tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-69052244386635193402026-03-13T17:30:24.107-07:00Become Masters in Computer Network. Anybody Can Master Computer Hardware and Maintenance," the ultimate destination for individuals seeking to gain expertise in computer hardware components and maintenance techniques. Whether you're a beginner looking to expand your knowledge or a seasoned professional aiming to enhance your skills, this website is designed to cater to all levels of expertiseBusiness Buildershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01676626915836962294noreply@blogger.comBlogger188125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6905224438663519340.post-49326965143137726802010-04-23T19:37:00.000-07:002010-04-23T19:55:02.880-07:00

SNMP lacks any authentication capabilities, which results in vulnerability to a variety of security threats. These include masquerading occurrences, modification of information, message sequence and timing modifications, and disclosure. Masquerading consists of an unauthorized entity attempting to perform management operations by assuming the identity of an authorized management entity.

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SNMP is a distributed-management protocol. A system can operate exclusively as either an NMS or an agent, or it can perform the functions of both. When a system operates as both an NMS and an agent, another NMS might require that the system query manage devices and provide a summary of the information learned or that it report locally stored management information.

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SNMP must account for and adjust to incompatibilities between managed devices. Different computers use different data representation techniques, which can compromise the capability of SNMP to exchange information between managed devices. SNMP uses a subset of Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1) to accommodate communication between diverse systems.

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Managed devices are monitored and controlled using four basic SNMP commands: read, write, trap and traversal operations.The read command is used by an NMS to monitor managed devices. the NMS examines different variable that are maintained by managed devices. The write command is used by an NMS to control managed devices. The NMS changes the values of variable stored within managed devices. The

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SNMP version 2 (SNMPv2) is an evolution of the intial, SNMPv1. Originally, SNMPv2 was published as a set of proposed Internet standards in 1993; currently, it is a draft standard. As with SNMPv1, SNMPv2 functions within the specifications of the Structure of Management Information (SMI). In theory, SNMPv2 offers a number of improvements to SNMPv1, including additional protocol operations.The

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SNMP version 1 (SNMPv1) is the initial implementation of the SNMP protocol. It is described in Request For Comments (RFC) 1157 and functions within the specifications of the Structure of Management Information (SMI). SNMPv1 operates over protocols such as User Datagram Protocol (UDP), Internet Protocol (IP), OSI Connectionless Network Service (CLNS), AppleTalk Datagram-Delivery Protocol (DDP) and

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Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) is an application-layer protocol that facilitates the exchange of management information between network devices. It is part of the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) protocol suite. By using SNMP to access management information data, network administrators can more easily manage network performance and find and solve network

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The goal of accounting management is to measure network utilization parameters so that individual or group uses on the network can be regulated appropriately. Such regulation minimizes network problems (because network resources can be apportioned based on resource capacities) and maximizes the fairness of network access across all users.In performance management, the first step toward

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The goal of security management is to control access to network resources according to local guidelines so that the network cannot be sabotaged (intentionally or unintentionally) and sensitive information cannot be accessed by those without appropriate authorization. A security management subsystem, for example, can monitor users logging on to a network resource and can refuse access to those who

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The goal of performance management is to measure and make available various aspects of network performance so that internetwork performance can be maintained at an acceptable level. Example of performance variables that might be provided include network throughput, user response times and line utilization.Performance management involves three main steps. First, performance data is gathered on

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The purpose of fault management is to detect, isolate, notify and correct faults encountered in the network. Network devices are capable of alerting management stations when a fault occurs on the systems. An effective fault management system consists of several subsystems. Fault detection is accomplished when the devices send SNMP trap messages, SNMP polling, remote monitoring (RMON) thresholds

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Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) and system log (syslog) servers are crucial components of a troubleshooting infrastructure in network operations. The TFTP server is used primarily for storing configuration files and software images for network devices. Routers and switches are capable of sending system log messages to a syslog server. The messages facilitate the troubleshooting function

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A network management platform deployed in the enterprise manages an infrastructure that consists of multivendor network elements. The platform receives and processes events from network elements in the network. Events from servers and other critical resources can also be forwarded to a management platform. The following commonly available functions are included in a standard management

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The goal of fault management is to detect, log, notify users of and (to the extent possible) automatically fix network problems to keep the network running effectively. Because faults can cause downtime or unacceptable network degradation, fault management is perhaps the most widely implemented of the ISO network management elements.Fault management involves first determining symptoms and

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The goal of configuration management is to monitor network and system configuration information so that the effects on network operation of various versions of hardware and software elements can be tracked and managed.Each network device has a variety of version information associated with it. An engineering workstation, for example, may be configured as follows:Operating system, Version

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The Internet is a computer network made up to thousands of networks worldwide. All computers on the Internet communicate with one another using the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol suite, abbreviated to TCP/IP. Computers on the Internet use a client/server architecture. This means that the remote server machine provides files and services to the user's local client machine.

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Layer 1 of the layer model is the Physical Layer and defines the physical and electrical characteristics of the network. The NIC cards in the PC and the interfaces on the routers all run at this level and eventually have to pass strings of ones and zeros down the wire.Layer 2 is known as the Data Link Layer. It defines the access strategy for sharing the physical medium, including data link and

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The ISO (International Standards Organization) has created a layered model, called the OSI (Open Systems Interconnect) model, to describe defined layers in a network operating system. The purpose of the layers is to provide clearly defined functions that can improve Internetwork connectivity between "computer" manufacturing companies. Each layer has a standard defined input and a standard defined

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Provide full bandwidth to each client, unlike BUS networks where the bandwidth is shared. Often include buffering of packets and filtering, so that unwanted packets (or packets which contain errors) are discarded. In standard ethernet, all stations are connected to the same network segment in bus configuration. Traffic on the bus is controlled using the CSMA protocol and all stations share the

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Packets are only passed to the network segment they are destined for. They work similar to bridges and switches in that they filter out unnecessary network traffic and remove it from network segments. Routers generally work at the protocol level. Routers were devised in order to separate networks logically. For instance, a TCP/IP router can segment the network based on IP subnets. Filtering at

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Bridges were originally designed to interconnect Ethernet segments together. Most bridges today support filtering and forwarding, as well as Spanning Tree Algorithm. The IEEE 802.1D specification is the standard for bridges.During initialization, the bridges learns about the network and the routes. Packets are passed onto other network segments based on the MAC layer. Each time the bridge is

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Repeaters connect multiple network segments together. They amplify the incoming signal received from one segment and send it on to all other attached segments. This allows the distance limitations of network cabling to be extended. There are limits on the number of repeaters which can be used. The repeaters counts as a single node in the maximum node count associated with the Ethernet standard.

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Large networks are made by combining several individual network segments together, using appropriate devices like routers and/or bridges. When network segments are combined into a single large network, paths exist between the individual network segments. These paths are called routes and devices keep tables which define how to get to a particular path. When a packet arrives, the router/bridge

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Managing Computer networks can be a reactive process, set in motion by one or more indicators of an existing problem, or it can be a predictive process, initiated by indicators of the potential for problems in the near future. It is better to predict and avoid network faults (when possible) than it is to detect and repair faults once they occur. This approach is called network steering because

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Network Management is a service that employs a variety of tools, applications, and devices to assist human network managers in monitoring and maintaining networks. It involves a distributed database, autopolling of network devices, and high-end workstations generating real-time graphical views of network topology changes and traffic.

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