unchanged and unchanging after over 4,000 years.]]></twitterPreview>
                        <blueskyPreview><![CDATA[Lullaby for a Son of Shulgi is a Sumerian cradlesong that preserves a single moment in which the boy is being sung to sleep by his mother, unchanged and unchanging after over 4,000 years.]]></blueskyPreview>
                        <description><![CDATA[Lullaby for a Son of Shulgi is a Sumerian cradlesong from the reign of Shulgi of Ur (2094 to circa 2046 BCE) written for one of his sons. Shulgi had three wives and six consorts who gave birth to 18 sons and 13 daughters whose names are known (there may have been more), and this piece could have been addressed to any one of the male children. The lullaby preserves a single moment in which the boy is being sung to sleep by his mother, who loves him and wishes only the best for him, just like any mother and her child today; and there they remain, in that moment, unchanged and unchanging after over 4,000 years.]]></description>
                        <image><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/3637.jpg]]></image>
                        <imageUncropped><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1500x1500/3637.jpg?v=1778379796-1736154904]]></imageUncropped>
                        <video><![CDATA[]]></video>
                        <hashtags><![CDATA[#Sumerians #Sumer #ShulgiOfUr #Mesopotamia]]></hashtags>
                        <hashtagsCSV><![CDATA[#Sumerians,#Sumer,#ShulgiOfUr,#Mesopotamia]]></hashtagsCSV>
                        <regions><![CDATA[MiddleEast]]></regions>
                        <subjects><![CDATA[DailyLife,ArtArchitecture]]></subjects>
                        <periods><![CDATA[Ancient]]></periods>
                        <section><![CDATA[PrimarySource]]></section>
                        <rating><![CDATA[]]></rating>
                        <ratingstars><![CDATA[]]></ratingstars>
                        <type><![CDATA[Article]]></type>
                        <category><![CDATA[lang_en]]></category>
                        <shortUrl><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/2-2118-en/]]></shortUrl>
                        <slug><![CDATA[lullaby-for-a-son-of-shulgi]]></slug>
                    </item>    
                    <item>
                        <title><![CDATA[The Germanic Warrior: Loyalty Unto Death]]></title>
                        <link><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2923/the-germanic-warrior/]]></link>
                        <link_long><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2923/the-germanic-warrior/]]></link_long>
                        <link_short><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/2-2923-en/]]></link_short>
                        <guid>2-2923</guid>
                        <pubDate>Tue, 05 May 2026 08:56:23 +0000</pubDate>
                        <author><![CDATA[John Haywood]]></author>
                        <translator><![CDATA[]]></translator>
                        <media:content url="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/12731.jpg" />
                        <firstSentence><![CDATA[In Germanic society, the surest route to wealth, status and power was success in battle.]]></firstSentence>
                        <twitterPreview><![CDATA[In Germanic society, the surest route to wealth, status and power was success in battle.]]></twitterPreview>
                        <blueskyPreview><![CDATA[In Germanic society, the surest route to wealth, status and power was success in battle. https://whe.to/ci/2-2923-en/]]></blueskyPreview>
                        <description><![CDATA[In Germanic society, the surest route to wealth, status and power was success in battle. Its most important institution was the comitatus or war band, the personal retinue of elite warriors that every king or chief tried to gather around him and which formed the core of the tribal army. The need to keep the war band together often dictated the politics of early German chiefdoms and kingdoms.]]></description>
                        <image><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/12731.jpg]]></image>
                        <imageUncropped><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1500x1500/12731.jpg?v=1778379799]]></imageUncropped>
                        <video><![CDATA[]]></video>
                        <hashtags><![CDATA[#Warfare #AncientWarfare #GermanicCulture #GermanicTribes #GermanicWarfare #GermanicWarrior]]></hashtags>
                        <hashtagsCSV><![CDATA[#Warfare,#AncientWarfare,#GermanicCulture,#GermanicTribes,#GermanicWarfare,#GermanicWarrior]]></hashtagsCSV>
                        <regions><![CDATA[NorthernEurope]]></regions>
                        <subjects><![CDATA[WarfareBattles]]></subjects>
                        <periods><![CDATA[Medieval]]></periods>
                        <section><![CDATA[]]></section>
                        <rating><![CDATA[]]></rating>
                        <ratingstars><![CDATA[]]></ratingstars>
                        <type><![CDATA[Article]]></type>
                        <category><![CDATA[lang_en]]></category>
                        <shortUrl><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/2-2923-en/]]></shortUrl>
                        <slug><![CDATA[the-germanic-warrior]]></slug>
                    </item>    
                    <item>
                        <title><![CDATA[The World's Oldest Love Poem: The Love Song for Shu-Sin]]></title>
                        <link><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/750/the-worlds-oldest-love-poem/]]></link>
                        <link_long><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/750/the-worlds-oldest-love-poem/]]></link_long>
                        <link_short><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/2-750-en/]]></link_short>
                        <guid>2-750</guid>
                        <pubDate>Mon, 04 May 2026 15:58:46 +0000</pubDate>
                        <author><![CDATA[Joshua J. Mark]]></author>
                        <translator><![CDATA[]]></translator>
                        <media:content url="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/2636.gif" />
                        <firstSentence><![CDATA[The world's oldest love poem is The Love Song for Shu-Sin (written circa 2000 BCE), composed in ancient Mesopotamia for use in part of the sacred rites of fertility.]]></firstSentence>
                        <twitterPreview><![CDATA[The literature of ancient Mesopotamia provided the first forms of world literature, the first expressions of human emotion and experience, and among them, the world's oldest love poem.]]></twitterPreview>
                        <blueskyPreview><![CDATA[The literature of ancient Mesopotamia provided the first forms of world literature, the first expressions of human emotion and experience, and among them, the world's oldest love poem.]]></blueskyPreview>
                        <description><![CDATA[The literature of ancient Mesopotamia provided the first forms of world literature, the first expressions of human emotion and experience, and among them, the experience of romantic love and passion through the world's oldest love poem. Prior to the discovery of the Library of Ashurbanipal, the Bible was considered the oldest book in the world, and The Song of Songs from the Bible (also known as The Song of Solomon) the oldest love poem. However, dated to the 6th-3rd centuries BCE, it could no longer be considered the oldest love poem once The Love Song for Shu-Sin was discovered in the ruins of Nineveh.]]></description>
                        <image><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/2636.gif]]></image>
                        <imageUncropped><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1500x1500/2636.gif?v=1778261253-1775037220]]></imageUncropped>
                        <video><![CDATA[]]></video>
                        <hashtags><![CDATA[#Ur #ShulgiOfUr #Mesopotamia #Literature #Inanna #Shu-Sin]]></hashtags>
                        <hashtagsCSV><![CDATA[#Ur,#ShulgiOfUr,#Mesopotamia,#Literature,#Inanna,#Shu-Sin]]></hashtagsCSV>
                        <regions><![CDATA[MiddleEast]]></regions>
                        <subjects><![CDATA[ReligionMythology,DailyLife]]></subjects>
                        <periods><![CDATA[Ancient]]></periods>
                        <section><![CDATA[PrimarySource]]></section>
                        <rating><![CDATA[]]></rating>
                        <ratingstars><![CDATA[]]></ratingstars>
                        <type><![CDATA[Article]]></type>
                        <category><![CDATA[lang_en]]></category>
                        <shortUrl><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/2-750-en/]]></shortUrl>
                        <slug><![CDATA[the-worlds-oldest-love-poem]]></slug>
                    </item>    
                    <item>
                        <title><![CDATA[Scandinavia Before the Vikings]]></title>
                        <link><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2922/scandinavia-before-the-vikings/]]></link>
                        <link_long><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2922/scandinavia-before-the-vikings/]]></link_long>
                        <link_short><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/2-2922-en/]]></link_short>
                        <guid>2-2922</guid>
                        <pubDate>Mon, 04 May 2026 09:04:05 +0000</pubDate>
                        <author><![CDATA[John Haywood]]></author>
                        <translator><![CDATA[]]></translator>
                        <media:content url="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/8030.jpg" />
                        <firstSentence><![CDATA[In the Merovingian period, Scandinavia was only just emerging from its prehistoric Iron Age.]]></firstSentence>
                        <twitterPreview><![CDATA[In the Merovingian period, Scandinavia was only just emerging from its prehistoric Iron Age.]]></twitterPreview>
                        <blueskyPreview><![CDATA[In the Merovingian period, Scandinavia was only just emerging from its prehistoric Iron Age. https://whe.to/ci/2-2922-en/]]></blueskyPreview>
                        <description><![CDATA[In the Merovingian period, Scandinavia was only just emerging from its prehistoric Iron Age. A process of political centralization that had begun in the Migration Period led to the emergence of the first Scandinavian kingdoms and a warlike society with a tradition of piracy. During the late Roman period, the Scandinavians were still divided into tribes, each dominated by a warrior aristocracy that maintained its status with raiding.]]></description>
                        <image><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/8030.jpg]]></image>
                        <imageUncropped><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1500x1500/8030.jpg?v=1778379806]]></imageUncropped>
                        <video><![CDATA[]]></video>
                        <hashtags><![CDATA[#Vikings #Scandinavia]]></hashtags>
                        <hashtagsCSV><![CDATA[#Vikings,#Scandinavia]]></hashtagsCSV>
                        <regions><![CDATA[NorthernEurope]]></regions>
                        <subjects><![CDATA[StatesCultures]]></subjects>
                        <periods><![CDATA[Medieval]]></periods>
                        <section><![CDATA[]]></section>
                        <rating><![CDATA[]]></rating>
                        <ratingstars><![CDATA[]]></ratingstars>
                        <type><![CDATA[Article]]></type>
                        <category><![CDATA[lang_en]]></category>
                        <shortUrl><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/2-2922-en/]]></shortUrl>
                        <slug><![CDATA[scandinavia-before-the-vikings]]></slug>
                    </item>    
                    <item>
                        <title><![CDATA[Shulgi and Ninlil's Barge: A Poem Celebrating a Divine Event]]></title>
                        <link><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2176/shulgi-and-ninlils-barge/]]></link>
                        <link_long><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2176/shulgi-and-ninlils-barge/]]></link_long>
                        <link_short><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/2-2176-en/]]></link_short>
                        <guid>2-2176</guid>
                        <pubDate>Fri, 01 May 2026 09:00:11 +0000</pubDate>
                        <author><![CDATA[Joshua J. Mark]]></author>
                        <translator><![CDATA[]]></translator>
                        <media:content url="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/17105.jpg" />
                        <firstSentence><![CDATA[Shulgi and Ninlil's Barge is a Sumerian poem dated to the reign of Shulgi of Ur (2094 - circa 2046 BCE) celebrating the caulking of the barge of the goddess Ninlil, consort of the sky god Enlil, and the banquet held in the couple's honor by Shulgi, who is then blessed by Ninlil with the promise of a prosperous reign.]]></firstSentence>
                        <twitterPreview><![CDATA[Shulgi and Ninlil's Barge is a Sumerian poem dated to the reign of Shulgi of Ur (2094 - circa 2046 BCE) celebrating the caulking of the barge of the goddess Ninlil, consort...]]></twitterPreview>
                        <blueskyPreview><![CDATA[Shulgi and Ninlil's Barge is a Sumerian poem dated to the reign of Shulgi of Ur (2094 - circa 2046 BCE) celebrating the caulking of the barge of the goddess Ninlil, consort of the sky god Enlil, and the banquet held in the couple's honor by Shulgi, who... https://whe.to/ci/2-2176-en/]]></blueskyPreview>
                        <description><![CDATA[Shulgi and Ninlil's Barge is a Sumerian poem dated to the reign of Shulgi of Ur (2094 - circa 2046 BCE) celebrating the caulking of the barge of the goddess Ninlil, consort of the sky god Enlil, and the banquet held in the couple's honor by Shulgi, who is then blessed by Ninlil with the promise of a prosperous reign.]]></description>
                        <image><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/17105.jpg]]></image>
                        <imageUncropped><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1500x1500/17105.jpg?v=1778379809-1677141369]]></imageUncropped>
                        <video><![CDATA[]]></video>
                        <hashtags><![CDATA[#Sumer #ShulgiOfUr #Mesopotamia #Nippur #Poem #SumerianPoem]]></hashtags>
                        <hashtagsCSV><![CDATA[#Sumer,#ShulgiOfUr,#Mesopotamia,#Nippur,#Poem,#SumerianPoem]]></hashtagsCSV>
                        <regions><![CDATA[MiddleEast]]></regions>
                        <subjects><![CDATA[IndividualPeople,ReligionMythology,DailyLife]]></subjects>
                        <periods><![CDATA[Ancient]]></periods>
                        <section><![CDATA[PrimarySource]]></section>
                        <rating><![CDATA[]]></rating>
                        <ratingstars><![CDATA[]]></ratingstars>
                        <type><![CDATA[Article]]></type>
                        <category><![CDATA[lang_en]]></category>
                        <shortUrl><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/2-2176-en/]]></shortUrl>
                        <slug><![CDATA[shulgi-and-ninlils-barge]]></slug>
                    </item>    
                    <item>
                        <title><![CDATA[The Debate Between Bird and Fish: The Age-old Problem of Difficult Neighbors]]></title>
                        <link><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2160/the-debate-between-bird-and-fish/]]></link>
                        <link_long><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2160/the-debate-between-bird-and-fish/]]></link_long>
                        <link_short><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/2-2160-en/]]></link_short>
                        <guid>2-2160</guid>
                        <pubDate>Thu, 30 Apr 2026 09:01:09 +0000</pubDate>
                        <author><![CDATA[Joshua J. Mark]]></author>
                        <translator><![CDATA[]]></translator>
                        <media:content url="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/8111.jpg" />
                        <firstSentence><![CDATA[The Debate Between Bird and Fish (written circa 2000 BCE) is a Sumerian poem dated to the Ur III Period (circa 2112-circa 2004 BCE) when the genre of the literary debate was especially popular.]]></firstSentence>
                        <twitterPreview><![CDATA[The Debate Between Bird and Fish (written circa 2000 BCE) is a Sumerian poem dated to the Ur III Period (circa 2112-circa 2004 BCE) when the genre of the literary...]]></twitterPreview>
                        <blueskyPreview><![CDATA[The Debate Between Bird and Fish (written circa 2000 BCE) is a Sumerian poem dated to the Ur III Period (circa 2112-circa 2004 BCE) when the genre of the literary debate was especially popular. https://whe.to/ci/2-2160-en/]]></blueskyPreview>
                        <description><![CDATA[The Debate Between Bird and Fish (written circa 2000 BCE) is a Sumerian poem dated to the Ur III Period (circa 2112-circa 2004 BCE) when the genre of the literary debate was especially popular. The poem is the earliest extant on the theme of difficult neighbors and how quickly problems can escalate.]]></description>
                        <image><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/8111.jpg]]></image>
                        <imageUncropped><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1500x1500/8111.jpg?v=1778379812-1777877561]]></imageUncropped>
                        <video><![CDATA[]]></video>
                        <hashtags><![CDATA[#Sumer #Mesopotamia #Literature #LiteraryDebate #Poetry #SumerianPoetry]]></hashtags>
                        <hashtagsCSV><![CDATA[#Sumer,#Mesopotamia,#Literature,#LiteraryDebate,#Poetry,#SumerianPoetry]]></hashtagsCSV>
                        <regions><![CDATA[MiddleEast]]></regions>
                        <subjects><![CDATA[StatesCultures,DailyLife,ArtArchitecture]]></subjects>
                        <periods><![CDATA[Ancient]]></periods>
                        <section><![CDATA[PrimarySource]]></section>
                        <rating><![CDATA[]]></rating>
                        <ratingstars><![CDATA[]]></ratingstars>
                        <type><![CDATA[Article]]></type>
                        <category><![CDATA[lang_en]]></category>
                        <shortUrl><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/2-2160-en/]]></shortUrl>
                        <slug><![CDATA[the-debate-between-bird-and-fish]]></slug>
                    </item>    
                    <item>
                        <title><![CDATA[A Praise Poem of Shulgi: A Celebration of an Ancient Famous Run]]></title>
                        <link><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2110/a-praise-poem-of-shulgi/]]></link>
                        <link_long><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2110/a-praise-poem-of-shulgi/]]></link_long>
                        <link_short><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/2-2110-en/]]></link_short>
                        <guid>2-2110</guid>
                        <pubDate>Wed, 29 Apr 2026 15:58:23 +0000</pubDate>
                        <author><![CDATA[Joshua J. Mark]]></author>
                        <translator><![CDATA[]]></translator>
                        <media:content url="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/16693.jpg" />
                        <firstSentence><![CDATA[A Praise Poem of Shulgi (written circa 2020-2000 BCE) is an ancient Sumerian document celebrating the famous run of 200 miles (321.]]></firstSentence>
                        <twitterPreview><![CDATA[According to A Praise Poem of Shulgi, he ran from Nippur to Ur (a distance of 100 miles/160.9 km) and officiated at Ur's religious festival and then ran back from Ur to Nippur on the same day.]]></twitterPreview>
                        <blueskyPreview><![CDATA[According to A Praise Poem of Shulgi, he ran from Nippur to Ur (a distance of 100 miles/160.9 km) and officiated at Ur's religious festival and then ran back from Ur to Nippur on the same day.]]></blueskyPreview>
                        <description><![CDATA[Shulgi ran from Nippur to Ur (a distance of 100 miles/160.9 km) and officiated at Ur's religious festival and then ran back from Ur to Nippur on the same day, through a sudden storm, to preside over the festival there. He covered 200 miles (321.8 km) in a single day, a feat no other king could claim, and this was finally enough to assure Shulgi that his name would be honored by future generations.]]></description>
                        <image><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/16693.jpg]]></image>
                        <imageUncropped><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1500x1500/16693.jpg?v=1778379844-1668679916]]></imageUncropped>
                        <video><![CDATA[]]></video>
                        <hashtags><![CDATA[#Sumerians #Sumer #ShulgiOfUr #Mesopotamia]]></hashtags>
                        <hashtagsCSV><![CDATA[#Sumerians,#Sumer,#ShulgiOfUr,#Mesopotamia]]></hashtagsCSV>
                        <regions><![CDATA[MiddleEast]]></regions>
                        <subjects><![CDATA[IndividualPeople,DailyLife]]></subjects>
                        <periods><![CDATA[Ancient]]></periods>
                        <section><![CDATA[PrimarySource]]></section>
                        <rating><![CDATA[]]></rating>
                        <ratingstars><![CDATA[]]></ratingstars>
                        <type><![CDATA[Article]]></type>
                        <category><![CDATA[lang_en]]></category>
                        <shortUrl><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/2-2110-en/]]></shortUrl>
                        <slug><![CDATA[a-praise-poem-of-shulgi]]></slug>
                    </item>    
                    <item>
                        <title><![CDATA[Mau Mau Rebellion: Nationalism & Terror in British Kenya]]></title>
                        <link><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/Mau_Mau_Rebellion/]]></link>
                        <link_long><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/Mau_Mau_Rebellion/]]></link_long>
                        <link_short><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/1-26203-en/]]></link_short>
                        <guid>1-26203</guid>
                        <pubDate>Wed, 29 Apr 2026 09:02:48 +0000</pubDate>
                        <author><![CDATA[Mark Cartwright]]></author>
                        <translator><![CDATA[]]></translator>
                        <media:content url="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/21773.png" />
                        <firstSentence><![CDATA[The Mau Mau rebellion (1952-60), led by the Kikuyu people of Kenya, was a guerrilla war conducted against British colonial rule, motivated by anger at land confiscations and the threat to indigenous belief systems and cultural practices.]]></firstSentence>
                        <twitterPreview><![CDATA[In 1952, a terrible, violent phase began in the long-simmering movement for Kenyan independence. Rebels essentially attempted to sabotage anything connected with Europeans.]]></twitterPreview>
                        <blueskyPreview><![CDATA[In 1952, a terrible, violent phase began in the long-simmering movement for Kenyan independence. Rebels essentially attempted to sabotage anything connected with Europeans.]]></blueskyPreview>
                        <description><![CDATA[In 1952, a terrible, violent phase began in the long-simmering movement for Kenyan independence. Rebels, based in the forests and hills of southern-central Kenya, essentially attempted to sabotage anything connected with Europeans. Members of the Mau Mau movement swore an oath of allegiance which not only reinforced a common identity among them but also ensured discipline and, above all, secrecy, in their mission to bring down White rule. Only a small number of White settlers were attacked and murdered by the Mau Mau, but the few cases that there were had a dramatic effect on the colony and on the British government in London. ]]></description>
                        <image><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/21773.png]]></image>
                        <imageUncropped><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1500x1500/21773.png?v=1778379847-1777539904]]></imageUncropped>
                        <video><![CDATA[]]></video>
                        <hashtags><![CDATA[#MauMauRebellion #KikuyuPeople #AfricanNationalism #BritishEmpire #BritishKenya #EastAfrica #Kenya #KenyanEmergency #Kikuyu #MauMau #MauMauUprising]]></hashtags>
                        <hashtagsCSV><![CDATA[#MauMauRebellion,#KikuyuPeople,#AfricanNationalism,#BritishEmpire,#BritishKenya,#EastAfrica,#Kenya,#KenyanEmergency,#Kikuyu,#MauMau,#MauMauUprising]]></hashtagsCSV>
                        <regions><![CDATA[Africa]]></regions>
                        <subjects><![CDATA[StatesCultures]]></subjects>
                        <periods><![CDATA[Modern]]></periods>
                        <section><![CDATA[]]></section>
                        <rating><![CDATA[]]></rating>
                        <ratingstars><![CDATA[]]></ratingstars>
                        <type><![CDATA[Definition]]></type>
                        <category><![CDATA[lang_en]]></category>
                        <shortUrl><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/1-26203-en/]]></shortUrl>
                        <slug><![CDATA[mau-mau-rebellion]]></slug>
                    </item>    
                    <item>
                        <title><![CDATA[Shulgi of Ur: Greatest King of the Ur III Period]]></title>
                        <link><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/Shulgi_of_Ur/]]></link>
                        <link_long><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/Shulgi_of_Ur/]]></link_long>
                        <link_short><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/1-12856-en/]]></link_short>
                        <guid>1-12856</guid>
                        <pubDate>Tue, 28 Apr 2026 15:54:36 +0000</pubDate>
                        <author><![CDATA[Joshua J. Mark]]></author>
                        <translator><![CDATA[]]></translator>
                        <media:content url="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/2694.jpg" />
                        <firstSentence><![CDATA[Shulgi of Ur (reign 2094 to circa 2046 BCE) is considered the greatest king of the Ur III period in Mesopotamia (circa 2112 to circa 2004 BCE).]]></firstSentence>
                        <twitterPreview><![CDATA[Shulgi of Ur is regularly credited with either initiating or encouraging the rebirth of Sumerian culture known as the Sumerian Renaissance.]]></twitterPreview>
                        <blueskyPreview><![CDATA[Shulgi of Ur is regularly credited with either initiating or encouraging the rebirth of Sumerian culture known as the Sumerian Renaissance.]]></blueskyPreview>
                        <description><![CDATA[Shulgi of Ur is regularly credited with either initiating or encouraging the rebirth of Sumerian culture known as the Sumerian Renaissance. While his father, Ur-Nammu, had presented himself to his people as a father-figure and guide, Shulgi claimed the status of a god. His reign is well documented as he had many scribes making inscriptions of his accomplishments, but this documentation has been challenged on the grounds of inaccuracy. While it does seem clear that Shulgi reigned well, the majority of the documents relating to the details of his rule were those he ordered to be set down, including the famous A Praise Poem of Shulgi. Later chroniclers would accuse him of impiety and falsification of records, but the archaeological evidence seems to support his version of his reign fairly well. ]]></description>
                        <image><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/2694.jpg]]></image>
                        <imageUncropped><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1500x1500/2694.jpg?v=1778379850]]></imageUncropped>
                        <video><![CDATA[]]></video>
                        <hashtags><![CDATA[#Ur-Nammu #Ur #Sumerians #Sumer #ShulgiOfUr #Mesopotamia #Hurrians]]></hashtags>
                        <hashtagsCSV><![CDATA[#Ur-Nammu,#Ur,#Sumerians,#Sumer,#ShulgiOfUr,#Mesopotamia,#Hurrians]]></hashtagsCSV>
                        <regions><![CDATA[MiddleEast]]></regions>
                        <subjects><![CDATA[IndividualPeople]]></subjects>
                        <periods><![CDATA[Ancient]]></periods>
                        <section><![CDATA[]]></section>
                        <rating><![CDATA[]]></rating>
                        <ratingstars><![CDATA[]]></ratingstars>
                        <type><![CDATA[Definition]]></type>
                        <category><![CDATA[lang_en]]></category>
                        <shortUrl><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/1-12856-en/]]></shortUrl>
                        <slug><![CDATA[shulgi-of-ur]]></slug>
                    </item>    
                    <item>
                        <title><![CDATA[The Colonial Bungalow: Combatting Climate & Creating Separation]]></title>
                        <link><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2919/the-colonial-bungalow/]]></link>
                        <link_long><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2919/the-colonial-bungalow/]]></link_long>
                        <link_short><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/2-2919-en/]]></link_short>
                        <guid>2-2919</guid>
                        <pubDate>Tue, 28 Apr 2026 08:56:56 +0000</pubDate>
                        <author><![CDATA[Mark Cartwright]]></author>
                        <translator><![CDATA[]]></translator>
                        <media:content url="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/21765.jpg" />
                        <firstSentence><![CDATA[With its thick walls, high ceilings, large rooms, and wide verandahs, the colonial bungalow was constructed to meet the challenges of hot climates.]]></firstSentence>
                        <twitterPreview><![CDATA[Colonial bungalows, designed to combat the challenges of a (sub)tropical climate, also served an imperial purpose with a secret inner world and were a physical example of racial discrimination.]]></twitterPreview>
                        <blueskyPreview><![CDATA[Colonial bungalows, designed to combat the challenges of a (sub)tropical climate, also served an imperial purpose with a secret inner world and were a physical example of racial discrimination.]]></blueskyPreview>
                        <description><![CDATA[With its thick walls, high ceilings, large rooms, and wide verandahs, the colonial bungalow was constructed to meet the challenges of hot climates. Designed to keep cool air in, hot air out, and provide plenty of airy shade, the bungalow was so successful that it became the standard colonial residence across the world, from British India to French Polynesia. Access by local people to bungalows, certainly their interiors, was typically restricted, and this fact, along with their design, which was distinct from local architecture, made them a symbol of both imperial power and racial discrimination. Frequently appearing in colonial-themed literature and film, the essential bungalow design remains a popular form of residence in post-colonial times across the world.]]></description>
                        <image><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/21765.jpg]]></image>
                        <imageUncropped><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1500x1500/21765.jpg?v=1778379854-1777273396]]></imageUncropped>
                        <video><![CDATA[]]></video>
                        <hashtags><![CDATA[#Literature #Architecture #Bungalow #ColonialBungalow #Colonialism]]></hashtags>
                        <hashtagsCSV><![CDATA[#Literature,#Architecture,#Bungalow,#ColonialBungalow,#Colonialism]]></hashtagsCSV>
                        <regions><![CDATA[]]></regions>
                        <subjects><![CDATA[ArtArchitecture]]></subjects>
                        <periods><![CDATA[Modern]]></periods>
                        <section><![CDATA[]]></section>
                        <rating><![CDATA[]]></rating>
                        <ratingstars><![CDATA[]]></ratingstars>
                        <type><![CDATA[Article]]></type>
                        <category><![CDATA[lang_en]]></category>
                        <shortUrl><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/2-2919-en/]]></shortUrl>
                        <slug><![CDATA[the-colonial-bungalow]]></slug>
                    </item>    
                    <item>
                        <title><![CDATA[The Death of Ur-Nammu: The Sumerian Vision of the Afterlife]]></title>
                        <link><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2111/the-death-of-ur-nammu/]]></link>
                        <link_long><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2111/the-death-of-ur-nammu/]]></link_long>
                        <link_short><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/2-2111-en/]]></link_short>
                        <guid>2-2111</guid>
                        <pubDate>Mon, 27 Apr 2026 16:04:34 +0000</pubDate>
                        <author><![CDATA[Joshua J. Mark]]></author>
                        <translator><![CDATA[]]></translator>
                        <media:content url="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/3158.jpg" />
                        <firstSentence><![CDATA[The Death of Ur-Nammu is a Sumerian lament over the passing of the king Ur-Nammu (reign circa 2112-2094 BCE), founder of the Third Dynasty of Ur, who was killed in battle fighting the Gutians in 2094 BCE.]]></firstSentence>
                        <twitterPreview><![CDATA[The poem The Death of Ur-Nammu is frequently cited for its depiction of a great banquet in the underworld, which is usually described as dark and silent. ]]></twitterPreview>
                        <blueskyPreview><![CDATA[The poem The Death of Ur-Nammu is frequently cited for its depiction of a great banquet in the underworld, which is usually described as dark and silent. ]]></blueskyPreview>
                        <description><![CDATA[The poem The Death of Ur-Nammu is frequently cited for its depiction of a great banquet in the underworld, which is usually described as dark and silent. Another interesting aspect of the piece is the depiction of the gods and Ur-Nammu's charge that he was betrayed by them. He trusted the most powerful of the gods, Anu (An) and Enlil, to protect him, but, instead, they let him die on the battlefield. There is no reason given for the gods' decision to withdraw their protection from the king, who has always faithfully served them, leaving the question of why good people suffer and die unanswered.]]></description>
                        <image><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/3158.jpg]]></image>
                        <imageUncropped><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1500x1500/3158.jpg?v=1778379857]]></imageUncropped>
                        <video><![CDATA[]]></video>
                        <hashtags><![CDATA[#Ur-Nammu #Sumer #Inanna]]></hashtags>
                        <hashtagsCSV><![CDATA[#Ur-Nammu,#Sumer,#Inanna]]></hashtagsCSV>
                        <regions><![CDATA[MiddleEast]]></regions>
                        <subjects><![CDATA[ArtArchitecture]]></subjects>
                        <periods><![CDATA[Ancient]]></periods>
                        <section><![CDATA[PrimarySource]]></section>
                        <rating><![CDATA[]]></rating>
                        <ratingstars><![CDATA[]]></ratingstars>
                        <type><![CDATA[Article]]></type>
                        <category><![CDATA[lang_en]]></category>
                        <shortUrl><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/2-2111-en/]]></shortUrl>
                        <slug><![CDATA[the-death-of-ur-nammu]]></slug>
                    </item>    
                    <item>
                        <title><![CDATA[Roger Mortimer: The Most Traitorous Earl of Edward II's Court]]></title>
                        <link><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/Roger_Mortimer/]]></link>
                        <link_long><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/Roger_Mortimer/]]></link_long>
                        <link_short><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/1-26165-en/]]></link_short>
                        <guid>1-26165</guid>
                        <pubDate>Mon, 27 Apr 2026 08:56:18 +0000</pubDate>
                        <author><![CDATA[Harrison W. Mark]]></author>
                        <translator><![CDATA[]]></translator>
                        <media:content url="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/21763.jpg" />
                        <firstSentence><![CDATA[Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March (1287-1330) was an English nobleman who deposed King Edward II of England (reign 1307-1327) and then established himself as the kingdom's de facto ruler.]]></firstSentence>
                        <twitterPreview><![CDATA[Discover the rise and fall of Roger Mortimer, the cunning and violent Marcher lord who overthrew King Edward II and reigned for three years as England's de facto ruler. ]]></twitterPreview>
                        <blueskyPreview><![CDATA[Discover the rise and fall of Roger Mortimer, the cunning and violent Marcher lord who overthrew King Edward II and reigned for three years as England's de facto ruler. ]]></blueskyPreview>
                        <description><![CDATA[In September 1326, a fleet of ships landed on the shores of England, intent on ridding the kingdom of the 'evil counselors' whispering wicked advice into the ear of the king. They were led by Queen Isabella and her lover, Roger Mortimer - a violent, cunning Marcher lord who was out for vengeance, ever since his imprisonment in the Tower of London a few years earlier. Mortimer had served King Edward II loyally but had become disillusioned when his rival was showered with royal favors. This disillusionment had set him on the path toward rebellion, and soon he would depose Edward II entirely and rule England as its de facto monarch. Discover the rise and fall of Roger Mortimer, one of the most dangerous earls in medieval England.]]></description>
                        <image><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/21763.jpg]]></image>
                        <imageUncropped><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1500x1500/21763.jpg?v=1777356325-1777271061]]></imageUncropped>
                        <video><![CDATA[]]></video>
                        <hashtags><![CDATA[#RogerMortimer #IsabellaOfFrance #DespenserWars #HughDespenser]]></hashtags>
                        <hashtagsCSV><![CDATA[#RogerMortimer,#IsabellaOfFrance,#DespenserWars,#HughDespenser]]></hashtagsCSV>
                        <regions><![CDATA[NorthernEurope]]></regions>
                        <subjects><![CDATA[IndividualPeople]]></subjects>
                        <periods><![CDATA[Medieval]]></periods>
                        <section><![CDATA[]]></section>
                        <rating><![CDATA[]]></rating>
                        <ratingstars><![CDATA[]]></ratingstars>
                        <type><![CDATA[Definition]]></type>
                        <category><![CDATA[lang_en]]></category>
                        <shortUrl><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/1-26165-en/]]></shortUrl>
                        <slug><![CDATA[roger-mortimer]]></slug>
                    </item>    
                    <item>
                        <title><![CDATA[The Sumerian Poem Schooldays: Sumerian Satire & the Scribal Life]]></title>
                        <link><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2144/the-sumerian-poem-schooldays/]]></link>
                        <link_long><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2144/the-sumerian-poem-schooldays/]]></link_long>
                        <link_short><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/2-2144-en/]]></link_short>
                        <guid>2-2144</guid>
                        <pubDate>Fri, 24 Apr 2026 09:07:40 +0000</pubDate>
                        <author><![CDATA[Joshua J. Mark]]></author>
                        <translator><![CDATA[]]></translator>
                        <media:content url="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/16675.jpg" />
                        <firstSentence><![CDATA[Schooldays (written circa 2000 BCE) is a Sumerian poem describing the daily life of a young scribe in the schools of Mesopotamia.]]></firstSentence>
                        <twitterPreview><![CDATA[Schooldays was likely written by a teacher at a Mesopotamian scribal school as a satire on how a wayward and lazy student might finally resolve his conflict with his primary instructor. ]]></twitterPreview>
                        <blueskyPreview><![CDATA[Schooldays was likely written by a teacher at a Mesopotamian scribal school as a satire on how a wayward and lazy student might finally resolve his conflict with his primary instructor. ]]></blueskyPreview>
                        <description><![CDATA[Schooldays (written circa 2000 BCE) is a Sumerian poem describing the daily life of a young scribe in the schools of Mesopotamia. The work takes the form of a first-person narration and dialogue in relating the challenges the student faces and how he resolves them by having his father bribe his teacher with expensive gifts. Although understood as satire, Schooldays is considered an accurate representation of the life of a Sumerian student and teacher in the 2nd millennium BCE. ]]></description>
                        <image><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/16675.jpg]]></image>
                        <imageUncropped><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1500x1500/16675.jpg?v=1777356322-1668422463]]></imageUncropped>
                        <video><![CDATA[]]></video>
                        <hashtags><![CDATA[#Sumer #Mesopotamia #Cuneiform #Scribe]]></hashtags>
                        <hashtagsCSV><![CDATA[#Sumer,#Mesopotamia,#Cuneiform,#Scribe]]></hashtagsCSV>
                        <regions><![CDATA[MiddleEast]]></regions>
                        <subjects><![CDATA[DailyLife,ArtArchitecture]]></subjects>
                        <periods><![CDATA[Ancient]]></periods>
                        <section><![CDATA[PrimarySource]]></section>
                        <rating><![CDATA[]]></rating>
                        <ratingstars><![CDATA[]]></ratingstars>
                        <type><![CDATA[Article]]></type>
                        <category><![CDATA[lang_en]]></category>
                        <shortUrl><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/2-2144-en/]]></shortUrl>
                        <slug><![CDATA[the-sumerian-poem-schooldays]]></slug>
                    </item>    
                    <item>
                        <title><![CDATA[Conquering Chaos: Alexander the Great’s Wisdom for Leading in Disruptive Times]]></title>
                        <link><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/review/549/conquering-chaos-alexander-the-greats-wisdom-for-l/]]></link>
                        <link_long><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/review/549/conquering-chaos-alexander-the-greats-wisdom-for-l/]]></link_long>
                        <link_short><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/8-549-en/]]></link_short>
                        <guid>8-549</guid>
                        <pubDate>Fri, 24 Apr 2026 08:00:02 +0000</pubDate>
                        <author><![CDATA[Katerina Panagi]]></author>
                        <translator><![CDATA[]]></translator>
                        <media:content url="https://m.media-amazon.com/images/I/51ypHiJEjHL._SL500_.jpg" />
                        <firstSentence><![CDATA[Steve Muscato’s "Conquering Chaos" reimagines Alexander the Great’s conquests as a masterclass in modern crisis management.]]></firstSentence>
                        <twitterPreview><![CDATA[Steve Muscato’s "Conquering Chaos" reimagines Alexander the Great’s conquests as a masterclass in modern crisis management.]]></twitterPreview>
                        <blueskyPreview><![CDATA[Steve Muscato’s "Conquering Chaos" reimagines Alexander the Great’s conquests as a masterclass in modern crisis management. https://whe.to/ci/8-549-en/]]></blueskyPreview>
                        <description><![CDATA[Steve Muscato’s "Conquering Chaos" reimagines Alexander the Great’s conquests as a masterclass in modern crisis management. By blending historical narrative with leadership strategy, Muscato illustrates how Alexander’s tactical speed and "lead from the front" ethos remain relevant in today’s volatile landscape. While it leans toward applied history rather than academic biography, the book provides a sharp and pragmatic look at how audacity builds empires and how hubris eventually destroys them.]]></description>
                        <image><![CDATA[https://m.media-amazon.com/images/I/51ypHiJEjHL._SL500_.jpg]]></image>
                        <imageUncropped><![CDATA[]]></imageUncropped>
                        <video><![CDATA[]]></video>
                        <hashtags><![CDATA[#AlexanderTheGreat #AppliedHistory #GeneralReaders #Macedonia #MilitaryHistory]]></hashtags>
                        <hashtagsCSV><![CDATA[#AlexanderTheGreat,#AppliedHistory,#GeneralReaders,#Macedonia,#MilitaryHistory]]></hashtagsCSV>
                        <regions><![CDATA[Mediterranean]]></regions>
                        <subjects><![CDATA[IndividualPeople,WarfareBattles]]></subjects>
                        <periods><![CDATA[Ancient]]></periods>
                        <section><![CDATA[]]></section>
                        <rating><![CDATA[3]]></rating>
                        <ratingstars><![CDATA[★★★☆☆]]></ratingstars>
                        <type><![CDATA[Book Review]]></type>
                        <category><![CDATA[lang_en]]></category>
                        <shortUrl><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/8-549-en/]]></shortUrl>
                        <slug><![CDATA[conquering-chaos-alexander-the-greats-wisdom-for-l]]></slug>
                    </item>    
                    <item>
                        <title><![CDATA[Piers Gaveston: The Rise and Fall of Edward II's Controversial Companion]]></title>
                        <link><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/Piers_Gaveston/]]></link>
                        <link_long><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/Piers_Gaveston/]]></link_long>
                        <link_short><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/1-24381-en/]]></link_short>
                        <guid>1-24381</guid>
                        <pubDate>Thu, 23 Apr 2026 11:00:45 +0000</pubDate>
                        <author><![CDATA[Harrison W. Mark]]></author>
                        <translator><![CDATA[]]></translator>
                        <media:content url="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/20383.jpg" />
                        <firstSentence><![CDATA[Piers Gaveston (lived circa 1284-1312) was a Gascon-born English nobleman, famous as the favorite of King Edward II of England (reign 1307-1327).]]></firstSentence>
                        <twitterPreview><![CDATA[Learn the story of Piers Gaveston, the ill-fated friend - and possible lover - of King Edward II of England. ]]></twitterPreview>
                        <blueskyPreview><![CDATA[Learn the story of Piers Gaveston, the ill-fated friend - and possible lover - of King Edward II of England. ]]></blueskyPreview>
                        <description><![CDATA[The story of Piers Gaveston and Edward II is one of the great tragedies of medieval England, providing fodder for later storytellers like Christopher Marlowe. How a friendship - or possibly even a love affair - between two men alienated a king from his barons, creating a rift that would change the course of English history. Learn more about the rise and tragic fall of Piers Gaveston, Edward II's controversial companion. ]]></description>
                        <image><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/1500x1500/20383.jpg]]></image>
                        <imageUncropped><![CDATA[https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1500x1500/20383.jpg?v=1777356305-1745392745]]></imageUncropped>
                        <video><![CDATA[]]></video>
                        <hashtags><![CDATA[#PiersGaveston #MedievalEngland]]></hashtags>
                        <hashtagsCSV><![CDATA[#PiersGaveston,#MedievalEngland]]></hashtagsCSV>
                        <regions><![CDATA[NorthernEurope]]></regions>
                        <subjects><![CDATA[StatesCultures,IndividualPeople]]></subjects>
                        <periods><![CDATA[Medieval]]></periods>
                        <section><![CDATA[]]></section>
                        <rating><![CDATA[]]></rating>
                        <ratingstars><![CDATA[]]></ratingstars>
                        <type><![CDATA[Definition]]></type>
                        <category><![CDATA[lang_en]]></category>
                        <shortUrl><![CDATA[https://whe.to/ci/1-24381-en/]]></shortUrl>
                        <slug><![CDATA[piers-gaveston]]></slug>
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