AP US History Sample Essay Questions

ESSAY QUESTION FOR 2011 AP US HISTORY EXAM LEAKED

2011-01-27T08:14:00.000-08:00

after looking through the trends as well as my sources from the collegeboard I think i have established the essay question for 2011's ap us history exam. I have also established a ton of information that can be used on for this essay question.

Choose TWO of the following organizations and explain their strategies for advancing the interests workers. To what extent were these organizations successful in achieving their objectives? Confine your answer to the period from 1875 to 1925.
-Knights of Labor
-American Federation of Labor
-Socialist Party of America
-Industrial Workers of the World

Knights of Labor (Noble and Holy Order of the Knights of Labor)
Background:
• Founded 1869 by Philadelphia garment cutters, Uriah S. Stephens; 1878, held its first general
assembly as national organization; 1879-93, led by Terence V. Powderly (elected Grand Master);
other leader: Mary Harris Jones (“Mother Jones”).
• Secret during its first ten years; began recruiting other workers in 1870s.
• Industrial union: organized skilled and unskilled workers in assemblies, anyone who worked for
wages (excluded “nonproducers”: lawyers, doctors, bankers, professional gamblers, and liquor-
sellers); included women—[conflicting numbers] 3,000 in 1886, 50,000 in 1886, 65,000 at Knights’
peak)—and African Americans (but were in separate assemblies); excluded Chinese/Asian
immigrants.
• 9,000 members in 1879; 42,000 in 1882; 100,000 in 1885; peak membership of [conflicting numbers]
703,000–750,000–800,000 in 1886; 260,000 in 1888; 100,000 in 1890.

Program, Strategies, Results:
• Favored reform of economic system.
• Wanted more economic power for workers (“producing classes”) and alternatives to the “wage
system”; end to partnership between government and corporate monopoly; end to trusts;
restrictions on child labor; health and safety laws for workers; graduated income tax; more
homestead land; monetary and banking reform; equal pay for equal work of both sexes; bureau of
labor statistics; mechanics’ lien laws; end to convict labor.
• Favored a “cooperative commonwealth.”
• Wanted producers’ and consumers’ cooperatives (workers made all decisions on prices, wages,
and shared all the profits); local assemblies founded cooperatives (Our Girls Cooperative
Manufacturing Company, Chicago seamstresses 1880s; cooperative cigar shops, grocery stores);
most could not compete with larger businesses and failed; some failed due to lack of capital and
poor organization.
• National leadership did not approve of strikes, but local assemblies often used them, particularly by
the 1880s; successful strikes against Union Pacific Railroad (1884) and Jay Gould (Wabash Railroad
1885), but failed strike against Texas and Pacific Railroad (1886).
• Preferred peaceful boycotts.
• Women in Knights: many were recruited by Mary Harris Jones; 1886, created special department
within Knights to investigate women and child labor, women’s pay; ran daycare centers for
children of wage-earning mothers; sometimes created cooperative kitchens.
• Favored eight-hour workday:
- Knights helped to revive eight-hour movement in the 1880s.
- May 1, 1886: demonstrations by “more than a third of a million” workers for the eight-hour day
               -resulted in 200,000 getting shorter hours.
• Chicago Packingtown workers joined the Knights en masse.
• Favored ban on Chinese immigration to prevent lowered wages and loss of jobs (Chinese Exclusion
Act, 1882).
• 1884, Bureau of Labor Statistics created in federal government.
• 1884, national law enacted providing for arbitration of labor disputes.
• Pushed for prohibition of contract labor and repeal of 1864 Contract Labor Act; government passed
Labor Contract Act (Foran Act or Contract Labor Law) in 1885 that prohibited importation of contracted labor.

• Haymarket Square incident, Chicago, May 4, 1886: rally held to protest killing of four strikers
against McCormick Harvester; bomb thrown into the crowd killed a policeman; police opened fire.
Labor unions, including the Knights, were blamed; after the incident, employers refused to bargain
with unions; Packingtown firms blacklisted labor organizers and returned to 10-hour day.
• Employers circulated blacklists of union supporters and organizers; used lockouts, company spies,
yellow-dog contracts, strikebreakers, injunctions against unions.
• Knights pushed aside in the later 1880s by AFL; craft unions left Knights for AFL; union declined
after 1893.

American Federation of Labor (AFL)
Background:
• Grew from Federation of Organized Trades and Labor Union in 1881; reorganized as AFL in 1886
(25 labor groups of 150,000 workers joined; 12 national unions, 140,000 affiliated members);
strengthened in the late 1890s and early 1900s; 270,000 members in 1897, including 58 national
unions; 1.7 million in 1904; 2 million 1914; 2.5 million in 1917, with 11 national unions and 127
locals; 4–5 million in 1920.
• Samuel Gompers, president 1886–1924; William Green, president in 1924.
• Membership limited to skilled White male workers only in craft unions; excluded unskilled workers,
racial minorities, immigrants; believed that women should not be factory workers (women would
lower wages), but two locals (Cigar Makers’ Union, Typographers’ Union) allowed women; some
AFL unions allowed skilled and unskilled (United Mine Workers).
• Federation of self-governing trade unions—each local controlled its own members, but all locals
were linked by executive council that coordinated strategy during boycotts and strikes.
• Affiliates eventually included Amalgamated Iron, Steel and Tin Workers, United Mine Workers of
America (UMW), Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners, International Association of Machinists,
Amalgamated Clothing Workers, International Ladies Garment Workers.

Program, Strategies, Results:
• “Business unionism”; “pure and simple unionism”; “trade unionism, pure and simple.”
• Accepted capitalism and the wage system.
• Persuaded employers to recognize AFL and bargain collectively for better working conditions,
higher wages, shorter hours (“bread and butter goals”), closed shop, union-preference shop
(employer could hire nonunion if union members were not available).
• Use of the strike against employers who refused to bargain.
• Supported “family wage” earned by men; women should be in the home (but AFL did support
equal pay for women who worked; also believed that employers would not hire women at equal pay
so women would leave the workforce).
• Did not align with any political party; supported the candidates who supported labor.
• Extended influence through different facets of American society in late nineteenth century and
nurtured image of “civic responsibility”: supported strikers; worked with social activists; got
support from women’s clubs, church groups, state legislatures (Illinois Factory Investigation Act
1893—state funds used to examine working conditions and improve those of women and children
in sweatshops).
• 1890s, Gompers worked within National Civic Federation, which accepted the right of collective
bargaining for “responsible unions.”
• Local politicians courted their votes; Labor Day became national holiday in 1894.
• Homestead Steel Strike, 1892: Amalgamated Iron, Steel and Tin Workers (most powerful union of
AFL) struck against Carnegie Steel; Henry Clay Frick lowered wages and tried to break the union;
confrontation between strikers and Pinkertons, and eventually Pennsylvania National Guard; strike
lasted four months and eventually failed; Carnegie cut 25 percent of its workforce, extended the
workday, and cut wages by 25 percent; by 1900, all major Northeast steel plants rejected the
Amalgamated union.
• Employers circulated blacklists of union supporters and organizers; used lockouts, company spies,
yellow-dog contracts, strikebreakers, private police and guards, injunctions against unions
(Sherman Antitrust Act used against unions).
• AFL hurt by depression (1893) and failed strikes.
• Anthracite coal strike (1902), UMW: Theodore Roosevelt intervened to settle between strikers and
management.
• 1903, National Association of Manufacturers began “open shop” campaign.
• Loewe v. Lawlor, 1908 (Danbury Hatters’ Case): federal court ruled that secondary boycotts were
conspiracies in restraint of trade and therefore illegal under Sherman Antitrust Act.
• Clayton Antitrust Act (1914) stated that labor organizations were not combinations in restraint of
trade; Gompers called the act the Magna Carta of labor; in reality, the act did little to further the
cause of unions.
• Ludlow Massacre, 1914: UMW strike against Colorado coal mines, September 1913–April 1914;
governor ordered Colorado National Guard into area and then removed most of them; coal
companies hired private mine guards; confrontation between strikers and private guards/state
guards resulted in troops burning strikers’ tent city, killing 14 (among them 11 children); miners
attacked southern Colorado mines; Woodrow Wilson sent in U.S. Army.
• First World War helped AFL; AFL supported the war; Gompers appointed to National War Labor
Board (NWLB) 1918; NWLB supported many AFL goals, including eight-hour days and right to
organize; Gompers and AFL promised not to strike or ask for union shops (although some locals did
strike).
• 1919, AFL started massive campaign to organize steel workers.
• 1919 strikes:
- Involved over four million workers in 3,600 strikes.
- Federal troops broke strikes (i.e., Seattle shipyards and then a general strike).
- Steel strikes, 1919–1920 against U.S. Steel failed; at first AFL endorsed steel strikes, but then
   did not.
• Antiunion campaign in early 1920s:
- Employers associated unions with communism and disloyalty.
- Used yellow-dog contracts.
- “The American plan” backed by National Association of Manufacturers, Chamber of Commerce;
pushed open shop.
- Company unions (U.S. Steel, International Harvester).
- “Welfare capitalism” used by businesses to defuse unions (International Harvester, Ford, General
Electric, Bethlehem Steel); provided benefit plans, recreational facilities, sometimes profit-
sharing.
- Total union membership dropped to 3.5 million in 1926.
• U.S. government very antiunion in early 1920s:
- Duplex Printing Press Co v. Deering, 1921: Supreme Court upheld illegality of secondary boycott;
supported right of courts to issue injunctions against strikers.
- Colorado Coal Company v. United Mine Workers, 1922: Supreme Court ruled that a striking union
could be prosecuted for illegal restraint of trade.
-1922: Justice Department helped to stop a strike by 400,000 railroad workers and a nationwide
strike by 650,000 miners.
- 1924: courts refused to protect members of UMW against coal mine owners in western
Pennsylvania.
• William Green, AFL president in 1924: wanted cooperation with business; opposed to communism
and socialism; discouraged the use of strikes.

Socialist Party of America (SPA)
Background:
• Founded 1901 (merger of Social Democratic Party of America and members of Socialist Labor
Party).
• Leaders: Eugene V. Debs (became a socialist after the failure of the Pullman strike (1894) and his
subsequent imprisonment as leader of American Railway Union); Bill Haywood on SPA Executive
Committee until 1912; Victor Berger, congressman (WI); Morris Hillquit (NY); Mother Jones spoke
for SPA; W.E.B. Du Bois joined 1910–1912 and saw himself as a socialist even after he left party;
attracted intellectuals, trade unionists, reformers; Daniel DeLeon (Socialist Labor Party) as a
precursor to SPA.
• Membership around 100,000 in 1908; [conflicting numbers for 1912 membership] 118,000–150,000
in 1912; over 1,000 Socialists in elective office in 33 states, 160 cities in 1912; 40,000 in 1919.
• Strength in trans-Mississippi South and West (mining regions of Idaho, Montana); former Populist
areas (i.e., among tenant farmers in Oklahoma and former Populists in Kansas); manufacturing
towns in Northeast; Lower East Side of New York City (immigrant workers, Jewish reform
tradition; 1914, elected Socialist Meyer London to Congress); Milwaukee (Socialist Emil Seidel
elected mayor in 1910; Victor Berger, congressmen representing Milwaukee).

Program, Strategies, Results:
• Socialists differed in their goals: some wanted abolition of capitalism to be replaced by cooperative
commonwealth with workers controlling means of production; some wanted nationalization of
major industries while allowing some small free enterprise.
• Some supported free college education; labor laws to improve working conditions; minimum wage;
shorter hours; public ownership of railroads, factories, banking system; government assistance to
unemployed.
• Some favored working within electoral politics while others wanted direct action.
• Some rejected many progressive proposals as reformist and inadequate to solve nation’s problems.
• Used newspapers to spread its message (Appeal to Reason: published in Girard, Kansas;
circulation of 700,000 in 1912; largest weekly newspaper in the country in 1912); sponsored 5
English-language daily newspapers, 8 foreign-language dailies, 300 weekly newspapers; monthly
newspapers; The Masses published 1911–1917.
• Ran candidates for president (they always lost):
- Debs (ran under Social Democratic Party in 1900; under 100,000 votes), 1904: polled 3 percent of
popular vote or approximately 400,000 votes; 1908: polled 2.8 percent of popular vote or
approximately 421,000 votes; 1912: polled 6 percent of popular vote or approximately 900,000
votes; 1920: polled 3.4 percent of popular vote or approximately 920,000 votes.
- A. L. Benson, 1916: polled 3.2 percent of popular vote.
• Opposed First World War.
• Victor Berger, Socialist congressmen, Milwaukee, convicted under Espionage Act and stripped of
his House seat for his editorials in Milwaukee Leader calling World War I a capitalist conspiracy;
sentenced to 20 years.
• U.S. Post Office prohibited mailing of Socialist publications (The Masses).
• June 1918: Debs arrested and convicted by federal government for violating Sedition Act for giving
a speech defending antiwar protesters; sentenced to 10 years; imprisoned for 32 months;
conviction upheld by U.S. Supreme Court (Debs v. United States, 1919); Debs pardoned by Harding
on Christmas Day 1921.
• Red Scare 1919–1920:
- 1919 Palmer Raids went after subversives (including Socialists, Communists, anarchists, IWW,
Union of Russian Workers).
- New York State Assembly refused to seat five elected Socialist Party members.
• Supported Robert M. La Follette on Progressive ticket in 1924 presidential election.

Industrial Workers of the World (IWW or Wobblies)
Background:
• Founded 1905, Chicago, by members of Western Federation of Miners, Socialist leaders, former
Knights, radicals, Eugene Debs, Daniel DeLeon (had been influential in Socialist Labor Party in
1890s).
• Leaders: William D. “Big Bill” Haywood; Elizabeth Gurley Flynn; Joseph Ettor, Carlo Tesca, Joe Hill.
• Industrial union that included every laborer, excluded nobody (“One Big Union”); concentrated on
immigrant labor, miners, lumberers, sailors, harvest workers, casual labor; sought those excluded
by AFL.
• Some members identified with both IWW and Socialist Party between 1905 and 1913.
• More successful in West (lumber camps, mines, wheat farms) than East.
• Membership never was more than 150,000; membership grew in 1916–1917.

Program, Strategies, Results:
• Believed in constant struggle between “working class” and “employing class” and abolition of
wage system; IWW Charter: “Between these two classes a struggle must go on until the workers of
the world unite as a class, take possession of the earth and the machinery of production, and
abolish the wage system.”
• Supported the use of the strike, particularly the general strike, and direct action.
• Appealed to class-consciousness among workers.
• Supported workers’ revolution; denounced capitalism; wanted workers to control means of
production and eventually abolish the state.
• Tried to build immigrant solidarity: appealed to immigrants through the languages of the
immigrants (leaflets, posters, banners); insisted that ethnic workers be represented by their own
nationals on strike committees.
• IWW organizers used songs, street corner speeches, ad hoc organizational meetings; cities tried to
stop them (Los Angeles, Spokane, Denver) by prohibiting outdoor meetings.
• IWW supported local unionists in their strike efforts:
- 1909 strike in McKees Rocks, Pennsylvania, against U.S. Steel.
- 1912 “Bread and Roses” strike, Lawrence, Massachusetts; IWW assisted textile workers who
eventually got union recognition.
- 1913 Paterson, New Jersey, silk workers’ strike failed.
• IWW leaders opposed United States’ entry into First World War.
• 1917, IWW timber workers’ strike in Washington and Idaho; federal government needed wood for
war effort and went after IWW leaders.
• July 1917, Bisbee, Arizona, IWW organized peaceful strike against Phelps-Dodge mining company;
local vigilantes deported 1,400 miners at gunpoint to Columbus, New Mexico; AFL protested and
IWW tried to expose the deportation.
• August 1917: IWW leader Frank Little lynched in Butte, Montana.
• September 1917: Woodrow Wilson sent Justice Department agents to arrest IWW members under
Espionage Act; Haywood and others were found guilty, with Haywood sentenced to 20 years;
Haywood fled to Russia while out of prison on appeal.
• 1917–1919: state governments passed laws against IWW.
• November 1919, Centralia, Washington: American Legionnaires attacked an IWW hall; several
IWW members were arrested; one was dragged from jail and murdered by a mob.
• 1919 general strike in Seattle: IWW united with AFL.
• Red Scare 1919–1920: 1919 Palmer Raids went after subversives (including Socialists,
Communists, anarchists, IWW, Union of Russian Workers).
• Antiunion campaign in early 1920s:
- Employers associated unions with communism and disloyalty.
- Used yellow-dog contracts.
- “The American plan” backed by National Association of Manufacturers, Chamber of Commerce;
pushed open shop.
- Company unions (U.S. Steel, International Harvester).
- “Welfare capitalism” used by businesses to defuse unions (International Harvester, Ford, General
Electric, Bethlehem Steel); provided benefit plans, recreational facilities, sometimes profit-
sharing.
- Total union membership dropped to 3.5 million in 1926.
• IWW declined after 1924 due to continued government suppression and internal divisions.

Colonial Resistence Sample Essay (1763-1776)

2011-01-18T02:58:00.000-08:00

British Imperial Policies/Colonial Resistance (underlined is the Colonial Resistance. Some don’t have colonial resistance)

Pre-1763—may be used only in a proper context, usually as introductory material.

Navigation Acts; mercantilism; Walpole; salutary neglect

-Albany Congress, 1754 Ben Franklin, “Join or Die”

French and Indian War (Seven Years’ War ) Discord between British and colonial soldiers

Treaty of Paris, 1763 or Peace of Paris, 1763

1763–1776

The need for revenue and cost of the Seven Years’ War caused shifts in British policy toward its colonies; George Grenville, prime minister; George III, King of England.

Tensions during war—William Pitt promise to pay colonists angers British who think

colonists are not paying enough.

Enforcement of Navigation Laws; abandonment of salutary neglect; use of writs of assistance

-James Otis challenges writs in court, 1761; differences on the meaning of a constitution

Proclamation of 1763; Pontiac’s Rebellion Violence toward Indians Paxton Boys, 1764

Sugar Act, 1764—first law (Molasses Act, 1733) passed by Parliament to raise tax revenue for the British Crown; admiralty or vice admiralty courts; suspension of juries

-Continued smuggling

Currency Act, 1764

Stamp Act, 1765

- “No taxation without representation”

- Internal/external taxation

- Stamp Act riots (destruction of Thomas Hutchinson’s and Andrew Oliver’s houses and tar and feathering)

- Sons & Daughters of Liberty (spinning bees)

- Stamp Act Congress, nonimportation Patrick Henry; Virginia Resolves, 1765; “Give me liberty or death”

- speech Ben Franklin, colonial agent to Parliament

Quartering Act, 1765 (also called Mutiny Act)

-Refusal to obey

New York Suspending Act, 1766

-New York assembly passes Quartering Act

Declaratory Act, 1766

-Repeal of Stamp Act

Townshend Acts, 1767 (dismissal of some assemblies; repeal of all taxes except tea); Charles Townshend, Chancellor of the Exchequer

-John Dickinson—Letters from a Pennsylvania Farmer, 1767

-Massachusetts Circular Letter, Sam Adams nonimportation

Creation of the American Board of Customs Commissioners Committees of Correspondence

Paying royal governors from tax money

Committees of Correspondence spread.

Customs corruption; John Hancock’s sloop, Liberty, 1768

Gaspee incident, 1772

Sending 4,000 troops to Boston, 1768 Boston Massacre, 1770

Paul Revere print; Thomas Preston, commander; John Adams defends the soldiers, “lobsterbacks” Crispus Attucks.

Carolinas disputes between colonial governments and backcountry settlers over

governance and bandits

-Regulators, 1769–1771

Tea Act, 1773

-Boston Tea Party, 1773

Coercive Acts (Intolerable Acts), 1774: Boston Port Act; Massachusetts Government Act; Administration of Justice Act; Quartering Act

-First Continental Congress, 1774 “The Association”

“Declaration of Rights and Grievances” Suffolk Resolves; Galloway Plan Urged colonies to organize militia for defensive purposes. Provincial congresses—colonial rival governments to

royal government, 1775

-Second Continental Congress, May, 1775 First acting national government; authorized an army and appointed George Washington as commander-in-chief; established a small navy; issued Declaration of Independence. Olive Branch Petition to King George III; issued paper money to support the troops. Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking

up Arms; asked king to repeal the noxious acts.

Quebec Act, 1774

-Fear about the spread of Catholicism; considered one

of the Intolerable Acts.

Lord Dunmore’s Proclamation, 1775

-Belief that British are abolitionists, Black and White

both

Battles of Lexington, Concord, and Bunker Hill, 1775

-Green Mountain Boys-Fort Ticonderoga

-Minutemen; Common Sense, January 1776;

           -Declaration of Independence, July 1776

Commitment to Republican Values • Republicanism in the colonies—New England town meetings; Mayflower Compact; House of
Burgesses; Fundamental Orders of Connecticut
• Ideas of the Enlightenment and republicanism
       - Written constitution
       - Virtual representation versus direct representation
   - Assemblies exercised similar power to Parliament.
   - John Locke and the “social contract”
       - Oppositionists, “commonwealthmen,” “Radical Whigs,” or “country party,” John Trenchard and Thomas Gordon
       - God-given liberty
       - Distrust of standing armies
• Colonial experience of self-government—Stamp Act Congress, First and Second Continental
Congresses
• “No taxation without representation”
• John Wilkes, “massacre at St. George’s Fields,” 1768
• Power of the purse—often used by colonial assemblies to keep royal governors in line.
• Thomas Paine, Common Sense—idea of republicanism, the language of the pamphlet
• “Declaration of Independence”—Thomas Jefferson, John Hancock
• Republican mothers or wives
• Presumed that government would be entrusted to capable leaders, elected for their superior
talents, wisdom, and incorruptibility.
• For most republicans, ideal government would delicately balance interests of different classes to
prevent any one group from gaining power.

Post-1776—may only be used in a proper context.
• New state constitutions—democratic features
• Articles of Confederation
• Shays’ Rebellion
• Constitution
• Bill of Rights

Colonial Society Essay Question

2011-01-17T06:07:00.000-08:00

Evaluate the influence of religion on the development of colonial society in TWO of the following regions.
-The Spanish Southwest
-New England
-New France

The Spanish Southwest
Spain used religion as an effective instrument of colonial control. Jesuit and Franciscan missionaries
established isolated Catholic missions where they imposed Christianity on the Native Americans. After 10 years missions were secularized, lands were divided among converted Indians, the mission chapel became the parish church, and the inhabitants were given full Spanish citizenship (had to pay taxes). Soldiers sent to protect the missions lived in presidios (forts); their families and accompanying merchants, in adjacent villages. Those who did not accept the requerimiento (freedom to all Native Americans who accepted Spanish authority) were threatened with war and enslavement. In reality Spanish colonial society, while extremely Catholic, was very stratified.

-conquistadors
-encomiendas/encomendero
-Ginés de Sepúlveda, Juan
-Juan de Onate colonizes New Mexico for Spain (1598)
Las Casas, Bartolomé de
-Laws of Burgos (1513)
-mestizo
-missions, missionaries, conversions, presidios
-New Laws (1542)
-Popé revolt (Pueblo) in New Mexico (1680)
-reconquest of New Mexico (1699)
-requerimiento (1513)
-Santa Fe established (1610)
-Spanish settlement established in Albuquerque
   (1706)

New France
New France differed greatly from the Spanish and English settlements. Most settlements in New France were predominantly male and much smaller in number. The smaller numbers required the French to develop cooperative relationships with the Native Americans. The French, unlike the English, established trading outposts rather than farms, and on land not claimed by Native Americans. This resulted in no initial hostility. The French also served as mediators among Great Lakes tribes. This diplomatic role gave them much more local authority and influence than their English counterparts.

The outnumbered and disproportionately male French settlers sought to integrate themselves with Native American culture rather than eliminate it. This more fraternal bond proved a source of strength in the wars with the English. A source of wealth was the fur trade; however, the charter limited the population to French Catholics only. In 1663 New France became a royal colony under Louis XIV.

While the fur trade fueled the economy and peopling of New France, the activities of Catholic missionaries gave New France its dynamism. Like Spain, New France was aggressive in converting Native Americans, but in New France the Jesuits did the conversion work. Unlike the Spanish, the Jesuits were rarely accompanied by soldiers, and they did not require Native American converts to move to missions. The Jesuits lived among the Native Americans, and they borrowed from each other’s ways. The Native Americans may have converted, but they never embraced Jesuit teaching and learning. This approach enabled New France to prosper and its settlers to spread deep into Canada and as far south as Louisiana.

Cartier, Jacques (three trips for French
   exploration, 1534–1542)
Champlain, Samuel de (began exploration of
   Quebec, 1608)
Franciscans, e.g., Louis Hennepin
French settlers arrive in New France (1614)
Jesuits, e.g., Jacques Marquette
New France becomes a royal colony (1663)

New England
Religious fundamentalists who looked to the Bible for authority and inspiration, the Puritans came to New England to purify the church and to create a successful community within the parameters of their religious beliefs. With the exception of religion, moderation was the key. As a result of their experiences in Britain, they wanted a separation of church and state, but in New England only church members could vote and
therefore the state supported the church. From this an assembly of true Christians could enter into a
church covenant, a voluntary union for the common worship of God. Hence it was only a short step to the idea of a voluntary union for the purpose of government (e.g., the Mayflower Compact, the charter of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut, and the informal Rhode Island arrangement prior to securing a charter in 1663).

To question state authority, however, was to question belief in the Bible and as such was not be tolerated (e.g., Anne Hutchinson, Roger Williams/Rhode Island, Thomas Hooker/Connecticut, John Mason/New Hampshire). Growth strains led to the Halfway Covenant in 1662. In 1691 Massachusetts became a royal colony, which required religious toleration of dissenters and made the right to vote based on property rather than on church membership.

The Salem Witch Trials of 1692 highlighted the transition from a Puritan-based society to a royal crown colony. The trials have also been seen as an attack on women who did not accept their place in society.

-Edwards, Jonathan (“Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God,” 1741)
-Eliot, John (the “Indian apostle”); American Indian praying towns
-Good, Sarah
-Great Awakening (1734)
-Halfway Covenant (1662)
-Hutchinson, Anne (exiled with followers, 1637)
-Massachusetts Bay Colony (1629)
-Massachusetts establishes system of public education (1647); “ye olde deluder Satan” act
-Massachusetts and New Hampshire made royal colonies (1692)
-Mather, Cotton
-New Haven (1638)
-Osborne, Sarah
-Parris, Samuel
-Pilgrims found Plymouth Colony (1620); first Thanksgiving
-Plymouth Colony absorbed into Massachusetts (1691)
-Rhode Island Charter (1644)
-Salem Witch Trials (1692)
-Tituba
-Whitfield, George (first sermon in America — Philadelphia, 1739)
-Williams, Roger (exiled from Massachusetts, 1636)
-Winthrop, John (“city upon a hill”)

Population Movements Sample Essay question

2011-01-16T19:39:00.000-08:00

Explain the causes and consequences of TWO of the following population movements in the United States during the period 1945–1985.
     -Suburbanization
     -The growth of the Sun Belt
     -Immigration to the United States

Suburbanization CAUSES:
• 1944: Service Men’s Readjustment Act (G.I. Bill) included provisions for below-market home loans
to veterans (Veterans Administration [VA] loans).
• Need for housing due to soldiers returning from World War II.
• Federal Housing Administration (FHA) from 1934 extended government role by insuring mortgage
loans.
• Demographic trends: marriage rates, childbirth rates, declining age of marriage, decline in divorce
rate; nuclear family.
• Migration facilitated by new construction, loans and indirect government stimulus.
• Construction boom on cheaper land outside of cities; led by William Levitt with Levittown (1,500
acres with 17,000 mass-produced, low-priced homes on Long Island, New York, and in New
Jersey).
     o Levittowns were segregated.
     o In 1960 federal housing laws made it illegal to engage in segregation of tract homes
purchased with VA or FHA loans.
     o Race riots in the 1960s accelerated white exodus from the cities.
     o Between 1950 and 1960, 18 million migrated from cities to suburbs.
• Popular culture: Leave It to Beaver, Father Knows Best, LIFE magazine.
• Housing Acts, 1949 (“urban renewal”), 1954.
• Army Corps of Engineers/Bureau of Reclamation dams and irrigation projects in arid West.
• 1954: white flight/desegregation following Brown vs. Board of Education.
• Federal Highway Act of 1956 boosted suburban growth (Interstate Highway System).
• 1965: Department of Housing and Urban Development created.
• Other cold war stimulus included transferring government-built defense plants to private
corporations and establishing strategic bomber and missile bases throughout the country.
• Houston, Texas, Cape Canaveral, Florida, and the Greater Los Angeles area became centers for the
Space Race (aerospace industry).
CONSEQUENCES:
• FHA policies led to discrimination against racially and economically mixed communities.
• Within a generation, the majority of middle-class Americans had moved to the suburbs.
• Businesses, schools and stores followed, leaving a lower tax base in the cities:
     o Many older and inner cities became increasingly poor due to a lower tax base.
• Many older and inner cities became racially divided due to “white flight”: movement of whites to
the suburbs.
• Federal Highway Act of 1956 accelerated the decline of mass transit in older cities.
• Suburbs necessitated a car culture with drive-in theaters and fast-food restaurants.
• Civil rights movement: Montgomery Bus Boycott, Freedom Rides.
• Bomb shelters.
• “Gentrification.”
• Decline of mass-transit systems.
• Post–World War II social conformity:
     o Domestic ideal of nuclear family.
     o Rebirth of religious life.
     o Belief in the group focus on middle-class aspirations such as safety, low taxes, patriotism.
• Heightened mobility: the average American moved six times before reaching age 25.
• John Birch Society called for conservative and Protestant values and advocated segregation of “un-
American” residents.
• “Redlining.”
• Race-based real estate covenants.
• Architectural and psychological conformity.
• Critics: The Lonely Crowd (1950), The Organization Man (1956) and The Crack in the Picture
Window (1956).
• Urban renewal destruction of minority neighborhoods.
• Teens with cars reduced parental control.
• Suburban middle-class lifestyle bred a teen-oriented culture.
• All in the Family explored the bigoted side of the suburban family.
• The Cosby Show extolled the middle-class accomplishments of African American families.
• By 1985 over half of Americans owned their residences.
• Attractions included shopping malls, parks, new schools and other new infrastructure.
Growth of the Sun Belt
(Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, Virginia, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, New
Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, California)

CAUSES:
• World War II economic activity relocated laborers and military personnel, stimulating the poor
South and underpopulated West Coast.
• Defense-related spending (during World War II and the cold war) moved to Sun Belt regions — oil,
military and aerospace.
• World War II wartime construction in thinly populated areas close to the coast (South) and in areas
close to the Pacific war (West).
• Transportation costs drastically reduced in post-war period.
• Aging Baby Boomers, Social Security, Medicare.
• Warm winters and affordable air-conditioning due to electrical grid development.
• Inexpensive gas from Oklahoma and Texas and explosion in automobile sales.
• Expansion of tourism.
• Lower labor costs/Bracero Program.
• Increase in immigration from Mexico, Asia and Latin America.
• Fewer unions; lower southern wages; southern right-to-work laws — weak labor laws.
• High-tech industry in South and West: military and computer industries (National Aeronautical
and Space Administration [NASA] in Florida and Texas) are emblematic.
• Post–Civil Rights Act of 1964 characterized primarily by migration to the Sun Belt.
• Lower taxes.
• Lower costs in the South (for utilities, housing, etc.).
• Cheaper cost of land.
• Sun Belt regions are attractive places to live.
• Increase in infrastructure spending.
• Northern states in the Rust Belt went through a deep economic depression in 1974-75.
• The decline of the Rust Belt undercut prosperity in the nation as a whole.
• Rust Belt workers fled to the Sun Belt for jobs, straining social services and infrastructure.
• Northern cities’ treasuries were depleted.
Consequences:
• Increase in personal income, population and housing in the Sun Belt.
• Rise of Rust Belt identity and population decline in the Northeast.
• 1970s: Nevada, California, Florida and Arizona were fastest growing states; 2000: 10 percent of the
U.S. population lived in California.
• Shift in congressional representation toward California, Florida, Texas.
• More ethnic diversity in California and the West.
• Political balance shifts South along with population and wealth; realigns political power in the U.S.
• Decline in federal aid to big cities since late 1970s.
• Nationally, a shift to more conservative social policies.
• Housing market expanded — prices of housing stock increased.
• Sun Belt economy transformed from agriculture into industry, yet agriculture remains important in
some areas.
• Rise in recreational and retirement spending.
Immigration to the United States

Causes:
• Lifting of restrictive policies prior to World War II.
• War refugees from Europe (World War II), Korean and Vietnam Wars.
• Political refugees from Communist takeovers in Cuba and Southeast Asia.
• Immigration Act of 1965 ended the ethnic quotas of the 1920s that favored Europeans.
• Rise in legal immigrants from Latin American and Asian countries.
• Post–World War II search for work/higher wages.
• 1942–1964: Bracero Program — agricultural program to bring Mexicans to the U.S.
• U.S. church groups and others gave support to immigrants coming to U.S.
• War Brides Act of 1945 — authorized the limited admission of the wives and children of citizens
honorably discharged or serving in U.S. armed forces.
• Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 (McCarran–Walter Immigration Act):
     o Reaffirmed the national origins quota system.
     o Abolished the ban on most Asian immigrants; people from all nations given the
opportunity to enter the U.S. (repealed the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882).
     o Barred homosexuals and people considered subversive from entering the U.S.
• Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965:
     o Abolished the national origins quota system.
     o Allowed 120,000 immigrants from Western Hemisphere.
     o Allowed 170,000 immigrants from Eastern Hemisphere.
     o Established preferences for professionals and highly skilled workers.
• 1977 amendment to the Immigration and Nationality Act abolished separate immigration quotas
for the Western and Eastern Hemispheres.
• Refugees Act of 1980 reduced the worldwide quota to 270,000 immigrants.
• Technological improvements in land and air travel decreased costs of travel.
Consequences:
• Shift in areas of origin:
     o Prior to 1960s, the majority of immigrants were from Europe and Canada.
     o By the 1980s, 47 percent of immigrants came from Latin America, 37 percent from Asia,
and less than 13 percent from Europe and Canada.
• Post–World War II immigrants have included more women and persons who are more educated
and who have higher skills.
• Increase in immigration each year since 1945.
• Immigrants accounted for 60 percent of the U.S. population growth according to the 1990 census.
• Two-thirds of immigrants settled in New York, California, Florida, New Jersey, Illinois and Texas.
• Many Americans have become increasingly concerned about the number of immigrants coming to
the U.S.
• Increase of illegal immigrants from Latin America.
• Anti-immigration sentiment has intensified, especially with regard to Latinos.
• Some in the anti-immigration movement have supported efforts to make English the official
language.
• Interracial tensions have arisen between African Americans and Latinos.
• After 1965 developing nations replaced Europe as the major source of immigrants.
• Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 (Simpson–Rodino):
     o Granted amnesty to illegal immigrants arriving before 1982.
     o Penalized employers for hiring illegal immigrants.
• In 1989 Congress passed legislation authorizing work permits and granting refugee status to
Central Americans.
• Shifting patterns of immigration have produced a more multicultural society.

Progressive Era Sample Essay Question

2011-01-16T19:19:00.000-08:00

Analyze the roles that women played in Progressive Era reforms from the 1880s through 1920. Focus your essay on TWO of the following.
     -Politics
     -Social conditions
     -Labor and working conditions

Politics
• 1880–1920: men dominated federal, state, local electoral politics, but women were often active in
pressuring politicians for a range of reforms.
• Women in Populist Party: Mary Elizabeth Lease, Anne Diggs, prominent in Kansas and Nebraska
Populist activity.
• Settlement house activist women pressured federal, state and local politicians for better working
and living conditions in urban areas.
• Some elitism, nativism and racism in women’s views of their roles in politics: Some saw the
extension of suffrage to native-born white women as a way to counter African American and
immigrant male votes and the “slum vote.”
• Muckrakers were mostly men, but there were a few women:
     o Ida Tarbell, History of the Standard Oil Company, 1904.
     o Frances Kellor, Out of Work, 1904 (exploitation of immigrants, blacks, other recent arrivals
to the city by employment agencies).
     o Helen Hunt Jackson, A Century of Dishonor, 1881.
• Women’s suffrage:
     o Attracted few African American, immigrant, working-class women.
     o Women could increasingly vote in local elections:
                - Wyoming Territory gave unrestricted suffrage to women in 1869 and achieved
statehood in 1890, keeping women’s suffrage.
                - Utah Territory was created in 1870; Congress disenfranchised women in Utah
in 1887, but women got the vote back when Utah achieved statehood in 1896.
                - Colorado women got suffrage through popular vote in 1893.
                -Idaho approved women’s suffrage in 1896.
                -Washington State extended the vote to women in 1910; California in 1911; Arizona, Kansas and Oregon in 1912; Illinois in 1913; Montana and Nevada in 1914; New York in 1917; Michigan in 1918.
     o By 1919, 39 states had extended suffrage to women for some elections, and 15 allowed full
voting rights.
     o The Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) endorsed women’s suffrage in 1882.
     o Some women were antisuffrage: They saw it as a threat to the “natural order” of separate
spheres and associated suffrage with increased divorce, neglect of children, loose morality,
promiscuity.
     o National American Woman Suffrage Association was formed in 1890 (merger of the
National Woman Suffrage Association, formed in 1869, and the American Woman Suffrage
Association, formed in 1869):
               - Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony (jailed for trying to vote for president
in 1872), Anna Howard Shaw, Carrie Chapman Catt, Elizabeth Stone Blackwell.
               -Linked ballot to traditional role of women and extension of women’s influence
to improve public life.
               -Increased membership from 13,000 in 1893 to over two million in 1917.
               -1910s: mass movement of women seeking suffrage; all ages and different
socioeconomic backgrounds.
               -During World War II, lobbied Congress, asked for state referendums.
     o Links to International Suffrage Association, organized in New Zealand, 1893; in Australia,
1902; Finland, 1906; Norway, 1913; Iceland, 1915; Canada and Great Britain for some local
elections, 1918.
     o Some women supported suffrage in order to engage in “municipal housekeeping” to
protect their families.
o Alice Paul formed Congressional Union, 1914: wanted women’s suffrage through
constitutional amendment; allied with National Women’s Party in 1917.
o Harriot Stanton Blatch worked for women’s vote; founded Equality League of Self
Supporting Women in 1907 to recruit working women into suffrage movement.
o 19th Amendment ratified, 1920.
o Jeanette Rankin (Montana) was the first female elected to the U.S. House of
Representatives (1916).
o African American women were generally excluded from suffrage and other white women’s
organizations.
o National Woman’s Party, 1916:
 Alice Paul, Harriot Stanton Blatch.
 Advocated more confrontational tactics.
 Argued that the 19th Amendment wasn’t enough and favored a constitutional
amendment prohibiting all discrimination on the basis of sex.
 Congressional Union allied with the National Women’s Party in 1917.
• Women and peace activism:
o Women’s Peace Party founded in 1915 by Jane Addams and Carrie Chapman Catt.
o After the U.S. entered World War I, women peace activists split: Catt advocated women’s
suffrage as a war measure; Jane Addams and Charlotte Perkins Gilman wouldn’t support
the war.
o Some women argued that their roles as keepers of morality and maternalism meant that
they had to be pacifists.
o Parallels and connections to peace activists in Great Britain at this time.
• Prohibition: 18th Amendment ratified, 1919.

Social Conditions
• Temperance and Prohibition:
     o Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU), 1874: slogan was “Do Everything”:
                -Frances E. Willard, Carrie Nation (smashed saloon bars and bottles).
                -Advocated abstinence from alcohol, prison reform, ending prostitution, elimination
of wage system, right to vote for women.
- Organized separate African American women’s chapters: Frances Ellen Harper,
head of African American division of WCTU, 1883–1890.
                -By 1911, the WCTU had 250,000 members and was the largest women’s
organization in American history up to that time.
     o Women were active in the Anti-Saloon League.
     o Prohibition: 18th Amendment ratified, 1919.
• Social gospel movement often guided by women:
      o Young Women’s Christian Association (YWCA) founded in 1866.
      o Girls’ Friendly Societies (Episcopal Church).
      o Roman Catholic laywomen and nuns.
• African American women sponsored programs, particularly in the Baptist Church (Chicago, Phyllis Wheatley Home, 1908).
• Women missionaries abroad (by 1902, 783 Methodist women missionaries were in China).
• Settlement houses and social work:
     o Women worked for a range of social, economic, educational, health, sanitation, labor
causes.
     o Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr, Hull House, Chicago, 1889; Lillian Wald, Henry Street,
New York City, 1893.
     o Florence Kelley, Hull House Maps and Papers, 1895.
     o By 1910, there were 400 settlement houses in the U.S. with three-quarters of settlement
workers women, mostly college educated.
     o Led to profession of social work (Columbia University, 1902), where women dominated the
field.
     o Settlement houses usually did not include African Americans.
     o African American women founded their own settlement houses: Neighborhood Union,
Atlanta, 1908, Lugenia Burns Hope; Phyllis Wheatley Settlement House, Minneapolis, 1924.
• Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Women and Economics, 1898: supported women’s involvement in the
economy; advocated decentralized nurseries and cooperative kitchens to assist women in the
work force.
• General Federation of Women’s Clubs, 1892:
      o Club women advocated educational “uplift,” civic reform, child labor laws, mothers’
pensions, protective laws.
      o In 1892, there were over one hundred thousand members in almost five hundred clubs; in
1917, there were over one million members.
• African American women joined the National Association of Colored Women (founded 1896):
     o Mary Church Terrell, first president.
     o Anti-lynching, anti-segregation, worked to improve local communities.
• Birth control and contraception:
     o Margaret Sanger: nurse in New York City who educated women about birth control,
advocated birth control in her journal, The Woman Rebel, 1914; pamphlet, Family
Limitation; opened clinic in New York and distributed contraceptive devices, 1916 (jailed
for it); founded the American Birth Control League, 1921.
     o National Birth Control League formed by women in 1915.
• Civil rights for African Americans:
     o Women (Wells-Barnett, Terrell, Addams) helped to found and worked with the National
Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), 1909.
     o Antilynching campaigns:
   - Ida B. Wells-Barnett and Jessie Daniel Ames.
         - Wells-Barnett became a journalist in 1880s and later wrote Southern Horrors, 1892,
and A Red Record, 1895; worked for women’s suffrage and helped found NAACP.
• Frances Kellor: active on behalf of black women workers, black prisoners and immigrants; brought
the plight of the urban poor to Theodore Roosevelt’s attention
• Antiprostitution (the “social evil”):
      o Many women worked against prostitution through state and federal laws; fought to get age
of consent raised.
      o Occidental Branch of Women’s Foreign Missionary Society, San Francisco, sponsored
rescue home for Chinese prostitutes.
     o Mann Act, 1910.
     o Wassermann test for syphilis in 20 states.
• Tenement reform:
     o National Housing Association, 1910.
     o Charlotte Perkins Gilman suggested apartment buildings with common dining rooms to
relieve women of the task of preparing meals.
• Campfire Girls (1910) and Girl Scouts (Juliette Low, 1912) prepared girls to be future homemakers;
founders thought that delinquency and crime would be reduced.
• Native American assimilation:
     o Helen Hunt Jackson, A Century of Dishonor, 1881; Ramona, 1884.
• Women’s National Indian Association, founded in 1879, advocated Christianizing Indians, ending
reservation system, universal education, “civilized home life” on reservations in the West;
supported the Dawes Act, 1887.

Labor and Working Conditions
• Women in Knights of Labor:
     o Pushed for equal pay for equal work by men and women.
     o First women joined the Knights (all-female local in shoe trade in Philadelphia).
     o 1885: 10 percent of members were women.
     o Mary Harris (“Mother”) Jones.
     o 1886: A special department was created within the Knights to investigate female and child
labor, women’s pay.
     o Ran day-care centers for children of wage-earning mothers; sometimes created cooperative
kitchens.
• Many American Federation of Labor (AFL) trade unions barred women, although the AFL had
some female organizers in industries employing mostly women; union leadership believed that
women should not be factory workers (presence of women would lower wages), but two locals
(Cigar Makers’ Union, Typographers’ Union) allowed women.
• Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) welcomed women: Elizabeth Gurley Flynn.
• Settlement house movement worked for an 8-hour workday for women, an end to child labor,
better working conditions for women, protective legislation.
• New York Consumers League, 1890, Josephine Shaw Lowell: concerned about women’s working
conditions in New York City.
• National Consumers League, 1898:
     o Worked for better working conditions for women and children.
     o Headed by Florence Kelley, 1899.
     o Tried to get women to see themselves as consumers.
     o Instrumental in the defense of the 10-hour workday for women (Muller v. Oregon, 1908).
• Florence Kelley established the New York Child Labor Committee; served as first chief factory
inspector for the State of Illinois; supported Illinois campaign for 8-hour workday for women.
• International Ladies Garment Workers Union, 1900: Clara Lemlich, Pauline Newman, Rose
Schneiderman; tried to organize women in the textile industry.
• Women’s Trade Union League, 1903:
     o Founded by female upper-class reformers and union members, Mary Kenney.
     o Tried to persuade women to join unions.
     o Raised money to support strikes, walked picket lines, held public meetings on behalf of
female workers.
• Emphasis on protecting women and children in workplace (Muller v. Oregon, 1908):
     o Women activists split on protective legislation.
     o Supporters of protective legislation argued that such laws were necessary because of
women’s physical frailty and their roles as future mothers.
     o Opponents argued against protective laws because the laws implied women were unequal
to men, women were to be treated differently than men due to gender, and women were
not suited for certain types of work.
• Uprising of 20,000, New York City, 1909: Women garment workers struck for better wages, union
recognition, better working conditions; strike didn’t get union recognition.
• Triangle Shirtwaist Fire, 1911, prompted reforms in New York State; efforts led by Florence Kelley,
Frances Perkins (National Consumers League).
• New York State Factory Investigation Committee formed under Frances Perkins.
• Women advocated for creation of the U.S. Department of Labor’s Children’s Bureau (1912) and
Women’s Bureau (1920) and then worked through both agencies.
     o Julia Lathrop, first director of the U.S. Children’s Bureau, 1912; supported passage of
Keating–Owen Act (1916) forbidding interstate shipment of goods manufactured by
children under the age of 14.
• Emphasis on protecting women and children in workplace (Muller v. Oregon, 1908):
     o Women activists split on protective legislation.
     o Supporters of protective legislation argued that such laws were necessary because of
women’s physical frailty and their roles as future mothers.
     o Opponents argued against protective laws because the laws implied women were unequal
to men, women were to be treated differently than men due to gender, and women were
not suited for certain types of work.
• Uprising of 20,000, New York City, 1909: Women garment workers struck for better wages, union
recognition, better working conditions; strike didn’t get union recognition.
• Triangle Shirtwaist Fire, 1911, prompted reforms in New York State; efforts led by Florence Kelley,
Frances Perkins (National Consumers League).
• New York State Factory Investigation Committee formed under Frances Perkins.
• Women advocated for creation of the U.S. Department of Labor’s Children’s Bureau (1912) and
Women’s Bureau (1920) and then worked through both agencies.
     o Julia Lathrop, first director of the U.S. Children’s Bureau, 1912; supported passage of
Keating–Owen Act (1916) forbidding interstate shipment of goods manufactured by
children under the age of 14.
     o Federal government created the Women in Industry board during World War I; it became
the Women’s Bureau (1920), worked for protection of women’s interests in the workforce.
• Emphasis on protecting women and children in workplace (Muller v. Oregon, 1908):
     o Women activists split on protective legislation.
     o Supporters of protective legislation argued that such laws were necessary because of
women’s physical frailty and their roles as future mothers.
     o Opponents argued against protective laws because the laws implied women were unequal
to men, women were to be treated differently than men due to gender, and women were
not suited for certain types of work.
• Uprising of 20,000, New York City, 1909: Women garment workers struck for better wages, union
recognition, better working conditions; strike didn’t get union recognition.
• Triangle Shirtwaist Fire, 1911, prompted reforms in New York State; efforts led by Florence Kelley,
Frances Perkins (National Consumers League).
• New York State Factory Investigation Committee formed under Frances Perkins.
• Women advocated for creation of the U.S. Department of Labor’s Children’s Bureau (1912) and
Women’s Bureau (1920) and then worked through both agencies.
     o Julia Lathrop, first director of the U.S. Children’s Bureau, 1912; supported passage of
Keating–Owen Act (1916) forbidding interstate shipment of goods manufactured by
children under the age of 14.
     o Federal government created the Women in Industry board during World War I; it became
the Women’s Bureau (1920), worked for protection of women’s interests in the workforce.
     o Federal government created the Women in Industry board during World War I; it became
the Women’s Bureau (1920), worked for protection of women’s interests in the workforce.

Civil War Sample Essay Question

2011-01-16T19:01:00.000-08:00

Analyze the ways in which controversy over the extension of slavery into western territories contributed to the coming of the Civil War. Confine your answer to the period 1845–1861.

1845-John O’Sullivan wrote of “our manifest destiny to overspread and to possess the whole of the
continent which Providence has given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty
and federated self-government entrusted to us.”
-U.S. annexed Texas as a slave state when lame-duck president John Tyler convinced Congress to
pass a joint resolution that admitted the Lone Star Republic to the Union.
1846-Congress affirmed a state of war with Mexico. Polk’s opponents charged him with provoking the
war to satisfy a “slave power” in the South.
Wilmot Proviso:
• Stated that slavery should never exist in any territory taken from Mexico.
• Passed the House but not the Senate.
1848- Treaty of Guadalupe–Hidalgo:
• Included the Mexican Cession.
“Conscience Whigs” or anti-slavery Whigs opposed to the Mexican–American War.
Election of 1848:
• Lewis Cass (Democrat) — “popular sovereignty” (squatter sovereignty);
• Zachary Taylor (Whig) — quiet about slavery but was a slaveowner;
• Martin Van Buren (Free Soil).
California Gold Rush (Forty-niners soon increased population to 100,000).
1850 Compromise of 1850 (introduced by Henry Clay: Douglas drove through):
• Admission of California as a free state (16 free states and 15 slave states).
• New Mexico and Utah open to popular sovereignty.
• Texas lost land that would probably become free territory.
• The slave trade was banned in Washington, D.C.
• Fugitive Slave Law of 1850:
        o Heavy fines and jail sentences for those who helped runaway slaves escape.
        o The South was losing about a thousand runaway slaves a year.
        o “Personal liberty laws” in the North.
        o “We went to bed one night old-fashioned, conservative, Compromise Union
             Whigs and waked up stark-mad Abolitionists.”
1852 Election of 1852:
• Franklin Pierce (Democrat) — made national politics an arena where sectional and cultural
differences over slavery were fought;
• Winfield Scott (Whig) — party split over its candidate and platform (Compromise of 1850);
John P. Hale (Free Soil) — won 5 percent of the popular vote.
Uncle Tom’s Cabin — Harriet Beecher Stowe.
1853-Gadsden Purchase (U.S. acquisition of land south of Gila River from Mexico for possible southern
-transcontinental railroad line; route was never used). 1854 Black Warrior incident/Ostend Manifesto (reinforced image of Democratic Party as favoring
slavery): attempt to provoke a war with Spain to claim Cuba as a slave state.
Kansas–Nebraska Act:
• Senator Stephen Douglas;
• Sought transcontinental railroad terminus in Chicago;
• Popular sovereignty in Kansas and Nebraska territories;
• Undid the Missouri Compromise.
Republican Party created.
1855- Bleeding Kansas (open warfare between proslavery and antislavery factions):
• “Border ruffians”/Lecompton and Topeka constitutions;
• “Beecher’s Bibles”;
• Attack at Lawrence, Kansas;
• John Brown/Pottawatomie Massacre.
1856- William Walker claimed presidency of Nicaragua and legalized slavery.
Brooks–Sumner Affair:
• “The crime against Kansas.”
Election of 1856:
• James Buchanan (Democrat) — “Kansas-less” because of an appointment in London;
• John C. Fremont (Republican) — against the extension of slavery;
• Millard Fillmore (American Party/“Know Nothings”).
1857- Lecompton Constitution (Buchanan’s decision to admit Kansas to the Union with a proslavery
constitution; defeated in Congress in 1858).
Dred Scott v. Sanford:
• Declared the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional because Congress did not have the
power to ban slavery in the territories (welcomed in the South, condemned in the North).
1858- Lincoln: “A house divided cannot stand.” (Republican Senate nominee acceptance speech in Chicago)
Lincoln–Douglas debates:
• Freeport Doctrine (Douglas said that the Dred Scott decision made slavery legal in the
territories in theory, but the people of a territory could keep slaves out in practice. His
stance cost him southern support for the presidency in 1860.)
1859- John Brown’s raid on Harpers Ferry (northern support shocks the South).
1860- Election of 1860:
• John C. Breckinridge (Constitutional Democrats);
• Stephen Douglas (National Democrats);
• John Bell (Constitutional Union);
• Abraham Lincoln (Republicans);
• Democratic split allows Lincoln to win.
South Carolina seceded (eventually 11 states secede).
1861- Confederate States of America:
• President Jefferson Davis.
Crittenden amendments to the Constitution:
      • Restored the 36˚30’ line.
Fort Sumter.

General Information
• Underground Railroad (Harriet Tubman)
• States’ rights argument
• Expansion of Cotton Kingdom
• Industrializing of North (market revolution) vs. slave-based economy in the South
• Debate over morality of slavery
• Growing importance of abolitionist movement
• End of the Second American Party system

Revolutionary War sample essay question

2011-01-16T15:02:00.000-08:00

1)Analyze the political, diplomatic, and military reasons for the United States victory in the Revolutionary War. Confine your answer to the period 1775–1783.

POLITICAL
•Locke and the Enlightenment
•Pre-1775 actions leading to 1775–1783 actions
•Patrick Henry, “Give me liberty or give me death”
•Edmund Burke and William Pitt, British sympathizers
•Antiwar riots
•Dunmore Proclamation (1775)
•Loyalists, including Indians and African Americans
•Second Continental Congress
         o Olive Branch Petition
         oWashington, commander of the army
         o Declaration of Independence
•Thomas Paine, Common Sense and The Crisis
•Articles of Confederation
•Collapse of Lord North’s ministry, 1782

DIPLOMATIC
•Olive Branch Petition
•French Alliance, 1778
•Benjamin Franklin, ambassador to France
•John Adams, ambassador to Holland
•League of Armed Neutrality
•Treaty of Paris, 1783
      o JohnAdams, Benjamin Franklin, John Jay
•British sympathy, Whigs
MILITARY
•Patriot advantages
      o Just cause
      o American geographical expanse
      o Fighting on home ground, distance from England
      o Experience from earlier colonial wars
      o Minutemen
•Ethan Allen (Green Mountain Boys)
     o Benedict Arnold
     o Fort Ticonderoga
•Evacuation of Boston, Henry Knox
•British occupation of American cities
— New York, Philadelphia, Charleston, Savannah
•No effective British blockade of American coast
•Hessians
•Important figures:
     o George Washington o Nathanael Greene
     o Horatio Gates
     o John Paul Jones
     o Paul Revere
     o Francis Marion, “Swamp Fox”
     o George Rogers Clark
     o John Sullivan
     o Marquis de Lafayette
     o Baron Von Steuben
     o CasimirPulaski
     o Thaddeus Kosciusko
     o Baron de Kalb
     o General William Howe
     o Admiral Richard Howe
     o General Thomas Gage
     o General Henry Clinton
     o General John Burgoyne
     o Lord Charles Cornwallis
     o Joseph Brant
BATTLES
     o Lexington and Concord, April 1775
     o Fort Ticonderoga, May 1775
     o Invasion of Canada, fall of 1775
     o Bunker Hill (Breed’s Hill), June 1776
     o Brooklyn Heights, August 1776
     o Defeat of Cherokees, Virginia, Carolinas, September 1776
     o Trenton, December 1776
     o Princeton, January 1777
     o Saratoga, October 1777; led to French alliance
     o Valley Forge, 1777–1778
     o Monmouth Court House, June 1778
     o Vincennes, February 1779
     o Elmira, August 1779
     o Savannah, October 1779
     o Charleston, May 1780
     o Kings Mountain, October 1780
     o Cowpens, January 1781
     o Guilford Court House, March 1781
     o Yorktown, October 1781 — “The world turned upside”
•Role of women — nurses, soldiers, camp followers

16 Essay questions from past APUSH Exams

2011-01-16T10:50:00.001-08:00

These are Essay questions from past APUSH Exams, so this as real as it is going to get.

1)Analyze the political, diplomatic, and military reasons for the United States victory in the Revolutionary War. Confine your answer to the period 1775–1783.

2)Analyze the ways in which controversy over the extension of slavery into western territories contributed to the coming of the Civil War. Confine your answer to the period 1845–1861.

3) Analyze the roles that women played in Progressive Era are forms from the1880s through 1920. Focus your essay on TWO of the following.
-Politics
-Social conditions
-Labor and working conditions

4) Explain the causes and consequences of TWO of the following population movements in the United States during the period 1945–1985.
-Suburbanization
-The growth of the Sun Belt
-Immigration to the United States

5)Analyze the ways in which British imperial policies between 1763 and 1776 intensified colonials’ resistance to British rule and their commitment to republican values.

6)Analyze the social, political, and economic forces of the 1840s and early 1850s that led to the emergence of the Republican Party.

7)Choose TWO of the following organizations and explain their strategies for advancing the interests of workers. To what extent were these organizations successful in achieving their objectives? Confine your answer to the period from 1875 to 1925.
-Knights of Labor
-American Federation of Labor
-Socialist Party of America
-Industrial Workers of the World

8)Explain the causes and consequences of TWO of the following population movements in the United States during the period 1945–1985.
-Suburbanization
-The growth of the Sun Belt
-Immigration to the United States

9)Analyze how the ideas and experiences of the revolutionary era influenced the principles embodied in the Articles of Confederation.

10) Analyze the political, economic, and religious tensions between immigrant Roman Catholics and native-born Protestants in the United States from the 1830s through the 1850s.

11)Explain the origins of TWO of the following third parties and evaluate their impact on United States politics and national policies.
-The People’s Party (Populists),1892
-The Progressive Party (Bull Moose Party), 1912
-The States’ Rights Party (Dixiecrats), 1948
-The American Independent Party, 1968

12)Analyze the ways in which the events and trends of the 1970s diminished the nation’s economic power and international influence, and challenged Americans’ confidence in both.

13)Early encounters between American Indians and European colonists led to a variety of relationships among the different cultures.
Analyze how the actions taken by BOTH American Indians and European colonists shaped those relationships in TWO of the following regions. Confine your answer to the 1600s.
-New England
-Chesapeake
-Spanish Southwest
-New York and New France

14)Analyze the impact of the market revolution(1815–1860) on the economies of TWO of the following regions.
-The Northeast
-The Midwest
-The South

15)Following Reconstruction, many southern leaders promoted the idea of a “New South.” To what extent was this “New South” a reality by the time of the First World War? In your answer be sure to address TWO of the following.
-Economic development
-Politics
-Race relations

16)Presidential elections between 1928 and 1948 revealed major shifts in political party loyalties. Analyze both the reasons for these changes and their consequences during this period.

Sites with Similar Information

http://www.orange.k12.oh.us/teachers/ohs/Tjordan/pages/unittestquestions.html

Tips and Tricks to getting a 5 on the AP Exam

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I will continue to add to this so keep checking back

1)Pace yourself. Also remember that in Essay portion of the test. It is good idea to make a quick outline

2)ANSWER THE QUESTION: You have to answer the question. If you don’t answer the question there’s no way you are going to get a five on the AP Exam

3)Don’t guess unless you can eliminate one choice. If you get a question wrong you lose 1/4 of a point while if you get one right you get a point

4)If you don’t know a question, skip and move on. If you have time at the end, go back to them

5) Be skeptical of extreme answers such as always and never. Very few things in history Always occur or Never occur.

6)Eliminate as many options as you can before answering the questions.

7)Constantly take practice tests prior to the exam to get the feel for how much time you should spend working on each section

8)As you progress through history there are more questions. Don’t spend as much time studying the pre-revolutionary era, as there will only be a few questions on this section. However areas such as the Civil war and progressive Era will have a ton of questions

World War 1 (1915-1924)

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Factors leading to US involvement

*German Violations

*Unrestricted submarine warfare

*Germany declared British waters a war zone

1915 May – Sinking of the Lusitania

1916 Sussex Pledge: Germans agreed to stop U-boat attacks, however Germany then in 1917 decided to resume unrestricted U-boat warfare

Armed Neutrality: Before the US declared war, all merchant ships were armed

Zimmerman Note: German Ambassador sent a letter to Mexico to try and form an alliance to take down the US

Russian Revolution

*Democratic forces take power from Czar Nicholas in 1917

*Wilson viewed the struggle against Germany as one to make the world safe for democracy

*Bolsheviks assumed power in 1917 which resulted in Russia’s withdrawal from the war

Espionage Act 1917: Fines and imprisonment for anyone found “aiding” the enemy or obstructing recruitment

Sedition Act 1918: Made it a crime to attempt to persuade the sale of war bonds or to print, write, speak or publish anything disloyal about the government, constitution, or uniform of the Army or Navy, Eugene Debs was imprisoned because of this

Schneck v. US: Supreme court: upheld the constitutionality of the Espionage Act in this case because Justice Holmes said that there are limits to freedom of speech when a clear and present danger exists, Schneck mailed circulars to draftees persuading them not to report for induction into the army

1917 War Industries Board: Headed by Bernard Baruch Coordinate all aspects of industrial production and distribution

1917 Lever Act : Wilson named Hoover as the food administrator. He mobilized agriculture and set prices to encourage production

1917 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk: russia, now under VI Lenin, leaves the war and secedes some land to germany

1918 War Labor Board: Taft and Walsh, designed to settle labor disputes, prevent strikes and regulate wages and hours

1918 War Labor Policies Board : Formulated uniform policies for war labor administration. Promoted better housing conditions for war workers.

Food and Fuel Act: Rationed items and set prices "wheat wednesdays" "meat mondays"

Inquiry Committee: Fact gathering organization that helped Wilson in drawing up plans for the post war world

Woodrow Wilson’s 14 Points: He wanted a negotiated peace, not dictated one "peace of right, not of might"

Features of the 14 points

-Open diplomacy

-No secret treaties or peace talks

-Free access to the seas in time of war and peace

-Reduction of armaments

-Impartial adjustments of colonial claims

-8 points had to do with the problem of self determination for people in Europe, not for those under colonial control

-14th point. A League Of Nations: general assembly of nations to afford mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity, perserve peace for all time

Wilson’s blunders: invited all democrats to Paris conference, angered republicans. he personally went to paris showing he was deferring to europe.

The Big 4: Clemenceua of France, Lloyd George of Britain, Orlando of Italy, Wilson of US

1919 Treaty of Versailles

-Creation of Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, Finland, Poland

“War Guilt Clause”: Put all blame on Germany and wanted Germany to pay reparations (33 billion dollars)

Mandate System:
-Response to the fate of the colonial possessions of the Central powers. They were given to the victors

-Each member of the League promised to protect Territorial integrity and political independence of all members

-All nations were obligated to carry out league decisions, but no nation could go to war against its will

League of Nations: The league would arbitrate international disputes, act as a central body, employ economic and military sanctions against aggressor nations

1921 Emergency Quota Act: reduced immigration to the US

Round Robin Petition: Separated the question of the League from the peace treaty

Irreconcilables: Henry Cabot Lodge Senators opposed to the Treaty and would not accept it

Reservationists

Senators that split into two camps

*Milds: Approved of the League in principle but wanted it altered

*Strongs: Willing to go along only if American Sovereignty was protected Fate of the Treaty

Wilson collapsed after suffering a stroke

-Became more and more cut off from affairs of the state and reality

-Popular attitude toward the League shifted

-Senate votes against it March of 1920

1924 Dawes Plan : reduced Germany's war debts, The money goes to Germany, then to europe, then back to us.

Progressive Era

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Progressive Era

John Dewey: progressive educator who believed in practical, fleixble education systems and that simple knowledge of the facts was necessary for education

Frederick Law Olmstead: conservationist, created central park

Salvation Army: provides food and clothing to the poor

Social Gospel Movement: Protestant faith combined with humanitarianism

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1874 Woman's Christian Temperance Union: organized women in campaigns to enforce sobriety (being sober) and defend the home

1894 National Municipal League: carried out fact finding investigations related to government role in urban problems and made recommendations in the hope of producing a model government

1903 Women's Trade Union League: organizes women workers

1889 Jane Addams: establishes Hull House in Chicago, a settlement house for the poor and uneducated

1910 Mann Act: no transportation of women across state lines for "immoral purposes"

1911 Triangle Shirtwaist Company Fire: around 99 women die in a fire because the exit doors had been locked to prevent women from taking breaks, leads to the creation of the...

1911 New York State Factory Commission: recommended laws for improving working conditions and regulations hours for women and children

19th amendment (1919): Women suffrage

Carrie Chapmann Catt: woman's suffragist and head of women's suffrage movement

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1900 Anti-Saloon League: formed to combat the spread of alcohol, pro prohibition. established...

Local Option laws: like popular sovreignty for alcohol but in communities, ppl voted on wether to be a "Wet" or a "dry" town

1919 18th amendment: becomes law in 1920, prohibits the sale and manufacture for sale and importation of alcohol

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1900 Galveston, Texas Hurricane (Commission Government): overwhelms the city, proving local government incapable and inefficient, instead the citizens created a commission government, with all power in the hands of 5 people. This idea spread, by 1916 over 400 municipality had adopted this form of government

Wisconsin idea: Robert La Follette (Battlin' Bob)State reform program included

*direct primary

*graduated state income tax

*higher taxes and regulations for corporations

Home Rule Charters: gave cities greater flexibility and autonomy by taking away many powers from the state governments and allowing local government to draw up their own plan of government.

Corrupt Practices Act: made political figures liable to prosecution for wrongdoing

1912- Progressive Party Splits from Republican Party

Socialist Party: led by Eugene Debs, wanted govn't ownership of MoP, successful on the local and state level

IWW: industrial workers of the world, radical unionists and political leaders embraced blacks immigrants and women, led by "Big" Bill Haywood

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1908 Gentleman's Agreement with Japan: Roosevelt negotiates agreement that limits japanese immigration

1910 formation of NAACP: out of black niagara movemnt

Booker T. Washington: black progressive had a cautious message for blacks, gradual accommodation into white society, through hard work, could establish black economic independence. this view was supported by whites because it seperated them

W.E.B. dubois: immediate integration, said that blacks needed to be education, "The talented tenth" that were would lead the civil rights struggle

Marcus Garvey: pan africanism, advocated all blacks return to africa. His view was supported by the KKK (b/c black segregation, and leaving whites alone)

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1904 Northern Securities vs. United States: Northern securities RR company dissolved b.c it was found to be a monopoly

1905 Jochner vs. New York: invalidated a NY state law that limited night hours in bakeries

1908 Mueller vs. Oregon: government decided women couldn't work extended hours in the laundry industry

1915 Guinn vs. United States: laws excluding blacks from voting were unconstitutional

1917 Buchanan vs. Worley: justices struck down a kentucky ordinance that required blacks and whites to live in separate communities

1923 Adkins vs. Children's Hospital: held that a maximum ten hour workday for women workers in Washington D.C was unconstitutional

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1900: Theodore Roosevelt nominated at Mckinley's running mate

1901: mckinley is shot, TR becomes president

1901-1908 Presidency of TR: used his presideny to mediate disputes and uphold public intrests, made a distinction between good trusts and bad trusts, companies that used their market leverage to raise prices and exploit consumers. Was called a "trustbuster", Took down the Northern Securities Company (JP morgan) and Standard Oil to name a few

1902 Anthracite Coal Strike: TR intervenes on the side of labor, and offers to act as an arbiter. when mine managers refuse he threatens to send 10,000 troops to seize the mines from them. they relent

1902 Newlands Reclamation Act: 150 million acres added to National forest reserve

1903 Expedition Act: courts had to give higher priority to anti trust suits

1903 Elkins Act: RR's can't give secret rebates to customers

1903 Bureau of Corporations: created to investigate anti trust violations

1903 Department of Commerce and Labor: promote job creation and improved living standards for all Americans by creating an infrastructure that promotes economic growth, technological competitiveness, and sustainable development

1906 Pure Food and Drug Act: barred the sale of shitty foods involved in interstate commerce

1906 Meat inspection Act: all meatpacking facilities were to be federally inspected

1906 Hepburn railroad regulation act (Hepburn act): authorized ICC to set aside railroad rates on the complaint of a shipper to establish lower rates

Gifford Pinchot: Roosevelt appoints him to head the US forest Service, a conservation agency

under him and roosevelt, national parks where established and millions of acres set aside as conserved lands

1908 Presidential Election:

*Republican Taft was handpicked by Roosevelt, he wins

*Democratic William Jennings Bryan ran on antitrust policy, lots of RR regulations and social justice reforms

Rifts in the republican party

1909 Payne Aldrich Tariff: while supposed to lower tariff, b/c of Taft's support of conservatives in congress it raised taxes on many imports, drives a wedge between repubican conservatives and progressives

Speaker of the House Controversy: Joe Cannon, was constantly opposed reform efforts, taft initially tried to reduce his power, but then changed his mind. the following year progressives successfully reduced Cannon's power, but were angry at Taft for raising their hopes and then dashing them

1910 Ballinger-Pinchot controversy: Gifford Pinchot accuses Taft's secratery of the interior, Ballinger of conspiring to turn over alaska to a group of wealthy business men. taft investigates, concludes Ballinger has done nothing wrong, and orders Pinchot to stand down. He doesn't, and Taft fires him or insubordination. Progressives see this as taft going back on his conservationist promises

1911 Anti Trust Suit against US Steel: despite roosevelt previously approving of US steel, Taft orders an antitrust suit against them. roosevelt argues with him but Taft invokes Sherman Anti-Trust act. in his 4 years Taft busts more trust than roosevelt in 7 and a half

1910 Mann-Elkins Act: strengthens ICC

1912 Presidential Election:

Roosevelt: progressive "bull moose" party: after losing his own parties nomination he ran independently New Nationalism insisted that only a powerful government could regulated the economy and guarantee social justice. Not dismantling capital, but having a strong Central government to regulate it.

Taft: Republican incumbent

Wilson: democrat "New Freedom" which appeals to the publics fear of big govn't. favored expectant capitalists rather than entrenched, wanted a limited govn't that could still break up large corporations and promote competition. firmly believed in individualism

1912 Presidency of Woodrow Wilson: only the 2nd democrat since Cleveland to be president since civil war

1913 Underwood Tariff: lowered import taxes on most goods and levied a graduated income tax to replace the lost income, made possible by...

1913 16th amendment: allowed for a graduated income tax.

1913 17th amendment: direct election of US senators

1913 Federal Reserve Act: allowed for the establishment of the federal mint, and 12 regional banks with powers over the interest rate, thus increasing or decreasing the amount of money in the economy to adjust in times of inflation or deflation

1914 Federal Trade Commission: created, had authority to investigate corporations and outlaw unfair business practices

1914 Clayton Anti-Trust Act: "added Teeth" to Sherman Anti trust act, by outlawing monopolistic practicies, and exempted trade unions and agricultural organizations from its anti trust laws.

1916 Adamson Act: established 8 hour workday for railway workers

1916 Keating-Owens Act: outlawed child labor in businesses engaged in interstate commerce

1916 Federal Highway Act: appropriated 5 million to the states for road construction

Mcnary-Haugen: would have helped farmers, vetoed by coolidge

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Muckrackers:

Ida Tarbell- History of the Standard Oil Company (rockerfeller)

Upton Sinclair- The Jungle (meat packing industry)

Jacob Riis- How the other half lives (tenement housing)

Lincoln Steffens- Shame of the Cities (corruption in urban centers)

Frank Norris- The Octopus (political corruption with/in the Southern Pacific Railroad)

Thomas Nast- cartoonist who took on Boss Tweed of Tammany Hall (NYC political machine)

Women Suffragists:

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Susan B. Anthony

Margaret Sanger: birth control. (Max's tip. Margaret SANGER, "let him BANG HER" (without making a baby))

Jeanette Rankin: 1st woman in congress
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Middle Class Organizations: examples of middle class organizing and become more efficient
*National Education Association

*National Federation of Settlements

*National Association of manufacturers

*America Medical Association

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Progressives all agreed that government could be a tool for reform

not all progressives agreed with all reform efforts, sometimes even conflict between progressive

Early American Imperialism (1865-1917)

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Assimilation: one culture being absorbed and erased by another

Acculturation: when two cultures interact, few elements may change but the two cultures are still distinct and noticeably different

Social Darwinism: the application of Charles Darwin's scientific theories of evolution and natural selection to contemporary social development. In nature, only the fittest survived—so too in the marketplace. This form of justification was enthusiastically adopted by many American businessmen as scientific proof of their superiority.

1867: Secretary of state William H. Seward negotiates a treaty with Nicaragua giving the US the rights to build a canal at a later date

1867 Seward's Folly: in 1867 Seward purchases Alaska from Russia. Those against complain that he purchased "a barren, worthless, God-forsaken region". those in favor cited the possible minerals and the possible annexation of Canada Congress approved this move in 1867 but it wasn't until 1870 that Alaska was purchased for 7.5 million.

1872 The Alabama Claims: Charles Sumner led a group that blamed Britain for constructing Confederate Ships, and asked Britain for 2.1 billion, or Canada. after a joint US-British tribunal decided that Britain owed the US 15.5 million dollars

1887 Dawes Act: divided Indian land up into individual parcels for Indians, destroyed the communal way of life of many Indians

1889 International American Conference 1889: attempt to discuss the creation of inter-American market (north American)

1895 Venezuela and British Guiana: Border dispute has US offering to arbitrate, they don't listen, so Cleveland has his secretary of state pass the...

1895 Olney Corollary: US is "sovereign on this continent, and it's orders are law upon the subjects to which it confines its interposition, because in addition to all other grounds, it's infinite resources combined with its isolated position render it master of the situation and practically invulnerable as against any or all powers" basically gave US power to mediate border disputes in the western hemisphere. Britain was already fighting Germany and couldn't afford another war. they accepted arbitration

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1875 Hawaii:US signs trade agreement that allows Hawaiian sugar to enter US duty fee, and prevented the island from making treaties with other powers

1890 Mckinley Tariff: ended special status for Hawaiian sugar

1891 Queen Liliuokalani: Nativist and anti- Us business, assumes throne, abolishes US Hawaiian constitution (The Bayonet Constitution)

1893 Hawaiin Revolt: US Plantation owners in Hawaii revolt against the Queen and overthrow the government

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1878 Pago Pago: The U.S. gained the strategic port Pago Pago in Samoa for use in refueling U.S. warships overseas. It was part of building an international military presence.

Spanish American War
-Cuba revolts against Spain in 1895

-US government is pressured by public and "Yellow Press" to intervene

Delome Letter 1898: Spanish minister to Washington openly criticizes McKinley in leaked letter published by yellow press

USS Maine 1898: sinks off the coast of Cuba, probably an accident but US takes it as a Spanish attack

US declares war on April 11 1898

Teller Amendment: Cuba would be granted independence following the removal of Spain from that area

Battle of San Juan Hill: actually occurred on kettle hill, Teddy Roosevelt and his rough riders drive Spanish troops from the area

Spain Surrenders: august 1898

Treaty of Paris 1898:
-Ends Span Am war, Spain

-Surrendered Cuba

-Surrendered Puerto Rico and gave up its possessions in the West Indies

-Surrendered the island of Guam to the United States

-Surrendered the Philippines to the United States for a payment of twenty million dollars

Platt Amendment: gave the US rights to intervene in Cuban affairs required the Cuban government to limit it's debt with European nations, and prohibited the Cuban government from negotiating a treaty with a foreign power

China Open Door Policy: In an attempt to prevent what happened in Africa from happening in China, Europe and the US were given "spheres of influence" over china, and thus preserved trade for everyone

Boxer Rebellion: US helps put down boxer rebellion in China, group of reactionaries protesting the industrializing technology of modern day china

Arrow War (1856-1860): US helps Britain fight China despite GB pumping Opium into Chinese economy and crippling the population. demonstrates racism and US prejudice against non-whites

Election of 1900:
-McKinley wins, but is killed in 1901 and Roosevelt becomes President

-Roosevelt favored a large Navy, as influenced by Mahan's Influence of Sea Power on History

-Advocated an active US role in foreign affairs. believed that if America didn't involve itself in foreign affairs "stronger nations" would pass them by

Clatyon-Bulwer Treaty 1850: US treaty with GB that said any canal in central america had to be jointly owned by US and Britain

Hay-Pauncefote Treaty 1901: negated Clayton-Bulwer treaty, allowed S to build and control a canal of it's own

Hay-Herran Treaty 1903:
-US and Colmbian treaty, US got a 99 year lease on a 6 mile wide zone across Panama for 10 million

-Rejected by the Colombian Government

-Roosevelt encourages Panama to revolt against Panama and form a separate nation, they do and Roosevelt supports them with US navy

Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty 1903: gave US full control over Canal Zone for 10 million, negotiated with panama

Roosevelt Corollary:
-established US as police force in Western Hemisphere.

-Japan was primary rival in Asian annexation

-japan was riding the momentum from victories over china in Sino-Japanese war(1895), and Russia in Russo-Japanese war (1905)

Roosevelt organizes Treaty of Portsmouth: ends the Russo Japanese war. Japan won but felt they were ripped off by Roosevelt's peace agreement (they thought they deserved more)

Taft-Katsura Agreement (1905): US recognizes Japanese control of Korea, and Japan recognizes US control of Philippines

Great White Fleet (1907): as a show of power, and also influenced by Alfred T. Mahan's The influence of Sea Power on History, Roosevelt sends the US Navy around the world

Root-Takahira Agreement (1908): both japan and US would preserve China's independence, support the open door policy in china, and recognize the others possessions in the Pacific

William Howard Taft Established.....

-Dollar Diplomacy: US could intervene where they had economic interests

-Lodge Corollary 1912: no "corporation of association with has such a relation to another government, not American" could obtain strategic areas in the hemisphere.

Woodrow Wilson...

-promised an end to all this running about and conquering but ended up doing pretty much the same as his predecessors

-an idealist, he believed all nations could be democratized

Japan's 21 demands 1915: demands placed on china by Japan in 1915, but failed b/c of British pressure

US takes control of Haiti: 1915 US sends marines to Haiti to put down rebellions, and asserts the right for US to intervene whenever they think it necessary

Mexican Revolution

-Wilson doesn't recognize Coup De'tat government of Mexico, and supports attempts to overthrow him.

-Wilson is convinced US foreign policy will be led by Morality, not Economic Self-interest

-Wilson concedes mediation from other Latin nations when the entirety of Mexican government is offended at his actions to intervene

Pancho Villa: Mexican rebel who was supported by Wilson in attempting to overthrow the government of Carranza. He fails

In an attempt to win US support against Carranza he goes into Columbus, New Mexico and burns the town.

wilson is furious and sends the US army after him.

1917: Wilson concedes and withdraws with Mexico.

Presidential Analysis

-Mckinley (R)1896-1901: Intervenes in Cuba, under him US got Philippines, Puerto Rico and Guam, as well as intervention rights in Cuba. elected twice, but dies at the start of second term. Roosevelt succeeds him.

-Roosevelt (R) 1901-1908: Huge interventionist, got Us the panama Canal, negotiated Portsmouth treaty ending Russo-Japanese War, and increased the US Navy

-Taft (R) 1908-1912: dollar diplomacy, influenced economic development in Latin America. once got stuck in a bathtub

-Wilson (D) 1912-1920: Idealist, Believed strongly in Democracy and it's spread. under him the US got involved in WWI, established control in Haiti, and failed to do anything notable against the Mexican Revolution.

Gilded Age Politics and Populism

1876-1880 Presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes: elected as a result of compromise of 1877

1880-1881 Presidency of Garfield:

1881 July 2nd: 113 years before the birth of Max Kim, also the day Garfield is shot, dies September 19th

Republican Division:

-Half-breeds: more reform minded

-Stalwarts: conservatives

1880-1884 Presidency of Arthur: supported civil service reform and was opposed to high tariff

1882 Chinese Exclusion Act: Denied citizenship to Chinese in the U.S. and forbid further immigration of Chinese. Supported by American workers who worried about losing their jobs to Chinese immigrants who would work for less pay.

1884-1888: Presidency of Grover Cleveland (D)

1884 Election of 1884

Mugwumps: republicans who supported the democratic Cleveland, b/c rejected the corruption of republican candidate James Blaine

1888-1892: Presidency of William Henry Harrison:

1890 McKinley Tariff: raised import taxes, hurt farmers

1890 Sherman Anti-Trust Act: penalized institutions that were "in restraint of trade", supposed to break up monopolies, but initially used to put down labor strikes and be anti union.

1892 Election: Cleveland (D) wins, populist candidate James B Weaver wins 1 million votes and some electoral votes, almost 1500 populist politicians were elected to state legislatures

1892-1896: 2nd Presidency of Grover Cleveland

1894 Wilson-Gorman Tariff: lowered tariff rates, first peacetime income tax

1896 Election of 1896:
   -McKinley (R) wins
   -Democrats run Williams Jennings Bryan after his "Cross of Gold" speech
   -Populists fuse with democratic party and also nominate Bryan, starting the end of the Populist party

Gold Bugs: McKinley supporters of the Gold Standard, wore gold pins, decorations and other stuff to show support

1897 Dingley Tariff: raised tariff to highest it had ever been, fully supported by McKinley

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Hard Money: bankers, entrenched capitalists and investors, favored a gold standard back by gold

Soft Money: expectant capitalists, debtors and farmers, did not favor gold standard, supported sivler currency and "greenbacks" a currency not backed by gold, and inflationary policies

1873 Crime of '73: government temporarily halted the coining of silver, so called by critics of the govn't.

1875 Specie Resumption Act: victory for the hard money policy, removed all greenbacks from circulation

Greenback Party: advocates of soft money policy wanted to counteract the deflationary effects of Specie Resumption Act

1878 Bland Allison Act: government would support silver standard by buying 2 to 4 million in silver each month at the 16:1 silver:gold ratio, passed over haye's veto and repealed in 1900

1890 Sherman Silver Purchase Act: government required to buy even more silver than with Bland Allison act, 4.5 million oz ever month, the over value of silver led to panic of 1893.

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Crop Lien System: basically sharecropping, wealthy land owners leased land and and credit for seed and equipment, put the farmers massively in debt

Macune's Sub Treasury System: farmers would store food in massive warehouses, backed up to 80% by the government.

Farmer's Alliance:The national grange of the patrons of husbandry: 1.5 million farmers organizing in protest against the decline of farming, turned into the Northern Farmer's Alliance

Granger laws: regulated railroads and grain elevator operators, addressed various abuses against farmers

Interstate Commerce Act: Created the...

Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC): government regulator trade, addressed some RR abuses

Farmer's Alliance: various groups of farmer's unions banded together in 1890, in Ocala, florida.

1887 populist Party: made up of grangers farmer's alliance former greenback party members Knights of Labor socialilsits, women's rights, prohibitionists and anarchists

1892 Omaha Platform:
-populist party's goals, behind James Weaver, their candidate for 1892

-government should own major utilities such as railroads

-free and unlimited coinage of silver

-limited immigration

-private agenncies should not be used to break up strikes

-direct election of us senators

-use of secret ballot

-single term for presidents

-initiative: citizens can propose new bills

-Referendum: citizens could vote on/against currecnt legislation and programs

1893 Coxey's Army: group of disillusioned unemployed men marched on washington led by Jacob Coxey, some were arrested for loitering on the grass and the others were dispersed by police, happened as a result of the

1893 Panic of 1893: worst economic slump of all time (so far),

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1876 Peik vs. The Chicago and Northwestern Railway: SC decides granger Laws were not in vioaltion of govn'ts power to regulate trade, and states could establish their own interstate regulations where federal law was not present

1877 Munn vs. Illinois: as long as property was devoted to public use, the states could place regulations on the RR for the good of public use, however long haul rates were still not under the jurisdiction of the states.

1886 Illinois vs. Wabash: reverses Peik decision and said commerce and trade taht crossed state lines was directly under the authority of the federal government

Post Civil War Reconstruction (Late 1800's and early 1900's)

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Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction (1863)- 10% Plan.

The Wade-Davis Bill (1854)- (Radical Republicans) Slavery banned in US, all former high ranking people in the confederacy are disenfranchised, 50% of citizens in southern states must take a loyalty oath. (Not passed)

Lincoln's Assasination (1865)- John Wilks Booth shoots him in theatre.

Sherman's Special Field Orders, No. 15 (1865)- Confiscation of 400,000 acres of land from SC, GA, FL to be divided into 40 acre plots that are to be settled by freed black families

13th Amendment (1865)- officially abolished and continues to prohibit slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime

Black Codes of the South (1865-1866)- laws put forward by ex-confederates in order to have: economic restrictions that would keep the former slaves on the plantations, excluded them from being jurors, and have interracial marriages; Edmond Rhett of SC, “The general interest both of the white man and of the negroes requires that he should be kept as near to the condition of slavery as possible, and as far from the condition of the white man as is practicable.”

The Freedmen's Bureau (1865-1867)- aka the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands. acted as a welfare agency, providing food, shelter, and medical aid for those made destitute by the war (blacks and homeless whites). It's greatest success was in educating African Americans.

Civil Rights Act of 1866- vetoed by Johnson and then overidden by congress. blacks are considered citizens, it is illegal to restrict the rights of racial minorities, federal government would enforce this law.

The 14th Ammendment (1868)- provides for a broad definition of citizenship; (elaborate)

Texas v. White (1869)- establishes that the South has to accept the contract theory of government

The 15th Ammendment (1870)-prohibits the government to deny someone's right to vote based on that citizen's race, color, or previous servitude (slavery)

White Reaction to Reconstruction-formation of the KKK and the Knights of White Camellia

The Force Acts (1870-1871)- fought against KKK to allow blacks same opportunities for voting

The Amnesty Act of 1872- no voting restrictions on southerners, with a few exceptions

Civil Rights Act of 1875- blacks had to be treated equally, never obeyed after military withdrawal from south

The Election of 1876- compromise of 1877 b/c in the South supporting Hayes resulted in threats and he wasn't sometimes on the ticket.

The Compromise of 1877- hayes became president, troops removed from the south

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)- legalized segregation

Williams v. Mississippi (1898)- enabled grandfather clause and poll taxes, as they were applied to all citizens

Guinn v. U.S. (1915)- overturned williams v mississippi

Industrialization

Relations between Capitalists

Cut-throat tactics: sabotage, industrial spying, bribery etc

Rice Cutting: one company goes lower and lower until the other company can't compete, the loser either goes bankrupt trying to keep up or loses business and is bought out by the other

Pools: Companies join forces temporarily to control the market, or price of a certain commodity. ie, all the toilet stores in one city district agree to raise prices by 1 dollar. profit for all

Trusts, conglomerates, gentleman's agreements: usually something along the lines of joining forces to drive up prices, drive out competition, etc

Taylorism: essentially the idea that every factory could be more efficient, developed by some dude named Frederick Winslow Taylor

Horizantal Mergers: companies in the same market, producing similar goods, merge. ex. Verizon and AT&T merging

Vertical Mergers: merges between companies all producing the same finished product. Carnegie used this to great extent with US Steel, buying the miners, the shippers to ship the iron ore, the refineries, the factories etc. All elements of the production of one product

Conglomerate Mergers: merging between two completely unrelated companies, i.e. McDonald's buying Verizon.

Yellow Dog Contracts: contract between employee and employer saying the worker cannot join a labor union

Blacklists: list of so called "trouble-makers", that were circulated through capitalists. IE, "This Person is a known radical, don't hire him" etc

Closed Shop: workers needed to join a union before they could work at a certain company

Open Shop: policy adopted by capitalists that stated you didn't have to be a part of a union to work. therefore the union had less leverage on the capitalist, because the only weapon they had (control over labor pool) was useless

Scabs: replacement workers hired by capitalists to replace workers on strike

Collective bargaining: solidarity amongst workers, "if you strike i will"

Inter-Class Relations (Capitalists vs. Workers)

crappy wages

increased use/ exploitation of women, children, and immigrant workers at horrible wages

adopting coercive and ideological methods to prevent the formation of unions or any form of collective bargaining

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1866- 1873 National Labor Union

-admitted blacks and women

"The great railway strike' was when angry union workers seized trains and other railroad property. President hayes ordered federal troops to put down the insurrection

many people were angry that hayes took such drastic measures

while generally unsuccessful (the demands of the workers were not met) it brought Unionist struggles to national attention, and thus paved the way for future unions like...

1869-1949 Knights of labor

-Were affiliated with Populist party, though not limited too

-led by Terence V. Powderly, called for 8 hour workday

-opened themselves to blacks AND women, which was unprecedented at the time

-THEY OPPOSED STRIKES and instead emphasized cooperation between the worker and the capitalist (management)

-militant groups aligned with, but not members of, the Knights of Labor organized strikes -against the Union Pacific and South-western Railroad companies

-by 1886 they had close to 1 million members

1886 American Federation of Labor

-more diplomatic than the KoL

-led by Samuel Gompers

-he rejected the extravagant goals of the KoL and other unions and instead focused on smaller, more reasonable goals that didn't require anarchy and violent strikes to come to fruition.

-did not really accept women

1905- (Present) International Workers of the World

-radicals

-believed that "Ownership of the means of production by the working class was the only solution to the explotative nature of the wage labor system"

-Led by "Big Bill" Haywood

-sometimes violent and generally the "wild one" of unions

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1886 Haymarket Square riot: May 4th, a group of anarchists met in Haymarket Square in Chicago to discuss recent violence against striking workers. it was relatively calm until police came to break up the meeting and someone threw a bomb at police. While the Knights of Labor were not associated with the anarchists, a propaganda campaign linked them to it, they were given a bad name and consequently, trade unionists. membership in the KoL was cut in half in just one year after the event.

1877 Railroad Strike: First major strike following civil War, ends when President Hayes calls U.S. army to suppress strike

1892 Homestead Steel Strike: Carengie steel company cut worker's wages, and in response they strike. Carnegie calls in a Private security force, Pinkerton detective agency to quell them. the strikers kill several pinkertons the state militia is called in and the strike ends when the union gives up

1894 Pullman Strike: Pullman Palace Car Company cuts wages during a depression, and workers strike. led by Eugene Debs, future head of socialist party. Railway Managers Association cites Sherman Anti-trust act against troops, does little. president Cleveland calls in federal troops to stop them.

1912 Lawrence Strike: "bread and roses strike" immigrant workers in lawrence, MA object to lower wages following a shortened workweek and strike. over 20,000 workers in MA follow suit. significant because it was mainly women, children and immigrants, as opposed to white men. was supported by IWW. Strike was ultimately successful in regaining the lost wages, but in 2 years time they had lost it all over again. called bread and roses strike because the shortened pay would cost ppl loaves of bread, and one women picketer allegedly held a sign saying "we want bread, but we want roses too"

1914 Ludlowe Massacre: 21 Coloradan coal miners on strike (out of a total 1200) were killed by the colorado national guard. "heartthrob story" gained national attention and brought attention to the workers plea.

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Due Process Clause: addend to 14th amendment which required federal government to uphold the rights of all citizens and "entities" which included corporations

1895 United States vs. EC Knight: Supreme Court allows for a 98% monopoly on sugar company Ec Knight, through BS legal loophole citing "company was engaged in manufacturing sugar, and not in interstate commerce" therefore it was under the jurisdiction of state laws, and not in the power of the supreme court to dismantle it.

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Sherman Anti-trust Act: Legislation that was supposed to penalize anyone or anything "resistant of trade", or monopoly capitalism. However it was in truth another means to encourage Monopolies, in that it was used as justification to crush several labor unions that were protesting companies

Andrew Carnegie: Scottish immigrant, made millions through veritcal mergers and business savvy

J.P. Morgan: Owned US Steel, first billion dollar company in the world

Horatio Alger: writer who wrote "rags to riches" stories, emphasizing that through hard work in the capitalist system, any one could be successful

Sociologists : Edward Ross, Lester frank Ward, Albion Small, Henry Demarest Lloyd

1882 Chinese Exclusion Act: Entry of Chinese Laborers was prohibited for a ten year period, extended in 1892 and 1902, finally repealed in 1943

Immigration act of 1882: prohibited immigration of criminals, paupers and the insane, in other words, those that might become dependent on the state. It levied a head tax of fifty cents on each new immigrant

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Reasons for Industrialization

-increase in technology and mass production of said technology

-Steam engine for transportation

-assembly line model

-massive increase in immigrants from Europe and Asia (specifically china)

-farmers displaced by the new technology looking for work in cities

-After the civil War the dominant MOP (Mode of Production) became capitalism

-the capitalist class (wealthy capitalists, both northern and southern) emerged as the dominant , political, and ideaologically dominant force after the civil war. mainly because they southern MOP was destroyed

-RAILROADS (so important they get their own sub-bullet points)

-the railroad was the main source of investment during this period

-stimulated the creation and growth of new markets across the country

-made shipping products much easier

-"Welfare for Capitalists": Government support of capitalists and capitalism

-land grants to railroad companies

-high protective tariffs

-"laid-back" immigration laws to provide a steady stream of workers

-infranstructural development

-Schools begin to teach capitalist values to educate the next generation

The Civil War (1850-1880)

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William Seward – Secretary of State under Lincoln and Johnson; purchase of Alaska “Seward’s Folly”

Compromise of 1850 – (1) California admitted as free state, (2) territorial status and popular sovereignty of Utah and New Mexico, (3) resolution of Texas-New Mexico boundaries, (4) federal assumption of Texas debt, (5) slave trade abolished in DC, and (6) new fugitive slave law; advocated by Henry Clay and Stephen A. Douglas

Fugitive Slave Act – runaway slaves could be caught in the North and be brought back to their masters (they were treated as property – running away was as good as stealing)

Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Tom’s Cabin – depicted the evils of slavery (splitting of families and physical abuse); increased participation in abolitionist movement, condemned

by South

Know-Nothing (American) Party – opposed to all immigration, strongly anti-Catholic

Popular Sovereignty – the principle that a state should decide for itself whether or not to allow slavery

Kansas-Nebraska Act – territory split into Kansas and Nebraska, popular sovereignty (Kansas slave, Nebraska free); proposed by Stephen A. Douglas

“Bleeding Kansas” – border ruffians in election on issue of slavery incited controversy, proslavery group attacked Lawrence, Kansas, Pottawatomie Massacre

Lecompton Constitution – proslavery constitution in Kansas, supported by Buchanan, freesoilers against it (victorious), denied statehood until after secession

John Brown – led Pottawatomie Massacre, extreme abolitionist who believed he was doing God’s work

Pottawatomie Creek (May 1856) – John Brown and his sons slaughtered five men as a response to the election fraud in Lawrence and the caning of Sumner in Congress

Republican Party – formed in response to Kansas-Nebraska Act, banned in the South, John C Fremont first presidential candidate

Harpers Ferry (1859) – Brown aimed to create an armed slave rebellion and establish black free state; Brown executed and became martyr in the North

Dred Scott v. Sandford – slaves could not sue in federal courts (blacks no longer considered citizens), slaves could not be taken from masters except by the law, Missouri Compromise unconstitutional, Congress not able to prohibit slavery in a state

Lincoln-Douglas Debates (1858) – over Senate seat for Illinois (Douglas victor), Lincoln stated the country could not remain split over the issue of slavery

Freeport Doctrine – Douglas was able to reconcile the Dred Scott Decision with popular sovereignty; voters would be able to exclude slavery by not allowing laws that treated slaves as property

Fort Sumter – first shots are fired at Charleston, North Carolina

20-Negro Law – exempted those who owned or oversaw twenty or more slaves from service in the Confederate Army; “rich man’s war but a poor man’s fight”

Anaconda plan – the Union planned a blockade that would not allow supplies of any sort into the Confederacy; control the Mississippi and Atlantic/Gulf of Mexico

Ulysses S. Grant – won battles in the West and raised northern morale (esp. Shiloh, Fort Henry, and Fort Donelson), made Union commanding general

William T. Sherman – pushed through northern Georgia, captured Atlanta, “march to the sea” (total war and destruction), proceeded to South Carolina

Robert E. Lee – opposed to slavery and secession, but stayed loyal to Virginia, despite offer for command of Union Army

Thomas J. “Stonewall” Jackson – Lee’s chief lieutenant and premier cavalry officer

Battle of Antietam – Lee’s attack on Maryland in hopes that he could take it from the Union, bloodiest day of the war, stalemate, McClellan replaced by Burnside, stalemate,

South would never be so close to victory again

Emancipation Proclamation – issued by Lincoln following Antietam (close enough to a victory to empower the proclamation), declared slaves in the Confederacy free (did not include border states), symbolic gesture to support Union’s moral cause in the war

Battle of Gettysburg – Lee invaded Pennsylvania, bloodiest battle of the war, Confederate Pickett’s Charge (disastrous), Lee forced to retreat (not pursued by Meade), South doomed to never invade North again, Gettysburg Address given by Lincoln (nation over union)

New York City draft riots (1863) – drafting extremely hated by Northerners, sparked by Irish-Americans against the black population, 500 lives lost, many buildings burned

Military Reconstruction Act (1867) – South divided into 5 military districts; states to guarantee full suffrage for blacks; ratify 14th amendment

Compromise of 1877 – South to gain removal of last troops from Reconstruction; North wins Hayes as president

Slavery and Sectionalism (1845-1860)

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Nat Turner’s Rebellion – Nat Turner led a slave rebellion in Virginia, attacked many whites, prompted non-slaveholding Virginians to consider emancipation

Yeoman Farmers – family farmers who hired out slaves for the harvest season, selfsufficient, participated in local markets alongside slave owners

Underground Railroad – network of safe houses of white abolitionists used to bring slaves to freedom

Harriet Tubman – worked alongside Josiah Henson to make repeated trips to get slaves out of the South into freedom

“Wage slaves” – northern factory workers who were discarded when too old to work (unlike the slaves who were still kept fed and clothed in their old age)

Nativism – anti-immigrant, especially against Irish Catholics

The Alamo – Mexicans held siege on the Alamo (in San Antonio), Texans lost great number of people, “Remember the Alamo”

Stephen Austin – American who settled in Texas, one of the leaders for Texan independence from Mexico

James K. Polk – “dark horse” Democratic candidate; acquired majority of the western US (Mexican Cession, Texas Annexation, Oregon Country), lowered tariffs, created Independent Treasury

Oregon and “Fifty-four Forty or Fight!” – Oregon Territory owned jointly with Britain, Polk severed its tie to Britain, forced to settle for compromise south of 49° rather than 54°40’

Manifest Destiny – stated the United States was destined to span the breadth of the entire continent with as much land as possible, advocated by Polk

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo – acquired Mexican Cession (future California, Arizona, and New Mexico); Mexico acknowledged American annexation of Texas

Wilmot Proviso – slavery to be barred in all territory ceded from Mexico; never fullypassed Congress

California Gold Rush – gold discovery in Sutter’s Mill in 1848 resulted in huge mass of adventurers in 1849, led to application for statehood, opened question of slavery in the West

US Expanisonist and Manifest Destiny (1812-1850)

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Schlesinger- US wanted to expand

Previous presidents encouragement:

GW- "rising empire"

Adams- "destined" to occupy much land

Jefferson- "vast territory"

Madison- "extend sphere"

Monroe Doctrine- established US hegemony in the western hemisphere, no more european colonization in the americas

Trail of Tears- Native Americans tried to declare independence from US government, but was ruled unconstitutional. Jackson removed indians to Oklahoma territory.

Texas Independence- because of favorable land policies many americans moved to texas. but the mexican gov instituted strict laws (no slavery, catholicism...) and texas declared independence

General exposition: Oregon, California, Texas (1845)

Mexican American War- The US-Mexican relationship was hurt by the annexation of Texas.

Guadalupe-Hidalgo Treaty (1848)

Mexico recognizes US above the Rio Grande

Mexico ceded California + New Mexico teritory for 15 million

US assumed 3 million of debts owed to US citizens

1820 Missouri Compromise: maine came in as free, missouri as slave, no slavery north of 36 30 line

1828-1833 Nullification crisis: congress passes high tariff, south carolina nullifies it, Webster-Hayne debates discuss the issue of nullification, when another tariff is passed in 1832 SC again nullifies it, and jackson threatens to hang calhoun from a tree. Henry Clay negotiates the compromise tariff of 1833.

1850 Compromise of 1850: under millard filmore, negotiated by henry clay

california enters as free state

new fugitive slave law requires northerners to return escaped slaves

slave trade would be banished in washington DC

land taken from mexico would become new mexico and utah, they would be decided with popular sovreignty

1854 Kansas-Nebraska Act: nebraska territorywould become kansas and nebraska, both of which would be decided by popular sovreignty, this was in violation of the missouri compromise, since both neraska and kansas were north of 3630 line.

Free Soilers: political party that advocated cheap federal land, containment of slavery and internal improvements, first political candiate was john C. Fremont.

Key terms (Early 1800's)

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Clay's American system: economic system that was a major issue of the 1824 election, showed the national republicans generally benefited the elites, it was also very similar to Hamilton's Economic Plan

high protective tariff

national bank

federally funded infrastructural development

National Republicans: said to have emerged out of the dying federalist party after their demise post-war of 1812, b/c they both supported a national bank and a high tariff

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Election of 1824

John Quincy Adams: (Democratic-Republican) Wins, defeats runner up Jackson

Andrew Jackson: (Democratic-Republican) loses as a result of "Corrupt Bargain"

Henry Clay: (Democratic-Republican)

William Crawford: (Democratic-Republican)

1824 Corrupt Bargain: Adams had more electoral votes,though not enough to give him the presidency, so the debate goes to House of Representatives, when the votes are tallied Adams wins, but Jackson supporters claim Clay (then Speaker of the House) had manipulated the voting to benefit adams. Made even more suspicious when Clay is appointed Secretary of State, then viewed as the person most likely to succeed the president

Election of 1828

John Quincy Adams: (National Republican)

Andrew Jackson: (Democrat) wins

Caucus System: a system wherein the political party leaders selected candidates, so the rank and file party members had no say in the candidates

1822 and 1831 Denmark Vesey's and Nat Turner's : slave rebellion

1830 Indian Removal Act: reluctant, often forced relocation of indians to the west, strongly supported by the southerners

Jefferson-Marshall (1800-1812)

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Revolution of 1800 and War of 1812

Jefferson elected president

Jefferson maintained neutrality, allowed the US bank to continue its charter, eliminated the excise tax, and reduced the military

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Marshall Court led by...

1801- 1835 John Marshall: Chief Justice of Supreme Court,

1803 Marbury vs. Madison: establishes the idea of Judicial REview, that the SC can overturn a law it deems unconstitutional, and fine tunes the checks and balances system

1819 McCullough vs. Maryland: supreme court had right to charter banks, state banks couldn't put a tax on federal banks

1824 Gibbons vs. ogden: Federal govn't intervention in interstate trade is justified

1824 Dartmouth College vs. Woodward : sanctity of contracts is to be always upheld

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1803 Louisiana Purchase- Jefferson bought territory west of Mississippi. Doubled size of US, contrary to his idea of a strict construction. led to lewis and clark explorations

Barbary Hostages- North African Barbary States held US ships hostage, and Jefferson was forced to pay tribute to protect ships (continued until 1815).

Tensions between France and Britain led to....

Essex Decision- trade closed in peace time cannot be opened during war time- US could not trade with French west indies

Leopard-Chesapeake Incident- impressment of US sailors to bulk up GB navy. The Leopard ship kidnapped soldiers from the Chesapeake ship.

Orders in Council- GB inhibits neutral trade with France

Berlin Decree- France does same^ to GB

Milan Decree- France would seize Ships that obey Brits orders in council.

Instead of going to war, US tried to punish the commercial interests of GB and France with...

Non-Intercourse act- boycott GB

Embargo Act- prohibited all foreign trade- devastated New England economy

Non-Intercourse act #2- opened trade with all nations except GB and France

Macon's Bill No. 2- declares to not trade with enemy of country that will stop violence against US ships- Madison tricked by France.

Effects of War 1812-

-US economy devastated

-Large parts of capitol destroyed

-intensified nationalism

-federalists lost power (ushered in era of good feelings)

-Generals Jackson and Harrison won popularity

Jacksonian Democracy (1820's-1850's)

FREPing a reform

Forming the movement

Recruiting to the movement

Educating the movement

Politicizing the movement

Grassroots: any non-governmental reform movement, usually started at the local/state level

Expectant vs. Entrenched Capitalists: those who have money, but no way to use it in the economy, vs those who are already big players in the game, established

New American Nation (1789-1799)

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1789-1797: George washington is president,

1793 Citizen Genet Incident: Ambassador without portfolio came to US looking for support in war against Britain, starts writing and riling up the public, Washington has him deported for rabble rousing. (not officially, but you get the idea)

1794 Whiskey Rebellion: pennsylvanian farmers revolt against whiskey tax, put down by George Washington's federally raised army. HAs more troops under his command then then he did during the whole Revolutionary war

1794 Neutrality Act: america would be neutral, this was passed in response to the French Revolution, b/c Washington didn't want US getting involved, Thomas Jefferson resigns as a result of this

1794 Jay Treaty: Gb would remove western forts but would not stop the impressment of US sailors

1795 The Pinckney Treaty: us gains access to new orleans and lower mississippi river, florida border is set at 31st parallel

1796 Washington's Farewell address: national unity, anti-political parties, obey + support constitution, isolationism

1797 XYZ Affair: a commission sent to france by the US was asked for a bribe before negotiations even began, US public gets word of this and is outraged

1797-1801 John Adams: president, under him... the federal government's power was strengthened and a fiscal system was developed

1798 Alien and Sedition Acts

Naturalization act- raised residency requirements for citizenship. (hurt the demo-reps)

Alien (friends) Act- prez can deport people he thinks are threats

Alien (enemies) Act- allowed deportation/arrest of anybody during war time

Sedition Act- public criticism of gov was a misdemeanor, possibly treasonous

1798 Kentucky Resolution: affirmed the compact (states rights) theory of govn't, written by Thomas Jefferson

1799 Virginia Resolution: affirmed the compact (states rights) theory of govn't, written by James Madison

Post Revolutionary Era (1776-1789)

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1776 Declaration of Independence: written by Thomas Jefferson and edited by a committee of important colonial figures, John adams, Ben franklin, etc. declared formally colonial independence from britain, approved by congress on July 4th

1776-1777 winter at Valley Forge: washington's army settles down in pennsylvania for the winter (WTF mate) which basically sucks and lots of colonial troops die from frostbite and disease

1777 Battle of Saratoga: turning point in the war, as Colonists under General Horatio Gates defeat british troops in NY. This battle also convinces the french to help the americans, w/o their assistance it's likely we wouldn't have won

1781 Battle of Yorktown and Cornwallis's surrender: British General Cornwallis surrenders after being defeated at Yorktown, ends the war

1783 - 1784 Treaty of Paris: formally ends war, terms of which are...

britain recognizes US independence

US gains full rights over Newfoundland shipping rights

US boundaries established, north to canada, west to mississippi river, south to florida

Us govn't wouldn't interfere with british debt collectors and merchants seeking to collect debt owed to them by americans

Us would compensate loyalists whose property had been confiscated during the war (DIDN'T HAPPEN, LEADS TO WAR OF 1812)

Articles of Confederation and Constitution

1781 Articles of Confederation Ratified : couldn't tax, couldn't raise troops or regulate commerce

1783 Newburgh conspiracy: group of colonists attempt to overthrow AOC in favor of strong national govn't george washington talks them down

1786 Shay's Rebellion: Led by Daniel Shay's, massachusetts ppl revolt against debtors prisons and courts closing on property, convinces many ppl in govn't that a stronger national govn't is needed

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1784 Land Ordinance of 1784: usually grouped with LO of 1785, provided for territorial govn't and established process of a settlement becoming a state

1785 Land Ordinance of 1785: land would be divided into townships 6 sq miles in size, each with 36 1 sq mile sections, of which one would be set aside for education. the land was mad cheap but rich investors bought huge amounts from the govn't and resold it at high prices, which kinda defeated the purpose

1787 Northwestern Land Ordinance: no slavery north of ohio river, and provided a bill of rights for settlers

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1785 Alexandria Conference: delegates from VA and MD meet to discuss interstate commerce, decide to invite more delegates to discuss national commerce at the...

1786 Annapolis Conference: early attempt to revise AOC

1787 Constitutional Convention

rhode island did not attend

patrick henry, sam adams, thomas paine, thomas jefferson, and john adams were all not present

Virginia Plan: bicameral legislature, supported by large states b/c representation was on population

New Jersey Plan: unicameral legistastion with each state getting 1 vote, supported by small states

Commerce Compromise: federal control over foreign and domestic trade, govn't got power to place taxes on imports (tariffs)

Connecticut Compromise: dealt with representation in congress, HOR by population, Senate, 2 per state

3/5 Compromise: blacks would count as 3/5 of a person, also had an early fugitive slave law

Federalists: pro ratification, mostly upper class, strong govn't, washington, hamilton, madison and franklin

antifederalists: backcountry and rural areas, weak central govn't, Patrick Henry, hancock and George mason

Tyranny of Majority: power is concentrated in the hands of a few elites

Tyranny of Minority: masses could overthrow or overturn elites

Personalty: stocks, bonds "security"

Realty: land, real estate

Reserved Powers: states powers

Delegated/ Enumerated Powers: govn'ts powers

Concurrent Powers: mutual powers

Deism: it was the responsibility of ppl to learn the laws of nature as set by god, God existed, but didn't control everything all the time, ie, ppl could control their own fate.

ex post facto laws: people couldn't be tried for crimes that weren't illegal at the time they did it (literally, "after the fact")

Bill of Attainder: take away the rights of a group for a severe crime

1787-1788 Federalist papers: published and written by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay, pro ratification, convinced common man that not only was AOC weak, the constitution could fix those problems, specifically #10 which says a strong nat'nl govn't would be a better protector against factions

1788 July: constitution is ratified by all 13 states

Hamilton's Economic Plan

National bank

Report on manufactures, takes a look at industrial conditions of nation

Report on Public credit: US should resolve all it's debts, to build up good credit and create oppurtunities for further trade, led to Assumption Bill, which put capitol in the south if the south helped pay off northern war debts and damages

The Tariff of 1789, high protective tariff

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Federalists: wanted a strong central govn't, washington, hamilton, madison, jay, adams and Knox. mostly believed in elite rule, security of private property and hierarchical social order

Anti-Federalists: if a central govn't was too strong it would abuse its power, included George Clinton and Patrick Henry.

Pre Revolution (1676-1775)

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Pre-Revolutionary Period

Salutary Neglect: traditional argument saying Britain neglected to enforce their laws and as a result the colonies flourished

1676 Bacon's Rebellion: Nathaniel Bacon leads a group of Virginians against Indians, when attacked by government, burns down Jamestown

1763 Paxton Boys: Pennsylvanians protest Indian attacks, peacefully settled by Ben Franklin

1771 Regulator Movement: carolinians revolted against unfair taxes, "no taxation without representation"

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1754-1763 French Indian War (seven years War): war between france it's indian allies (Algonquian & Huron) and britain and their indian allies Iroquois), won by GB

1754 Albany Congress: colonist leaders organize to keep Iroquois tribe loyal to britain, also spawned the Albany Plan of Union, which would have established an american congress

1763 Peace of Paris: ended french indian war, GB got canada and all territory east of mississippi and south of canada. spain lost florida but got New Orleans

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1660, 1663, 1673, 1696 Navigation Laws: Colonists ships had to stop in GB before shipping to foreign markets, gave GB writs of assistance, right to search and seizure of colonist ships

1699 Wool act, 1732 Hat act, 1750 Iron act: colonists had to ship raw materials to GB, couldn't produce finished products, so colonists had to buy from GB manufacturers

1733 Molasses Act: general regulations and restrictions of molasses trade, Colonists didn't really care, not well enforced

1763 George Grenville: appointed prime minister of GB, massive douchebag to colonists,

1763 Proclamation of 1763: colonists couldn't go west past the appalachian mtns

1764 sugar act: replaced Molasses Act of 1733, reduced tax on sugar, but enforced much more strictly

1764 Currency Act: colonists couldn't print their own currency, colonists had to pay in silver or gold

1765 Quartering Act: colonists had supply british troops

1765 Stamp Act: tax on almost all printed material

1765 Stamp Act Congress: coalition of colonist leaders protesting Stamp act, issued Declaration of Rights which said "no taxation w/o representation"

Virginia House Of Burgesses: created inter-colonial committees

1766 Declaratory Acts: right for GB to tax anyone, anytime, for anything

1767 Townshend Acts: tax on paper glass lead paint and tea

1767 Suspension of New York Assembly: NY citizens dont follow quartering act, Townshend takes away their colonist govn't

1770 Boston Massacre: British troops open fire on rioting bostonians, who are angry that british troops are taking their jobs for lower pay. 11 civilians killed including Crispus Attucks, black rebel leader

1772 Gaspee Incident: rhode islanders attack and burn a british ship that had run aground

1773 Boston Tea Party: rebel colonists sneak into boston harbor ships and dump tea into the harbor

1774 Intolerable Acts: passed by charles Townshend as punishment for Boston Tea Party

Boston Port Bill: closed boston port as

Administration of Justice Act: British governmental officials were to be tried in GB

Massachusetts govn't act : limited colonists ability to organize

Expansion of Quartering Act: colonists also had to house british troops when told to

1774 Quebec Act: established catholicism as official religion in quebec (this angered many protestant colonists) and a non-representative govn't set up in quebec

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1767 Letters From a Pennsylvania Farmer: John Dickinson articulates GB's right to tax colonists, but not simply to raise revenue

1776 Thomas Paine's Common Sense: no taxtion w/o representation, very popular in colonies

Sons of Liberty and Loyal Nine: anti-GB rebel colonists

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1774 First Continental Congress: organized to respond to intolerable acts,

Radicals: sam adams john adams, patrick henry, wanted a break from GB

Moderates: john dickinson and George Washington, still believed relationship with GB could be repaired

Conservatives: john jay and joe galloway, mild rebuke of GB, but not separation. Galloway comes up with the

Galloway Plan of Union which would have a joint colonist and british congress, with colonists able to veto british decisions, defeated by members of the congress

1774 Declaration and Resolves (suffolk Resolves): passed by 1st CC

intolerable acts null and void

colonists should arm themselves

boycott of british imports

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primogeniture: assets go to first born son

Entail: concentrates land in one families hands

colonists protested the policies passed by GB

resistance grows to GB

post 1763 GB imposed revenue raising taxes

Revolutionary Period

1775 April, Battles of Lexington and Concord: opening shots of Revolutionary war, british troops marching to look for rebel supplies meet resistance and kill several colonists

1775 May, 2nd continental Congress: no more moderates, either radicals who want independence or conservatives looking for a negotiations. military plans were drawn up that included a colonial army and navy, and an expedition to take canada (failed) this was now the acting govn't of the colonies until the AOC

1775 June, Battle of Bunker Hill: colonists take positions on hills surrounding boston, and attack british troops marching below. Although the colonists eventually retreat, they receive 400 casualties to the british 1,000, proving they can hold their own against the red coats (then perceived to be the strongest army in the world)

1775 July, Olive Branch Petition: a peaceful appeal directly to King George, asking him for his assistance. He ignores it and continues the war

1775 August, Prohibitory act: Britain suspends all trade between colonies and britain as well as declaring all colonies in open rebellion

Pre-Pre Revolution (1494-1630)

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1494 Treaty of Tordesillas: divided world between Spain and Portugal

Patroon ships: large tracts of land granted in return for settling an area

Huguenots: Protestant reformers persecuted for their break from the catholic church who wanted to emigrate to the Americas were forbidden too by french government

1713 Treaty of Utrecht: France loses war of Spanish succession and gives up major land to Britain

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1606 Jamestown colony: settled, First permanent British colony in the Americas, in Virginia

1620 Plymouth colony: colonists who were religiously persecuted established colony in MA, sailed over on mayflower

1630 Massachusetts Bay Colony : established by Puritans, an extremely religious settlement

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-Both Rhode Island and Maryland practiced early religious tolerance in this Pre-Revolutionary Period

-Georgia was establish by GB as a buffer zone from Spanish Florida and also as a penal colony

French settlers mainly flocked to Canada, France lost Canada in the French-Indian War