Anthropology Archive

Outline of the volume DevelopmentGlobalization

Tue, 31 Jan 2012 18:30:57 GMT

This volume includes work by writers who would not define themselves as development anthropologists or anthropologists of development - an editorial decision that signals the interdisciplinarity of development thought since the 18th century, as well as a rich cross-fertilization of anthropological subfields. Works included here thus invite the reader to rethink the history and potential of this key disciplinary specialty. These selections illustrate the vibrancy and centrality of development...

Preface To The First Edition The Human Skeleton

Fri, 27 Jan 2012 14:26:19 GMT

What's Bred in the Bone, a novel by Robertson Davies, begins with the proverb, What's bred in the bone will not out in the flesh. The story is about a man who supposedly reflects his breeding since his behavior and characteristics are direct reflections of what he has inherited from his family. Although biological determinism may work in fiction, it is anathema to the biological anthropologist. The cornerstone of biological anthropology is the interaction of culture and human biology. What is...

The Triumph Of Uniformitarianism HumanEvolution

Mon, 16 Jan 2012 23:40:43 GMT

Even before Darwinian theory emerged, Catastrophism came under attack, principally from the Scottish geologist Charles Lyell who was following arguments made earlier by his fellow countryman James Hutton. In his Principles of Geology, published in three volumes in the 1830s, Lyell argued that the geological processes we observe today such as erosion by wind and rain, earthquakes and volcanoes, and so on are responsible for all geological changes that have occurred throughout Earth history. He...

Nonhuman Versus Human Remains The Human Skeleton

Thu, 05 Jan 2012 00:50:23 GMT

Although most forensic anthropologists can easily distinguish intact, well-preserved human remains from those of nonhumans, fragmentary or otherwise altered material can be challenging. Detailed knowledge of human skeletal anatomy is usually sufficient to recognize that evidence is consistent with a human origin. The more precise opinion that remains are of human origin could not be anything else requires some recognition of the many other materials that can mimic the human condition. With the...

Cultural Models For Health Assessment MedicalAnthropology

Mon, 12 Dec 2011 19:51:18 GMT

Cultural competence requires an overall understanding of culture because health problems disrupt personal, family, and social life, intimate behavior, and self-image and place additional demands on family and friends. Medical treatment can produce further disruptions and reduce a patient's motivation and ability to comply. Providers can reduce these difficulties by understanding the impacts of maladies and treatments on patients' lives and managing these disruptions as part of the total care of...

Infrastructure MedicalAnthropology

Sun, 11 Dec 2011 12:10:58 GMT

Infrastructure is the interface of a culture with the physical environment it includes both a population's biological reproductive patterns that result in births and its material production system technoeconomic system that produces goods such as food and housing. Population relations with the environment provide energy and resources to sustain human life but that also create exposure to disease. Consequently, cultural-environmental relations affect many aspects of health. Basic aspects of the...

Preface SocialOrganization

Sat, 10 Dec 2011 08:32:28 GMT

This volume emerged from an increasing awareness among archaeologists that while researchers have explored some of the technological, subsistence, and economic dimensions of the Near Eastern Neolithic, far less attention has been paid to understanding the nature of social organization for this important period. In relation to other topics, it has only been in the last 20 years or so that researchers have started to study the nature of Neolithic social organization in any detailed fashion. Given...

Chapter From the Natives Point of View On the InterpretiveAnthropology

Tue, 06 Dec 2011 18:19:55 GMT

Several years ago a minor scandal erupted in anthropology one of its ancestral figures told the truth in a public place. As befits an ancestor, he did it posthumously, and through his widow's decision rather than his own, with the result that a number of the sort of right-thinking types who are with us always immediately rose to cry that she, an in-marrier anyway, had betrayed clan secrets, profaned an idol, and let down the side. What will the children think, to say nothing of the layman But...

Comparing Cultural Knowledge Across Different Settings HealthIllness

Fri, 25 Nov 2011 20:18:15 GMT

In addition to the general comparisons across cultural settings discussed above, a number of studies have taken a closer look at what can be learned through a comparative approach. Three different approaches are examined here. The most ambitious of these is a collaborative, multisite study using a shared methodology to study intra- and inter-cultural variation in beliefs Weller, Pachter, Trotter, amp Baer, 1993, p. 109 for four geographically separated and distinctive Latin American samples....

Foreword The Human Skeleton

Tue, 22 Nov 2011 17:56:02 GMT

In 1953, Lucile E. Hoyme published an article entitled Physical anthropology and its instruments An historical study. She asserted, Measurement is the oldest and most distinctive hallmark of the physical anthropologist Hoyme, 1953 409 . By this she meant absolute and relative size measurements of the human body, which she argued was core methodology within physical anthropological investigations. The roots of this core methodology, when applied systematically to human remains, can be traced to...

Introduction InterpretiveAnthropology

Sat, 12 Nov 2011 02:09:58 GMT

When, a decade ago, I collected a number of my essays and rereleased them under the title, half genuflection, half talisman, The Interpretation of Cultures, I thought I was summing things up saying, as I said there, what it was I had been saying. But, as a matter of fact, I was imposing upon myself a charge. In anthropology, too, it so turns out, he who says A must say B, and I have spent much of my time since trying to say it. The essays below are the result but I am now altogether aware how...

The Fetishization of Everyday Life Anthropology of Britain

Tue, 27 Sep 2011 08:58:05 GMT

Taking 'ordinary' , 'mundane' objects of the recent past and putting them on display in museums entails a kind of fetishization of everyday life. Key to the fetish is its 'irreducible materiality' Pietz 1985 7 which contributes to its capacity to cross borders Spyer 1998 - of time, space or identities. And while fetishes often seem to be worthless to outsiders, and the objects of apparently 'irrational' devotion, anthropologists have sought to understand the meanings with which they may be...

cultural materialism SocialAnthropology

Tue, 27 Sep 2011 03:07:39 GMT

'Cultural materialism' is a broad heading, but it usually refers to the the specific kind of materialist approach advocated by fMarvin Harris. He developed it in a number of works, the most significantly being Cannibals and Kings 1977 and Cultural Materialism 1979 . Harris maintains that the material world exhibits deterministic influence over the nonmaterial world. Thus culture is a product of relations between things. In one of his more famous examples, Harris 1966 argues that the Hindu taboo...

The birth of anthropology and Europes intellectual climate Social and Cultural Anthropology

Tue, 27 Sep 2011 03:02:11 GMT

The fact is that anthropology had its birth as an academic discipline in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, during what we might label the height of modernist thought and at the apex of Western imperialist endeavours. Modernist and imperialist ways of thinking about things go very deep, and since anthropology could but be the child of its times, the intellectual and political climate of those times is deeply implicated in its own development. This is why present-day anthropology...

The Great Depression and World War Two Sub Racial Anthropology

Tue, 27 Sep 2011 01:19:04 GMT

The NP remained in power alone till 1933, when the effects of the Great Depression forced a coalition government with the pro-reconciliation faction under the former Boer War general Jan Smuts. This coalition ruled till the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939. When the Second World War broke out, certain small factions of Afrikaners were decidedly pro-Hitler and had even formed tiny Nazi parties, none of whom received any significant electoral support. A bare majority of the South African...

Second Roman Invasion Bc Sub Racial Anthropology

Tue, 27 Sep 2011 01:12:58 GMT

The following year, 54 BC, Caesar however launched yet another invasion of Britain. This time he landed a force several times larger than his first expedition, including some 2,000 cavalry. He hoped to land his forces and march quickly into the heart of the Celtic territory and inflict a defeat upon the scattered tribes before they could unite into one army. However, he chose his landing beaches poorly. To compound his problems, a storm forced him to spend ten days dragging all his ships onto...

CULTURE Economy Dxj EuropeanPeoples

Mon, 26 Sep 2011 20:56:01 GMT

Cycladites hunted and fished in addition to farming. Major crops were grains, grapes, and olives. Livestock included sheep, goats, and pigs. Cycladites also depended on trade with other peoples for some of their goods. Precursors of Long Distance Trade In the early Greek Bronze Age c. 3200-c. 3000 b.c.e. , longdistance trade began in earnest, starting in the island group of the Cyclades, which, located between the Greek mainland and Asia Minor, acted as a series of stepping stones between the...

Ariovistus EuropeanPeoples

Mon, 26 Sep 2011 20:32:35 GMT

The Suebi became a threat to the Romans in the first century B.C.E., as recorded in the writings of Julius Caesar, when they invaded Gaul roughly modern France and Belgium to aid the Sequani, considered predominantly a Celtic people although perhaps part Germanic. The leader of the Suebi at the time was Ariovistus, who is referred to by the term Suebian rather than by the name of a particular tribe in historical texts. The main Suebian towns at the time were reportedly Argentorac on the Upper...

The Inalienable Gift AnthropologyTheology

Mon, 26 Sep 2011 18:08:26 GMT

Godelier's fundamentally anthropological account of gift-giving and human identity makes a valuable contribution to theological considerations of relationship with the divine. Though it is ultimately inextricable from our discussion of reciprocity in Chapter 3, Godelier's major contribution has been retained until now to emphasize the key distinction between things that are 'alienable' and explicitly 'given' through reciprocal acts and 'inalienable' things that can never be 'given' in exchange....

Hominids And The Fossil Record GeneralAnthropology

Mon, 26 Sep 2011 17:07:14 GMT

With these hallmarks of hominid status in mind it is possible to detect, in various early hominoid fossils, or fossil 'populations', the presence or absence of hominid features. In this enquiry, we recognize two broad stages. The first is that of hominid origins, by which we mean the first emergence of the Hominidae. The second refers to the further evolution of established hominids. Not only do these two stages follow each other in chronological sequence, but their study also requires...

The recent history of ecological anthropology SocialAnthropology

Mon, 26 Sep 2011 15:32:10 GMT

Attention to the impact of environments on human societies is longstanding in philosophy and geography, but in social and cultural anthropology, stress on the ecological dimension is relatively recent. During the first half of the twentieth century, social and cultural anthropology, whether in the British versions of Malinowski and Radcliffe-Brown or the American version of Boas, examined relationships within the social and cultural realm, with little direct attention to relations with the...

ce Jyp EuropeanPeoples

Mon, 26 Sep 2011 15:10:55 GMT

882 Kiev and Novgorod are united under state of Kievan Rus. 1240 Mongols invade Kiev Mongols and Tatars establish Golden Horde near Volga River. 1405 Andrey Rublyov works on icons of Cathedral of the Annunciation in Moscow. 1480 Grand Prince Ivan III Ivan the Great of Moscow defeats Tatars. 1547 Czar Ivan IV Ivan the Terrible is crowned czar during his reign he annexes two Tatar cities, Kazan and Astrakhan, and expands Russian territory to the south. 1598 Rurik dynasty ends with the death of...

REFERENCES Vkt Anthropology of Japan

Mon, 26 Sep 2011 13:57:28 GMT

Abbeglen, James. 1953. Japanese Factory Aspects of its Social Organization. Glencoe Free Press. Adler, Nancy J. 1983a. Cross-Cultural Management Research The Ostrich and the Trend. Academy of Management Review 8 2 226-232. --1983b. Organizational Development in a Multicultural Environment. Journal of Applied --1986. International Dimensions of Organizational Behavior Boston Kent Publishing. Austin, Lewis, ed. 1976. Japan, the Paradox of Progress. New Haven Yale University Press. Azumi, Koya....

Are science and religion contrastive in nature Social and Cultural Anthropology

Mon, 26 Sep 2011 11:03:16 GMT

Besides the missing moral component in a scientific world-view, how different an engagement with the world is represented by the evolution from religion to science Are science and religion contrastive in nature On this point, anthropologists seem divided, as is nicely represented by a debate between John Beattie 1966 and Robin Horton 1967 . For Beattie, religion should be understood as essentially expressive and dramatic behaviour more akin to art than science. Religion concerns symbolic...

Development Three historical phases DevelopmentGlobalization

Mon, 26 Sep 2011 10:32:36 GMT

Any periodization of economic or intellectual history is useful primarily as a heuristic tool. Thus we sketch here three historical phases simply to signal some benchmarks in thinking about development.11 In addressing both historical trends and theories - broad global changes and paradigm shifts - we emphasize the latter, with brief suggestions about how historical trends and theories influence one another. Notions of development can be traced back at least to the late-18th-century rise of...

After Alexander EuropeanPeoples

Mon, 26 Sep 2011 10:07:37 GMT

After Alexander's death his generals carved up his empire and founded their own states. Among them were two dynasties that held power through much of the eastern Mediterranean world the Ptolemies in Egypt and the Seleucids in Syria until the ascendancy of the Romans. With this continuing spread of Hellenism Greek culture , Koine Greek common Greek became an international language. Macedon, one of the divisions of the new order, with Greece as a dependency, went through a series of power...

Active Demand Passive ACCEPTANCE HealthIllness

Mon, 26 Sep 2011 07:17:03 GMT

Apart from structural barriers, health belief studies also aim at identifying and finding solutions to cultural barriers to vaccination acceptance. Acceptance of vaccinations can, according to Nichter 1995 , be differentiated into active demand and passive acceptance. Active demand entails adherence to vaccination programs by an informed public which perceives the benefits of and need for specific vaccinations. Passive acceptance denotes compliance passive acceptance of vaccinations by a public...

Dutch anthropology SocialAnthropology

Mon, 26 Sep 2011 05:00:31 GMT

Dutch anthropology has a distinguished and unique history, and there is no shortage of English-language publications aimed at explaining it to the outside world e.g., Kloos and Claessen 1975, 1981, 1991 . Essentially, there are two main distinctive anthropological traditions in the Netherlands, which in that country are commonly labelled 'cultural anthropology' including structural anthropology and 'sociology of non-Western societies'. Arguably, Dutch cultural anthropology began in colonial...

A Starting Point SocialAnthropology

Mon, 26 Sep 2011 03:54:36 GMT

This volume represents the collective construction of a specifically anthropological approach to a question at the heart of all social science. How should we simultaneously account for both society and for individuals Unlike most social science books about the individual, this volume is not concerned with individualism nor with the way different societies conceptualize individuals. Because, irrespective of whether people live within a highly individualizing or a highly socialized environment,...

Iii The Moral Qualities Of The First Man Hamartiology

Mon, 26 Sep 2011 01:30:27 GMT

Since holiness may be either active or passive positive virtue, or the absence of evil the moral qualities of the first man were passive. He was innocent of wrong. There had been no opportunity to develop a tested moral character yet no record asserts that he had not understood the difference between right and wrong. What might have been required morally of the first man and the measure of his obligation, depended largely upon the degree of his development as created. If, as some have claimed,...

Animals GeneralAnthropology

Mon, 26 Sep 2011 00:21:17 GMT

Taxonomically, animals belong to the kingdom Animalia, which is one of several kingdoms of living beings. Although there is disagreement on how to best classify the various forms of life on Earth, other major groups of living beings include the bacteria, protists, fungi, and plants. The traits that define the kingdom Animalia are Mobility. With few exceptions, such as the sea lily class Crinoidea , animals are able to freely move about their habitats and are not attached to a substrate....

Special Featur MedicalAnthropology

Sun, 25 Sep 2011 23:51:29 GMT

Areas of Medical Anthropology 12 Anthropological Approaches to AIDS Prevention 72 Eliciting an Explanatory Model 77 Cultural Defense as Advocacy in the Courtroom 104 Guidelines for Working in Clinical Settings 110 Integrating Folk Healers and Biomedicine 190 Culture in Human Development and Clinical Assessment 222 Using Indigenous Contagion Theory in Public Health Education 244 Changing the Micropolitics of Medicine 316 Developing Community Involvement and Practitioner Cultural Competence 328...

Biocultural Models of Human Growth HealthIllness

Sun, 25 Sep 2011 22:47:21 GMT

Human growth is part of the biocultural nature of our species. Since the late 19th century, anthropologists such as Boas have used biocultural models of human development. By the mid-20th century, the discovery of the nature of DNA and other fundamentals of developmental biology led to a biocultural model that considered human development as, basically, a biological process which could be influenced to a greater or lesser extent by the social and cultural environment. By the late 20th century,...

Hominin Relations HumanEvolution

Sun, 25 Sep 2011 21:15:56 GMT

This unit will explore recent developments and current thinking about how early hominins were evolutionarily related to one another. This subject phylogeny has always attracted the attention of anthropologists, often overshadowing the more basic questions of hominin biology, such as subsistence strategies and behavior. During the first half of the twentieth century, scholars commonly assigned a new species name to virtually each new fossil unearthed. In this splitting paradigm, each variant in...

Compostura In Context Prehispanic Agrarian Ritual In The Naco Valley EconomicAnthropology

Sun, 25 Sep 2011 20:48:47 GMT

As much as the contemporary Lenca are historically constructed, the case of the compostura and its possible historical antecedents suggest that world-view and economy have been closely intertwined since at least the sixteenth century. In this section, we consider the possibility that environmental worldview was expressed in agrarian ritual in prehispanic times and that this practice had potentially significant consequences for human landscape dynamics. To do so, we examine archaeological data...

Wars of Independence Sub Racial Anthropology

Sun, 25 Sep 2011 19:11:17 GMT

The successful war of independence against Britain in North America in 1776, and the French revolution in 1789, finally provided the spark for a series of wars of independence in South America in a series of clashes dating from 1810 to 1825, the South American continent was piecemeal broken up into independent units, ending finally in 1825, when Spain formally surrendered control of the last part of its territory on the continent. The fathers of the South American wars of independence were the...

Modernism CulturalAnthropology

Sun, 25 Sep 2011 16:49:15 GMT

The term 'modernism' has its intellectual foundations in the study of literature and the visual arts. There it usually refers to a broad cultural movement characterized by a spirit of constant challenge to received forms modernism opposes itself to the figurative tradition in the visual arts and to realism and naturalism in literature. It is the source of the 'modern' in 'modern art', and its exemplars are Picasso and T.S. Eliot, Schoenberg and Le Corbusier, Ezra Pound and Gertrude Stein,...

Pax Romana Bc Ad Sub Racial Anthropology

Sun, 25 Sep 2011 14:59:55 GMT

At the end of the century of civil strife 133 BC - 30 BC , Rome was finally united under one ruler. Thereafter ensued what became known as the Pax Romana, the Peace of Rome, which lasted for well on 200 years, from 30 BC to 235 AD. This time was also to mark the racial undoing of the Empire, caused by the long term effects of the inclusion of foreign lands and peoples under the aegis of the Roman Empire, and significantly by the bypassing of a law set down by the first Romans prohibiting mixed...

The Reservedness of the English Ballet Style Anthropology of Britain

Sun, 25 Sep 2011 14:38:37 GMT

In the essay 'Notes on the English Character', E.M. Forster 1996 1926 13 reflects on the incompleteness of national characters, especially the English character But the English character is incomplete in a way that is particularly annoying to the foreign observer. It has a bad surface - self-complacent, unsympathetic, and reserved. Perhaps the English need foreigners to release them. This seems at least to have been one explanation to the legendary partnership between Russian Rudolf Nureyev and...

Introduction Qtv HealthIllness

Sun, 25 Sep 2011 12:56:54 GMT

The post-World War II era marked the rise of new nation-states. Released from the shackles of European colonialism, the former colonies as newly emerging nations began to chart their own courses toward becoming modern global partners with and for their former colonizers. Manifestos of various political persuasions and economic strategies became blueprints for transforming colonialist architectures of rule into nationalist administrations. One important manifesto that spoke a common language...

The Napoleonic Wars 1 Sub Racial Anthropology

Sun, 25 Sep 2011 11:38:28 GMT

The outbreak of the Napoleonic Wars in Europe saw Britain's land empire expand once again through a series of conquests of French or French allied territories. This expansion was linked to the great British naval victory over the French fleet at the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805 the destruction of the French fleet led to the British navy establishing its mastery of the seas, a situation which would remain unchanged until the early 20th century. A British naval fleet, operating out of the new...

Religion Eja EuropeanPeoples

Sun, 25 Sep 2011 08:52:24 GMT

In general the Gauls shared many gods and religious practices with Celts in other regions of the Celtic world, such as the British Isles. The fact that the Druids oversaw judicial matters as well as religious underscores how little separation there was between sacred and secular life among Celts. Part of their influence over political affairs lay in their role as prophets and seers. The primary source of information for the Celtic gods of Gaul is the passage in Caesar's Commentarii de bello...

Animism Spirits as Self and Other MedicalAnthropology

Sun, 25 Sep 2011 03:40:44 GMT

At the basis of shamanism is animism the spirit world. These systems of meaning have structures and functions that reflect human psychological, social, and biological needs for concepts of self and socially referenced others. Spirits reflect a personality model and a theory of the fundamental aspects of consciousness. Shamanism uses spirit constructs to represent personal, intrapsychic, and social dynamics. Spirit beliefs produce psychophys-iological manipulations through their meanings and...

KEY QUESTIONS Noa HumanEvolution

Sat, 24 Sep 2011 22:07:23 GMT

Why did Uniformitarianism become so powerful a force in late- nineteenth- and twentieth-century scientific thinking How might mass extinction be explained as a consequence of How does mass extinction influence the history of life How can the hypothesis of asteroid impact be tested and mass extinction. Biotic crises are not simply background extinctions writ large. This idea makes sense because, in the history of life, many successful species or groups of species have met abrupt ends in mass...

The Thirty Years War House Of Habsburg Defeated Sub Racial Anthropology

Sat, 24 Sep 2011 18:55:46 GMT

The spread of the Protestant rebellion against Catholicism spread to the Austrian Empire. In 1618 a Protestant rebellion became a European wide conflict known as the Thirty Years' War. This conflict was fought mainly on German soil, after a Catholic king of Austria had been deposed by Protestant rebels. A third of all of Germany's population was killed in this battle between Catholic and Protestant. Ultimately the House of Habsburg were defeated at the end of the Thirty Years' War, and by the...

plural society CulturalAnthropology

Sat, 24 Sep 2011 12:29:24 GMT

The paradox of the plural society entered anthropology with J.S. Furnivall's discussion of colonial policy and practice in Burma and Indonesia. He described a plural society as one in which racially distinct peoples met only in the market place, a feature of colonial political economy. Critiques of the concept followed in rapid succession. It was suggested by Maurice Freedman, writing about Malaya, that although ethnicity might be recognized as a preliminary to the useful fiction of a plural...

Ingush Ghalghaaj Ghalghai EuropeanPeoples

Sat, 24 Sep 2011 09:57:12 GMT

The Ingush are a Caucasic-speaking people, living for the most part in the north-central caucasus region of southwestern Russia. Their North caucasic language is classified as part of the North-Central Nakh branch and related to the languages of the Chechens and the Bats of the nation of Georgia to the south in Asia. The cyrillic alphabet is used in the written form. The name Ingush was applied to them by the Russian Slavs, based on the name of the village Angusht their native name is...

bce Vsb EuropeanPeoples

Sat, 24 Sep 2011 06:32:01 GMT

c. 1628-27 Eruption of Thera Santorini volcano c. 1600 Earliest burials of Grave Shaft B at Mycenae all palaces on Crete are destroyed but soon rebuilt. c. 1425 Palaces on Crete are destroyed by fire. c. 1400 Mycenaeans apparently take control of Crete. c. 1200 Widespread destruction of Mycenaean palaces leads to demise of Mycenaean civilization Greek Dark Ages begin. climax. Although the Mycenaeans had a much richer material culture than did Greeks of earlier periods, and their profusion of...

Notes on Contributors Anthropology of Politics

Sat, 24 Sep 2011 04:14:33 GMT

Thomas Biolsi teaches Anthropology at Portland State University in Oregon. He has been conducting fieldwork on Rosebud Reservation in South Dakota for 20 years, and his research interests center on the history of United States Indian policy and the politics of Indian-White relations. His most recent book is ''Deadliest Enemies'' Law and the Making of Race Relations on and off Rosebud Reservation. Elizabeth Colson is retired from the Department of Anthropology, University of California,...

References Bmr AnthropologyEthics

Sat, 24 Sep 2011 02:04:13 GMT

American Anthropological Association. 1998 . Code of ethics of the American Anthropological Association. Anthropology Newsletter 39 6 , 19-20. American Association of University Professors. 2001 . Protecting human beings Institutional Review Boards and social science research. Available at http www.aaup.org last accessed 4 2004 . Foster M. W., Bernsten, D., amp Carter, T. H. 1998 . A model agreement for genetic research in socially identifiable populations. American Journal of Human Genetics...

Location of Some Iberian Tribes in the Third and Second Centuries bce EuropeanPeoples

Fri, 23 Sep 2011 20:43:28 GMT

Major fortified Celtiberian settlement Major fortified Celtiberian settlement rather than the return of dense forests that occurred elsewhere in Europe. Despite the challenges, people here continued making masterful figurative art, paintings on open-air limestone outcrops that are found in the Spanish Levant of archers hunting red deer and other animals. Other pictures show figures climbing trees for honey, in one example carrying a collecting pot and being greeted by a swarm of bees. Other...

rSYA Dargwas EuropeanPeoples

Fri, 23 Sep 2011 18:55:51 GMT

A1 Akhvakhs A2 Bagulals A3 Botlikhs A4 Chamalals A5 Godoberis A6 Karatas A7 Tindis D1 Didos D2 Bezhtas D3 Hunzibs D4 Khavarshis L1 Aguls L2 Arch is L3 Kryz L4 Rutuls 15 Tabarascans L6 Tsakhurs 17 Udis In the South Caucasus in the third-seventh centuries, the Persians under the rule of the Sassanians were dominant, but other peoples, such as the Armenians, competed with them. In the sixth century a confederation of Turks known as Goktuks built an empire that extended from Mongolia to the Black...

Marcomanni EuropeanPeoples

Fri, 23 Sep 2011 17:18:50 GMT

The Marcomanni are classified among those Germanics known as Suebi. In the course of their history, they lived in present-day Germany, Czech Republic, and Austria. Along with other Germanic tribes, they battled the Romans in what is referred to as the Marcomannic or Marcomannian Wars in the second century c.e. The Marcomanni are thought to have settled along the Main River, a tributary of the Rhine, in present-day south-central Germany by the first century b.c.e. In 8 to 6 b.c.e., they settled...

Battle of Little Bighorn Sub Racial Anthropology

Fri, 23 Sep 2011 16:34:15 GMT

The Battle of Little Bighorn was fought between a regiment of the US 7th Cavalry led by Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer and a force of Sioux and Cheyenne Amerinds on 25 June 1876, in what is now the state of Montana. Gold had been discovered in the nearby Black Hills in 1874 this had led to the inevitable massive and overnight influx of White prospectors into what was Amerind land immediately the Sioux and Cheyenne chiefs, Sitting Bull, Crazy Horse, and Gall, organized raiding...

The Afsluitdyk Sub Racial Anthropology

Fri, 23 Sep 2011 14:50:42 GMT

Despite the deprivations caused by the First World War, the Dutch recovered well, and continued to expand directly afterwards. By the second decade of the 20th Century the Dutch had become masters at containing the sea. Huge areas of land had even been reclaimed from the sea, leading to almost a third of the country actually being below sea level, cut off behind massive dikes for which the country has, like windmills, become famous. Much of the land that lies below sea level is still kept dry...

Origins and history SocialAnthropology

Fri, 23 Sep 2011 13:47:31 GMT

From its origins in the late eighteenth century, clinical psychiatry recognized that mental illness might be influenced, sometimes even caused, by a society's mores, roles and sentiments. Generally, the patterns of severe illness psychosis identified in European hospitals were taken as universal, whilst it was accepted that wide variations existed in everyday psychological functioning which could be attributed to 'race', religion, gender and class. In the first explicitly cross-cultural...

Acknowledgements PhilosophicalAnthropology

Fri, 23 Sep 2011 13:22:17 GMT

This dissertation was made possible by the support and guidance of many people. I want to thank my supervisor Jussi Kotkavirta, whose keen interest in the general issues that my dissertation is about has been of great help and guidance since I was a student. Professor Eerik Lagerspetz and the whole staff at the department of philosophy in Jyv skyl have created an encouraging atmosphere for work on a doctoral dissertation. I want to thank Eerik and all my teachers, colleagues and more recently...

Extending worldsystem analysis EconomicAnthropology

Fri, 23 Sep 2011 11:07:03 GMT

The work of Frank and Gills 1993 on the date of the origins of the world-system, mentioned above, has led to other interesting possibilities for world-systems analysis. If the world-system developed long before the capitalist period, then pre-capitalist and non-capitalist world-systems are also theoretically possible. Frank and Gills's own analysis was historical, tracing the origins of the modern world-system back to ancient Mesopotamia, via the civilisations of Mediterranean Europe. But...

Putting Anthropology to Work A Pedagogy SocialAnthropology

Fri, 23 Sep 2011 10:14:06 GMT

The importance of teaching and training new anthropologists never left central stage as we wrote this introduction, not to mention as we planned and organized this symposium. Many of our contributors came out of graduate programs in anthropology that either partly or in some cases completely neglected to teach fieldwork methodology or to instruct graduate students at all about how one becomes a professional anthropologist or prepares to find work in our field. As recently as the 1990s,...

Napoleon Bonaparte And Unification Sub Racial Anthropology

Fri, 23 Sep 2011 03:26:35 GMT

The ideals of the French Revolution spread to Switzerland after 1789. Swiss revolutionaries also rose up against the almost feudal system of Lords and Princes who ran the confederation of Swiss cantons. The Swiss revolutionaries were however suppressed by the Swiss nobles, which led to the French revolutionaries sending a French army into Switzerland to help the Swiss revolutionaries. With French intervention, the Swiss revolutionaries managed to stage a comeback, and a Swiss republic based on...

Dualism and anthropocentrism CulturalAnthropology

Fri, 23 Sep 2011 03:24:12 GMT

The popular association of 'environment' with non-human things derives from the nature culture dualism whereby humanity is defined in opposition to everything else. The idea of environment as surroundings which are relevant to human existence derives from anthropocentrism, a worldview which places humanity in centre stage. The extent to which dualism and anthro-pocentrism vary cross-culturally is a matter of considerable debate. Environmental debates promoted by 'deep ecologists' contrast...

Houses and the Kachin SocialAnthropology

Fri, 23 Sep 2011 00:30:58 GMT

Among other things, the Kachin Leach 1954 are famous in anthropology as an example of a society that practises fmatrilateral cross-cousin marriage, an exchange relationship of alliance that takes place between two or more lineages related as wife-givers mayu and wife-takers dama . fLeach tells us that among the Kachin there exists a system of patrilineal clanship, with fclans made up of a number of localized flineages 1954 55 , although he adds that within villages, people of one lineage are...

Alternative and Complementary Therapies for HIV MedicalAnthropology

Thu, 22 Sep 2011 23:54:47 GMT

The use of CAM among HIV-infected patients is extremely high. Furin 1997 found that 69 percent of a nonrepresentative sample of gay West Hollywood men infected with HIV used CAM 92 percent also relied on biomedicine, illustrating that these therapies are complementary rather than alternative. Reasons for the use of CAM include the lack of an effective biomedical treatment and the political, social, and psychological dynamics of AIDS and CAM therapies. Furin suggests that AIDS activism is an...

Conclusion Xit SocialAnthropology

Thu, 22 Sep 2011 23:04:41 GMT

A concern with the mechanics of power and the relation of power to knowledge derived primarily from the writings of fMichel Foucault halted the involution of disciplinary and subfield specialization in its tracks. Within the anthropology of politics, a new post-Foucaultian micro-political paradigm emerged Ferguson 1990 at the same time as global transdisciplinary movements subaltern studies, black studies, and feminist studies made familiar concepts such as power, history, culture and class...

Comparison Of Dental Characteristics ForensicAnthropology

Thu, 22 Sep 2011 21:22:47 GMT

One of the most accurate and efficient manners of making an identification or an exclusion with a missing person is through a comparison of dental characteristics. Specialists that work with dental identification are called forensic odontologists, or forensic dentists. While generally a forensic odontologist will formally make a dental comparison for identification, forensic anthropologists are also familiar with the human dentition, and the two disciplines work together closely. When analyzing...

Personal nationalism and the national interest AnthropologicalPerspectives

Thu, 22 Sep 2011 20:09:52 GMT

The issue before us, then, is how, and the extent to which, individuals' constructions and usages of their Scottishness converge so that it is indeed appropriate to refer to Scottish national identity. I shall begin this section with anecdotal accounts of two events more than twenty years apart, to show that the identification of self with nation is articulated through the notion of 'interest'. In the final section of the chapter, I shall argue that personally constructed national identity is...

i On Puzzling Wavelengths ExtraordinaryAnthropology

Thu, 22 Sep 2011 19:56:28 GMT

Even seasoned anthropologists run headlong into things they find paradoxical, extraordinary, shocking, or baffling when they are engaged in fieldwork.1 I had several experiences like this in the course of a study during the 1970s, and they all had to do with communication. They entailed surprising interaction between humans almost unbelievable understandings between dogs and their masters people dealing with forces they called power, with extraordinary consequences and, finally, my perception...

Beyond Our Known Worlds ExtraordinaryAnthropology

Thu, 22 Sep 2011 19:56:22 GMT

We begin with three descriptive accounts of unanticipated participation in events that directly confronted ethnographers with dimensions of life that drew them beyond the parameters of their immediate research agenda and taken-for-granted epistemological assumptions. In the process, we discover how anthropologists transcended their initial predilection for this or that theoretical perspective and came to work and to learn beyond the vantage point from which they thought they would carry out all...

Developments North of the Carpathians EuropeanPeoples

Thu, 22 Sep 2011 18:53:32 GMT

In the Polish region north of the Carpathians significant changes in material culture, from the mid-seventh century, seem to signal a departure from the simple Slavic culture of the past. In southern Poland more accomplished pottery was made, finished on what is called a slow wheel that allowed for a more regular shape. Pottery was decorated and made in a greater variety of shapes influences from south of the Carpathians are apparent. Dwellings continued to be of the familiar sunken-floor type,...

Cususa For The Ancestors EconomicAnthropology

Thu, 22 Sep 2011 18:30:22 GMT

The Lenca are the largest indigenous group in Honduras and cover the widest geographical area, encompassing most of the western and southwestern highlands around Mount Celaque, stretching east through La Esperanza, and including the departments of Intibuca, Lempira, La Paz, Comayagua, Santa Barbara, Valle, and Francisco Morazan. Lenca culture patterns are known primarily through contemporary ethnography Castegnaro de Foletti, 1989 Chapman, 1985 and historical treatments Black, 1985, 1997...

Trends in American anthropology past and present CulturalAnthropology

Thu, 22 Sep 2011 18:16:09 GMT

American anthropology can be encapsulated thematically in the intellectual history of the discovery and passing of modernity not that anthropologists agree on the use of this term Manganaro 1990 . Nevertheless, it is possible to distinguish three phases in modern American anthropology. Voget 1975 characterized them as 'developmentalism', 'structuralism' and 'dif-ferentiative specialization'. Since then the onset of postmodernism in American anthropology must also be acknowledged. The first...

Fascism Benito Mussolini Sub Racial Anthropology

Thu, 22 Sep 2011 13:37:22 GMT

Italy however ended the war in social and economic chaos, with a strong Communist Party continuously on the verge of provoking a full scale rebellion, as had happened in Russia. A former socialist by the name of Benito Mussolini then became active in politics as leader of a party called the Fascists. That name was derived from the symbol of the old Roman rulers, a bundle of sticks bound together to symbolize unity and an ax head protruding from the stick to symbolize authority, called a fasces...

Acknowledgments TheologicalAnthropology

Thu, 22 Sep 2011 11:46:00 GMT

I wish to express my profound gratitude to my advisor, Roberta C. Bondi, who first introduced me to Denys and who taught me that good history is an exercise of both memory and heart that ushers the historian into the presence of a great cloud of witnesses. I owe thanks, as well, to Wendy Farley and Don Saliers whose seminars fueled my imagination and whose careful work as committee members sharpened the project. The project was also helped along in its early stages by Maggie Kulyk, a fellow...

Sociology and anthropology of financial markets EconomicAnthropology

Thu, 22 Sep 2011 07:56:17 GMT

Anthropologists and sociologists have produced pioneering ethnographies of financial markets, often involving participant-observation on the trading floor as well as in corporate offices. It is interesting, however, that despite the common methodologies, disciplinary concerns have inflected the character of these studies. So, where Abolafia 1996 discovers the importance of social networks and the role of the tension between self-interest and self-restraint in the maintenance of such networks,...

Norwegians nationality people of Norway EuropeanPeoples

Thu, 22 Sep 2011 06:00:36 GMT

Norway is flanked by sweden to the east, by the Norwegian Sea to the west, by the Barents sea to the north, and by the North sea and the Skagerrak Strait to the south. Additional Norwegian territory includes Jan Mayen, a volcanic island Svalbard, an archipelago in the Arctic Ocean the unoccupied Bouvet Island of the Atlantic Ocean and Queen Maud Land in the Antarctic continent. About one-third of Norway lies north of the Arctic Circle. The country's land area is 148,896 square miles. Norway's...

Unelli Unelles Venelli EuropeanPeoples

Thu, 22 Sep 2011 03:21:16 GMT

The Unelli are classified as a Celtic tribe. They lived in Gaul around present-day Coutances in northwestern France and are discussed as Celts or Gauls. They were allied with the Aulerci and the Esuvii. The Romans referred to them along with other tribes as Armoricans, that is, tribes living between the Seine and Loire on or near the Atlantic Ocean in the region of Armorica roughly present-day Brittany and eastern Normandy . The region was occupied by forces under Julius Caesar in 55 B.C.E.

Measuring Variability in a Cultural Setting and Cultural Consensus Theory HealthIllness

Thu, 22 Sep 2011 02:59:30 GMT

Variability in cultural knowledge about illness within an identified setting was first systematically addressed by Fabrega in the Mayan community of Zinacantan, Mexico Fabrega, 1970 Fabrega amp Silver, chapter 7, 1973 . A form of term-frame interview was used where a set of 18 illness terms were paired with 24 possible bodily disturbances symptoms . Two groups one composed of 30 practicing h'iloletik shamans and the other 30 laymen were compared. A chi-square analysis found no significant...

Ivan The Great Refuses To Pay Tribute To Mongols Sub Racial Anthropology

Thu, 22 Sep 2011 01:55:13 GMT

The Mongols were then further weakened by renewed internal dissension, with a new Mongol warlord, Tamerlane, conquering much of the original Mongol empire in Russia in 1395. After Tamerlane's death, his empire was broken into four independent khanates Astrakhan', Kazan', Crimea, and Sibir. So divided, the Mongols were at last weakened to the point where the Muscovite principality, under the leadership of Ivan III, took the opportunity in 1480, to refuse to pay the annual tribute to the Horde....

Two realms of economy EconomicAnthropology

Thu, 22 Sep 2011 00:52:36 GMT

Economy contains two realms that of community and that of market or impersonal trade Gudeman 2001 . Both are found in all economies, each has many variations, and the balance of the two varies over time and by person and situation. These two faces of economy are complexly intertwined, and the border between them is often indistinct. By community I mean small groups, such as households, bands or tribal organisations, but also imagined groupings that may never meet yet hold some interests in...

The modernity of stereotypes Social and Cultural Anthropology

Wed, 21 Sep 2011 21:39:31 GMT

Stereotypes have been described as affording a discursive and conceptual bulwark against the randomness and complexity of the world. These static, limited, inert idioms provide beacons of constancy and recognition through which familiar cognitive order can hope to be replicated and stable collective rhythms maintained Sherif 1967 157 60 . Indeed, as social life sees an increase in scale and pace through such 'massifying' processes as globalization, mass communication, transnationalism and...

Brain expansion compounding the hominid heritage HumanPaleobiology

Wed, 21 Sep 2011 20:02:13 GMT

The million year timespan often assumed for the emergence of Homo habilis from smaller-brained hominids seems brief, when considered in the abstract. But even seemingly short spans of time allow for the compounding of gains, even if each increment is so slight as to be scarcely noticeable in itself. What Einstein, like Darwin, saw in compounding - the physicist, because of his mathematical mind, explicitly, the naturalist perhaps intuitively - was the vast power of cumulative growth. A...

Most Hungarians Not Descendants Of Magyars Sub Racial Anthropology

Wed, 21 Sep 2011 19:56:24 GMT

Although the original Magyars had been mixed race Asiatics and had been largely killed or dispersed by the German armies, small numbers remained in Hungary and other countries in Eastern Europe. Partly as a result of the absorption of these already mixed race Asiatics into a portion of the Slavic population in Eastern Europe, the Hungarians began to call themselves Magyars - although for the majority of Hungarians, this is not an accurate reflection of their racial roots. The original Magyars...

The end of synthetic anthropology SocialAnthropology

Wed, 21 Sep 2011 19:17:38 GMT

The diffusionist and functionalist schools which battled for anthropological paramountcy in the World War I era were both engendered by Darwinian biogeography although they represented themselves as diametrically opposed and historians have usually taken them on their own valuation . The diffusionists sustained nineteenth-century evolutionists' historical objectives, and resembled their predecessors in their description of the sequence of institutional changes leading to modern civilization....

Ireland S Golden Age EuropeanPeoples

Wed, 21 Sep 2011 18:26:37 GMT

Ireland's Golden Age began in the sixth century and lasted well into the ninth century. Ireland was known as an Island of Saints and Scholars. The rise of Christian monastic schools in the latter half of the sixth century led to a flowering of literature and learning in early Ireland. The scribes and monks of these schools played a critical role in preserving the West's written heritage by copying and preserving the texts of the ancient world. From these monastic centers Irish missionaries...

Mass Extinctions Are Qualitatively Different HumanEvolution

Wed, 21 Sep 2011 17:57:00 GMT

The University of Chicago paleontologist David Jablonski has investigated the nature of that selection by comparing the pattern in background and mass extinction periods. During background extinction, several factors contribute to the protection of a species from extinction. Species that are geographically widespread resist extinction, for instance. Likewise, marine species that send their larvae far and wide drifting with the currents resist extinction, for similar reasons. A group of related...

Region definition and contemporary states SocialAnthropology

Wed, 21 Sep 2011 16:56:39 GMT

By convention, West Africa is bounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the south and west and by the world's largest desert, the Sahara, to the north. However these boundaries are most significant for the influences that flowed across them. Via its Atlantic seaboard, West Africa was incorporated into a system of world trade emergent from the late fifteenth century especially through the slave trade. Subsequent European colonization and Christian missionization proceeded largely, but not exclusively,...

Ecological consumption EconomicAnthropology

Wed, 21 Sep 2011 13:16:05 GMT

As anthropology matured as a discipline, the 'total social fact' of feasts was deconstructed. The potlatch received a more explicitly economic analysis and the consumption that took place became read in more individualised terms. Status replaced obligation as an analytic variable elaborate feasting signalled not so much social contracts but prestige economies. Thus, in his synthetic overview of anthropology Melville Herskovits writes 1948 287 'The prestige economy is a topsy-turvy system, where...

David Nugent Anthropology of Politics

Wed, 21 Sep 2011 10:07:19 GMT

This chapter develops a critical commentary on Weberian and post-Weberian approaches to the state. Drawing on ethnographic material from the northern Peruvian Andes, it shows the importance of distinguishing state in the Weberian sense from governmentality in the Foucauldian sense . Most scholars have treated the governmental states of Western Europe as normative, and in the process have obscured the broad range of forces that have sought to order national societies in relation to the...

CrossCultural Review of Responses to Bodily and Behavioral Differences HealthIllness

Wed, 21 Sep 2011 07:30:04 GMT

As a broad inclusive category, and from a strict constructionist perspective, disability exists only in locally specific relation to Western European notions of medicalization, employment, and welfare Groce, 1999 Whyte amp Ingstad, 1995 . Yet, some range of physical and behavioral differences are recognized in all societies and there are often social consequences that follow from this recognition. While it is of paramount importance to elucidate local contexts, knowledge, and responses in the...

The Conceptual Development of Language Ideologies LinguisticAnthropology

Wed, 21 Sep 2011 07:21:52 GMT

Silverstein's pioneering article, first presented in a Parasession on Linguistic Units and Levels at the Chicago Linguistic Society, argued for the recognition of a more central, mediating role for linguistic ideology as an influential part, or ''level,'' of language. He argued that speakers' awareness of language and their rationalizations of its structure and use were often critical factors in shaping the evolution of a language's structure. In a later formulation of this position, he...

Fcr Anthropology CulturalAnthropology

Wed, 21 Sep 2011 06:38:29 GMT

Bowler, P.J. 1989 The Invention of Progress The Victorians and the Past, Oxford Blackwell. Burrow, J.W. 1966 Evolution and Society A Study in Victorian Social Theory, Cambridge Cambridge University Press. Darnell, R. 2001 Invisible Genealogies A History of Americanist Anthropology, Lincoln University of Nebraska Press. Haddon, A.C. with A.H. Quiggin 1910 History ofAnthropology, London Watts. Hinsley, C. 1981 Savages and Scientists The Smithsonian Institution and the Development of American...

Iii The Divine Permission Of Sin Hamartiology

Wed, 21 Sep 2011 06:13:08 GMT

The presence of sin in the universe is due to the fact that God permits it. It must serve some justifiable purpose attainable in no other way else God would not have permitted it, or, having permitted it, He would now terminate it without delay. The divine purpose relative to sin has not been revealed, and, doubtless, the human mind could not comprehend all that is involved. Devout souls will continue to believe that, though no manifestation of sin is possible outside the permissive will of...

Power and Practice in Hierarchical Polynesia and Micronesia LinguisticAnthropology

Wed, 21 Sep 2011 02:51:49 GMT

Just as the languages of the Pacific Islands exhibit formidable diversity, the speakers of these languages also organize their social lives and cultural systems in widely divergent ways from one part of the Pacific to the other. Yet, in the midst of this remarkable diversity, recurring patterns emerge, and it is these patterns of familiarity and systematicity that sociocultural anthropologists have worried about since they began conducting fieldwork among Pacific Islanders. Contrasting with...

Culture versus society CulturalAnthropology

Wed, 21 Sep 2011 01:10:28 GMT

Not all anthropologists of the day were as enthusiastic about the concept of culture as the Boasians. Radcliffe-Brown's dismissal of culture as a 'vague abstraction' 1952 1940 190 was echoed elsewhere in British social anthropology, where 'culturalism' and 'culturalist' were employed as damning epithets for any analysis which sought above all to explicate a culture in its own terms. The usual antonym to 'culturalist' was 'structuralist' which, before the 1960s, usually referred to the study of...

White Expansion Voyages of Discovery and Settlement Sub Racial Anthropology

Wed, 21 Sep 2011 00:59:35 GMT

When the White explorations of Africa, North America, Australia, New Zealand, Central and South America, India, China and Japan, are reviewed by most historians, very often the most important factor which gave rise to this era is deliberately ignored the staggering disparity in technology between the White explorers and the native peoples is the only reason why it was the Whites who explored and colonized the rest of the world, and not the other way round. That this is so will come as no...

South America and Spanish and Portuguese Voyages of discovery Sub Racial Anthropology

Wed, 21 Sep 2011 00:55:50 GMT

After the Spaniard Christopher Columbus landed in the West Indies in 1492, Spain and Portugal started disputing areas of influence on the Southern American continent. The dispute was eventually settled by the pope, who in 1493, drew up defined areas of influence for the two nations - ostensibly with the idea of spreading Christianity to the natives in those territories. In time the Portuguese territory became known as Brazil, hence the lingua franca of that country to this day is Portuguese,...

Experience And Modernity ModernAnthropology

Tue, 20 Sep 2011 19:25:39 GMT

The role of the self in the making of knowledge is a central issue in accounts of modernity and one related to our present concerns. As Foucault has argued, observation and the role of the observing subject was crucial to the emergence of modern European society,26 as was the idea that society or the world could be conceptualized as a coherent image.27 The distinctive feature of visual modernity concerns the rooting of the observer in the mobile body, and by extension knowledge became...

Ethnography as product a history of ethnography SocialAnthropology

Tue, 20 Sep 2011 18:16:20 GMT

As a written account, an ethnography focuses on a particular population, place and time with the deliberate goal of describing it to others. So, often, did the writings of nineteenth-century explorers, missionaries, military agents, journalists, travellers, and reformers and these contain much information useful to anthropologists. What distinguishes the first ethnography, Louis Henry Morgan's The League of the Ho-de-no-sau-nee or Iroquois 1851 , from these other writings are two qualities its...

Practice LinguisticAnthropology

Tue, 20 Sep 2011 17:58:26 GMT

Practice is habitual social activity, the series of actions that make up our daily lives. The notion of practice or praxis emerges from Marxism, and while this influence is apparent in the frequent use of the concept to understand the political economy of everyday life, the term now has a wider range of use. For linguistic anthropologists, one of the most important practice theorists is Bourdieu, not only because he considers language a practice rather than merely an abstract system of rules,...

The Real Reason For The Fall Of Rome Fewer Than Percent Of The Population Were Romans Circa Ad Sub Racial Anthropology

Tue, 20 Sep 2011 17:36:37 GMT

For centuries historians have endlessly debated the reasons why the power of Rome waned. Most explanations have centered on arguments that the civilization's morals collapsed - that the Empire exhausted itself due to over exertion - or that it declined economically. The truth behind the disappearance of the Roman Empire is in fact much simpler and stunningly obvious - the facts are that the people who created the Empire, the original Romans, mainly Indo-European tribes, vanished, absorbed into...