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Entity- Relationship model (chapter-05)

2019-02-19T17:10:00.000+05:30

Headings

ER concept and terminology.
Entities, Relationship and attribute.
ER Diagrams.
Mapping conceptual model into relational schema.
Introduction to ERR modelling
ER concept and terminology.
Entities, Relationship and attribute.
ER Diagrams.
Mapping conceptual model into relational schema.
Introduction to ERR modelling
ER concept and terminology.

ER concept and terminology.

The basic building blocks of all data models are

Entities
Attributes
Relationships
Constraints

Entities

An entity represents a particular type of object the real world.
An entity is"distinguishable"_ that is ,each entity occurrence is unique and distinct.
An entity is a person,place,thing,or event about which data will be collected and stored. For example ,
a CUSTOMER entity would have many distinguishable customer occurrences, such as John Smith, Pedro Dinamita , and Tom Strickland.

Entities may be physical objects,such as customers or products,but entities may also be abstractions,such as flight routes or musical concerts.

Attribute

An attribute is a characteristic of an entity .

EMAIL

2018-12-17T16:20:00.000+05:30

EMAIL(Electronic Mail)

•E-mail lets you sent electronic mail to and receive it from anyone with and e-mail address. Email may contain data other than text such as images or music files.

Benefit of Email

o Cost

If you have a personal computer that is connected to the internet via, Isp or any network internet modem, you don’t pay extra charges for sending or receiving email messages

o Convenience

You can send or check your mails at any time of the day and from any computer that is connected to the internet in any part of the world .If the email address is correct

o Speed

It takes at email few minutes even seconds to reach it’s destination in any part of the world .This how ever depends on your connection , the speed of your connection the speed of your computer and the speed at which your Isp transmit.

Email address

The Email address has three parts

1)Username On the left side of the @sign separator is the username

2)Domain name Domain name for the internet host or network on the right side of the @ separator is the name of email server.

3)Domain code

Username ⬎

Jsmith@gmail.com ← Domain code

⬆

Domain name

Domain code

Aero-Air lines groups

Biz-Business

Com-Commercial

Coop-Business cooperative

Edu-education

Country Domain

Ølk-srilanka

ØUs-America

ØUk-England

ØIn-india

ØJp-japan

ØCa-Canada

ØAu-Australia

Password

Choose a password that is 8 characters or more Make sure your password is secure and one that you can remember .Secure password includes compilation of upper and lower case let us and numbers ,symbols

Email Protocols/ Rules

•Here’ re some basic rules ,you should right to observe while using email and this is called email

•1.Netiquette

•Always use subject line, This will help the mail recipient to have an idea of what your message is all about

•Be brief in writing ,if the information you want to send is much ,consider sending some as attachment.

Keep paragraph short and to the point .it’s hard to view long paragraph remember most people will read your message on the computer screen ,so don’t give them trouble reading your mail.

•Don’t use all capital /all small letters write in a conventional way.

Remember to check your mail for spelling errors before you sent

Important parts of email

how to apply for non hosted adsense account

2018-05-28T18:29:00.003+05:30

How to upgrade an AdSense account hosted to a normal AdSense account Tamil

Did you find a message in the hosted account on the top right of your AdSense account page? Upgrade to a normal AdSense account from this account to remove this account from your account.

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NVQ Level 5 Software Testing past papers 2014 Questions and Response

2018-05-08T15:37:00.001+05:30

Question-1

01. Explain software testing why is it important to conduct the testing of software

# Software testing is performed to verify that the completed software package functions according to the expectations defined by the requirements/specifications.

Finding defects which may get created by the programmer while developing the software.

Gaining confidence in and providing information about the level of quality.

To make sure that the end result meets the business and user requirements.

To ensure that it satisfies the BRS that is Business Requirement Specification and SRS that is System Requirement Specifications.

To gain the confidence of the customers by providing them a quality product.

02. What is the purpose of acceptance testing? Explain it briefly

# Acceptance testing, a testing technique performed to determine whether or not the software system has met the requirement specifications. The main purpose of this test is to evaluate the system's compliance with the business requirements and verify if it is has met the required criteria for delivery to end users.

03. Describe in detail the importance of validation process of software development

# Determining if the system complies with the requirements and performs functions for which it is intended and meets the organization’s goals and user needs.
# Validation is done at the end of the development process and takes place after verification's are completed.

Question- 2

01. Who are the responsible persons to do the following types of testing

System testing

Acceptance testing (Ans user/customer)

Integration testing (Ans Developer)

Unit testing (Ans Developer)

02. Which test cases are written first: white boxes or black boxes ?explain your answer in brief

# Normally black box test cases are written first and white box test cases later. In order to write black box test cases we need the requirement document and, design or project plan. All these documents are easily available at the initial start of the project. White box test cases cannot be started in the initial phase of the project because they need more architecture clarity which is not available at the start of the project. So normally white box test cases are written after black box test cases are written.

# Black box test cases do not require system understanding but white box testing needs more structural understanding. And structural understanding is clearer in the later part of project, i.e., while executing or designing. For black box testing you need to only analyze from the functional perspective which is easily available from a simple requirement document.

03. Explain the v model of the software testing

#Under V-Model, the corresponding testing phase of the development phase is planned in parallel. So there are Verification phases on one side of the .V. and Validation phases on the other side. Coding phase joins the two sides of the V Model

Question- 3

01. List down three (03) test case techniques used in software testing

Low Level

Boundary Value Analysis (BVA)

Equivalence Partitioning (EP)

Special Value (SV)

Error Based (EB)

I/O Domain

High Level

Decision Table (DT)
Flow Chart (FC)

02. Write down five (05) best possible test case for a login system in yahoo page

#For testing the log-in page following are the possible scenarios:

The design of login page is as per the specifications
When the login page is opened the cursor is on the user name text box
Validating the user name text box with the following conditions:

i. It accepts alphanumeric characters along with the special characters

ii. Checks whether only the special characters like _, space, - are allowed

iii. It accepts when only alphabets are given

iv. It does not accepts the numeric values alone

v. It does not accepts the void or null values

vi. When tab is pressed it goes to the password text box

vii. Checks whether the user name entered is available in the data base after the tab key is pressed

viii. Error message thrown for the wrong entry of user name

xi. When OK button in the error message is clicked the cursor should be on the

user name text box

4. Validating the password text box with the following conditions:

i. Should allow the entry of alphanumeric and special characters

ii. When the entry is made it should encrypt and display as "*" to the users

iii. When tab or entry key is pressed it should go to the next page of the

browser

iv. When wrong password is entered and does not matches with the values in

the database the error message is thrown

v. When OK button in the error message is clicked the cursor should be on the

user name text box

# There may be more possible scenarios for testing this page....but these were the most common ones.

03. Explain the purpose of static Analysis.

# Static analysis tools are generally used by developers as part of the development and component testing process. The key aspect is that the code (or other artifact) is not executed or run but the tool itself is executed, and the source code we are interested in is the input data to the tool.

# These tools are mostly used by developers.

# Static analysis tools for code can help the developers to understand the structure of the code, and can also be used to enforce coding standards.

Question- 4

01. What are the stages in the fundamental test process

# Testing is a process rather than a single activity. This process starts from test planning then designing test cases, preparing for execution and evaluating status till the test closure. So, we can divide the activities within the fundamental test process into the following basic steps:

1) Planning and Control

2) Analysis and Design

3) Implementation and Execution

4) Evaluating exit criteria and Reporting

5) Test Closure activities

02. Briefly explain the test analysis and design techniques

# Test analysis and Test Design has the following major tasks:

To review the test basis. (The test basis is the information we need in order to start the test analysis and create our own test cases. Basically it’s a documentation on which test cases are based, such as requirements, design specifications, product risk analysis, architecture and interfaces. We can use the test basis documents to understand what the system should do once built.)
To identify test conditions.
To design the tests.
To evaluate testability of the requirements and system.
To design the test environment set-up and identify and required infrastructure and tools.

03. Describe the difference between regression testing and confirmation testing

# Re-Testing: After a defect is detected and fixed, the software should be retested to confirm that the original defect has been successfully removed. This is called Confirmation Testing or Re-Testing

# Regression testing: Testing your software application when it undergoes a code change to ensure that the new code has not affected other parts of the software.

Question- 5

01. What is the difference between alpha and beta testing

# Alpha testing is a type of acceptance testing; performed to identify all possible issues/bugs before releasing the product to everyday users or public. The focus of this testing is to simulate real users by using black-box and white-box techniques. The aim is to carry out the tasks that a typical user might perform. Alpha testing is carried out in a lab environment and usually the testers are internal employees of the organization. To put it as simple as possible, this kind of testing is called alpha only because it is done early on, near the end of the development of the software, and before beta testing.

# Beta Testing of a product is performed by "real users" of the software application in a"real environment" and can be considered as a form of external user acceptance testing.Beta version of the software is released to a limited number of end-users of the product to obtain feedback on the product quality. Beta testing reduces product failure risks and provides increased quality of the product through customer validation.

02. What does entry and exit criteria mean in a project? Explain them briefly

#Entry criteria – It ensures that the proper environment is in place to start test process of a project e.g. All hardware/software platforms are successfully installed and functional, Test plan, test case are reviewed and signed off.

#Exit Criteria - It ensures that the project is complete before exiting the test stage.E.g. Planned deliverable s are ready, High severity defects are fixed, Documentation is complete and updated.

03. “Functional and non-functional testing are important in accepting the system by system owners”. Justify this statements with relevant facts.

#To the end system installation, development, usability, sanity, smoke, regression, destructive, recovery, automated, user Acceptance, Compatibility, Performance, Security and Accessibility are very important to the user that what the above statement is true these operations are under the Functional and non-functional testing

#To the end validating the performance of application also important to the owners.

2015past paper

2014 PDF -link 1 link 2

Database Design Process - Chapter 03

2018-05-01T14:32:00.000+05:30

Database Design Process

After studying this chapter, you should be able to:

Major Topic From Module

– Database Design process

Lesson title: Database System Development Life cycle.
After studying this chapter, you should be able to(Learning Outcomes):

– Explain Database system Development

Lifecycle(DSDLC).

– State the stages/Phases of DSDLC.

– Explain each main stages of the DSDLC.

– Explain Database Design process.

Introduction

What are main phases in System Development Life

Cycle (SDLC)?

Database System Development Life Cycle

Database system is a fundamental component of the larger organization.
It is also a fundamental and important component of information system.
Database system development life cycle is inherently associated with the life cycle of the information system.
With a small number of users, the life cycle need not be very complex.
Designing a medium to large database systems with tens to thousands of users, using hundreds of queries and application programs, the life cycle can become extremely complex.

Stages of DSDLC

Database planning
System definition
Requirements collection and analysis
Database design
DBMS selection (optional)
Application design
Prototyping (optional)
Data conversion and loading
Implementation
Testing
Operational maintenance

Stages of DSDLC

üDatabase Planning

• Planning how the stages of

the life cycle can be realized

most efficiently and

effectively.

Stages of DSDLC

üDatabase Planning
üSystem definition

• Specifying the scope and

boundaries of the database

system, including the major

user views, its users, and

application areas.

Stages of DSDLC

üDatabase Planning
üSystem definition
üRequirements collection and analysis

• Collection and analysis of

the requirements for the

new database system.

Stages of DSDLC

üDatabase Planning
üSystem definition
üRequirements collection and analysis
üDatabase design

• Conceptual, logical, and physical design of the database.

Stages of DSDLC

üDatabase Planning
üSystem definition
üRequirements collection and analysis
üDatabase design
üDBMS selection (optional)

• Selecting a suitable DBMS

for the database system.

Stages of DSDLC

üDatabase Planning
üSystem definition
üRequirements collection and analysis
üDatabase design
üDBMS selection (optional)
üApplication design

• Designing the user interface and the application programs that use and process the database.

Stages of DSDLC

üDatabase Planning
üSystem definition
üRequirements collection and analysis
üDatabase design
üDBMS selection (optional)
üApplication design
üPrototyping (optional)

• Building a working model of the database system, which allows the designers or users to visualize and evaluate how the final system will look and function.

Stages of DSDLC

üDatabase Planning
üSystem definition
üRequirements collection and analysis
üDatabase design
üDBMS selection (optional)
üApplication design
üPrototyping (optional)
üImplementation

• Creating the physical database definitions and the application programs

Stages of DSDLC

üDatabase Planning
üSystem definition
üRequirements collection and analysis
üDatabase design
üDBMS selection (optional)
üApplication design
üPrototyping (optional)
üImplementation
üData conversion and loading

• Loading data from the old system to the new system and, where possible, converting any existing applications to run on the new database.

Stages of DSDLC

üDatabase Planning

üSystem definition

üRequirements collection and analysis

üDatabase design

üDBMS selection (optional)

üApplication design

üPrototyping (optional)

üImplementation

üData conversion and loading

üTesting

• Database system is tested for errors and validated against the requirements specified by the users.

Stages of DSDLC

üDatabase Planning

üSystem definition

üRequirements collection and analysis

üDatabase design

üDBMS selection (optional)

üApplication design

üPrototyping (optional)

üImplementation

üData conversion and loading

üTesting

üOperational maintenance

• Database system is fully implemented.

• The system is continuously monitored and maintained.

• When necessary, new requirements are incorporated into the database system through the preceding stages of the life cycle.

Stages of DSDLC

üDatabase Planning

üSystem definition

üRequirements collection and analysis

üDatabase design

üDBMS selection (optional)

üApplication design

üPrototyping (optional)

üImplementation

üData conversion and loading

üTesting

üOperational maintenance

• Stages of the database system development life cycle are not strictly sequential, Some of them working as feedback loops.

Database system Development Life cycle

Stages of DSDLC

Database Planning

• Database planning must be integrated with the overall Information System strategy of the organization.

• Define the mission statement

– An important first step in database planning..

– The mission statement defines the major aims of the database system.

Ex of Care:- To serve individuals and families in the poorest communities in the world.

– This statement define by Director/owner of the company.

• Identifying the mission objectives

– Next activity involves identifying the mission objectives.

– Define Objective:- A specific result that a person or system aims to achieve within a time frame and with available resources.

– Each objective identify each tasks.

– The assumption is that if the database system supports the mission objectives then the mission statement should be met.

• Database planning also include following

Questions.

– how data will be collected?

– what necessary documentation will be needed?

– how design and implementation should proceed?

System Definition

• Describes the scope and boundaries of the database application and definition the major user views.

• A database have more than one users.

• Identifying user view is an important aspect.

• User view Defines what is required of a database system from the position of a particular job role.

Requirements Collection and Analysis

• The process of collecting and analyzing information(Same as SAD).

• Identify the requirements for the new system.

• Collection methods are

1. Interview

2. Questionnaires

3. Onsite observations

Database Design

• The process of creating a design that will support the enterprise’s mission statement and mission objectives for the required database system.

• There are three phases of database design

– Conceptual

– Logical,

– Physical Design

Conceptual database design

• Conceptual database design, and involves the creation of a conceptual data model of the part of the large project.

• Data model build according to user’s requirement.

• Conceptual database design independent from

– DBMS Software

– Application program

– Programming language

– Hardware

Conceptual database design

• Identify Entities and attributes.

• Draw the E-R diagram.

• The conceptual data model is a source of information for logical database design.

Logical database design

• The process of constructing a model of the data based on a specific data model

• Independent of a particular DBMS and other physical considerations.

• The logical data model is based on the target data model for the database

• The model is tested and validated against the users’

requirements

• Normalization technique used for test the correctness of the data model.

Logical database design

• The logical data model is a source of information for the physical database design.

• The logical model also serves an important role during the operational maintenance stage.

• Logical structure for the database, which describes relations and constraints.

Physical database design

• It is the third and final phase of the database design process,

• Here designer decides how the database is to be implemented.

• Developing the physical database design, we must first identify the target DBMS.

• Therefore, physical design is adjust to a specific

DBMS system.

Physical database design

• physically implement the logical database design.

– creating a set of relational tables

– identifying the specific storage structures and access methods for the data.

– designing security protection for the system

DBMS Selection

• If no DBMS exists, you should select a appropriate

DBMS.

• If you are going to select a DBMS first you cans check the feature against requirements.

Application Design

• The design of the user interface and the application programs that use and process the database.

• Database and application design are parallel activities.

• Designing the application programs that access the database and designing the transactions(Database Access methods).

• These interface present the required information in a

‘user-friendly’ way.

Prototyping

• A prototype is a working model that does not normally have all the required features or provide all the functionality of the final system.

• The main purpose of developing a prototype database system

– allow users to use the prototype

– Features of the system that work well,

– Check inadequate or not.

– Suggest improvements.

– New features to the database system.

Implementation

• On completion of the design stages

• Implement the database and the application programs.

• The database implementation is achieved using the

Data Definition Language (DDL) .

• Any specified user views are also implemented at this stage.

Data Conversion and Loading

• Transferring any existing data into the new database and converting any existing applications to run on the new database.

• This stage is required only when a new database system is replacing an old system.

Testing

• The process of running the database system with the intent of finding errors.

• Testing cannot show the absence of faults; it can show only that software faults are present.

Operational Maintenance

• The process of monitoring and maintaining the database system following installation.

• involves the following activities

– Monitoring the performance of the system. If the performance falls below an acceptable level, tuning or reorganization of the database may be required.

– Maintaining and upgrading the database system (when required). New requirements are incorporated into the database system through the preceding stages of the lifecycle.

Summary

• Database Planning

• System definition

• Requirements collection

• and analysis

• Database design

– Conceptual

– Logical,

– Physical Design

• DBMS selection (optional)

• Application design

• Prototyping (optional)

• Implementation

• Data conversion and loading

• Testing

• Operational maintenance

BY: C.SIVAKARAN

JAFFNA COLLEGE OF T0ECHNOLOGY
SRI LANKA

DATABASE SYSTEMS I CHAPTER -01 HANDOUT ( Introduction to DBMS)

2018-05-01T10:34:00.000+05:30

1. Introduction to DBMS

The evolution of database technology

Characteristics of the database approach

Components of a DBMS

Advantages of using the DBMS approach - Explain the basic concepts of DBMS

Introduction

The database is now such an integral part of our day-to-day life that often we are not aware we are using one. We consider a database to be a collection of related data and the Database Management System (DBMS) to be the software that manages and controls access to the database. A database application is simply a program that interacts with the database at some point in its execution.

Example of Database using day - to day life

· Purchases from the supermarket

· Purchases using your credit card

· Booking a holiday at the travel agents

· Using the local library

· Using the Internet

Traditional File-Based Systems

A collection of application programs that perform services for the end-users such as the production of reports. Each program deﬁnes and manages its own data.

File-based systems were an early attempt to

computerize the manual ﬁling system that we are all familiar with. For example, in an organization a manual ﬁle is set up to hold all external and internal correspondence relating to a project, product, task, client, or employee. Typically, there are many such ﬁles, and for safety they are labeled and stored in one or more cabinets. For security, the cabinets may have locks or may be located in secure areas of the building. In our own home, we probably have some sort of ﬁling system which contains receipts, guarantees, invoices, bank statements, and

such like. When we need to look something up, we go to the ﬁling system and search through the system starting from the ﬁrst entry until we ﬁnd what we want. Alternatively, we may have an indexing system that helps locate what we want more quickly. For example, we may have divisions in the ﬁling system or separate folders for different types of item that are in some way logically related.

The manual ﬁling system works well while the number of items to be stored is small. It even works quite adequately when there are large numbers of items and we have only to store and retrieve them. However, the manual ﬁling system breaks down when we have to cross-reference or process the information in the ﬁles.

Problem of the File-Based Approach

· Separation and isolation of data

· Duplication of data

· Data dependence

· Incompatible ﬁle formats

Separation and isolation of data

When data is isolated in separate ﬁles, it is more difficult to access data that should be available.

Duplication of data

Owing to the decentralized approach taken by each department, the ﬁle-based approach encouraged, if not necessitated, the uncontrolled duplication of data.

Why we don't need duplication?

· Duplication is wasteful. It costs time and money to enter the data more than once.

· It takes up additional storage space

· Perhaps more importantly, duplication can lead to loss of data integrity; in other words, the data is no longer consistent.

Data dependence

As we have already mentioned, the physical structure and storage of the data ﬁles and records are deﬁned in the application code. This means that changes to an existing structure are difficult to make.

Incompatible ﬁle formats

Because the structure of ﬁles is embedded in the application programs, the structures are dependent on the application programming language.

The Database

A shared collection of logically related data, and a description of this data, designed to meet the information needs of an organization.

The database is a single, possibly large

repository of data that can be used simultaneously by many users.

The database holds not only the organiza- tion’s operational data but also a description of this data. For this reason, a database is also deﬁned as a self-describing collection of integrated records. The description of the data is known as the system catalog or data dictionary or metadata (the ‘data about data’). It is the self-describing nature of a database that provides program–data independence.

Data abstraction, separates the structure of the data from the application programs and stores it in the database.

If new data structures are added or existing structures are modiﬁed then the application programs are unaffected, provided they do not directly depend upon what has been modiﬁed. For example, if we add a new ﬁeld

to a record or create a new ﬁle, existing applications are unaffected. However, if we remove a ﬁeld from a ﬁle that an application program uses, then that application program is affected by this change and must be modiﬁed accordingly.

The Database Management System (DBMS) A software system that enables users to deﬁne, create, maintain, and control access to the database.

The DBMS is the software that interacts with

the users’ application programs and the database. Typically, a DBMS provides the following facilities:

It allows users to deﬁne the database, usually through a Data Deﬁnition Language (DDL). The DDL allows users to specify the data types and structures and the con- straints on the data to be stored in the database.

It allows users to insert, update, delete, and retrieve data from the database, usually through a Data Manipulation Language (DML). Having a central repository for all data and data descriptions allows the DML to provide a general inquiry facility to this data, called a query language. The provision of a query language alleviates the prob-lems with ﬁle-based systems where the user has to work with a ﬁxed set of queries or there is a proliferation of programs, giving major software management problems. The most

Database Designers

In large database design projects, we can distinguish between two types of designer: logical database designers and physical database designers.

The logical database designer is concerned with identifying the data (that is, the entities and attributes), the relationships between the data, and the constraints on the data that is to be stored in the database. The logical database designer must have a thorough and complete understanding of the organization’s data and any constraints on this data.

The physical database designer decides how the logical database design is to be physic- ally realized.

Application Developers

Once the database has been implemented, the application programs that provide the required functionality for the end-users must be implemented. This is the responsibility of the application developers.

End-Users

The end-users are the ‘clients’ for the database, which has been designed and implemented, and is being maintained to serve their information needs.

Advantages of DBMS

· Control of data redundancy

· Data consistency

· Sharing of data

· Improved data integrity

· Improved security

Control of data redundancy

Redundancy mean storing the same data multiple times. As we discussed in early, traditional ﬁle-based systems waste space by storing the same information in more than one ﬁle. The database approach attempts to eliminate the redundancy by integrating the ﬁles so that multiple copies of the same data are not stored. However, the database approach does not eliminate redundancy entirely, but controls the amount of redundancy inherent in the database. Sometimes, it is necessary to duplicate key data items to model relationships. At other times, it is desirable to duplicate some data items to improve performance.

Data consistency

By eliminating or controlling redundancy, we reduce the risk of inconsistencies occurring. If a data item is stored only once in the database, any update to its value has to be performed only once and the new value is available immediately to all users. If a data item is stored more than once and the

system is aware of this, the system can ensure that all copies of the item are kept consistent. Unfortunately, many of today’s DBMSs do not automatically ensure this type of consistency.

Sharing of data

More users share more of the data.

Improved data integrity

Database integrity refers to the validity and consistency of stored data. Integrity is usually expressed in terms of constraints, which are consistency rules that the database is not permitted to violate. Constraints may apply to data items within a single record or they may apply to relationships between records.

Improved security

Database security is the protection of the database from unauthorized users. Without suitable security measures, integration makes the data more vulnerable than ﬁle- based systems.

Characteristics of the Database

Approach

· Self-describing nature of a database system

· Insulation between programs and data, and data abstraction

· Support of multiple views of the data

· Sharing of data and multiuser transaction processing

Self-Describing Nature of a Database

System

A fundamental characteristic of the database approach is that the database system contains not only the database itself but also a complete definition or description of the database structure and constraints.

This definition is stored in the DBMS catalog,

which contains information such as the structure of each file, the type and storage format of each data item, and various constraints on the data. The information stored in the catalog is called meta-data, and it describes the structure of the primary database

Insulation between Programs and Data

In traditional file processing, the structure of data files is embedded in the application programs, so any changes to the structure of a file may require changing all programs that

access that file. By contrast, DBMS access programs do not require such changes in most cases. The structure of data files is stored in the DBMS catalog separately from the access programs.

Support of Multiple Views of the Data
A database typically has many users, each of whom may require a different perspective or view of the database. A view may be a subset of the database or it may contain virtual data that is derived from the database files but is not explicitly stored.

Sharing of Data
A multi user DBMS, as its name implies,must allow multiple users to access the database at the same time. This is essential if data for multiple applications is to be integrated and maintained in a single database.

***** End *******

BY: C.SIVAKARAN

JAFFNA COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY

Sri Lanka

NVQ Level 5 Software Testing past papers 2015 Questions and Response

2018-04-26T11:05:00.001+05:30

Question 1

1. What is the main purpose of conducting a software testing process in developing a software

Software testing is performed to verify that the completed software package functions

according to the expectations defined by the requirements/specifications.

Finding defects which may get created by the programmer while developing the software.
Gaining confidence in and providing information about the level of quality.
To make sure that the end result meets the business and user requirements.
To ensure that it satisfies the BRS that is Business Requirement Specification and SRS that is System Requirement Specifications.
To gain the confidence of the customers by providing them a quality product.

2.What are the reasons to have the bugs in developing software? Briefly explain the four reasons

Miscommunication or no communication

Success of any software application depends on communication between stakeholders, development and testing teams. Unclear requirements and misinterpretation of requirements are two major factors causing defects in software. Also defects are introduced in development stage if exact requirements are not communicated properly to development teams.

Software complexity

The complexity of current software applications can be difficult to comprehend for anyone without experience in modern-day software development. Windows-type interfaces, client-server and distributed applications, data communications, enormous relational databases, and sheer size of applications have all contributed to the exponential growth in software/system complexity. And the use of object-oriented techniques can complicate instead of simplify a project unless it is well-engineered.

Programming errors

Programmers, like anyone else, can make mistakes. Not all developers are domain experts. Inexperienced programmers or programmers without proper domain knowledge can introduce simple mistakes while coding. Lack of simple coding practices, unit testing, debugging are some of the common reasons most issues get introduced at development stage.

Changing requirements

The customer may not understand the effects of changes, or may understand and request them anyway – redesign, rescheduling of engineers, effects on other projects, work already completed that may have to be redone or thrown out, hardware requirements that may be affected, etc. If there are many minor changes or any major changes, known and unknown dependencies among parts of the project are likely to interact and cause problems, and the complexity of keeping track of changes may result in errors.Enthusiasm of engineering staff may be affected.

Software development tools

Visual tools, class libraries, compilers, scripting tools, etc. often introduce their own bugs or are poorly documented, resulting in added bugs. Continuously changing software tools used by software programmers. Keeping pace with the different versions and their compatibility is a major ongoing issue.

Lack of skilled testers

Having skilled testers with domain knowledge is extremely important for success of any project. But appointing all experienced testers is not possible for all companies. Domain knowledge and the tester’s ability to find defects can produce high quality software. Compromise on any of this can result in buggy software.

3.Explain the role of the developer in developing an error free software as the member of the development team

Question 2

1.What are the steps of basic test process in the software testing

Planning and Control
Analysis and Design
Implementation and Execution
Evaluating exit criteria and Reporting
Test Closure activities

2.Briefly explain the test implementation and execution in a software process

During test implementation and execution, we take the test conditions into test cases and procedures and other test ware such as scripts for automation, the test environment and any other test infrastructure. (Test cases is a set of conditions under which a tester will determine whether an application is working correctly or not.)

3.Explain in details the implementation methods of software application

Test implementation has the following major task:

I) To develop and prioritize our test cases by using techniques and create test data for those tests. (In order to test a software application you need to enter some data for testing most of the features. Any such specifically identified data which

is used in tests is known as test data.)

We also write some instructions for carrying out the tests which is known as test

procedures.

We may also need to automate some tests using test harness and automated tests scripts.

(A test harness is a collection of software and test data for testing a program unit by

running it under different conditions and monitoring its behavior and outputs.)

II) To create test suites from the test cases for efficient test execution. (Test suite is a collection of test cases that are used to test a software program to show that it has some specified set of behaviors. A test suite often contains detailed instructions and information for each collection of test cases on the system configuration to be used during testing. Test suites are used to group similar test cases together.)

III) To implement and verify the environment.

Question 3

1.What is STLC? List down all the steps of STLC?

Software Testing Life Cycle STLC
Software Testing is not a just a single activity. It consists of series of activities carried
out methodologically to help certify your software product. These activities (stages)
constitute the Software Testing Life Cycle (STLC).

The different stages in Software Test Life Cycle -

2.Briefly explain the first three test levels used in software testing

3.Write short notes on the following terms

a. Alpha testing

Alpha testing is done at the developers site. It is done at the end of the development process

b. V model

Under V-Model, the corresponding testing phase of the development phase is planned in parallel. So there are Verification phases on one side of the .V. and Validation phases on the other side. Coding phase joins the two sides of the VModel.

c. Verification of software

Verification is the process of evaluating work-products of a development phase to determine whether they meet the specified requirements.

verification ensures that the product is built according to the requirements and design specifications. It also answers to the question, Are we building the product right?

d. Software bug

A software bug is an error, flaw, failure or fault in a software application.

Question 4

1.What is test plan?.

Test planning, the most important activity to ensure that there is initially a list of tasks and milestones in a baseline plan to track the progress of the project. It also defines the size of the test effort.

It is the main document often called as master test plan or a project test plan and usually developed during the early phase of the project.

2.What type of errors can be tested from Black box Testing? Explain them briefly

Black box testing: Testing, either functional or non-functional, without reference to the internal structure of the component or system.

1. Incorrect or missing functions

2. Interface errors

3. Errors in data structures or external database access

4. Behavior or performance errors

5. Initialization and termination errors

3.Compare the functional and non-functional testing in a system

Question 5

1. List out 5 components of a Test Plan

1. Background (platform)

2. Test Items (Programs/modules)

3. Features to be tested

4. Features not to be tested

5. Approach 5. Item pass/Fail criteria

6. Suspension/resumption criteria

7. Test Deliver ales

8. Testing Tasks

9. Environmental needs

10. Schedule

11. Resources

12. Risks

13. Approvals

2.Write 2 differences between walk through s and inspections

Inspection: is used to verify the compliance of the product with specified standards and requirements. It is done by examining, comparing the product with the designs, code, artifacts and any other documentation available. It needs proper planning and overviews are done on the planning to ensure that inspections are held properly.

Walkthroughs: Author presents their developed artifact to an audience of peers. Peers question and comment on the artifact to identify as many defects as possible. It involves no prior preparation by the audience. Usually involves minimal documentation of either the process or any arising issues. Defect tracking in walkthroughs is inconsistent.

3.What is the main reason to perform regression Testing

Regression means retesting the unchanged parts of the application. Test cases are re-executed in order to check whether previous functionality of application is working fine and new changes have not introduced any new bugs. This test can be performed on a new build when there is significant change in original functionality or even a single bug fix.

2014Past paper

2015 PDF - Link 1 Link 2

Relational Data model CHAPTER 04

2018-04-23T12:25:00.000+05:30

Headings

1. Relational model terminology.
2. Keys.
3. Constraints(restriction).
4. Relational algebra.

Introduction

• The relational data model was introduced by Ted Codd of IBM Research in 1970.
• The model uses the concept of a mathematical relation and set theory and first order predicate logic.
• The first commercial implementations of the relational model became available in the early 1980s by IBM and the Oracle DBMS.

Relational Model Terminology

– The relational model represents the database as a collection of relations.
– Each relation resembles a table of values .

– Basic relational model

• Each row in the table represents a collection of related data values.

• A row represents a fact that typically corresponds to a real-world entity or relationship.

• In the formal relational model terminology, a row is called a tuple, a column header is called an attribute, and the table is called a relation.

• Relations: A Relation is a set of tuples defined on a number of attributes.

• Attribute:- Attributes are like the columns of a conventional table. Each attribute has an attribute name and attribute values.

• Tuples: A tuple can be linked to a row in a conventional table. Each table is a set of attribute value one for each of the relation. Furthermore each tuples has the same number of the attribute values.

• Degree: The degree (or arity) of a relation is the number of attributes n of its relation schema.

• Example:-

• STUDENT(Name, Ssn, Home_phone, Address, Office_phone, Age, Gpa).

• A relation student ’s degree is seven.

• Domain:A domain D is a set of atomic values. By atomic we mean that each value in the domain is indivisible as far as the formal relational model is concerned.

– STUDENT(Name, Ssn, Home_phone, Address, Office_phone, Age, Gpa).

– Example for domain: Name, ssn, Home_phone, Office_phone, Age, Gpa.

Keys

– A set of attributes whose values uniquely identify each tuple of relation called ‘Key ’.

– Basically there are four keys available in the DBMS, which are Primary key, foreign key,

Composite key and Candidate key.

• Primary Keys

Primary key values are used to identify uniquely each tuple with in a table.

The value of primary key attribute must each be unique within the domain of that attribute.

Here Student_number is a primary key.

Note primary key should be underline in the database schema.

• Candidate key

Sometimes a relation schema may have more than one key. In this case, each of the keys is called a candidate key. For example, the CAR relation in Figure has two candidate keys: License_number and Engine_serial_number. It is common to designate one of the candidate keys as the primary key of the relation. This is the candidate key whose values are used to identify tuples in the relation.

– However, it is usually better to choose a primary key with a single attribute or a small number of attributes.

• Composite Key

More than one attribute column is need to establish unique identification for tuples within table, the resulting primary key is referred to as a concatenated primary key.

Example: customer_Id and Order_Id.

• Foreign Key

These are the attribute used to cross reference tuple using the tuples primary key values. Primary key for one table in to which it is embedded for the purpose of identifying relationship occurring.

Constraints

• Meaning of Constraint from Oxford dictionary

– Constraint = Restriction

– A thing that limits or restricts something

– A thing that restricts your freedom to dosomething.

• Another way you should follow some rules and regulation.

• Many restrictions or constraints on the values(data) available in a database.

• Three main constraints categories are:

– implicit constraints

– explicit constraints

– application based constraints

• Implicit constraints:- Constraints/restriction that are Permanent(inherent) in the data model. You can’t Change. Some extent we can say default constraint.

Note: Implicit mean not expressed directly in terms of independent variables.

• Explicit constraints:- Constraints/restriction that can be directly expressed by Data Definition Language(DDL).

– Another word schema-based constraints.

• Application based constraints:-Constraints that cannot be directly expressed in the schema s of the data model, and its enforced by the application programs.

– Another words Semantic constraints or business rules.

Explicit Constraints

• The Explicit/schema-based constraints include

– Domain constraints

– Key constraints

– Constraints on NULLs

– Entity integrity constraints

– Referential integrity constraints.

Domain Constraints

• Domain constraints specify that “within each tuple, the value of each attribute A must be an atomic value from the domain dom(A)”.

Key Constraints

• A key constraint is a statement that a certain fields of a relation is a unique identifier for a tuple.

– Consider the Students relation and the Key

constraint that no two students have the same student id

Specifying Key Constraints in SQL

CREATE TABLE Students

(

sid CHAR(20) ,

name CHAR (30) ,

age INTEGER,

gpa REAL,

PRIMARY KEY (sid)

)

Nulls Constraints

• A null can be taken to mean the logical value ‘unknown’.

– A value is not applicable

– No value has yet been supplied

– A null is not the same as a zero numeric value

– Text string not same as spaces

Entity Integrity Constraints

• In a base relation, no attribute of a primary key can be null.

– Primary key value is used to identify individual tuples in a relation

• If we allow a null for any part of a primary key which contradicts the definition of the primary key.

Referential Integrity Constraints

• The referential integrity constraint is specified between two relations

• It is used to maintain the consistency among tuples in the two relations.

• If a foreign key exists in a relation,

– Foreign key value must match a candidate key (Primary key) value of some tuple in its home relation

– or the foreign key value must be null.

Relational Algebra

• Relational algebra and the relational calculus theoretical proposed by E.F. Codd while at IBM in 1971

04 E.F.Codd

• Relational algebra is a procedural language.
• Relational algebra, create new relation from one or more relations in the database.

• Relational algebra non-user-friendly language.
• Definition of Relational algebra "The relational algebra is a theoretical language with operations that work on one or more relations to define another relation without changing the original relation(s). "
• The relational algebra is a relation-at-a- time(Temporarily showing) language in which all tuples from several relations.
• All Relational Algebra, manipulated in one statement without looping and get several statement
• Provides formal foundation for relational model operation.
• Basic implementation and optimizing query in the RDBMS.

Relational Algebra’s Operation

• Relational algebra has five fundamental operations
– Selection
– Projection
– Cartesian product
– Union
– Set difference

• Additional operation are
– Join
– Intersection
– Division

• These operations use for data retrieval.

The SELECT Operation( Sigma )

• The SELECT operation is used to choose subset of the tuples from a relation that satisfies a selection condition.
• Syntax
• Selection operation result is also a “Relation” with same ‘attribute’(column name) of Relation R.

• Example,

to select the STUDENT tuples whose follow the Dip IT

• In the staff relation, list all staff with a salary greater than 10,000.

The Selection condition

• The selection condition is an Boolean expression.

• The condition result is only ‘true’ or ‘false’.

• selection condition is made up of a number of clauses.

• <attribute name> <comparison op> <constant value>

• The <attribute name> :- the name of an attribute of R.

• The <comparison op>:- One of the operators {=, <, ≤, >, ≥, ≠}

• <constant value>:- constant value of attribute’s .

• Clauses can be connected by the standard Boolean operators and, or, and not to form a general selection condition.

– σ(Dno=4 AND Salary>25000) OR (Dno=5 AND Salary>30000)(EMPLOYEE)

The PROJECT Operation(π)

• The PROJECT operation selects certain columns from the table

• We use the PROJECT operation to project the relation over these attributes only.

• Also Extracting the values of specified attributes and eliminating duplicates.

• Syntax

• a1 – attribute 01

• R - Relation

• Project ‘sid’ and name from ‘Students’ relation.

• Produce a list from "Staff" relation, showing only the staffNo, fName, lName, and salary.

Set Operation

• Set operations

– Union

– Intersection

– Set Differences .

Union( U )

• Denoted by R ∪ S: R and S are relation

• It includes all tuples that are either in R or in S or in both R and S.

• Duplicate tuples are eliminated

Intersection( ∩ )

• Denoted by R ∩ S : R and S are relation

• It includes all tuples that are in both R and S

Set difference( - )

• Denoted by R – S: R and S are relation.

• It defines a relation consisting of the tuples that are in relation R, but not in S.

• R and S must be union-compatible.

Cartesian product (R x S)

• It defines a relation that is the concatenation (Linking) of every tuple of relation R with every tuple of relation S.

• Multiplies two relations to define another relation .

• Get all possible pairs of tuples from the two relations.

Summary

The JOIN Operation(⨝)

• The JOIN operation is used to combine related tuples from two relations into single “longer ” tuples.

• Note:- There are three type of joins are available

– Conditional Join.

– Equi Joint.

– Natural Joint.

Any Time Notes

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Entity- Relationship model (chapter-05)

Headings

ER concept and terminology.

Entities

Attribute

EMAIL

•E-mail lets you sent electronic mail to and receive it from anyone with and e-mail address. Email may contain data other than text such as images or music files.

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NVQ Level 5 Software Testing past papers 2014 Questions and Response

Question-1

01. Explain software testing why is it important to conduct the testing of software

02. What is the purpose of acceptance testing? Explain it briefly

03. Describe in detail the importance of validation process of software development

Question- 2

01. Who are the responsible persons to do the following types of testing

02. Which test cases are written first: white boxes or black boxes ?explain your answer in brief

03. Explain the v model of the software testing

Question- 3

01. List down three (03) test case techniques used in software testing

02. Write down five (05) best possible test case for a login system in yahoo page

03. Explain the purpose of static Analysis.

Question- 4

01. What are the stages in the fundamental test process

02. Briefly explain the test analysis and design techniques

03. Describe the difference between regression testing and confirmation testing

Question- 5

01. What is the difference between alpha and beta testing

02. What does entry and exit criteria mean in a project? Explain them briefly

03. “Functional and non-functional testing are important in accepting the system by system owners”. Justify this statements with relevant facts.

2015past paper

2014 PDF -link 1 link 2

Database Design Process - Chapter 03

Database Design Process

Introduction

DATABASE SYSTEMS I CHAPTER -01 HANDOUT ( Introduction to DBMS)

1. Introduction to DBMS

The evolution of database technology Characteristics of the database approach Components of a DBMS Advantages of using the DBMS approach - Explain the basic concepts of DBMS

NVQ Level 5 Software Testing past papers 2015 Questions and Response

Question 1

1. What is the main purpose of conducting a software testing process in developing a software

2.What are the reasons to have the bugs in developing software? Briefly explain the four reasons

3.Explain the role of the developer in developing an error free software as the member of the development team

Question 2

1.What are the steps of basic test process in the software testing

2.Briefly explain the test implementation and execution in a software process

Question 3

1.What is STLC? List down all the steps of STLC?

2.Briefly explain the first three test levels used in software testing

3.Write short notes on the following terms

Question 4

1.What is test plan?.

2.What type of errors can be tested from Black box Testing? Explain them briefly

3.Compare the functional and non-functional testing in a system

Question 5

1. List out 5 components of a Test Plan

2.Write 2 differences between walk through s and inspections

3.What is the main reason to perform regression Testing

2014Past paper

Relational Data model CHAPTER 04

Headings

1. Relational model terminology.2. Keys.3. Constraints(restriction).4. Relational algebra.

Introduction

Keys

• Primary Keys

• Candidate key

Constraints

Relational Algebra

The Selection condition

The PROJECT Operation(π)

Set Operation

Union( U )

Intersection( ∩ )

The evolution of database technology

Characteristics of the database approach

Components of a DBMS

Advantages of using the DBMS approach - Explain the basic concepts of DBMS

1. Relational model terminology.
2. Keys.
3. Constraints(restriction).
4. Relational algebra.