<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:blogger='http://schemas.google.com/blogger/2008' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:gd="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005" xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6601081049127986873</id><updated>2024-08-27T22:00:34.002-07:00</updated><title type='text'>ARAKIAN</title><subtitle type='html'>aku mencatat pengalaman sekarang...terpulang kepada tafsiran selepas itu...</subtitle><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://dadwayne.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6601081049127986873/posts/default?redirect=false'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://dadwayne.blogspot.com/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><link rel='next' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6601081049127986873/posts/default?start-index=26&amp;max-results=25&amp;redirect=false'/><author><name>Cikgu Griffen</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08313231714616244756</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjG1QroNiEZawnBKrcwzWIR_4WUzec3AxzdpJ2pJjYDCsIZOYY0m9fdpzWS3ZcfyXARNbyZaqi0oXfDg9Ibfo43PmLgUoxheczp2XiTpjcEV4xPu7SSbnAVqXT0ZyPf4w/s220/1_292996948l.jpg'/></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>31</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>25</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6601081049127986873.post-6466314697177191388</id><published>2011-01-24T02:24:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2011-01-24T02:26:40.621-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Tujuan Penilaian Sumatif</title><content type='html'>&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt; 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semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;19&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Subtle Emphasis&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;21&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Intense Emphasis&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;31&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Subtle Reference&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;32&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Intense Reference&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;33&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Book Title&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;37&quot; name=&quot;Bibliography&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;TOC Heading&quot;&gt;  &lt;/w:LatentStyles&gt; &lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 10]&gt; &lt;style&gt;  /* Style Definitions */  table.MsoNormalTable  {mso-style-name:&quot;Table Normal&quot;;  mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;  mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;  mso-style-noshow:yes;  mso-style-priority:99;  mso-style-qformat:yes;  mso-style-parent:&quot;&quot;;  mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;  mso-para-margin-top:0in;  mso-para-margin-right:0in;  mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;  mso-para-margin-left:0in;  line-height:115%;  mso-pagination:widow-orphan;  font-size:11.0pt;  font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;  mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;  mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;  mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;  mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;} &lt;/style&gt; &lt;![endif]--&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 6.7pt 0.95pt 10pt 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 150%; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;&quot; lang=&quot;MS&quot;&gt;Pada umumnya, penilaian sumatif digunakan untuk menentukan pencapaian murid sebagai satu kumpulan dengan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;&quot; lang=&quot;MS&quot;&gt;membezakan antara pencapaian pelajar berdasarkan gred &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; letter-spacing: -0.2pt;&quot; lang=&quot;MS&quot;&gt;yang telah ditentukan. Selain itu, penilaian sumatif juga bertujuan untuk mengiktiraf kebolehan dan kemahiran yang dimiliki oleh pelajar. Hal ini berdasarkan skor yang diperoleh &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;&quot; lang=&quot;MS&quot;&gt;oleh pelajar dalam penilaian yang dijalankan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot; lang=&quot;MS&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 0.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 150%; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;&quot; lang=&quot;MS&quot;&gt;Guru atau pendidik juga dapat membuat ramalan akan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;&quot; lang=&quot;MS&quot;&gt;kejayaan murid dalam sesuatu mata pelajaran. Pencapaian &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;&quot; lang=&quot;MS&quot;&gt;pada peringkat awal biasanya mempunyai perhubungan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;&quot; lang=&quot;MS&quot;&gt;yang tinggi dengan peringkat pencapaian yang seterusnya. Misalnya, kemahiran mengenal huruf murid akan menjadi &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;&quot; lang=&quot;MS&quot;&gt;ramalan kepada kemahiran untuk menyusun huruf-huruf &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;&quot; lang=&quot;MS&quot;&gt;dalam membentuk perkataan pada masa depan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot; lang=&quot;MS&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 150%; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;&quot; lang=&quot;MS&quot;&gt;Penilaian sumatif juga dapat dijadikan petunjuk dalam &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;&quot; lang=&quot;MS&quot;&gt;memulakan sesuatu kursus baharu yang berkaitan. Sebelum &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;&quot; lang=&quot;MS&quot;&gt;memulakan sesuatu kursus baharu murid dikehendaki ter&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; letter-spacing: -0.2pt;&quot; lang=&quot;MS&quot;&gt;lebih dahulu menduduki ujian yang menentukan peringkat &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; letter-spacing: -0.25pt;&quot; lang=&quot;MS&quot;&gt;pencapaian mereka agar dapat memastikan murid berkenaan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;&quot; lang=&quot;MS&quot;&gt;telah menguasai kemahiran asas yang diperlukan dalam se­&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;&quot; lang=&quot;MS&quot;&gt;suatu kursus baharu berkenaan. Sekiranya murid berkenaan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; letter-spacing: -0.25pt;&quot; lang=&quot;MS&quot;&gt;sudah mencapai peringkat tertentu, barulah mereka dibenar&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;&quot; lang=&quot;MS&quot;&gt;kan untuk mengambil kursus tersebut.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;&quot; lang=&quot;MS&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0in 0.7pt 10pt 0.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 150%; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; letter-spacing: -0.25pt;&quot; lang=&quot;MS&quot;&gt;Selain itu, keputusan penilaian sumatif juga dapat mem&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;&quot; lang=&quot;MS&quot;&gt;perlihatkan peringkat pencapaian yang berbeza mengikut &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;&quot; lang=&quot;MS&quot;&gt;kumpulan. Item yang sama ditadbir kepada beberapa kum&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;&quot; lang=&quot;MS&quot;&gt;pulan bagi tujuan membuat perbandingan pencapaian yang &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; letter-spacing: -0.2pt;&quot; lang=&quot;MS&quot;&gt;diperoleh. Dengan cara itu, perbandingan pencapaian dapat &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;&quot; lang=&quot;MS&quot;&gt;dibuat dalam menentukan kelompok pelajar lemah, seder&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;&quot; lang=&quot;MS&quot;&gt;hana dan cemerlang serta kelas (bilik darjah) yang lemah &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;&quot; lang=&quot;MS&quot;&gt;dan cemerlang.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot; lang=&quot;MS&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;&quot; lang=&quot;MS&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0in 0.7pt 10pt 0.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 150%; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;&quot; lang=&quot;MS&quot;&gt;Kesimpulannya, penilaian sumatif ialah penilaian yang &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; letter-spacing: -0.2pt;&quot; lang=&quot;MS&quot;&gt;dijalankan telah lama dilaksanakan dalam dunia pendidikan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; letter-spacing: -0.25pt;&quot; lang=&quot;MS&quot;&gt;dengan tujuan utama adalah untuk memberikan gred kepada &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;&quot; lang=&quot;MS&quot;&gt;pencapaian murid. Di samping itu, penilaian ini juga dapat &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;&quot; lang=&quot;MS&quot;&gt;digunakan secara menyeluruh dalam memperbaiki sesuatu &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; letter-spacing: -0.25pt;&quot; lang=&quot;MS&quot;&gt;kurikulum kerana keputusan yang diperoleh lebih menyelu­&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; letter-spacing: -0.6pt;&quot; lang=&quot;MS&quot;&gt;ruh.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://dadwayne.blogspot.com/feeds/6466314697177191388/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://dadwayne.blogspot.com/2011/01/tujuan-penilaian-sumatif.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6601081049127986873/posts/default/6466314697177191388'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6601081049127986873/posts/default/6466314697177191388'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://dadwayne.blogspot.com/2011/01/tujuan-penilaian-sumatif.html' title='Tujuan Penilaian Sumatif'/><author><name>Cikgu Griffen</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08313231714616244756</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjG1QroNiEZawnBKrcwzWIR_4WUzec3AxzdpJ2pJjYDCsIZOYY0m9fdpzWS3ZcfyXARNbyZaqi0oXfDg9Ibfo43PmLgUoxheczp2XiTpjcEV4xPu7SSbnAVqXT0ZyPf4w/s220/1_292996948l.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6601081049127986873.post-2730207207189586091</id><published>2011-01-24T02:06:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2011-01-24T02:24:24.433-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Penilaian Sumatif</title><content type='html'>&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt; 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priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 4&quot;&gt; 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name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;19&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Subtle Emphasis&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;21&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Intense Emphasis&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;31&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Subtle Reference&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;32&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Intense Reference&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;33&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Book Title&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;37&quot; name=&quot;Bibliography&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;TOC Heading&quot;&gt;  &lt;/w:LatentStyles&gt; &lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 10]&gt; &lt;style&gt;  /* Style Definitions */  table.MsoNormalTable  {mso-style-name:&quot;Table Normal&quot;;  mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;  mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;  mso-style-noshow:yes;  mso-style-priority:99;  mso-style-qformat:yes;  mso-style-parent:&quot;&quot;;  mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;  mso-para-margin-top:0in;  mso-para-margin-right:0in;  mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;  mso-para-margin-left:0in;  line-height:115%;  mso-pagination:widow-orphan;  font-size:11.0pt;  font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;  mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;  mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;  mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;  mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;} &lt;/style&gt; &lt;![endif]--&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.1in 0.5pt 10pt 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:100%;&quot;  lang=&quot;MS&quot; &gt;Berbeza daripada penilaian formatif yang lebih menumpu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:100%;&quot;  lang=&quot;MS&quot; &gt;kan perhatian pada soal menilai tahap penguasaan pelajar &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:100%;&quot;  lang=&quot;MS&quot; &gt;dalam satu-satu topik pembelajaran, penilaian sumatif yang bertujuan untuk menentukan pencapaian pelajar pada akhir &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:100%;&quot;  lang=&quot;MS&quot; &gt;sesuatu penggal persekolahan dan digunakan untuk menen­&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:100%;&quot;  lang=&quot;MS&quot; &gt;tukan keberkesanan sesuatu kurikulum secara keseluruhan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 0.95pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.55pt; line-height: 150%; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:100%;&quot;  lang=&quot;MS&quot; &gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:100%;&quot;  lang=&quot;MS&quot; &gt;Tujuan penilaian sumatif bukanlah untuk membantu mu­&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:100%;&quot;  lang=&quot;MS&quot; &gt;rid secara individu dalam meningkatkan pencapaian. Tujuan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:100%;&quot;  lang=&quot;MS&quot; &gt;penilaian sumatif adalah untuk menentukan sejauh mana &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:100%;&quot;  lang=&quot;MS&quot; &gt;objektif-objektif sesuatu bidang mata pelajaran yang telah &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:100%;&quot;  lang=&quot;MS&quot; &gt;disampaikan oleh guru semasa pengajaran pembelajaran &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:100%;&quot;  lang=&quot;MS&quot; &gt;berlangsung di bilik darjah telah dicapai oleh murid. Dengan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:100%;&quot;  lang=&quot;MS&quot; &gt;berdasarkan objektif yang ditetapkan melalui pembinaan jadual penentuan ujian, peratusan objektif yang dapat dica­&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:100%;&quot;  lang=&quot;MS&quot; &gt;pai oleh pelajar dapat diketahui.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:100%;&quot;  lang=&quot;MS&quot; &gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:100%;&quot;  lang=&quot;MS&quot; &gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 0.95pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.55pt; line-height: 150%; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:100%;&quot;  lang=&quot;MS&quot; &gt;Kedua, penilaian sumatif bertujuan memberikan gred ke&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:100%;&quot;  lang=&quot;MS&quot; &gt;pada murid berdasarkan pencapaian yang ditunjukkan dalam &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:100%;&quot;  lang=&quot;MS&quot; &gt;peperiksaan yang diadakan. Dengan adanya gred yang diberi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:100%;&quot;  lang=&quot;MS&quot; &gt;kan, akan memudahkan guru untuk membuat perbandingan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:100%;&quot;  lang=&quot;MS&quot; &gt;anfara individu dalam satu-satu bilik darjah atau membuat perbandingan mengikut tingkatan atau kumpulan pelajar. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:100%;&quot;  lang=&quot;MS&quot; &gt;Dengan cara ini guru boleh membuat kesimpulan peringkat pencapaian pelajar mengikut kumpulan tertentu misalnya &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:100%;&quot;  lang=&quot;MS&quot; &gt;kumpulan pelajar lemah, sederhana dan cemerlang. Contoh &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:100%;&quot;  lang=&quot;MS&quot; &gt;penilaian sumatif seperti penilaian pada akhir penggal, pe­periksaan percubaan, UPSR, PMR dan sebagainya.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:100%;&quot;  lang=&quot;MS&quot; &gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;  &lt;w:worddocument&gt;   &lt;w:view&gt;Normal&lt;/w:View&gt;   &lt;w:zoom&gt;0&lt;/w:Zoom&gt;   &lt;w:trackmoves/&gt;   &lt;w:trackformatting/&gt;   &lt;w:punctuationkerning/&gt;   &lt;w:validateagainstschemas/&gt;   &lt;w:saveifxmlinvalid&gt;false&lt;/w:SaveIfXMLInvalid&gt;   &lt;w:ignoremixedcontent&gt;false&lt;/w:IgnoreMixedContent&gt;   &lt;w:alwaysshowplaceholdertext&gt;false&lt;/w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText&gt;   &lt;w:donotpromoteqf/&gt;   &lt;w:lidthemeother&gt;EN-US&lt;/w:LidThemeOther&gt;   &lt;w:lidthemeasian&gt;X-NONE&lt;/w:LidThemeAsian&gt;   &lt;w:lidthemecomplexscript&gt;X-NONE&lt;/w:LidThemeComplexScript&gt;   &lt;w:compatibility&gt;    &lt;w:breakwrappedtables/&gt;    &lt;w:snaptogridincell/&gt;    &lt;w:wraptextwithpunct/&gt;    &lt;w:useasianbreakrules/&gt;    &lt;w:dontgrowautofit/&gt;    &lt;w:splitpgbreakandparamark/&gt;    &lt;w:dontvertaligncellwithsp/&gt;    &lt;w:dontbreakconstrainedforcedtables/&gt;    &lt;w:dontvertalignintxbx/&gt;    &lt;w:word11kerningpairs/&gt;    &lt;w:cachedcolbalance/&gt;    &lt;w:usefelayout/&gt;   &lt;/w:Compatibility&gt;   &lt;m:mathpr&gt;    &lt;m:mathfont val=&quot;Cambria Math&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:brkbin val=&quot;before&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:brkbinsub val=&quot;--&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:smallfrac val=&quot;off&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:dispdef/&gt;    &lt;m:lmargin val=&quot;0&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:rmargin val=&quot;0&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:defjc val=&quot;centerGroup&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:wrapindent val=&quot;1440&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:intlim val=&quot;subSup&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:narylim val=&quot;undOvr&quot;&gt;   &lt;/m:mathPr&gt;&lt;/w:WordDocument&gt; &lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;  &lt;w:latentstyles deflockedstate=&quot;false&quot; defunhidewhenused=&quot;true&quot; defsemihidden=&quot;true&quot; defqformat=&quot;false&quot; defpriority=&quot;99&quot; latentstylecount=&quot;267&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;0&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Normal&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;9&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;heading 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;9&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;heading 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;9&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;heading 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;9&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;heading 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;9&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;heading 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;9&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;heading 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;9&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;heading 7&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;9&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;heading 8&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;9&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;heading 9&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 7&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 8&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 9&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;35&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;caption&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;10&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Title&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;1&quot; name=&quot;Default Paragraph Font&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;11&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Subtitle&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;22&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Strong&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;20&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Emphasis&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;59&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Table Grid&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Placeholder Text&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;1&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;No Spacing&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Revision&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;34&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;List Paragraph&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;29&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Quote&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;30&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Intense Quote&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;19&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Subtle Emphasis&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;21&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Intense Emphasis&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;31&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Subtle Reference&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;32&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Intense Reference&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;33&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Book Title&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;37&quot; name=&quot;Bibliography&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;TOC Heading&quot;&gt;  &lt;/w:LatentStyles&gt; &lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 10]&gt; &lt;style&gt;  /* Style Definitions */  table.MsoNormalTable  {mso-style-name:&quot;Table Normal&quot;;  mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;  mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;  mso-style-noshow:yes;  mso-style-priority:99;  mso-style-qformat:yes;  mso-style-parent:&quot;&quot;;  mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;  mso-para-margin-top:0in;  mso-para-margin-right:0in;  mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;  mso-para-margin-left:0in;  line-height:115%;  mso-pagination:widow-orphan;  font-size:11.0pt;  font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;  mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;  mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;  mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;  mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;} &lt;/style&gt; &lt;![endif]--&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://dadwayne.blogspot.com/feeds/2730207207189586091/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://dadwayne.blogspot.com/2011/01/penilaian-sumatif.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6601081049127986873/posts/default/2730207207189586091'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6601081049127986873/posts/default/2730207207189586091'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://dadwayne.blogspot.com/2011/01/penilaian-sumatif.html' title='Penilaian Sumatif'/><author><name>Cikgu Griffen</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08313231714616244756</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjG1QroNiEZawnBKrcwzWIR_4WUzec3AxzdpJ2pJjYDCsIZOYY0m9fdpzWS3ZcfyXARNbyZaqi0oXfDg9Ibfo43PmLgUoxheczp2XiTpjcEV4xPu7SSbnAVqXT0ZyPf4w/s220/1_292996948l.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6601081049127986873.post-5555263625521537075</id><published>2011-01-24T02:05:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2011-01-24T02:06:05.408-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Tujuan Penilaian Formatif</title><content type='html'>&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt; 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name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;19&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Subtle Emphasis&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;21&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Intense Emphasis&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;31&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Subtle Reference&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;32&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Intense Reference&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;33&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Book Title&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;37&quot; name=&quot;Bibliography&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;TOC Heading&quot;&gt;  &lt;/w:LatentStyles&gt; &lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 10]&gt; &lt;style&gt;  /* Style Definitions */  table.MsoNormalTable  {mso-style-name:&quot;Table Normal&quot;;  mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;  mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;  mso-style-noshow:yes;  mso-style-priority:99;  mso-style-qformat:yes;  mso-style-parent:&quot;&quot;;  mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;  mso-para-margin-top:0in;  mso-para-margin-right:0in;  mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;  mso-para-margin-left:0in;  line-height:115%;  mso-pagination:widow-orphan;  font-size:11.0pt;  font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;  mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;  mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;  mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;  mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;} &lt;/style&gt; &lt;![endif]--&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.1in 0in 15.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 150%; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color: black; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;&quot; lang=&quot;MS&quot;&gt;Pada asasnya, penilaian formatif bertujuan untuk memper­&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color: black; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;&quot; lang=&quot;MS&quot;&gt;baiki pengajaran pembelajaran. Di samping memperbaiki &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;&quot; lang=&quot;MS&quot;&gt;pengajaran dan pembelajaran, secara langsung penilaian &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;&quot; lang=&quot;MS&quot;&gt;yang dijalankan dapat meningkatkan pencapaian pelajar &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color: black; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;&quot; lang=&quot;MS&quot;&gt;pada akhir sesuatu pelajaran. Hal ini dapat direalisasikan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color: black; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;&quot; lang=&quot;MS&quot;&gt;melalui ujian-ujian yang dikendalikan dan dapat memperlihatkan kelemahan-kelemahan yang wujud sama ada pada &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color: black;&quot; lang=&quot;MS&quot;&gt;penyampaian guru atau penguasaan murid dan seterusnya guru akan membuat pembaikan agar murid dapat mengua­&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing: -0.1pt;&quot;&gt;sai dengan lebih baik. Situasi ini akan menolong murid me­&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing: 0.3pt;&quot;&gt;nguasai sesuatu unit atau topik pembelajaran dan hal ini &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing: -0.05pt;&quot;&gt;memungkinkan mereka memperoleh pencapaian yang lebih &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing: 0.1pt;&quot;&gt;baik pada akhir penggal atau semester persekolahan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing: 0.3pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.55pt; line-height: 150%; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;&quot; lang=&quot;MS&quot;&gt;Penilaian formatif juga dapat memperbaiki kualiti serta dapat meramal pencapaian pelajar. Menjadi satu kepuasan kepada seseorang guru apabila beliau dapat meningkatkan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color: black;&quot; lang=&quot;MS&quot;&gt;pencapaian murid dari semasa ke semasa. Dengan mengada&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing: 0.05pt;&quot;&gt;kan ujian formatif, guru dapat meninggikan pencapaian dan &lt;/span&gt;mengekalkan pencapaian yang memuaskan. Hal ini melalui &lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing: 0.1pt;&quot;&gt;perbandingan yang boleh dibuat antara pencapaian murid &lt;/span&gt;sekarang dengan pencapaian murid lalu melalui rekod ujian &lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing: 0.1pt;&quot;&gt;formatif yang telah dikendalikan dan mencatatkan masalah &lt;/span&gt;yang dihadapi oleh murid dahulu serta langkah penyelesaian &lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing: -0.1pt;&quot;&gt;yang telah diambil. Dengan cara ini, guru dapat mengekalkan &lt;/span&gt;prestasi pelajar dan meramal pencapaian pada akhir penggal &lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing: 0.05pt;&quot;&gt;persekolahan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 0.95pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.55pt; line-height: 150%; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;&quot; lang=&quot;MS&quot;&gt;Di samping itu, kegunaan penilaian formatif juga ber-tujuan mengubah suai pengajaran seseorang guru. Hal ini disebabkan pencapaian yang rendah dalam kalangan murid barangkali disebabkan oleh kelemahan pengajaran guru itu &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;&quot; lang=&quot;MS&quot;&gt;sendiri. Pendekatan yang diambil oleh guru berkenaan ti&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;&quot; lang=&quot;MS&quot;&gt;dak semestinya sama dalam semua sesi pembelajaran yang &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;&quot; lang=&quot;MS&quot;&gt;dikendalikan. Begitu juga murid yang dihadapinya terdiri &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.25pt;&quot; lang=&quot;MS&quot;&gt;daripada pelbagai peringkat kebolehan. Ada yang seder&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color: black;&quot; lang=&quot;MS&quot;&gt;hana, lemah dan cemerlang. Keadaan ini memerlukan peng&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing: 0.3pt;&quot;&gt;ubahsuaian dalam penyampaian guru agar pembelajaran &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing: 0.1pt;&quot;&gt;lebih berkesan. Berasaskan penilaian yang dijalankan guru &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing: 0.05pt;&quot;&gt;dapat mengenal pasti aspek atau topik yang menunjukkan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing: 0.15pt;&quot;&gt;kecenderungan murid masih lemah dan topik yang telah &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing: 0.1pt;&quot;&gt;dikuasai oleh murid. Selain mengatasi kelemahan dalam pengajaran, guru juga dapat menentukan pendekatan yang lebih baik dalam penyampaian. Misalnya, guru mengguna&lt;/span&gt;kan pendekatan syarahan dalam menyampaikan pengajaran. &lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing: 0.2pt;&quot;&gt;Pada akhir topik berkenaan, satu ujian formatif dilakukan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing: 0.1pt;&quot;&gt;dan mendapati kebanyakan murid kurang memahami topik &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing: 0.25pt;&quot;&gt;yang diperkatakan. Dengan itu, guru dapat memahami ba&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing: -0.15pt;&quot;&gt;hawa pendekatan berkenaan tidak sesuai dan beliau boleh mengubah dengan menggunakan pendekatan lain seperti &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing: -0.1pt;&quot;&gt;perbincangan dan sebagainya.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing: 0.25pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.3pt; line-height: 150%; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color: black; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;&quot; lang=&quot;MS&quot;&gt;Penilaian formatif juga bertujuan untuk memberikan bimbingan pembelajaran kepada murid. Maklumat yang di&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color: black; letter-spacing: -0.2pt;&quot; lang=&quot;MS&quot;&gt;peroleh daripada siri ujian yang dijalankan dapat digunakan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color: black; letter-spacing: -0.25pt;&quot; lang=&quot;MS&quot;&gt;oleh murid untuk mengatasi kelemahan mereka. Mereka bo­&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color: black; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;&quot; lang=&quot;MS&quot;&gt;leh berbincang dan mendapatkan bimbingan serta khidmat &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color: black; letter-spacing: -0.25pt;&quot; lang=&quot;MS&quot;&gt;nasihat daripada guru mereka. Dengan cara itu, murid berke­&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color: black; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;&quot; lang=&quot;MS&quot;&gt;naan dapat mengatasi masalah mereka dan seterusnya me&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color: black; letter-spacing: -0.2pt;&quot; lang=&quot;MS&quot;&gt;ningkatkan penguasaan dari segi pembelajaran. Mereka juga &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color: black; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;&quot; lang=&quot;MS&quot;&gt;akan menjadi sentiasa bersedia untuk menduduki siri ujian &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color: black; letter-spacing: -0.2pt;&quot; lang=&quot;MS&quot;&gt;yang dijalankan dan dengan itu memerlukan ketekunan dan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color: black; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;&quot; lang=&quot;MS&quot;&gt;tumpuan kepada topik-topik pembelajaran.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color: black;&quot; lang=&quot;MS&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 0.95pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.55pt; line-height: 150%; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color: black; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;&quot; lang=&quot;MS&quot;&gt;Kesimpulannya, penilaian atau ujian formatif merupa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color: black;&quot; lang=&quot;MS&quot;&gt;kan suatu strategi dalam proses pengajaran dan pembela­&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing: -0.15pt;&quot;&gt;jaran yang bermanfaat dalam membantu pelajar dan guru. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing: 0.1pt;&quot;&gt;Maklum balas yang diperoleh dapat digunakan oleh guru &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing: -0.2pt;&quot;&gt;dan murid serta-merta dalam memperbaiki kelemahan yang wujud. Maklum balas yang diperoleh memberikan motivasi kepada guru untuk terus berusaha dengan gigih bagi memas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing: -0.1pt;&quot;&gt;tikan kecemerlangan pelajar. Sementara pada pihak murid &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing: -0.2pt;&quot;&gt;pula, ia memberikan harapan tinggi untuk mereka mencapai &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing: -0.1pt;&quot;&gt;kecemerlangan dalam pelajaran.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://dadwayne.blogspot.com/feeds/5555263625521537075/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://dadwayne.blogspot.com/2011/01/tujuan-penilaian-formatif.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6601081049127986873/posts/default/5555263625521537075'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6601081049127986873/posts/default/5555263625521537075'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://dadwayne.blogspot.com/2011/01/tujuan-penilaian-formatif.html' title='Tujuan Penilaian Formatif'/><author><name>Cikgu Griffen</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08313231714616244756</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjG1QroNiEZawnBKrcwzWIR_4WUzec3AxzdpJ2pJjYDCsIZOYY0m9fdpzWS3ZcfyXARNbyZaqi0oXfDg9Ibfo43PmLgUoxheczp2XiTpjcEV4xPu7SSbnAVqXT0ZyPf4w/s220/1_292996948l.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6601081049127986873.post-4189262047076181944</id><published>2011-01-24T01:59:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2011-01-24T02:04:15.733-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Penilaian Formatif</title><content type='html'>&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt; 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name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;19&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Subtle Emphasis&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;21&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Intense Emphasis&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;31&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Subtle Reference&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;32&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Intense Reference&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;33&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Book Title&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;37&quot; name=&quot;Bibliography&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;TOC Heading&quot;&gt;  &lt;/w:LatentStyles&gt; &lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 10]&gt; &lt;style&gt;  /* Style Definitions */  table.MsoNormalTable  {mso-style-name:&quot;Table Normal&quot;;  mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;  mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;  mso-style-noshow:yes;  mso-style-priority:99;  mso-style-qformat:yes;  mso-style-parent:&quot;&quot;;  mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;  mso-para-margin-top:0in;  mso-para-margin-right:0in;  mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;  mso-para-margin-left:0in;  line-height:115%;  mso-pagination:widow-orphan;  font-size:11.0pt;  font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;  mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;  mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;  mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;  mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;} &lt;/style&gt; &lt;![endif]--&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-top: 6.95pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 150%; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color: black; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;&quot; lang=&quot;MS&quot;&gt;Bagi mencapai matlamat dan objektif yang dirancang, aktiviti penilaian seringkali memberikan maklumat penting kepada guru untuk melaksanakan tindakan seterusnya. Pe­&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color: black; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;&quot; lang=&quot;MS&quot;&gt;nilaian yang dijalankan bagi tujuan memperoleh maklumat &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color: black; letter-spacing: -0.2pt;&quot; lang=&quot;MS&quot;&gt;bagi memperbaiki kurikulum dikenali sebagai penilaian for&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;&quot; lang=&quot;MS&quot;&gt;matif. Penilaian ini dijalankan sepanjang masa dan maklumat yang diperoleh daripada penilaian ini digunakan secara &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.25pt;&quot; lang=&quot;MS&quot;&gt;terus menerus. Penilaian lazimnya mendatangkan kesan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;&quot; lang=&quot;MS&quot;&gt;negatif sama ada kepada murid, guru atau ibu bapa sendiri. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;&quot; lang=&quot;MS&quot;&gt;Hal ini demikian kerana penilaian sering kali menimbulkan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;&quot; lang=&quot;MS&quot;&gt;ketegangan kepada golongan berkenaan. Oleh itu, pe­&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;&quot; lang=&quot;MS&quot;&gt;nilaian formatif cuba mengurangkan ketegangan tersebut &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;&quot; lang=&quot;MS&quot;&gt;tanpa membandingkan pencapaian antara pelajar.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color: black; letter-spacing: -0.2pt;&quot; lang=&quot;MS&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 0.95pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 150%; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;&quot; lang=&quot;MS&quot;&gt;Pendidik yang berkredibiliti seharusnya memberikan pe&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color: black;&quot; lang=&quot;MS&quot;&gt;nerangan dan bimbingan kepada murid dan kepada ibu bapa &lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing: 0.1pt;&quot;&gt;murid akan kegunaan serta tujuan penilaian formatif. Ujian &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing: -0.05pt;&quot;&gt;yang dibentuk dalam penilaian ini seharusnya bercorak ujian &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing: 0.15pt;&quot;&gt;diagnostik yakni yang dapat memberikan input akan mas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing: 0.1pt;&quot;&gt;alah yang dihadapi murid dalam mengikuti pembelajaran. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing: 0.15pt;&quot;&gt;Ujian dijalankan sepanjang masa pengajaran dan pembelajaran berlangsung. Sementara maklumat yang diperoleh hendaklah digunakan serta-merta dalam memperbaiki pe­&lt;/span&gt;ngajaran dan pembelajaran agar pelajar dan guru sama-sama &lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing: 0.1pt;&quot;&gt;memperoleh manfaat daripadanya. Misalnya, guru dapat &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing: 0.15pt;&quot;&gt;mengenal pasti kelemahan penyampaian pengajarannya, &lt;/span&gt;manakala murid dapat mengetahui kelemahan aspek tertentu dalam pembelajaran. Dengan itu, penilaian ini bukan sekali-kali bertujuan untuk membandingkan pelajar, sebaliknya in&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing: 0.1pt;&quot;&gt;gin membantu murid. Oleh yang demikian, tidak ada gred &lt;/span&gt;diberikan kepada penilaian atau ujian yang dijalankan. Con&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing: 0.1pt;&quot;&gt;toh penilaian formatif seperti sesi soal jawab, latihan yang diberikan guru dan ujian di bilik darjah yang tidak ditentu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing: -0.05pt;&quot;&gt;kan gred.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 1.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.3in; line-height: 150%; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;&quot; lang=&quot;MS&quot;&gt;Bagi memastikan pelaksanaan penilaian yang berkesan, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.3pt;&quot; lang=&quot;MS&quot;&gt;beberapa langkah atau prosedur perlu diberikan tumpuan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;&quot; lang=&quot;MS&quot;&gt;atau perhatian oleh guru, iaitu:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color: black;&quot; lang=&quot;MS&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color: black;&quot; lang=&quot;MS&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;1.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;    &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;&quot; lang=&quot;MS&quot;&gt;(i) Menentukan topik pembelajaran&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color: black;&quot; lang=&quot;MS&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;&quot; lang=&quot;MS&quot;&gt;Dalam sesuatu sukatan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color: black;&quot; lang=&quot;MS&quot;&gt;pelajaran, mengandungi beberapa topik yang seharusnya &lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing: 0.2pt;&quot;&gt;dihabiskan sepanjang sesi persekolahan untuk satu ta&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing: 0.05pt;&quot;&gt;hun. Pengajaran topik-topik berkenaan memerlukan ma&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing: -0.05pt;&quot;&gt;sa yang lama untuk menghabiskan semua sukatan berke&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing: 0.05pt;&quot;&gt;naan. Langkah terbaik adalah dengan menyusun topik &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing: 0.1pt;&quot;&gt;berkenaan mengikut peringkat kesukaran. Seandainya topik tersebut mempunyai cakupan yang luas, maka &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing: 0.15pt;&quot;&gt;penekanan harus diberikan dan mungkin perlu dikecil&lt;/span&gt;kan kepada subtopik tertentu. Dengan cara ini guru akan &lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing: 0.1pt;&quot;&gt;dapat memastikan murid menguasai sesuatu subtopik &lt;/span&gt;tertentu terlebih dahulu sebelum meneruskan topik-topik &lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing: -0.05pt;&quot;&gt;seterusnya. Sebelum beralih kepada topik lain, guru akan mengadakan ujian formatif untuk melihat tahap pengua&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing: 0.05pt;&quot;&gt;saan sesuatu topik.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 1.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color: black;&quot; lang=&quot;MS&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;2.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;    &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;&quot; lang=&quot;MS&quot;&gt;(ii)Menyatakan aspek dan tahap pencapaian bagi sesuatu &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;&quot; lang=&quot;MS&quot;&gt;topik pembelajaran.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color: black;&quot; lang=&quot;MS&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 1.2pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;&quot; lang=&quot;MS&quot;&gt;Guru harus mengenal pasti aspek-aspek tertentu setiap topik yang perlu dikuasai oleh pe&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;&quot; lang=&quot;MS&quot;&gt;lajar. Misalnya, pelajar dapat mengenal warna, simbol, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color: black; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;&quot; lang=&quot;MS&quot;&gt;membaca dan Iain-lain mengikut keperluan topik berke­&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;&quot; lang=&quot;MS&quot;&gt;naan. Setelah aspek berkenaan ditentukan, maka guru &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;&quot; lang=&quot;MS&quot;&gt;boleh menentukan tahap penguasaan murid dalam bilik &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color: black;&quot; lang=&quot;MS&quot;&gt;darjah terhadap satu-satu topik berkenaan. Dalam hal ini &lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing: 0.15pt;&quot;&gt;apabila keputusan menunjukkan 80 peratus hingga 90 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing: 0.05pt;&quot;&gt;peratus pelajar telah menunjukkan penguasaan terhadap &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing: 0.1pt;&quot;&gt;sesuatu topik, memperlihatkan bahawa kebanyakan pe­lajar sudah menguasai topik berkenaan. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 1.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color: black;&quot; lang=&quot;MS&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;3.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;    &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;&quot; lang=&quot;MS&quot;&gt;(iii)Menghubungkaitkan elemen-elemen yang terdapat da­&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;&quot; lang=&quot;MS&quot;&gt;lam setiap topik.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color: black;&quot; lang=&quot;MS&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 1.2pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;&quot; lang=&quot;MS&quot;&gt;Guru perlu menyusun elemen-elemen yang terdapat dalam topik-topik pembelajaran pada peringkat perlakuan tertentu dengan berdasarkan taksonomi pendidikan. Setelah pemeringkatan mengikut tahap perlakuan selesai, guru seterusnya mengaitkan semua elemen berkenaan yang terdapat dalam satu-satu topik &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;&quot; lang=&quot;MS&quot;&gt;agar saling bertautan dan tidak terpisah.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color: black;&quot; lang=&quot;MS&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 1.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color: black;&quot; lang=&quot;MS&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;4.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;    &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color: black;&quot; lang=&quot;MS&quot;&gt;(iv)Membentuk soalan ujian.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 1.2pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color: black;&quot; lang=&quot;MS&quot;&gt;Selepas penentuan elemen-el­emen berkenaan, misalnya ada 10 elemen dalam sesuatu &lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing: 0.1pt;&quot;&gt;topik, maka setiap elemen berkenaan seharusnya diuji kepada pelajar sekurang-kurangnya satu soalan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 1.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 150%; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color: black;&quot; lang=&quot;MS&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;5.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;    &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color: black;&quot; lang=&quot;MS&quot;&gt;(v)Mencadangkan langkah susulan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 1.2pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color: black;&quot; lang=&quot;MS&quot;&gt;Tujuan penilaian for­&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing: -0.25pt;&quot;&gt;matif dijalankan adalah antara lain untuk mengetahui ta&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing: -0.1pt;&quot;&gt;hap penguasaan sesuatu topik pembelajaran di samping &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing: -0.2pt;&quot;&gt;kesukaran yang dihadapi oleh murid. Dengan itu, tindak&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing: -0.05pt;&quot;&gt;an susulan harus dilaksanakan berdasarkan keputusan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing: -0.25pt;&quot;&gt;ujian yang diperoleh. Misalnya, murid masih menunjuk&lt;/span&gt;kan kelemahan ketara dalam sesuatu topik, maka tin&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing: -0.1pt;&quot;&gt;dakan selanjutnya yang harus diambil oleh guru adalah &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing: -0.2pt;&quot;&gt;mengulang semula topik berkenaan atau mengubah suai &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing: -0.05pt;&quot;&gt;pendekatan penyampaian agar murid boleh menguasai &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing: -0.1pt;&quot;&gt;topik tersebut.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 7.45pt 0.7pt 10pt 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.3pt; line-height: 150%; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color: black; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;&quot; lang=&quot;MS&quot;&gt;Penilaian formatif atau ujian formatif dianggap sebagai &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color: black; letter-spacing: -0.25pt;&quot; lang=&quot;MS&quot;&gt;suatu strategi pengajaran dan pembelajaran yang dapat mem&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color: black; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;&quot; lang=&quot;MS&quot;&gt;bantu guru dan murid dalam proses pengajaran dan pembe­&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color: black; letter-spacing: -0.2pt;&quot; lang=&quot;MS&quot;&gt;lajaran. Guru dan murid masing-masing saling memperoleh &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color: black; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;&quot; lang=&quot;MS&quot;&gt;maklumat akan kelemahan-kelemahan yang wujud semasa &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color: black; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;&quot; lang=&quot;MS&quot;&gt;pengajaran pembelajaran berlangsung berdasarkan keputus­&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color: black; letter-spacing: -0.2pt;&quot; lang=&quot;MS&quot;&gt;an ujian yang ditunjukkan. Keadaan seperti ini memberikan motivasi kepada guru dan murid untuk memperbaiki prestasi &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color: black; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;&quot; lang=&quot;MS&quot;&gt;masing-masing. Guru memperbaiki prestasi penyampaian &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color: black; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;&quot; lang=&quot;MS&quot;&gt;manakala murid memperbaiki strategi pembelajaran.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color: black;&quot; lang=&quot;MS&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://dadwayne.blogspot.com/feeds/4189262047076181944/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://dadwayne.blogspot.com/2011/01/penilaian-formatif.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6601081049127986873/posts/default/4189262047076181944'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6601081049127986873/posts/default/4189262047076181944'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://dadwayne.blogspot.com/2011/01/penilaian-formatif.html' title='Penilaian Formatif'/><author><name>Cikgu Griffen</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08313231714616244756</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjG1QroNiEZawnBKrcwzWIR_4WUzec3AxzdpJ2pJjYDCsIZOYY0m9fdpzWS3ZcfyXARNbyZaqi0oXfDg9Ibfo43PmLgUoxheczp2XiTpjcEV4xPu7SSbnAVqXT0ZyPf4w/s220/1_292996948l.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6601081049127986873.post-7088417846983826255</id><published>2011-01-22T19:33:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2011-01-22T19:48:40.457-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Update Pertama 2011</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:100%;&quot;&gt;Terlebih dahulu&lt;/span&gt; Selamat Tahun Baharu 2011 buat semua pengikut blog ini. Sebagai penulis yang kurang aktif, saya dahulukan dengan ucapan maaf kerana setelah sekian lama baru hari ini saya berkesempatan untuk mengemas kini blog ini. Diharapkan pengikut blog ini tidak berkecil hati terutamanya pengunjung ruangan sembang (chat) kerana saya tidak berkesempatan menjawab semua persoalan anda. Walau apapun, semoga blog ini terus menjadi wahana perkongsian ilmu dalam kalangan kita. Saya mulakan tahun baharu ini dengan mengimbau kenangan terindah 2010.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur=&quot;try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}&quot; href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFIH7QXTnocMF821Rfo_bgBjaxajWFn0kvUO0P_CULvvYVAXLjmSlrLMsDiurzlY8mD4AuJQkvG_bVE_Dk09c3ZtlQwygjKZJ_-kWMttHc5Jc5PcPptgBKMZvXQbqcIpur1e0Fgs-1yWc/s1600/44962_162165607142640_100000476054666_452852_5673466_n.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;img style=&quot;display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 213px;&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFIH7QXTnocMF821Rfo_bgBjaxajWFn0kvUO0P_CULvvYVAXLjmSlrLMsDiurzlY8mD4AuJQkvG_bVE_Dk09c3ZtlQwygjKZJ_-kWMttHc5Jc5PcPptgBKMZvXQbqcIpur1e0Fgs-1yWc/s320/44962_162165607142640_100000476054666_452852_5673466_n.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5565221845758454274&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur=&quot;try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}&quot; href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsoAYS6RhjESyYI81dtqj0QfT9lSDagRwfzcSY7AaYP1rThhbe81sWg536DpNnF_5xlh0sfxm2JO6nZJgInYrE4gQb4km5Ke0_L9DuoqvWFnuAo8py-CGGgRdn0kqP3BW0t8I1Dy1eo44/s1600/47040_162160187143182_100000476054666_452797_325345_n.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;img style=&quot;display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 213px;&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsoAYS6RhjESyYI81dtqj0QfT9lSDagRwfzcSY7AaYP1rThhbe81sWg536DpNnF_5xlh0sfxm2JO6nZJgInYrE4gQb4km5Ke0_L9DuoqvWFnuAo8py-CGGgRdn0kqP3BW0t8I1Dy1eo44/s320/47040_162160187143182_100000476054666_452797_325345_n.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5565221768430531170&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a onblur=&quot;try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}&quot; href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNoAXBTsKByFyHtx8kmNjYe1nVS5V9wtMr2icRi7R3yZpt9NlmulcjbdgmmKZmtZ7Y0oBJt6UqkbxcoxdKLUnPmQIcq-A3FQoGqPbm978zuJp7py54EacmKjM2cY3d8p_6eMC12F0mh1U/s1600/34411_162159107143290_100000476054666_452791_94076_n.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;img style=&quot;display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 213px;&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNoAXBTsKByFyHtx8kmNjYe1nVS5V9wtMr2icRi7R3yZpt9NlmulcjbdgmmKZmtZ7Y0oBJt6UqkbxcoxdKLUnPmQIcq-A3FQoGqPbm978zuJp7py54EacmKjM2cY3d8p_6eMC12F0mh1U/s320/34411_162159107143290_100000476054666_452791_94076_n.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5565221396946560818&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Gambar-gambar ini merupakan kenangan terindah produksi teater IPG Kampus Batu Lintang Kuching dalam pertandingan Drama Piala Ketua Menteri Sarawak yang bertempat di Dewan Suarah Sibu, anjuran IPG Kampus Rajang Bintangor. Semoga kemeriahan pertandingan ini berterusan pada tahun 2011 dengan kredibiliti IPG Kampus Sarawak Miri sebagai penganjur. Diharapkan juga tuah berpihak pada IPG Kampus Batu Lintang untuk mempertahankan kejuaraannya.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://dadwayne.blogspot.com/feeds/7088417846983826255/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://dadwayne.blogspot.com/2011/01/update-pertama-2011.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6601081049127986873/posts/default/7088417846983826255'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6601081049127986873/posts/default/7088417846983826255'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://dadwayne.blogspot.com/2011/01/update-pertama-2011.html' title='Update Pertama 2011'/><author><name>Cikgu Griffen</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08313231714616244756</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjG1QroNiEZawnBKrcwzWIR_4WUzec3AxzdpJ2pJjYDCsIZOYY0m9fdpzWS3ZcfyXARNbyZaqi0oXfDg9Ibfo43PmLgUoxheczp2XiTpjcEV4xPu7SSbnAVqXT0ZyPf4w/s220/1_292996948l.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFIH7QXTnocMF821Rfo_bgBjaxajWFn0kvUO0P_CULvvYVAXLjmSlrLMsDiurzlY8mD4AuJQkvG_bVE_Dk09c3ZtlQwygjKZJ_-kWMttHc5Jc5PcPptgBKMZvXQbqcIpur1e0Fgs-1yWc/s72-c/44962_162165607142640_100000476054666_452852_5673466_n.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6601081049127986873.post-3200182168111403524</id><published>2010-05-03T17:59:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2010-05-03T18:17:43.776-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Taksonomi Bloom (Kognitif)</title><content type='html'>&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:.7pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in; line-height:150%;background:white&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:black;letter-spacing: -.05pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;Bidang ini merupakan satu rangka tugas untuk menentukan peringkat atau taraf &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:black;letter-spacing: .1pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;pelakuan akhir yang hendak dicapai. Bidang ini adalah bidang mengenai &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:black;letter-spacing:-.15pt; mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;pengetahuan seperti mengenai fakta-fakta, perangkaan, teori-teori dan kefahaman. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:black;letter-spacing: .05pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;Bidang ini sangat-sangat dititikberatkan di sekolah-sekolah dan hampir semua &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:black;letter-spacing: .1pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;pengajaran guru berpusat di bidang ini.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:.7pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in; line-height:150%;background:white&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:black;letter-spacing: .1pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 18px; &quot;&gt;Bidang kognitif ini dibahagikan kepada 6 peringkat kemahiran dan biasanya aras kemahiran-kemahiran tersebut dibentangkan dalam bentuk piramid yang &lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing: -.2pt&quot;&gt;melambangkan bahawa kemahiran-kemahiran di atas meliputi kesemua kemahiran &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing:-.1pt&quot;&gt;yang terdapat di bawahnya.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:.7pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in; line-height:150%;background:white&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:black;letter-spacing: .1pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 18px; &quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing:-.1pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; color:black;mso-ansi-language:MS;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language: AR-SA&quot;&gt;Penentuan aras-aras kemahiran untuk diuji bergantung kepada mata-mata &lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing:.05pt&quot;&gt;pelajaran, tajuk-tajuknya dan peringkat pelajar-pelajar. Pada amnya, boleh &lt;/span&gt;dikatakan bahawa aras kemahiran pengetahuan dan kefahaman adalah lebih &lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing:.2pt&quot;&gt;ditekankan pada peringkat sekolah rendah, manakala di sekolah-sekolah &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing:-.1pt&quot;&gt;menengah penggunaan dan penganalisaan memainkan peranan yang lebih besar. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing:.05pt&quot;&gt;Pada peringkat maktab perguruan, selain daripada aplikasi dan analisis, aras &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing:-.05pt&quot;&gt;sintesis dan penilaian adalah ditekankan juga. Pada prinsipnya, untuk mencapai dan menguasai kemahiran pada peringkat yang lebih tinggi, kemahiran asas atau &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing:.05pt&quot;&gt;kemahiran sebelumnya perlulah dibina dahulu.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;b&gt;PENGETAHUAN&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:2.4pt;text-align:justify;line-height: 150%;background:white&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%; font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;Peringkat pengetahuan adalah peringkat yang rendah sekali. la meliputi &lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing:-.2pt&quot;&gt;proses mengingat semula perkara-perkara khusus dan umum, mengingati semua &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing:-.4pt&quot;&gt;kaedah-kaedah dan proses atau mengingat semula pola-pola, struktur atau keadaan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing:-.2pt&quot;&gt;yang telah dipelajari dan dialami. Peringkat ini memerlukan pelajar-pelajar &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing:-.15pt&quot;&gt;mengingat balik perkara-perkara yang telah dipelajari.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:2.4pt;text-align:justify;text-indent: 33.6pt;line-height:150%;background:white&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:black;letter-spacing: -.15pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;Berikut diperlihatkan jenis-jenis pengetahuan yang terangkum dalam aras &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:black;letter-spacing:-.2pt; mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;kemahiran tersebut:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;mso-ansi-language: MS&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:.75in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in; line-height:150%;mso-pagination:none;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:31.5pt; background:white;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; color:black;letter-spacing:-.45pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore&quot;&gt;(a)&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;          &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:black;letter-spacing: -.3pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;Pengetahuan khusus: Pengetahuan ini berkait dengan simbol-simbol khusus &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:black;letter-spacing:-.15pt; mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;(perkataan dan bukan perkataan).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color:black;letter-spacing:-.45pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:.75in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in; line-height:150%;mso-pagination:none;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:31.5pt; background:white;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; color:black;letter-spacing:-.4pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore&quot;&gt;(b)&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:black;letter-spacing: -.3pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;Pengetahuan tentang fakta khusus: Pengetahuan ini melibatkan pengetahuan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:black;letter-spacing:-.2pt; mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;tentang tarikh, kejadian, watak, tempat, peristiwa, akibat dan sebagainya.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:black;letter-spacing:-.4pt; mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:.75in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in; line-height:150%;mso-pagination:none;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:31.5pt; background:white;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; color:black;letter-spacing:-.45pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore&quot;&gt;(c)&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;          &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:black;letter-spacing: -.2pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;Pengetahuan tentang konvensyen. Pengetahuan yang berkaitan dengan cara-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:black;letter-spacing:-.15pt; mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;cara lazim mengendalikan dan mengemukakan idea dan fenomena.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%; font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:black;letter-spacing:-.45pt;mso-ansi-language: MS&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:.75in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in; line-height:150%;mso-pagination:none;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:31.5pt; background:white;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; color:black;letter-spacing:-.35pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore&quot;&gt;(d)&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color:black;letter-spacing:.25pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;Pengetahuan tentang arah perkembangan dan urutan perkembangan: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:black; letter-spacing:-.1pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;Pengetahuan ini bersangkut-paut dengan proses, arah dan perkembangan&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color:black;letter-spacing:-.15pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;fenomena dari segi masa.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:black;letter-spacing:-.35pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:.75in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in; line-height:150%;mso-pagination:none;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:31.5pt; background:white;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; color:black;letter-spacing:-.3pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore&quot;&gt;(e)&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;    &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color:black;letter-spacing:-.35pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;Pengetahuan tentang pengkelasan dan pembahagian: Pengetahuan berkenaan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color:black;letter-spacing:-.45pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun:yes&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;kelas, set, pembahagian dan penyusunan yang dianggap &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%; font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:black;letter-spacing:-.2pt;mso-ansi-language: MS;mso-bidi-font-style:italic&quot;&gt;penting &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:black; letter-spacing:-.2pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;di &lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: italic&quot;&gt;dalam sesuatu bidang kajian, tujuan, hujah atau masalah.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color:black;letter-spacing:-.3pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:.75in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in; line-height:150%;mso-pagination:none;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2;tab-stops:.25in 31.5pt; background:white;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; color:black;letter-spacing:-.1pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore&quot;&gt;(f)&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;     &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color:black;letter-spacing:.2pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;Pengetahuan tentang kriteria: Pengetahuan ini berkaitan dengan cara &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color:black;letter-spacing:-.1pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;bagaimana fakta, prinsip dan perlakuan diuji atau dinilai.&lt;i&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:.75in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in; line-height:150%;mso-pagination:none;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2;tab-stops:.25in 31.5pt; background:white;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; color:black;letter-spacing:-.4pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore&quot;&gt;(g)&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:black;letter-spacing: -.35pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;Pengetahuan tentang kaedah: Pengetahuan berkenaan berkait dengan kaedah &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:black;letter-spacing:-.05pt; mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;penyelidikan, teknik dan aturcara yang digunakan dalam sesuatu bidang &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%; font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:black;letter-spacing:.25pt;mso-ansi-language: MS&quot;&gt;kajian dan juga yang digunakan dalam merisik sesuatu masalah dan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color:black;letter-spacing:-.3pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;fenomena.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color:black;letter-spacing:-.4pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;color:black;letter-spacing:-.3pt; mso-ansi-language:MS;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;b&gt;KEFAHAMAN&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;line-height:150%;background:white&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color:black;letter-spacing:-.15pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;Kefahaman telah diberi pengertian sebagai kebolehan memberi penghuraian &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color:black;letter-spacing:-.1pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;atau makna kepada sesuatu perkara. Kebolehan ini mungkin merupakan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color:black;letter-spacing:-.25pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;kemampuan menukar bentuk sesuatu bahan pembelajaran daripada satu bentuk &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color:black;letter-spacing:-.3pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;bertulis kepada bentuk angka, memberi ringkasan atau memberi anggaran untuk &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color:black;letter-spacing:-.1pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;masa akan datang mengenai sesuatu perkara. la juga meliputi pengetahuan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color:black;letter-spacing:-.2pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;tentang apa yang dihubungkan dan dapat digunakan bahan atau idea yang &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color:black;letter-spacing:-.25pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;dihubungkan itu tanpa mengaitkannya kepada bahan-bahan lain atau melihat &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color:black;letter-spacing:-.2pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;implikasi sepenuhnya.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:33.6pt;line-height: 150%;background:white&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%; font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:black;letter-spacing:-.2pt;mso-ansi-language: MS&quot;&gt;Peringkat kefahaman adalah satu tahap yang tinggi sedikit daripada tahap &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color:black;letter-spacing:-.15pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;mengetahui (pengetahuan) tentang sesuatu. Tahap ini adalah peringkat yang &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color:black;letter-spacing:-.3pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;paling rendah bagi kefahaman jika dibandingkan dengan jenis pemahaman pada &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color:black;letter-spacing:-.15pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;peringkat-peringkat yang lebih tinggi.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:.25pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:10.0pt; margin-left:12.5pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:33.6pt;line-height:150%; background:white&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%; font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:black;letter-spacing:-.15pt;mso-ansi-language: MS&quot;&gt;Peringkat kefahaman terbahagi kepada tiga:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:13.2pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom: 10.0pt;margin-left:.75in;text-align:justify;text-indent:-20.4pt;line-height: 150%;tab-stops:17.75pt;background:white&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:black;letter-spacing: -.15pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;(a)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: MS&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count:1&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing:.05pt; mso-bidi-font-style:italic&quot;&gt;Peringkat penterjemahan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:0in;margin-right:7.9pt;margin-bottom:10.0pt; margin-left:.75in;text-align:justify;line-height:150%;background:white&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color:black;letter-spacing:-.1pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;Kefahaman sedemikian bermaksud kefahaman daripada ketelitian dan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color:black;letter-spacing:-.2pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;ketepatan sesuatu perhubungan itu dirumuskan atau diubah perantaraan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color:black;letter-spacing:-.1pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;perhubungan itu ke dalam perantaraan yang lain.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:.75in;text-align:justify;text-indent: -20.4pt;line-height:150%;tab-stops:17.75pt;background:white&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color:black;letter-spacing:-.3pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;(b)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color:black;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count:1&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing:.05pt;mso-bidi-font-style:italic&quot;&gt;Peringkat pentafsiran&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:.75in;text-align:justify;line-height: 150%;background:white&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%; font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:black;letter-spacing:-.15pt;mso-ansi-language: MS&quot;&gt;la berfungsi menerangkan atau meringkaskan sesuatu perhubungan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:.75in;text-align:justify;text-indent: -20.4pt;line-height:150%;tab-stops:17.75pt;background:white&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color:black;letter-spacing:-.2pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;(c)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color:black;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count:1&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing:.05pt;mso-bidi-font-style:italic&quot;&gt;Peringkat ekstrapolasi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:0in;margin-right:7.9pt;margin-bottom:10.0pt; margin-left:.75in;text-align:justify;line-height:150%;background:white&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color:black;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;Kefahaman begini melanjutkan aliran perkembangan atau kecenderungan &lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing:-.05pt&quot;&gt;lebih daripada data yang diberi untuk menentukan implikasinya, akibatnya, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing:.05pt&quot;&gt;kesannya dan sebagainya bersesuaian dengan keadaan yang dihuraikan di dalam perhubungan asal itu.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;b&gt;APLIKASI&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:0in;margin-right:7.7pt;margin-bottom:10.0pt; margin-left:.25pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%;background:white&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color:black;letter-spacing:.15pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;Aplikasi bermaksud kebolehan menggunakan perkara-perkara yang telah &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color:black;letter-spacing:.05pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;dipelajari dalam keadaan yang baru dan berlainan. Penggunaan idea-idea ini &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color:black;letter-spacing:-.1pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;mungkin di dalam situasi tertentu atau situasi sebenar. Kebolehan ini merupakan kemampuan menggunakan petua-petua, kaedah-kaedah, konsep-konsep, prinsip-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color:black;letter-spacing:.05pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;prinsip, aturan-aturan dan teori-teori dalam situasi baharu dan yang berlainan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color:black;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;daripada yang telah dipelajari. Peringkat ini memerlukan kefahaman yang lebih &lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing:.05pt&quot;&gt;tinggi dan mendalam.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;b&gt;ANALISIS&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:0in;margin-right:7.7pt;margin-bottom:10.0pt; margin-left:.5pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%;background:white&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color:black;letter-spacing:-.1pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;Analisis adalah kebolehan memecah-mecahkan perkara-perkara yang telah &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color:black;letter-spacing:-.2pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;dipelajari itu kepada bahagian-bahagiannya yang tertentu supaya susunan dan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color:black;letter-spacing:-.3pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;perkaitan bahagian-bahagian tadi senang difahami. Dalam erti kat yang lain, analisis bereerti &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%; font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:black;letter-spacing:-.2pt;mso-ansi-language: MS&quot;&gt;mencerakin sesuatu perhubungan kepada elemen-elemennya atau bahagian-bahagiannya sehingga susunan idea-idea di dalamnya menjadi jelas dan nyata. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%; font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:black;letter-spacing:-.3pt;mso-ansi-language: MS&quot;&gt;Kebolehan yang diperlukan di sini termasuklah kebolehan memecah-mecahkan, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color:black;letter-spacing:-.2pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;menganalisis kaitan di antara pecahan-pecahan dan mengesan susunan prinsip-prinsip pecahan-pecahan yang terlibat. Peringkat analisa ini adalah lebih tinggi &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color:black;letter-spacing:-.15pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;daripada peringkat aplikasi dan kefahaman kerana kebolehan menganalisa memerlukan kefahaman isi, aplikasi dan juga penyusunan pecahan-pecahan kepada satu struktur supaya mudah difahami.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%; font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:.7pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:33.6pt; line-height:150%;background:white&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:black;letter-spacing: .25pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;Ada tiga jenis analisis yang biasa digunakan di dalam pengajaran dan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:black;letter-spacing:-.25pt; mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;pembelajaran bahasa:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:.75in;text-align:justify;text-indent: -19.7pt;line-height:150%;tab-stops:15.35pt;background:white&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color:black;letter-spacing:-.35pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;(a)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color:black;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count:1&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing:.1pt;mso-bidi-font-style:italic&quot;&gt;Analisis elemen&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:0in;margin-right:8.15pt;margin-bottom: 10.0pt;margin-left:.75in;text-align:justify;line-height:150%;background:white&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color:black;letter-spacing:-.2pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;Analisis ini adalah mengenai elemen-elemen yang dimasukkan di dalam sesuatu perhubungan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:.75in;text-align:justify;text-indent: -19.7pt;line-height:150%;tab-stops:15.35pt;background:white&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color:black;letter-spacing:-.4pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;(b)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color:black;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count:1&quot;&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing:.1pt;mso-bidi-font-style:italic&quot;&gt;Analisis berkaitan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:0in;margin-right:8.4pt;margin-bottom:10.0pt; margin-left:.75in;text-align:justify;line-height:150%;background:white&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color:black;letter-spacing:-.2pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;Ini melibatkan perkaitan dan interaksi di antara elemen-elemen dengan bahagian-bahagian perhubungan itu.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:.75in;text-align:justify;text-indent: -19.7pt;line-height:150%;background:white&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:black;letter-spacing: .15pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;(c) &lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style:italic&quot;&gt;Analisis organisasi, prinsip&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:.75in;text-align:justify;line-height: 150%;background:white&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%; font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:black;letter-spacing:-.15pt;mso-ansi-language: MS&quot;&gt;Analisis cara ini menekankan organisasi, susunan bersistem dan struktur yang menyatukan perhubungan itu. Ini meliputi asas, susunan yang perlu dan ciri-ciri yang mewujudkan perhubungan itu sebagai satu unit.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;b&gt;SINTESIS&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; &quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%; font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:black;letter-spacing:-.25pt;mso-ansi-language: MS&quot;&gt;Sintesis adalah kebolehan menggabungkan pecahan-pecahan kecil kepada satu &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color:black;letter-spacing:-.3pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;bahagian yang lebih besar dan yang baharu. Ini bermakna ia menyatukan elemen-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color:black;letter-spacing:-.25pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;elemen atau bahagian-bahagian itu hingga menjadi satu bentuk yang lengkap. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color:black;letter-spacing:-.15pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;Kebolehan ini diperlihatkan dalam karya-karya baharu, rancangan-rancangan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color:black;letter-spacing:-.25pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;penyelidikan dan skim mengatur maklumat. Kebolehan pada peringkat sintesis ini memerlukan tingkah laku yang kreatif untuk membentuk satu corak atau &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color:black;letter-spacing:-.2pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;struktur yang terbaharu daripada unsur-uns.ur yang lama.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:12.25pt;text-align:justify;text-indent: 33.6pt;line-height:150%;background:white&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:black;letter-spacing: -.1pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;Tiga jenis sintesis yang harus diketahui ialah seperti berikut:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%; font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:.75in;text-align:justify;text-indent: -20.15pt;line-height:150%;tab-stops:.25in;background:white&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color:black;letter-spacing:-.3pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;(a)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color:black;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count:1&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing:-.15pt;mso-bidi-font-style:italic&quot;&gt;Penghasilan suatu perhubungan yang unggul&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:.75in;text-align:justify;line-height: 150%;background:white&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%; font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:black;letter-spacing:.05pt;mso-ansi-language: MS&quot;&gt;Ini dimaksudkan menghasilkan satu perhubungan di mana seseorang itu &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color:black;letter-spacing:-.05pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;cuba menyampaikan idea, perasaan atau pengalamannya kepada seseorang &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color:black;letter-spacing:-.1pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;lain.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:.75in;text-align:justify;text-indent: -20.15pt;line-height:150%;tab-stops:.25in;background:white&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color:black;letter-spacing:-.25pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;(b)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color:black;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count:1&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing:-.15pt;mso-bidi-font-style:italic&quot;&gt;Penghasilan satu pelan atau mencadangkan satu set tindakan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:0in;margin-right:.25pt;margin-bottom:10.0pt; margin-left:.75in;text-align:justify;line-height:150%;background:white&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color:black;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;Sintesis ini bermaksud menghasilkan satu pelan kerja atau mencadangkan &lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing:.05pt&quot;&gt;satu pelan tindakan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%; font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:.75in;text-align:justify;text-indent: -20.15pt;line-height:150%;tab-stops:.25in;background:white&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color:black;letter-spacing:-.25pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;(c)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color:black;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count:1&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing:-.1pt;mso-bidi-font-style:italic&quot;&gt;Penghasilan satu set hubungan mujarad&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:.75in;text-align:justify;line-height: 150%;background:white&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%; font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;Ini bermaksud menghasilkan satu set hubungan mujarad sama ada untuk &lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing:-.15pt&quot;&gt;mengkelas atau menerangkan sesuatu data atau fenomena atau menghasilkan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing:.05pt&quot;&gt;satu set cadangan daripada cadangan asas atau daripada simbol-simbol.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;b&gt;PENILAIAN&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:.25pt;text-align:justify;line-height: 150%;background:white&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%; font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:black;letter-spacing:-.4pt;mso-ansi-language: MS&quot;&gt;Penilaian adalah berkenaan dengan kebolehan menghasilkan atau menimbangkan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color:black;letter-spacing:-.2pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;nilai sesuatu bahan sama ada ia berupa kenyataan, pendapat, novel, puisi atau &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color:black;letter-spacing:-.35pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;laporan penyelidikan untuk sesuatu tujuan tertentu. Pertimbangan yang dilakukan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color:black;letter-spacing:-.25pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;adalah didasarkan kepada kriteria-kriteria tertentu seperti organisasi, kegunaan dan kebaikan. Kebolehan menilai adalah peringkat pembelajaran yang tertinggi &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color:black;letter-spacing:-.3pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;dalam bidang kognitif kerana pemikiran menilai hanya boleh berlaku sekiranya &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color:black;letter-spacing:-.2pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;kebolehan-kebolehan di peringkat bawah yang lain telah sedia diperoleh. Di &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color:black;letter-spacing:-.45pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;samping itu, kebolehan memberi pendapat atau pertimbangan berdasarkan kriteria-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color:black;letter-spacing:-.1pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;kriteria tertentu harus juga sedia ada supaya murid-murid dapat membuat &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color:black;letter-spacing:-.25pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;penilaian.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:.7pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:33.6pt; line-height:150%;background:white&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:black;letter-spacing: -.25pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;Dalam pengajaran dan pembelajaran di sekolah-sekolah, guru-guru harus menekankan pengajaran dan pembelajaran pada peringkat-peringkat yang lebih &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:black;letter-spacing: -.35pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;tinggi daripada peringkat pengetahuan. Dengan cara ini murid-murid harus diberi &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:black;letter-spacing: -.45pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;latihan tugasan dan ujian yang mencerminkan bukan sahaja kebolehan kefahaman,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:black;letter-spacing: -.25pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;tetapi juga aplikasi, analisis, sintesis, dan penilaian. Kebolehan-kebolehan pada &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:black;letter-spacing: -.3pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;peringkat-peringkat kognitif yang lebih tinggi adalah lebih kekal, lebih bermakna &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:black;letter-spacing: -.4pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;dan lebih member! manfaat. Ringkasan mengajar guru hendaklah menitikberatkan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:black;letter-spacing: -.25pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;kebolehan-kebolehan yang lebih tinggi dan dengan itu objektif-objektif tingkah &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:black;letter-spacing: -.3pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;laku dalam ringkasan mengajar haruslah jangan dihadkan kepada hal-hal seperti &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:black;letter-spacing: -.25pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;perkara-perkara yang hanya memerlukan kemahiran ingatan kembali. Sebaik-baiknya objektif-objektif tingkah laku dalam ringkasan mengajar itu hendaklah &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:black;letter-spacing:-.4pt; mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;mengutamakan peringkat aplikasi yang membolehkan murid-murid menggunakan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:black;letter-spacing: -.1pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;perkara yang telah dipelajarinya itu untuk mengatasi masalah atau untuk &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:black;letter-spacing: -.2pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;membentuk pengalaman-pengalaman baharu.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://dadwayne.blogspot.com/feeds/3200182168111403524/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://dadwayne.blogspot.com/2010/05/taksonomi-bloom-kognitif.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6601081049127986873/posts/default/3200182168111403524'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6601081049127986873/posts/default/3200182168111403524'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://dadwayne.blogspot.com/2010/05/taksonomi-bloom-kognitif.html' title='Taksonomi Bloom (Kognitif)'/><author><name>Cikgu Griffen</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08313231714616244756</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjG1QroNiEZawnBKrcwzWIR_4WUzec3AxzdpJ2pJjYDCsIZOYY0m9fdpzWS3ZcfyXARNbyZaqi0oXfDg9Ibfo43PmLgUoxheczp2XiTpjcEV4xPu7SSbnAVqXT0ZyPf4w/s220/1_292996948l.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6601081049127986873.post-6521910032742984321</id><published>2010-03-19T00:53:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2010-03-19T01:00:05.272-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Pengajaran Kemahiran Bahasa Melayu (Kemahiran Menulis)</title><content type='html'>&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Definisi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Tulisan ialah lambang-lambang bunyi bahasa yang telah dipindahkan dalam bentuk grafik bagi melahirkan perasaan, fikiran dan idea. Menulis adalah proses memindahkan lambang-lambang bunyi yang tersusun dan teradun bagi melahirkan bunyi-bunyi yang bermakna serta dijadikan alat komunikasi.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Peranan Tulisan&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:-.25in;line-height:150%;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Symbol; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Untuk mendirikan asas yang kukuh supaya seseorang kanak-kanak itu dapat melahirkan idea, fikiran serta perasaan dengan baik, pantas dan cekap.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify: inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:150%;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Symbol; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Untuk membolehkan kanak-kanak menyusun huruf-huruf menjadi sukukata,perkataan dan ayat sebagai alat komunikasi dalam kelompok masyarakat.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify: inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:150%;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Symbol; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Untuk membolehkan kanak-kanak berkemahiran dalam satu lagi komponen bahasa dan meluaskan pengetahuan, perhubungan serta matlamat hidup.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify: inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:150%;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Symbol; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Untuk menyediakan, menyemai, mengasah serta mengukuhkan minat serta bakat kanak-kanak sebagai memenuhi kehendak masyarakat moden (kerana membaca, menulis dan mengira adalah sebahagian daripada asas utama keperluan hidup masa kini).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:-.25in;line-height:150%;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Symbol; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Untuk menghasilkan bentuk-bentuk penulisan kreatif seperti pantun, syair, sajak lain-lain bentuk puisi dan prosa yang dapat memberikan kepuasan jiwa dalam pemikiran, perasaan bukan sahaja diri kanak-kanak itu sendiri, bahkan juga seluruh insan umumnya.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Peringkat-peringkat Kemahiran Menulis&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Pra Tulisan&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Pra tulisan merupakan satu peringkat yang perlu dilalui oleh kanak-kanak bagi menyediakan diri ke arah melahirkan lambang-lambang bunyi khusus yang diterima oleh kelompok masyarakat. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Pada peringkat awal kanak-kanak membuat contengan di atas permukaan benda-benda yang sedia ada dalam persekitaran mereka dengan menggunakan bahan-bahan yang boleh meninggalkan kesan ke atas permukaan benda tersebut.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Peringkat contengan ini perkembangan dari membuat contengan bebas hingga ke peringkat contengan terkawal. Peringkat pra tulisan ini adalah bagi kanak-kanak mendapatkan latihan otot, tangan,jari serta kordinasi mata tangan. Peringkat pra tulisan perlu menitikberatkan perkara-perkara berikut:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:.75in;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in;line-height: 150%;mso-list:l4 level1 lfo2&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Symbol; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Melakukan latihan-latihan pergerakan tangan dan jari melalui aktiviti seperti menggunting, mengoyak, menganyam, menampal, menguli tepung dan lain-lain.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:.75in;mso-add-space: auto;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in; line-height:150%;mso-list:l4 level1 lfo2&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Symbol; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Menguasai gerak tangan bebas, cara memegang alat tulis, cara duduk dan sebagainya supaya boleh menulis dengan sempurna dan selesa.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:.75in;mso-add-space: auto;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in; line-height:150%;mso-list:l4 level1 lfo2&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Symbol; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Melakukan latihan-latihan pergerakan mata dari kiri ke kanan, dari atas ke bawah dan lain-lain.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:.75in;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in;line-height: 150%;mso-list:l4 level1 lfo2&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Symbol; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Melakukan latihan-latihan keselarasan (koordinasi) mata dan tangan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Tulisan Mekanis&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Setelah kanak-kanak melalui proses pra tulisan , sepatutnya mereka telah faham dan boleh memegang pensel serta cara duduk yang betul dan selesa . Tulisan mekanis merupakan peringkat kedua yang patut didedahkan kepada murid-murid. Sebagai permulaan untuk memberi kemahiran dalam penulisan mekanis murid-murid diminta membentuk huruf-huruf pada permukaan kertas kosong tanpa garisan. Setelah kemajuannya didapati memuaskan barulah latihan membentuk huruf diberikan. Bermula dengan ruang garisan yang lebar / luas membawa kepada lembaran bergaris kecil /sempit.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Latihan-latihan tulisan mekanis diharapkan murid-murid akan dapat :&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:.75in;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in;line-height: 150%;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo3&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Symbol; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Kemahiran mengawal dan memegang pensel.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:.75in;mso-add-space: auto;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in; line-height:150%;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo3&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Symbol; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Meneliti, mengenal, menyalin bentuk-bentuk huruf mengikut urutan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:.75in;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in;line-height: 150%;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo3&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Symbol; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Mendapat kesedaran tentang perkaitan bunyi dengan tulisan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Tulisan Kreatif&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Peringkat ini merupakan peringkat tertinggi dalam proses menulis. Di peringkat&lt;br /&gt;ini kanak-kanak diharapkan dapat menggunakan kemahiran yang diperolehi di peringkat mekanis untuk menggunakan daya kreatif untuk :&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:1.0in;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in;line-height: 150%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo4&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Symbol; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Membina ayat.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:1.0in;mso-add-space: auto;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in; line-height:150%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo4&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Symbol; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Mengarang cerita.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:1.0in;mso-add-space: auto;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in; line-height:150%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo4&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Symbol; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Mengarang pantun, sajak, teka-teki dll.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:1.0in;mso-add-space: auto;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in; line-height:150%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo4&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Symbol; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Menulis surat kiriman.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:1.0in;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in;line-height: 150%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo4&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Symbol; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Lain-lain yang berkaitan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Masalah Tulisan dalam kanangan Kanak-kanak&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:-.25in;line-height:150%;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo5&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Symbol; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Perkataan ditulis terlalu rapat di antara satu dengan lain.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify: inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:150%;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo5&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Symbol; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Bentuk-bentuk huruf ditulis terlalu condong.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify: inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:150%;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo5&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Symbol; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Tiada keseragaman jarak di antara huruf dengan huruf atau di antara perkataan dengan perkataan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify: inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:150%;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo5&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Symbol; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Bentuk-bentuk huruf yang tidak jelas / tepat / betul.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify: inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:150%;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo5&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Symbol; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Menulis tanpa mengikut garisan-garisan yang ditentukan,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify: inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:150%;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo5&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Symbol; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Mencampur adukkan huruf besar dengan huruf kecil.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify: inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:150%;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo5&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Symbol; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Masalah pembalikan huruf atau perkataan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify: inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:150%;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo5&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Symbol; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Huruf-huruf tidak ditulis mengikut posisi (kedudukan ) yang sepatutnya.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify: inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:150%;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo5&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Symbol; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Menulis dengan meninggalkan huruf, perkataan atau imbuhan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify: inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:150%;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo5&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Symbol; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Menulis melampaui garisan ruang muka surat yang ditentukan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify: inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:150%;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo5&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Symbol; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Menulis huruf-huruf di dalam perkataan secara bertindih.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify: inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:150%;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo5&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Symbol; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Mengulang garis-garis huruf yang ditulis.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify: inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:150%;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo5&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Symbol; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Menulis mengikut arah dari kanan ke kiri.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify: inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:150%;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo5&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Symbol; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Menulis huruf atau perkataan mengikut urutan yang salah.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:-.25in;line-height:150%;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo5&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Symbol; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Menulis atau menyalin ayat tanpa mengikut tertib yang betul.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Cara-cara mengatasi masalah tulisan&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:.25in;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in;line-height: 150%;mso-list:l5 level1 lfo6&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Symbol; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Memberi latihan dan pengukuhan yang secukupnya dalam peringkat-peringkat permulaan dan mendirikan asas.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:.25in;mso-add-space: auto;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in; line-height:150%;mso-list:l5 level1 lfo6&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Symbol; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Memberikan penerangan, tunjuk cara serta contoh-contoh yang jelas dan betul, sesuai dengan tahap keupayaan murid secara individu supaya dapat diikuti dengan mudah.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:.25in;mso-add-space: auto;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in; line-height:150%;mso-list:l5 level1 lfo6&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Symbol; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Guru adalah model atau contoh yang menjadi ikutan murid-murid. Tulisan dan cara- cara guru menulis contoh yang akan disalin oleh murid-murid hendaklah dibuat dengan teliti dan betul.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:.25in;mso-add-space: auto;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in; line-height:150%;mso-list:l5 level1 lfo6&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Symbol; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Kad-kad tulisan dan lembaran-lembaran kerja bertulis perlulah disediakan dengan sempurna.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:.25in;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in;line-height: 150%;mso-list:l5 level1 lfo6&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Symbol; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Seberapa boleh banyakkan latihan dan berikan bantuan individu.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:.25in;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in;line-height: 150%;mso-list:l5 level1 lfo6&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 18px; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Pertimbangan harus dibuat bagi menentukan ketika sesuai seseorang kanak-kanak itu tidak digalakkan lagi untuk menggunakan getah pemadam.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://dadwayne.blogspot.com/feeds/6521910032742984321/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://dadwayne.blogspot.com/2010/03/pengajaran-kemahiran-bahasa-melayu_2982.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6601081049127986873/posts/default/6521910032742984321'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6601081049127986873/posts/default/6521910032742984321'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://dadwayne.blogspot.com/2010/03/pengajaran-kemahiran-bahasa-melayu_2982.html' title='Pengajaran Kemahiran Bahasa Melayu (Kemahiran Menulis)'/><author><name>Cikgu Griffen</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08313231714616244756</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjG1QroNiEZawnBKrcwzWIR_4WUzec3AxzdpJ2pJjYDCsIZOYY0m9fdpzWS3ZcfyXARNbyZaqi0oXfDg9Ibfo43PmLgUoxheczp2XiTpjcEV4xPu7SSbnAVqXT0ZyPf4w/s220/1_292996948l.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6601081049127986873.post-4732183552616458805</id><published>2010-03-19T00:48:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2010-03-19T00:52:57.256-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Pengajaran Kemahiran Bahasa Melayu (Kemahiran Membaca)</title><content type='html'>&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Definisi&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Membaca adalah salah satu masalah utama yang dihadapi oleh kanak-kanak masalah pembelajaran. Bacaan juga merupakan sebagai punca utama kegagalan kanak-kanak di sekolah. Malah dikatakan juga bahawa kegagalan membaca akan membawa kepada perlakuan salah laku, cemas, kurang motivasi, dan perasaan rendah diri (Mercer, 1992). Membaca adalah kemahiran yang kompleks dan banyak definisi diberikan untuk menjelaskan maksud bacaan. Secara asasnya, membaca mengandungi dua proses asas, iaitu ”nyah kod” (decode) dan pemahaman. Proses nyah kod melibatkan pemahaman tentang hubungan antara huruf-huruf dan menterjemahkan perkataan tulisan kepada bentuk yang sama dengan bahasa lisan. Oleh itu, kemahiran nyah kod membolehkan seseorang menyebut perkataan yang ditulis dengan betul. Manakala poroses pemahaman pula membolehkan seseorang memahami makna sesuatu perkataan atau makna perkataan mengikut konteks.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Terdapat banyak definisi yang diberikan untuk menjelaskan maksud bacaan. Harris dan Sipay (1980) menyifatkan proses membaca sebagai proses untuk memperoleh tafsiran yang bermakna tentang lambang-lambang bercetak atau bertulis. Manakala Kenedy (1981) pula mendefinisikan bacaan sebagai keupayaan seseorang untuk mengecam bentuk visual (lambang-lambang grafik yang mewakili bahasa atau perkataan), menghubungkan bentuk itu dengan bunyi atau makna yang telah diketahui, dan seterusnya berasaskan pengalaman lalu, memahami dan mentafsirkan maksudnya (Marohaini Yusoff, 1999). Dua definisi yang diberikan ini sudah cukup untuk menjelaskan bahawa kemahiran membaca adalah satu proses yang kompleks.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Berdasarkan definisi-definisi membaca yang ditelitinya, Marohaini Yusoff (1989) telah merumuskan proses membaca seperti berikut:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:.75in;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in;line-height: 150%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;1.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;    &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Perlakuan membaca adalah perlakuan yang kompleks dan tidak dapat diperhatikan. Cuma dua komponen kemahiran utama yang dipersetujui wujud dalam kemahiran membaca iaitu kemahiran mengenal atau mengecam perkataan dan kemahiran memahami apa yang dibaca.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:.75in;mso-add-space: auto;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in; line-height:150%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;2.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;    &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Sesuatu perlakuan membaca mesti dapat menghasilkan pemahaman&lt;br /&gt;selain pengecaman dan penyebutan perkataan-perkataan. Maksudnya,&lt;br /&gt;untuk menjadi pembaca yang berkesan, seseorang itu tidak perlu dapat&lt;br /&gt;menyebut perkataan dengan betul dan lancar asalkan dia tahu makna&lt;br /&gt;perkataan-perkataan yang dibacanya.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:.75in;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in;line-height: 150%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;3.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;    &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Semasa membaca, seseorang itu perlu berfikir, merasai, dan membayangkan apa yang dibaca.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Seseorang murid itu mempunyai tujuan, jangkaan, pengetahuan, dan pengalaman lalu yang akan mempengaruhi apa yang akan dibacanya. Dalam sesuatu proses bacaan, terdapat susun atur tugasan seperti berikut:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:.75in;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in;line-height: 150%;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo2&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Symbol; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;mengecam atau mengenal lambang atau perkataan yang dilihat.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:.75in;mso-add-space: auto;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in; line-height:150%;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo2&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Symbol; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;mengaitkan lambang atau perkataan dengan bunyi atau makna.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:.75in;mso-add-space: auto;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in; line-height:150%;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo2&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Symbol; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;menterjemahkan makna perkataan itu dengan mengaitkannya dengan apa yang sedia ada di kepala.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:.75in;mso-add-space: auto;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in; line-height:150%;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo2&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Symbol; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;mengumpul dan mencantumkan idea, perkataan,dan ayat sehingga menjadi sebuah idea yang kengkap.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:.75in;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in;line-height: 150%;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo2&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Symbol; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;mencuba menghuraikan idea kepada orang lain.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Melihat kepada susun tugas dalam proses membaca, dapatlah dikatakan bahawa membaca adalah satu proses yang memerlukan pemikiran yang aktif. Berdasarkan definisi membaca dan rumusan yang dibuat berkaitan dengan proses membaca, dapatlah dimengerti bahawa membaca adalah kemahiran yang kompleks yang melibatkan beberapa kemahiran lain.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 18px; &quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Proses Membaca&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Daripada definisi-definisi yang telah dibincangkan, ternyata bahawa membaca adalah proses yang kompleks yang yang terdiri daripada gabungan beberapa proses yang kompleks, iaitu proses sensori (kederiaan), proses pengamatan, proses bahasa (linguistik), dan proses kognitif. Setiap proses memainkan peranan penting dalam proses membaca secara keseluruhan.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:.25in;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in;line-height: 150%;mso-list:l6 level1 lfo3&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;1.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;    &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Membaca sebagai proses sensori (kederiaan)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Deria atau panca indera adalah pintu masuk berbagai rangsangan ke otak untuk diproses. Dua deria yang terlibat secara aktif dalam proses membaca adalah penglihatan dan pendengaran. Kedua-dua deria ini berhubung rapat antara satu sama lain dalam proses membaca.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Deria penglihatan&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Proses membaca berlaku apabila lambang-lambang dilihat dan disalurkan ke otak untuk diproses bagi mendapat makna sebenar. Bagi individu yang bermasalah penglihatan (buta) deria penglihatan akan digantikan dengan deria sentuhan.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Deria pendengaran&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Seseorang memerlukan pendengaran yang baik untuk membolehkannya membaca dengan baik. Seseorang perlu mendengar dengan baik mesej yang diterima supaya ia dapat menghasilkan semula mesej itu dengan jelas dan tepat. Keadaan ini tidak berlaku kepada individu yang mengalami masalah pendengatan&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:.25in;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in;line-height: 150%;mso-list:l6 level1 lfo3&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;2.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;    &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Membaca sebagai proses pengamatan&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Pengamatan adalah satu proses menimbulkan makna kepada tugas-tugas panca indera berdasarkan pengalaman lalu dan pengamatan ini berhubung rapat dengan pemikiran. Dalam bacaan, pengamatan membolehkan seseorang mengenal dengan tepat lambang-lambang dan mengaitkannya dengan bunyi-bunyi dan juga makna. Pengamatan dalam bacaan adalah seperti:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:.75in;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in;line-height: 150%;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo4&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Symbol; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;mendiskriminasi iaitu mengecam dan juga membezakan&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:.75in;mso-add-space: auto;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in; line-height:150%;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo4&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Symbol; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;“figure ground”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt; iaitu mengenal objek-objek, bentuk, atau corak-corak&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:.75in;mso-add-space: auto;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in; line-height:150%;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo4&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Symbol; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;ingatan, iaitu mengingat kembali apa yang dilihat atau didengar,&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:.75in;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in;line-height: 150%;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo4&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Symbol; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;turutan, iaitu seperti memahami giliran dan urutan.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:.25in;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in;line-height: 150%;mso-list:l6 level1 lfo3&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;3.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;    &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Membaca sebagai satu proses bahasa&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Bacaan adalah sebagaian daripada kemahiran bahasa (language arts) iaitu yang bermula daripada mendengar, bertutur, membaca, dan seterusnya menulis. Membaca dapat membantu manusia berkomunikasi dan berhubung sesama mereka melalui sistem lambang-lambang tulisan yang mereka cipta.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:.25in;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in;line-height: 150%;mso-list:l6 level1 lfo3&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;4.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;    &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Membaca adalah satu proses kognitif&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Membaca bukan hanya melibatkan proses mekanis tetapi juga melibatkan proses kognitif atau berfikir pada semua peringkat membaca seperti mengecam, mendiskriminasi, dan memaham. Oleh itu kecerdasan seseorang akan mempengaruhi kemajuannya dalam membaca.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Faktor-faktor yang Berkaitan Dengan Membaca&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Kesediaan Membaca&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Kesediaan adalah faktor penting sebelum seseorang kanak-kanak menguasai sesuatu kemahiran. Seorang kanak-kanak tidak boleh terus berjalan sekiranya otot-otot anggota kakinya cukup kuat untuk berdiri dan seterusnya berjalan. Oleh itu bagi menyediakan kanak-kanak berjalan, dia akan memulakan dengan merangkak, duduk, bangun, berdiri, bertatih, dan barulah berjalan. Begitu juga dengan membaca, seseorang kanak-kanak harus mempunyai keadaan perkembangan yang diperlukan terlebih dahulu sebelum kemahiran membaca diperkenalkan diajar kepadanya.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Kebolehan membaca kanak-kanak wujud sekiranya kanak-kanak itu memahami dan bertindak secara bersesuaian apabila melihat perkataan-perkataan yang ditulis. Maksudnya kanak-kanak mesti berkeupayaan memahami konsep iaitu;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:1.0in;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in;line-height: 150%;mso-list:l18 level1 lfo5&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Symbol; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;semua “benda” mempunyai nama,&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:1.0in;mso-add-space: auto;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in; line-height:150%;mso-list:l18 level1 lfo5&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Symbol; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;nama benda boleh ditulis dalam perkataan, &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:1.0in;mso-add-space: auto;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in; line-height:150%;mso-list:l18 level1 lfo5&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Symbol; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;kedua-duanya saling bertukar,&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:1.0in;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in;line-height: 150%;mso-list:l18 level1 lfo5&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Symbol; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;simbol-simbol perkataan boleh dibaca (Mechado, 1985).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Kanak-kanak boleh cepat membaca sekiranya mereka hidup dalam persekitaran yang intelektual yang sentiasa berfaedah dengan tulisan seperti buku, surat khabar, dan sebagainya, kanak-kanak yang kaya dengan pengalaman persekitaran seperti ke pasar raya, ke pameran atau ke pusat-pusat peranginan, dan juga kanak-kanak mempunyai banyak peluang untuk berinteraksi dengan orang lain.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kesediaan membaca kanak-kanak adalah:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:1.0in;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in;line-height: 150%;mso-list:l9 level1 lfo6&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Symbol; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;keadaan fizikal&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:1.0in;mso-add-space: auto;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in; line-height:150%;mso-list:l9 level1 lfo6&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Symbol; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;pengalaman dan persekitaran&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:1.0in;mso-add-space: auto;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in; line-height:150%;mso-list:l9 level1 lfo6&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Symbol; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;emosi, motivasi, dan sahsiah&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:1.0in;mso-add-space: auto;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in; line-height:150%;mso-list:l9 level1 lfo6&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Symbol; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;kecerdasan&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:1.0in;mso-add-space: auto;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in; line-height:150%;mso-list:l9 level1 lfo6&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Symbol; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;pengamatan&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:1.0in;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in;line-height: 150%;mso-list:l9 level1 lfo6&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Symbol; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;penguasaan bahasa&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Keadaan fizikal merujuk kepada keadaan mata, telinga, dan organ pertuturan yang sempurna. Persekitaran yang intelektual yang memberi pengalaman-pengalaman bermakna akan dapat merangsang otak dan menimbulkan minat membaca. misalnya mendengar cerita, lawatan ke perpustakaan atau ke kedai buku, ibu bapa yang kerap berbual dengan anak mereka, dan sebagainya.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Keadaan rumah tangga yang dan cara asuhan akan mempengaruhi perkembangan emosi, motivasi, dan sahsiah kanak-kanak. Dorongan yang diberikan oleh ibu bapa boleh mempengaruhi sikap membaca kanak-kanak.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Kecerdasan dan perkembangan kognitif kanak-kanak sangat mempengaruhi kemahiran membaca kanak-kanak. Kanak-kanak yang cerdas akan dapat menguasai kemahiran membaca dengan lebih cepat berbanding dengan kanak-kanak lain yang sebaya dengannya.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Kemahiran membaca memerlukan keupayaan pengamatan yang kuat, iaitu daya diskriminasi penglihatan dan diskriminasi pendengaran. Semasa membaca kanak-kanak perlu mendiskriminasi huruf dan juga mendiskriminasi bunyi-bunyi huruf.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Kanak-kanak yang menguasai bahasa dengan baik akan dapat belajar kemahiran membaca dengan cepat dan dapat membaca dengan baik kerana bahasa adalah alat manusia melahirkan fikiran, perasaan, kehendak ,dan sebagainya semasa berkomunikasi.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Oleh itu adalah menjadi tanggungjawab ibu bapa dan juga guru untuk memastikan kanak-kanak sudah mempunyai kesediaan membaca yang mencukupi sebelum mula mengajar kemahiran membaca kepada kanak-kanak.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 18px; &quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Faktor-faktor yang Mempengaruhi Kebolehan Membaca&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Kemahiran membaca adalah satu proses kognitif yang kompleks. Oleh itu faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kemahiran membaca juga adalah rumit dan saling mempengaruhi. Kesedaran tentang faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi bacaan ini akan dapat membantu guru merancang pengajaran bacaan untuk murid-muridnya. Menurut Marohaini Yusoff (1999) faktor yang mempengaruhi bacaan terbahagi kepada dua kategori besar, iaitu:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:.75in;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in;line-height: 150%;mso-list:l5 level1 lfo7&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;i.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;      &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;faktor yang ada pada diri murid atau pembaca&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:.75in;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in;line-height: 150%;mso-list:l5 level1 lfo7&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;ii.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;    &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;faktor yang ada pada bahan bacaan.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Peringkat-peringkat Mengajar Bacaan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Pengajaran bacaan yang dijalankan boleh guru bahasa tertumpu kepada dua kemahiran iaitu bacaan secara kuat (bacaan mekanis) dan bacaan secara senyap (bacaan mentalis/akaliah). Kemahiran membaca kuat lebih menumpukan kepada kemahiran sebutan, intonasi, dan gaya membaca (membaca berita). Manakala bacaan senyap merupakan kemahiran membaca untuk memaham dan juga kepantasan membaca petikan sesuatu bahan.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Mengajar kemahiran membaca kepada kanak-kanak hendaklah dibuat secara berperingkat-peringkat supaya mereka dapat menguasai kemahiran membaca dengan baik. Kamarudin Hj. Husin (1988) membahagikan pengajaran bacaan kepada lima peringkat:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:.75in;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.75in;mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in;line-height:150%;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo8&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;              &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;i.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;        &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;peringkat menyediakan murid&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:.75in;mso-add-space: auto;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.75in; mso-text-indent-alt:-.25in;line-height:150%;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo8&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;ii.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;        &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;peringkat mendirikan asas&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:.75in;mso-add-space: auto;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.75in; mso-text-indent-alt:-.25in;line-height:150%;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo8&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;           &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;iii.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;        &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;peringkat melatih membaca dan memaham&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:.75in;mso-add-space: auto;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.75in; mso-text-indent-alt:-.25in;line-height:150%;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo8&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;           &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;iv.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;        &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;peringkat melatih membaca untuk hiburan atau mencari maklumat&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:.75in;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.75in;mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in;line-height:150%;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo8&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;v.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;        &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;peringkat membina dan mengukuhkan sikap gemar membaca.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 18px; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Apabila kanak-kanak memasuki tahun satu persekolahan, guru perlu menyiasat terlebih dahulu tahap kesediaan murid terutamanya penguasaan bahasa dan juga emosi murid. Pengetahuan guru tentang tahap kesediaan membaca murid dan juga kemahiran sedia ada murid akan dapat membantu guru untuk menyediakan murid bagi pelajaran membaca. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Peringkat mendirikan asas bacaan sangat penting dalam pengajaran kemahiran membaca kepada murid-murid. Pada peringkat ini guru perlu menggunakan pelbagai alat bantu mengajar dan juga bahan bacaan yang sesuai. Bahan bacaan yang digunakan hendaklah ringkas, menarik, dan bermakna. Kemahiran asas bacaan bermula dengan mengenal abjad, suku kata, perkataan, frasa, dan seterusnya ayat. Pada peringkat ini juga galakan dan dorongan perlu diberikan kepada murid secara berterusan.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Peringkat seterusnya adalah melatih membaca dan memaham. Pada peringkat ini bahan bacaan yang digunakan hendaklah dipilih dengan baik. Selain menekankan aspek sebutan dan kelancaran, guru juga mula menekankan aspek pemahaman. Kebiasaan murid membaca nyaring boleh dikurangkan kepada bacaan senyap secara beransur-ansur. Soalan-soalan guru berkaitan bahan yang dibaca akan membantu murid membina kemahiran memahami.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Setelah kanak-kanak sudah boleh membaca dengan lancar dan seterusnya memahami isi bahan yang dibaca, mereka akan menggunakan kemahiran ini untuk memilih bahan bacaan lain untuk mencari maklumat dan juga untuk mengisi masa lapang. Guru boleh membantu kanak-kanak dengan mengajar mereka kemahiran mencari maklumat di pusat sumber dan juga internet.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Akhir sekali adalah peringkat membina sikap suka membaca. Sikap suka membaca hendaklah dipupuk di peringkat sekolah lagi supaya sebati dengan jiwa kanak-kanak. Kebiasaannya sekolah kerap mengadakan pertandingan membaca, pameran buku, peraduan mengarang, dan sebagainya.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Pemulihan Bacaan&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:.25in;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in;line-height: 150%;mso-list:l4 level1 lfo9&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;1.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;    &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Menguji Kemahiran Membaca&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Membaca adalah salah satu kemahiran bahasa yang penting dikuasai oleh kanak-kanak supaya mereka dapat mencapai kemajuan dalam pelajaran dan juga kualiti kehidupan mereka. Sebab itulah sekiranya seorang murid gagal membaca dengan baik selalunya dikaitkan dengan kegagalan pengajaran guru dan juga pendidikan di sekolah berkenaan. Sebab itu guru perlu didedahkan kepada alat, kaedah dan teknik menguji kemahiran bacaan terutamanya ujian bacaan secara diagnostik. Ujian diagnostik bacaan akan dapat membantu guru mengesan kesukaran-kesukaran khusus bacaan murid.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Ujian bacaan perlu diberikan kepada murid supaya guru dapat mengesan secara objektif kesukaran-kesukaran yang dihadapi oleh murid dalam proses membaca. Bermula dari sinilah guru akan dapat merancang aktiviti-aktiviti pengajaran pemulihan bacaan. Murid yang bermasalah dalam bacaan tidak boleh dibiarkan berterusan dengan masalah membacanya kerana akan memberi kesan terhadap pencapaiannya dalam pelajaran secara keseluruhan.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Ujian bacaan hendaklah dijalankan secara berterusan supaya maklumat yang diperolehi dapat memberi gambaran sebenar kelemahan murid. Masalah bacaan sebenar murid penting supaya guru dapat menilai semula rancangan pemulihan bacaan dan boleh membantu guru menentukan objektif pengajaran bacaan seterusnya. Kaedah dan teknik mengajar membaca perlu dipelbagaikan bagi mengelak kebosanan.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2. Ujian Bacaan Nyaring&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Terdapat berbagai-bagai jenis ujian bacaan yang boleh dilaksanakan guru kepada murid-muridnya. Namun begitu ujian bacaan nyaring merupakan langkah pertama untuk mengesan kesukaran-kesukaran secara khusus dalam bacaan secara diagnostik. Berdasarkan kajian-kajian lepas, Abdul Aziz Talib (1989) telah menyenaraikan kesukaran-kesukaran dalam kawasan-kawasan yang perlu ditubuhkan dalam sesebuah ujian bacaan:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:.25in;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in;line-height: 150%;mso-list:l19 level1 lfo10&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;A.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Peringkat huruf (abjad)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify: inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:150%;mso-list:l15 level1 lfo11&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Symbol; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Huruf kecil (a-z)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:.75in;mso-add-space: auto;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in; line-height:150%;mso-list:l16 level1 lfo12&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;       &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;mengenal bentuk huruf&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:.75in;mso-add-space: auto;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in; line-height:150%;mso-list:l16 level1 lfo12&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;       &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;mengenal nama huruf&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:.75in;mso-add-space: auto;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in; line-height:150%;mso-list:l16 level1 lfo12&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;       &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;mengenal bunyi huruf&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify: inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:150%;mso-list:l15 level1 lfo11&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Symbol; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Huruf besar (A-Z)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:.75in;mso-add-space: auto;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in; line-height:150%;mso-list:l17 level1 lfo13&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;       &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;mengenal bentuk huruf&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:.75in;mso-add-space: auto;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in; line-height:150%;mso-list:l17 level1 lfo13&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;       &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;mengenal nama huruf&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:.75in;mso-add-space: auto;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in; line-height:150%;mso-list:l17 level1 lfo13&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;       &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;mengenal bunyi huruf&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:.75in;mso-add-space: auto;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in; line-height:150%;mso-list:l17 level1 lfo13&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;       &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;memadan huruf besar-huruf kecil&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify: inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:150%;mso-list:l15 level1 lfo11&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Symbol; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Diskriminasi penglihatan&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:.75in;mso-add-space: auto;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in; line-height:150%;mso-list:l8 level1 lfo14&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;       &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;huruf-huruf yang berdekatan bentuk&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:.75in;mso-add-space: auto;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in; line-height:150%;mso-list:l8 level1 lfo14&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;       &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;huruf besar dalam perkataan&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:.75in;mso-add-space: auto;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in; line-height:150%;mso-list:l8 level1 lfo14&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;       &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;huruf-huruf kecil dalam perkataan&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify: inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:150%;mso-list:l15 level1 lfo11&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Symbol; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Diskriminasi pendengaran huruf-huruf yang berdekatan bunyi foniknya&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify: inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:150%;mso-list:l15 level1 lfo11&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Symbol; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Pembalikan huruf (reversals)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:.75in;mso-add-space: auto;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in; line-height:150%;mso-list:l7 level1 lfo15&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;       &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;huruf besar&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:.75in;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in;line-height: 150%;mso-list:l7 level1 lfo15&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;       &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;huruf kecil&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;B. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Peringkat Perkataan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:-.25in;line-height:150%;mso-list:l12 level1 lfo16&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Symbol; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;membatang suku kata terbuka&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify: inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:150%;mso-list:l12 level1 lfo16&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Symbol; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;membatang suku kata tertutup&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:-.25in;line-height:150%;mso-list:l12 level1 lfo16&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Symbol; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;membatang suku kata yang mempunyai gugusan konsonan&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;C.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Peringkat Perkataan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:-.25in;line-height:150%;mso-list:l20 level1 lfo17&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Symbol; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;pembalikan perkataan&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify: inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:150%;mso-list:l20 level1 lfo17&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Symbol; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;membezakan bunyi fonem /e/ dan /a/ dalam perkataan&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify: inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:150%;mso-list:l20 level1 lfo17&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Symbol; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;membatang dan mencantumkan suku kata-suku kata terbuka dalam&lt;br /&gt;perkataan&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify: inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:150%;mso-list:l20 level1 lfo17&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Symbol; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Membatang dan mencantumkan suku kata-suku kata tertutup dalam&lt;br /&gt;perkataan&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify: inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:150%;mso-list:l20 level1 lfo17&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Symbol; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Membatang dan mencantumkan suku kata-suku kata yang&lt;br /&gt;mengandungi gugusan konsonan dalam perkataan&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify: inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:150%;mso-list:l20 level1 lfo17&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Symbol; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Kekeliruan antara ejaan dan sistem bunyi Bahasa Melayu dan Bahasa&lt;br /&gt;Inggeris dalam perkataan&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify: inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:150%;mso-list:l20 level1 lfo17&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Symbol; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Menyebut perkataan dasar dan perkataan berimbuhan&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:.25in;mso-add-space: auto;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in; line-height:150%;mso-list:l10 level1 lfo18&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;D.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Peringkat Frasa&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify: inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:150%;mso-list:l14 level1 lfo19&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Symbol; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Membaca frasa-frasa sebagai satu unit makna/pemikiran.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:.25in;mso-add-space: auto;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in; line-height:150%;mso-list:l10 level1 lfo18&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;E.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Peringkat Ayat&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:.75in;mso-add-space: auto;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in; line-height:150%;mso-list:l14 level1 lfo19&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Symbol; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Membaca ayat-ayat pendek&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:.75in;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in;line-height: 150%;mso-list:l14 level1 lfo19&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Symbol; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;membaca ayat-ayat panjang&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Daerah-daerah kesukaran yang disenaraikan di atas hendaklah diuji melalui item-item soalan yang dibina oleh guru yang dibina secara berasingan. Guru boleh menggunakan kad-kad ujian bagi setiap daerah kesukaran yang hendak diuji dan tidak perlu dijalankan serentak bagi kesemua tajuk.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Dalam ujian bacaan nyaring, murid diminta membaca petikan dengan kuat dan guru merekod kesalahan –kesalahan yang dilakukan murid. Abdul Aziz Talib (1989) menyenaraikan jenis kesilapan yang perlu direkod seperti berikut:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:.75in;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in;line-height: 150%;mso-list:l13 level1 lfo20&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Symbol; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;membuang/meninggalkan (omission) – bunyi huruf/perkataan /imbuhan yang ditinggalkan&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:.75in;mso-add-space: auto;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in; line-height:150%;mso-list:l13 level1 lfo20&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Symbol; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Ulangan (repetition) - mengulang-ulang perkataan/suku kata&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:.75in;mso-add-space: auto;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in; line-height:150%;mso-list:l13 level1 lfo20&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Symbol; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Gantian (substitute) - bunyi huruf/perkataan diubahgantikan&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:.75in;mso-add-space: auto;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in; line-height:150%;mso-list:l13 level1 lfo20&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Symbol; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Tambahan (insertion) – bunyi huruf/imbuhan/perkataan ditambah&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:.75in;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in;line-height: 150%;mso-list:l13 level1 lfo20&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Symbol; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Pembalikan (reversals) - huruf/perkataan/frasa dibaca secara terbalik/songsang.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Kesalahan-kesalahan di atas boleh mengubah makna perkataan atau ayat yang dibaca dan perlu diberi perhatian oleh guru untuk mengatasinya. Selain itu, guru juga perlu merekodkan masalah-masalah atau tingkah laku yang ditunjukkan semasa murid membaca, iaitu:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:.75in;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in;line-height: 150%;mso-list:l11 level1 lfo21&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Symbol; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;membatang suku kata terlebih dahulu&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:.75in;mso-add-space: auto;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in; line-height:150%;mso-list:l11 level1 lfo21&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Symbol; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;bacaan tersekat-sekat iaitu perkataan demi perkataan&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:.75in;mso-add-space: auto;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in; line-height:150%;mso-list:l11 level1 lfo21&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Symbol; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;membaca terlampau cepat atau gopoh tanpa menghiraukan tanda bacaan&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:.75in;mso-add-space: auto;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in; line-height:150%;mso-list:l11 level1 lfo21&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Symbol; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;membaca terlampau lambat atau merangkak-rangkak&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:.75in;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in;line-height: 150%;mso-list:l11 level1 lfo21&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Symbol; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;tidak boleh membaca langsung&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Maklumat lain yang perlu direkodkan guru adalah sekiranya murid mempunyai kecacatan yang boleh menjejas bacaannya seperti gagap, sengau, pelat, telor, masalah penglihatan, dan masalah pendengaran.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;b&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Prinsip-prinsip pengajaran Pemulihan Bacaan&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Segala maklumat yang guru perolehi membolehkannnya merancang rancangan pengajaran pemulihan bacaan untuk muridnya. Margaret et.al., 1989) telah menyarankan beberapa prinsip pengajaran pemulihan bacaan yang boleh dijadikan pegangan oleh guru dalam membantu muridnya membaca.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Guru haruslah memulakan pengajaran pada tahap yang sesuai. Keputusan ujian diagnostik bacaan dapat membantu guru mengenal pasti daerah kelemahan dan tahap bacaan murid. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Murid perlu diberi tangungjawab terhadap pembelajaran mereka. Murid akan dapat belajar dengan lebih baik sekiranya mereka terlibat secara langsung dalam proses pengajaran dan pembelajaran.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Gunakan bacaan nyaring dan bacaan senyap mengikut kesesuaian. Gunakan setiap jenis bacaan ini mengikut keperluan murid. Bacaan senyap sangat berkesan untuk mengajar murid mengawal proses bacaan mereka sendiri. Manakala bacaan nyaring pula sangat berkesan untuk meningkatkan kemahiran sebutan dan kelancaran bacaan.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 18px; &quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 18px; &quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Komponen Pengajaran Pemulihan Bacaan&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Sepanjang sesi pengajaran bacaan guru disarankan mengikut langkah-langkah pengajaran yang meliputi komponen-komponen bacaan berikut:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Bacaan peringkat pengajaran bermaksud murid membaca bahan bacaan mengikut tahap pembelajaran mereka. Di sini mereka akan menjumpai perkataan-perkataan baru dan juga konsep-konsep baru di bawah bimbingan guru yang akan membantu menyelesaikan masalah dan juga membantu mereka menguasai bahan bacaan dengan baik.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Pengajaran berfokus dilaksanakan bergantung kepada keperluan murid. Guru mungkin akan memperuntukkan sedikit masa untuk membantiu murid tertentu membaca dengan memberi fokus kepada aspek tertentu dalam bacaan. Cara ini akan membantu murid memfokus kepada aspek bacaan yang mereka hadapi kesukaran.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Menyemak atau meneliti semula dilakukan untuk membantu murid untuk mengingat semula perkara yang telah dipelajarinya. Sedikit masa yang diperuntukkan digunakan untuk mengingat semula seperti makna perkataan dan bahan bacaan yang telah dipelajari sebelum itu.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Bacaan bebas adalah untuk membentuk sikap membaca yang kekal, iaitu murid mendapati membaca dapat memberi maklumat, dan menyeronokkan. Pada peringkat ini murid digalakkan memilih bahan bacaan mereka mengikut tahap bacaan bebas mereka iaitu dapat membaca sendiri tanpa bimbingan guru.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Kesimpulan&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Kemahiran membaca sangat penting dikuasai oleh kanak-kanak kerana melalui pembacaan mereka dapat meningkatkan pencapaian mereka dalam pelajaran, meluaskan pengetahuan, mencari dan mengumpul maklumat-maklumat yang diperlukan dan lain-lain lagi. Guru memainkan peranan penting dalam mengajar kanak-kanak kemahiran membaca. Oleh itu guru perlu nmenggunakan pelbagai kaedah dan teknik pengajaran bacaan supaya kemahiran membaca dapat dikuasai dengan baik. Ujian-ujian pemahaman bacaan perlu dijalankan secara berterusan bagi mengetahui dan mamantau pencapaian murid dalam bacaan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://dadwayne.blogspot.com/feeds/4732183552616458805/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://dadwayne.blogspot.com/2010/03/pengajaran-kemahiran-bahasa-melayu_19.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6601081049127986873/posts/default/4732183552616458805'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6601081049127986873/posts/default/4732183552616458805'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://dadwayne.blogspot.com/2010/03/pengajaran-kemahiran-bahasa-melayu_19.html' title='Pengajaran Kemahiran Bahasa Melayu (Kemahiran Membaca)'/><author><name>Cikgu Griffen</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08313231714616244756</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjG1QroNiEZawnBKrcwzWIR_4WUzec3AxzdpJ2pJjYDCsIZOYY0m9fdpzWS3ZcfyXARNbyZaqi0oXfDg9Ibfo43PmLgUoxheczp2XiTpjcEV4xPu7SSbnAVqXT0ZyPf4w/s220/1_292996948l.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6601081049127986873.post-2332356306904792073</id><published>2010-03-19T00:45:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2010-03-19T00:48:03.931-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Pengajaran Kemahiran Bahasa Melayu (Kemahiran Lisan)</title><content type='html'>&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Pengenalan&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Lisan merupakan satu daripada kemahiran yang penting dalam menjadi asas dalam pengajaran dan pembelajaran bahasa. Jika ditinjau dengan teliti, dalam lisan terdapat dua aspek kemahiran kecil iaitu Kemahiran Mendengar dan Kemahiran Bertutur. Kanak-kanak mula menguasai bahasa dari apa yang didengar dan dialaminya. Dia akan cuba meniru serta menuturkannya berulang-ulang.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Kemahiran-kemahiran Asas dalam Kemahiran Lisan&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Kemahiran Mendengar&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Apabila seseorang itu mendengar, dia seharusnya dapat mengecam, mengenal dan mengamatinya; Iaitu mengenal dan mendiskriminasi bunyi-bunyi bahasa yang berlainan. Kemahiran mengenal dan mendiskriminasikan bunyi-bunyi ini bergantung kepada faktor-faktor fisiologi serta neurologi pendengaran setakat mana kadar pendengarannya dan pengamatan pendengarannya. Secara ringkasnya seseorang itu boleh dikatakan mempunyai kemahiran mendengar jika ia boleh:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:.75in;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in;line-height: 150%;mso-list:l4 level1 lfo1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Symbol; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Mendiskriminasi bunyi-bunyi bukan bahasa.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:.75in;mso-add-space: auto;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in; line-height:150%;mso-list:l4 level1 lfo1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Symbol; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Mendiskriminasikan unit-unit bunyi bahasa.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:.75in;mso-add-space: auto;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in; line-height:150%;mso-list:l4 level1 lfo1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Symbol; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Memahami perkataan, konsep dan kemahiran mendengar perkataan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:.75in;mso-add-space: auto;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in; line-height:150%;mso-list:l4 level1 lfo1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Symbol; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Memahami ayat serta lain-lain elemen linguistik bahasa.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:.75in;mso-add-space: auto;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in; line-height:150%;mso-list:l4 level1 lfo1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Symbol; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Mendengar secara kritikal.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:.75in;mso-add-space: auto;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in; line-height:150%;mso-list:l4 level1 lfo1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Symbol; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;” auding”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:.75in;mso-add-space: auto;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in; line-height:150%;mso-list:l4 level1 lfo1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Symbol; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Mengikut arahan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:.75in;mso-add-space: auto;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in; line-height:150%;mso-list:l4 level1 lfo1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Symbol; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Memahami urutan atau sekuan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:.75in;mso-add-space: auto;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in; line-height:150%;mso-list:l4 level1 lfo1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Symbol; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Mengingat kembali.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:.75in;mso-add-space: auto;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in; line-height:150%;mso-list:l4 level1 lfo1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Symbol; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Menentukan idea utama / terpenting.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:.75in;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in;line-height: 150%;mso-list:l4 level1 lfo1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Symbol; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Membuat inferens dan penyeluruhan atau kesimpulan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Kemahiran Bertutur&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Satu lagi kemahiran yang tergolong dalam kemahiran lisan ialah kemahiran bertutur iaitu kemahiran menyebut dan membunyikan bunyi-bunyi bahasa dengan pengujaran kata-kata atau ayat dalam intonasi, nada (tekanan suara ), jeda serta helaan yang betul. Unsur-unsur ilmu linguistik yang dinamakan ”suprapenggalan” ini merupakan aspek yang nyata dan penting dalam lisan. Bagi setengah-setengah bahasa, perubahan kepada unsur-unsur ini akan melibatkan perbezaan maksud atau makna.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Mengenal pasti intonasi yang berbeza-beza ini amat penting bagi mewujudkan suasana pertuturan yang baik, licin dan lancar. Oleh itu aspek ini juga perlu diberi penekanan dalam pengajaran dan pembelajaran.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Kepentingan Kemahiran Lisan&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Manusia mencipta lambang-lambang pertuturan sebelum mencipta lambang-lambang tulisan. Dengan ini kita harus mengutamakan gerak kerja lisan sebelum mengajar kanak-kanak membaca dan menulis.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Perkembangan bahasa kanak-kanak menunjukkan bahawa kanak-kanak mula mendengar, mengajuk dan seterusnya bercakap. Apabila mereka sudah biasa dengan bahasa itu barulah diperkenalkan lambang-lambang tulisan supaya mudah mereka menginterpretasikan lambang-lambang pertuturan.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Kanak-kanak yang telah menguasai bahasa lisan akan mudah melahirkan perasaan dan mengeluarkan pendapat atau buah fikiran. Dengan itu mereka akan lebih berani, sikap dan rajin bergaul dengan kanak-kanak lain.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Teori psikologi mengesahkan bahawa adanya perhubungan antara bahasa dengan pemikiran. Pemikiran melibatkan lambang-lambang tertentu, dengan demikian jika seseorang itu tidak menguasai perbendaharaan kata yang luas, sewajarnya ia tidak dapat mengeluarkan pendapat dengan jelas.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Bahasa Melayu khususnya berbeza dari segi pengucapan, intonasi dan tekanan suara. Kebiasaannya penggunaan bahasa lisan menguntungkan pembinaan bahasa yang baik. Struktur ayat, pembinaan ayat dan aspek-aspek nahu dalam satu-satu bahasa adalah dipelajari secara tidak langsung. Kebiasaannya penggunaan nahu yang betul secara lisan akan membina asas bahasa yang kukuh.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Pada prinsipnya guru dikehendaki memperbanyakkan kegiatan lisan di peringkat awal persekolahan. Melalui kegiatan lisan yang banyak di peringkat awal akan menambahkan dan memperkayakan perbendaharaaan kata kanak-kanak. Maka dengan ini memudahkan kanak-kanak pemulihan untuk belajar.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;b&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Pengesahan Kelemahan Lisan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Guru boleh mengesan kelemahan murid dengan mengamati setiap sebutan dan intonasi pertuturan mereka ketika menjalankan gerakerja / aktiviti lisan. Guru boleh membuat pengesanan khusus dengan merangka, membina serta melaksanakan ujian lisan yang antara lain akan menguji keupayaan murid untuk:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:.75in;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in;line-height: 150%;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo2&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Symbol; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Mengamati bunyi-bunyi bukan bahasa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:.75in;mso-add-space: auto;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in; line-height:150%;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo2&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Symbol; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Mengamati bunyi-bunyi bahasa dan lain-lain elemen linguistik bahasa.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:.75in;mso-add-space: auto;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in; line-height:150%;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo2&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Symbol; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Memahami konsep dan maksud perkataan / ayat.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:.75in;mso-add-space: auto;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in; line-height:150%;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo2&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Symbol; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Melakukan ”auding” yang merangkumi aspek-aspek pengamatan pendengaran.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:.75in;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in;line-height: 150%;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo2&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Symbol; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Mendengar secara kritikal.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Guru boleh mengesan atau menguji kemahiran lisan murid dengan menganalisa rakaman-rakaman yang dibuat berdasarkan kepada sebutan-sebutan atau pengujaran murid-murid.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Guru juga boleh menguji kefahaman murid mengenai perkara-perkara yang didengarnya dengan menyediakan item-item soalan yang khusus berkaitan ”auding”.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;b&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Cara Mengatasai Kelemahan Lisan&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:.25in;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in;line-height: 150%;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo3&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Symbol; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Guru sendiri menjadi model sebagai penutur yang baik untuk ditiru oleh murid-murid.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:.25in;mso-add-space: auto;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in; line-height:150%;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo3&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Symbol; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Guru mempergiatkan lagi gerakerja / aktiviti lisan untuk murid.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:.25in;mso-add-space: auto;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in; line-height:150%;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo3&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Symbol; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Guru memperbanyakkan latih tubi sebutan dan intonasi terutama kelemahan khusus murid-murid.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:.25in;mso-add-space: auto;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in; line-height:150%;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo3&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Symbol; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Guru mempelbagaikan aktiviti dalam pengajaran dan pembelajaran..&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:.25in;mso-add-space: auto;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in; line-height:150%;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo3&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Symbol; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Guru menjalankan peneguhan serta pengukuhan serta merta.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:.25in;mso-add-space: auto;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in; line-height:150%;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo3&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Symbol; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Guru menggabungjalinkan lisan dengan kemahiran bacaan dan tulisan dalam pengajaran dan pembelajaran.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:.25in;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in;line-height: 150%;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo3&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Symbol; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Guru mewujudkan situasi-situasi yang menggalakkan murid berinteraksi melalui susun atur tempat duduk, pertandingan dan sebagainya.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Perkara-perkara Asas dalam Pengajaran Lisan&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Semasa guru menyampaikan pelajaran lisan, perkara-perkara berikut perlu diberi&lt;br /&gt;perhatian :&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:-.25in;line-height:150%;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo4&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Symbol; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Ujaran yang dihasilkan hendaklah secara spontan, bernas dan mudah.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify: inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:150%;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo4&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Symbol; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Pengujaran yang baik hendaklah jelas dan lantang, tersusun rapi dan cukup untuk didengar oleh pendengar yang ada.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify: inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:150%;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo4&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Symbol; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Pilih, susun dan gunakan topik-topik yang ada dalam pengetahuan sedia ada&lt;br /&gt;murid.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify: inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:150%;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo4&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Symbol; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Adakan rangsangan yang membolehkan kanak-kanak bercakap mengenai&lt;br /&gt;perkara-perkara tertentu.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify: inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:150%;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo4&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Symbol; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Semua pengajaran lisan hendaklah dibuat secara formal.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify: inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:150%;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo4&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Symbol; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Galakkan murid-murid mengeluarkan idea-idea baru serta memilih bahan-bahan&lt;br /&gt;mereka sendiri.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify: inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:150%;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo4&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Symbol; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Ketika menyampaikan pengajaran, penekanan harus diberi kepada darjah&lt;br /&gt;pencapaian kanak-kanak dalam pelajaran itu dengan :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:.75in;mso-add-space: auto;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in; line-height:150%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo5&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;       &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Memastikan setiap kanak-kanak diberi peluang mengambil bahagian&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:.75in;mso-add-space: auto;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in; line-height:150%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo5&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;       &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Memastikan hanya seorang sahaja yang bercakap ketika sesuatu ketika.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:.75in;mso-add-space: auto;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in; line-height:150%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo5&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;       &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Memastikan setiap murid yang mendengar apa yang dinyatakan oleh si penutur.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify: inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:150%;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo4&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Symbol; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Peniruan sebutan oleh murid-murid mestilah lebih kerap dan bukan hanya untuk&lt;br /&gt;sekali dua sahaja.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify: inter-ideograph;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:150%;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo4&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Symbol; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Ulang pelajaran (latih tubi ) yang terdahulu dalam pelajaran-pelajaran yang&lt;br /&gt;berikutnya untuk memperkukuhkan ingatan murid-murid.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:-.25in;line-height:150%;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo4&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Symbol; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Semasa murid-murid meniru sebutan, guru mestilah mengamatinya dan jika&lt;br /&gt;didapati mereka melakukan kesalahan, pembetulan hendaklah dibuat secara&lt;br /&gt;spontan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%; font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt; &lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:black&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://dadwayne.blogspot.com/feeds/2332356306904792073/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://dadwayne.blogspot.com/2010/03/pengajaran-kemahiran-bahasa-melayu.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6601081049127986873/posts/default/2332356306904792073'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6601081049127986873/posts/default/2332356306904792073'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://dadwayne.blogspot.com/2010/03/pengajaran-kemahiran-bahasa-melayu.html' title='Pengajaran Kemahiran Bahasa Melayu (Kemahiran Lisan)'/><author><name>Cikgu Griffen</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08313231714616244756</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjG1QroNiEZawnBKrcwzWIR_4WUzec3AxzdpJ2pJjYDCsIZOYY0m9fdpzWS3ZcfyXARNbyZaqi0oXfDg9Ibfo43PmLgUoxheczp2XiTpjcEV4xPu7SSbnAVqXT0ZyPf4w/s220/1_292996948l.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6601081049127986873.post-2044662151681926235</id><published>2010-03-19T00:31:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2010-03-19T00:44:58.706-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Pencapaian Kesenian Tamadun China (Kesenian-kesenian Lain)</title><content type='html'>&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height:150%;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Dalam tamadun China juga terkenal dengan seni opera mereka tersendiri. Bentuk drama Cina yang terkenal ialah Opera Beijing. Ia mengisahkan tentang lagenda-lagenda Negara China dan sejarah Negara China pada zaman dahulu. Muzik yang dimainkan dengan alat muzik alat tradisional seperti gong, biola, gambus, simbal dan serunai manakala pelakon-pelakon memakai pakaian yang berwarna-warni serta menari sambil menyanyi dengan menggunakan bahasa dialek Cina lama. Setiap gerak geri mereka menunjukkan makna yang tersendiri.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height:150%;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Kung Fu di Negara China diperkenalkan semasa penyebaran agama Buddha di kuil Shaolin. Di sini dikatakan berkembangnya seni kung fu dan menghasilkan pelbagai cabang Kung Fu iaitu wu dang, er mei da hua shan.Kung Fu mampu mencergaskan fizikal seseorang serta menunjukkan cara penggunaan pelbagai jenis senjata seperti kayu, pedang, dan tali. Selain itu, Kung Fu juga dapat menyihatkan badan serta membela diri. Qi Kung menekankan pergerakan dalaman di samping mencergafizikal dan mental.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height:150%;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Terdapat juga beberapa seni Cina yang lain dalam tamadun ini. Contohnya, hasil arca yang teragung merupakan patung dewa-dewi agama Buddha yang diukir daripada batu atau kayu. Ia bertujuan untuk keperluan istiadat, agama, atau pengkebumian. Seni hias yang turut penting termasuk seni tembikar, seni ukir, seni logam, seni lakuer, perabot dan tekstil. Pengaruh seni porselin Cina terhadap seni tembikar Eropah adalah sangat besar.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height:115%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-mso-ansi-language:MS;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language:AR-SAfont-family:SimSun;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Secara umumnya, kesenian Cina telah memberi pencapaian tinggi dan memperkayakan tamadun Cina. Kesenian Cina telah menunjukkan sifat harmoni dengan alam semesta.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://dadwayne.blogspot.com/feeds/2044662151681926235/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://dadwayne.blogspot.com/2010/03/pencapaian-kesenian-tamadun-china_5934.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6601081049127986873/posts/default/2044662151681926235'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6601081049127986873/posts/default/2044662151681926235'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://dadwayne.blogspot.com/2010/03/pencapaian-kesenian-tamadun-china_5934.html' title='Pencapaian Kesenian Tamadun China (Kesenian-kesenian Lain)'/><author><name>Cikgu Griffen</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08313231714616244756</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjG1QroNiEZawnBKrcwzWIR_4WUzec3AxzdpJ2pJjYDCsIZOYY0m9fdpzWS3ZcfyXARNbyZaqi0oXfDg9Ibfo43PmLgUoxheczp2XiTpjcEV4xPu7SSbnAVqXT0ZyPf4w/s220/1_292996948l.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6601081049127986873.post-6064353073275985104</id><published>2010-03-19T00:29:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2010-03-19T00:43:48.882-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Pencapaian Kesenian Tamadun China (Seni Bina)</title><content type='html'>&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:8.15pt;margin-right:.25pt;margin-bottom: 10.0pt;margin-left:.95pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:35.05pt;line-height: 150%;background:white&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  letter-spacing: 0.05pt; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Seni pembinaan Cina merupakan satu yang unik. Ini kerana reka bentuknya &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  letter-spacing: -0.15pt; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;agak berlainan dari tamadun lain, kecuali di sebelah Asia Timur. Secara umum&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  letter-spacing: 0.15pt; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;nya seni bina Cina meliputi beberapa bangunan tersendiri seperti istana-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  letter-spacing: 0.1pt; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;istana, tempat ibadah dan taman-taman maharaja. Selain itu kota-kota lama &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  letter-spacing: 0.05pt; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;China seperti Anyang dan Changan juga direka berdasarkan pembinaan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  letter-spacing: -0.05pt; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;tembok-tembok besar bagi menghalang kemaraan musuh.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:0in;margin-right:.25pt;margin-bottom:10.0pt; margin-left:.95pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:35.05pt;line-height:150%; background:white&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Kajian mengenai bangunan-bangunan lama dan tempat tinggal orang Cina &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing:.05pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;telah banyak dibuat oleh ahli arkeologi. Antara tempat yang pernah menjadi kawasan penyelidikan ialah Banpo di luar Xian. Di situ didapati kampung dikelilingi oleh parit; rumah berbentuk segi empat atau bulat, berlantai tanah &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;dan berdinding pagar. Atap disokong oleh tiang bulat yang diletak di dalam &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing:.05pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;rumah dan alangditutupi lapisan yang bercampur tanah liat dan jerami. Pintu &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing:-.05pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;masuk rumah di sebelah selatan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:.7pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:35.3pt; line-height:150%;background:white&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  letter-spacing: 0.15pt; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Manakala bandar lama seperti Shang terletak berdekatan dengan perja-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  letter-spacing: 0.1pt; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;lanan sungai. Masyarakat bandar pula terdiri dari beberapa kelas. Oleh itu &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  letter-spacing: 0.15pt; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;bandar dibahagikan dengan membina dinding-dinding untuk penempatan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  letter-spacing: 0.1pt; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;kelas aristokrat, bangunan upacara, dan pelbagai kumpulan tukang. Mana­&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  letter-spacing: 0.15pt; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;kala dinding-dinding bandar diperbuat daripada tanah dan dikelilingi pula &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  letter-spacing: -0.15pt; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;oleh parit.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Kebanyakan bandar-bandar Cina kemudiannya mengikuti contoh &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;bandar awal Shang. Antara ciri-ciri pentingnya ialah berdinding, dibahagikan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing:.15pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;kepada beberapa bahagian untuk kedai dan pedagang, jalan dikakisi dari selatan ke utara dan timur ke barat dan sempadan untuk kawasan keluarga &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;diraja dan aristokrat.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Pada peringkat awal penggunaan bahan-bahan untuk pembinaan bangunan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing:.05pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;boleh didapati di sekitar kawasan pembinaan. Pada zaman Dinasti Chou, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing:.25pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;jubin-jubin tanah liat digunakan untuk menutup atap. Manakala semasa &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;zaman Negeri-negeri Berperang munculnya penggunaan batu-bata. Walau &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing:.05pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;bagaimana pun penggunaan batu bata ini telah dijumpai lebih awal namun &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing:.2pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;penggunaannya tidaklah meluas. Manakala rumah diperbuat daripada &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing:.15pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;kayu dengan berdinding dan pembahagian telah diteruskan. Batu bata dan batu digunakan untuk membina kubur, bangunan ibadah dan kadang kala &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing:-.35pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;untuk membina jambatan.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;  &lt;table class=&quot;MsoTableGrid&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;border-collapse:collapse;border:none;mso-yfti-tbllook:1184;mso-padding-alt:  0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;mso-border-insideh:none;mso-border-insidev:none&quot;&gt;  &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-firstrow:yes;height:143.05pt&quot;&gt;   &lt;td width=&quot;331&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;width:3.45in;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;   height:143.05pt&quot;&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:   justify;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if gte vml 1]&gt;&lt;v:shapetype id=&quot;_x0000_t75&quot; coordsize=&quot;21600,21600&quot; spt=&quot;75&quot; preferrelative=&quot;t&quot; path=&quot;m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe&quot; filled=&quot;f&quot; stroked=&quot;f&quot;&gt;    &lt;v:stroke joinstyle=&quot;miter&quot;&gt;    &lt;v:formulas&gt;     &lt;v:f eqn=&quot;if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0&quot;&gt;     &lt;v:f eqn=&quot;sum @0 1 0&quot;&gt;     &lt;v:f eqn=&quot;sum 0 0 @1&quot;&gt;     &lt;v:f eqn=&quot;prod @2 1 2&quot;&gt;     &lt;v:f eqn=&quot;prod @3 21600 pixelWidth&quot;&gt;     &lt;v:f eqn=&quot;prod @3 21600 pixelHeight&quot;&gt;     &lt;v:f eqn=&quot;sum @0 0 1&quot;&gt;     &lt;v:f eqn=&quot;prod @6 1 2&quot;&gt;     &lt;v:f eqn=&quot;prod @7 21600 pixelWidth&quot;&gt;     &lt;v:f eqn=&quot;sum @8 21600 0&quot;&gt;     &lt;v:f eqn=&quot;prod @7 21600 pixelHeight&quot;&gt;     &lt;v:f eqn=&quot;sum @10 21600 0&quot;&gt;    &lt;/v:formulas&gt;    &lt;v:path extrusionok=&quot;f&quot; gradientshapeok=&quot;t&quot; connecttype=&quot;rect&quot;&gt;    &lt;o:lock ext=&quot;edit&quot; aspectratio=&quot;t&quot;&gt;   &lt;/v:shapetype&gt;&lt;v:shape id=&quot;Picture_x0020_25&quot; spid=&quot;_x0000_i1025&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot; style=&quot;&#39;width:234.75pt;height:190.5pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square&#39;&quot;&gt;    &lt;v:imagedata src=&quot;file:///C:\DOCUME~1\lenovo\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.png&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;   &lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;img width=&quot;313&quot; height=&quot;254&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:/DOCUME~1/lenovo/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.jpg&quot; shapes=&quot;Picture_x0020_25&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;  &lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow:1;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes;height:74.25pt&quot;&gt;   &lt;td width=&quot;331&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;width:3.45in;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;   height:74.25pt&quot;&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:   justify;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Rajah    menunjukkan  reka bentuk rumah   bulat di tapak Banpo.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:   justify;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Sumber:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;   Bai Shouyi, &lt;i&gt;An Outline Story of China   Volume II&lt;/i&gt;, Foreign Languages Press, Beijing, 1982.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:6.5pt;text-indent:12.5pt;line-height:150%; background:white&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Secara keseluruhannya bangunan-bangunan lama China mempunyai beberapa ciri utama. Antaranya ialah:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:1.45pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom: 0in;margin-left:16.55pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-11.05pt;line-height: 150%;mso-pagination:none;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:16.55pt;background: white;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  font-family:&#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;    &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  letter-spacing: 0.2pt; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Kebanyakan bangunan lama atau tradisi dibina daripada material kayu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  letter-spacing: 0.1pt; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;dan batu bata.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:.95pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:16.55pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-11.05pt;line-height: 150%;mso-pagination:none;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:16.55pt;background: white;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  font-family:&#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;    &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Kebiasaannya bag! bangunan-bangunan penting seperti istana-istana dan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing:.1pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;kuil-kuil mempunyai ukiran yang tersendiri. Gambar-gambar patung &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing:-.1pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;perti naga, harimau, singa dan sebagainya akan menghiasi perkarangan ba­&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing:.45pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;ngunan tersebut atau diukir di dinding-dinding atau atap bangunan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing:.05pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;tersebut.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:.95pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:16.55pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-11.05pt;line-height: 150%;mso-pagination:none;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:16.55pt;background: white;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  font-family:&#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;    &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  letter-spacing: -0.1pt; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Mempunyai tembok yang besar, khususnya istana-istana lama yang dibina akan dipagari oleh tembok besar.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:.5pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:16.55pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-11.05pt;line-height: 150%;mso-pagination:none;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:16.55pt;background: white;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  font-family:&#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;    &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  letter-spacing: 0.2pt; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Pembinaan bangunan bergantung kepada kepercayaan orang China se­&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  letter-spacing: -0.15pt; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;perti Yin dan Yang dan Feng Shui.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  letter-spacing: 0.2pt; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Warna merah merupakan satu kebiasaan bagi bangunan-bangunan uta­&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  letter-spacing: 0.1pt; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;ma. Warna ini melambangkan keberanian dan kesejahteraan kepada pe&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  letter-spacing: -0.15pt; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;miliknya&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Tamadun Cina mempunyai seni bina yang unik dari segi struktur, bentuk bumbung, warna yang banyak dipengaruhi oleh tradisi masyarakat Cina. Kayu merupakan bahan binaan struktur utama dan juga medium kesenian seperti ukiran, lukisan dan perhiasan tradisional. Struktur bangunan diperbuat daripada batang kepingan kayu yang disambung dengan rekaan cantuman yang khas dan tanpa dipaku. Tiang pula daripada kayu balak besar, batu kapur, menyokong bumbung dan batu manakala jubin digunakan untuk membuat lantai, dinding, membina makam. Jambatan dan tugu peringatan.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if gte vml 1]&gt;&lt;v:rect id=&quot;_x0000_s1026&quot; style=&quot;&#39;position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;&quot; stroked=&quot;f&quot;&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ignore:vglayout; position:absolute;z-index:1;left:0px;margin-left:-249px;margin-top:150px; width:188px;height:31px&quot;&gt;  &lt;table cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;  &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;   &lt;td width=&quot;188&quot; height=&quot;31&quot; bg style=&quot;vertical-align:top;background:   whitecolor:white;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;position:absolute;mso-ignore:vglayout;   left:0pt;z-index:1&quot;&gt;   &lt;table cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;    &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td&gt;     &lt;div shape=&quot;_x0000_s1026&quot; style=&quot;padding:3.6pt 7.2pt 3.6pt 7.2pt&quot; class=&quot;shape&quot;&gt;     &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Tokong Cina&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;     &lt;/div&gt;     &lt;/td&gt;    &lt;/tr&gt;   &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;   &lt;/span&gt; &lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;            Seni bina China mempunyai empat ciri-ciri yang menunjukkan identiti. Pertama, dagoba iaitu tugu peringatan yang bumbungnya melengkung (kubah) dan berunsur Buddishism. Kedua, padoga iaitu kuil atau bangunan suci yang berbentuk menara dan terdiri daripada banyak tingkat. Ketiga, pavilion iaitu bangunan kecil yang menyerupai pondok sebagai tempat teduhan, bertakafur atau tempat melakukan aktiviti komunikasi sosial. Keempat, stupa iaitu kubah Buddha yang menegak dan bertujuan untuk mengenangkan seseorang yang berjasa atau sebagai tempat kesucian.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;            Semasa Dinasti Han, kota dalam segi empat telah diperkenalkan di mana kota dikelilingi dengan dinding tinggi dan menara ditempatkan pada setiap penjuru kota. Pagoda telah diperkenalkan semasa kemasukan agama Buddha ke Negara China. Contoh pagoda termasuklah Pagoda Songyue yang terbina 1400 tahun dahulu dan Pagoda Forest yang bersebelahan dengan kuil Shaolin.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if gte vml 1]&gt;&lt;v:rect id=&quot;_x0000_s1027&quot; style=&quot;&#39;position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;&quot; stroked=&quot;f&quot;&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ignore:vglayout; position:absolute;z-index:2;left:0px;margin-left:467px;margin-top:255px; width:100px;height:29px&quot;&gt;  &lt;table cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;  &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;   &lt;td width=&quot;100&quot; height=&quot;29&quot; bg style=&quot;vertical-align:top;background:   whitecolor:white;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;position:absolute;mso-ignore:vglayout;   left:0pt;z-index:2&quot;&gt;   &lt;table cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;    &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td&gt;     &lt;div shape=&quot;_x0000_s1027&quot; style=&quot;padding:3.6pt 7.2pt 3.6pt 7.2pt&quot; class=&quot;shape&quot;&gt;     &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Seni opera&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;     &lt;/div&gt;     &lt;/td&gt;    &lt;/tr&gt;   &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;   &lt;/span&gt; &lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;            Perwakilan seni bina yang termasyhur ialah Dinding Besar China yang berhampiran sempadan Mongolia dan menganjur dari timur China ke Jiayuguan di barat yang panjangnya 7400 kilometer. Proses untuk menyambungkan dinding-dinding itu telah mengambil beratus-ratus tahun dan mengorbankan beribu-ribu nyawa. Ia dibina dengan batu-batu besar termasuklah granit, ubin dan dibina hanya menggunakan tangan. Dinding Besar China merupakan khazanah Negara China purba dan kini telah menjadi zon pelancongan yang terkenal di Negara China.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://dadwayne.blogspot.com/feeds/6064353073275985104/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://dadwayne.blogspot.com/2010/03/pencapaian-kesenian-tamadun-china-seni.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6601081049127986873/posts/default/6064353073275985104'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6601081049127986873/posts/default/6064353073275985104'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://dadwayne.blogspot.com/2010/03/pencapaian-kesenian-tamadun-china-seni.html' title='Pencapaian Kesenian Tamadun China (Seni Bina)'/><author><name>Cikgu Griffen</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08313231714616244756</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjG1QroNiEZawnBKrcwzWIR_4WUzec3AxzdpJ2pJjYDCsIZOYY0m9fdpzWS3ZcfyXARNbyZaqi0oXfDg9Ibfo43PmLgUoxheczp2XiTpjcEV4xPu7SSbnAVqXT0ZyPf4w/s220/1_292996948l.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6601081049127986873.post-6489185759035480422</id><published>2010-03-19T00:28:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2010-03-19T00:41:48.213-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Pencapaian Kesenian Tamadun China (Muzik)</title><content type='html'>&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:7.45pt;margin-right:1.9pt;margin-bottom: 10.0pt;margin-left:.95pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:35.05pt;line-height: 150%;background:white&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  letter-spacing: 0.05pt; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Salah satu lagi aspek kesenian yang paling penting dalam Tamadun China ialah &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  letter-spacing: 0.2pt; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;muzik. Konfusius menyatakan bahawa muzik adalah penting, walaupun tidak &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  letter-spacing: 0.15pt; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;menyatakan prinsip-prinsipnya seperti asal-usulnya dan hubungannya dengan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;kehidupan manusia. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&#39;Now music is the expression of joy. This is something &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing:.05pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;which human feelings make unavoidable. For man cannot be without joy. And &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;when there is joy, it must be expressed in sound and given embodiment through &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing:-.3pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;movement and repose.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-right:2.4pt;text-align:justify;text-indent: .5in;line-height:150%;background:white&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  letter-spacing: 0.05pt; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Asal-usul muzik Cina boleh dikesan sejak Zaman Klasik lagi. Kira-kira 3000 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  letter-spacing: 0.3pt; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;tahun yang lalu, iaitu semasa orang Eropah cuba mencari ketenangan dalan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  letter-spacing: 0.35pt; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;hidup, di China telah bermulanya teori muzik dan peralatan canggih muzi &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  letter-spacing: 0.2pt; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Buku pertama mengenai teori muzik Cina muncul pada abad ke-4 S.M iaitu, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  letter-spacing: 0.1pt; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Kuan Tzu &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  letter-spacing: 0.1pt; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;atau &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Book of Master Kuan. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Semasa kemunculan Dinasti &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Han &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Maharaja Han Wu Ti (140-87 S.M) telah menubuhkan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Imperial Office of Music &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  letter-spacing: 0.35pt; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;(Yueh Fu) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  letter-spacing: 0.35pt; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;yang bertindak untuk mengumpul dan mengedit lagu klasik dan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  letter-spacing: 0.3pt; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;lagu-lagu rakyat. la juga bertindak sebagai badan yang membuat lagu untuk &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  letter-spacing: 0.2pt; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;tentera, mengadaptasi gaya muzik asing dari budaya yang berjiran dengannya &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;dan mengumpul lagu-lagu tempatan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:0in;margin-right:2.65pt;margin-bottom: 10.0pt;margin-left:.25pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%; background:white&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  letter-spacing: 0.15pt; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Sementara itu dengan adanya hubungan perdagangan dengan Asia Tengak. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  letter-spacing: 0.1pt; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;muzik-muzik asing mula datang ke China seperti &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;P&#39;i-pa &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;(Kecapi) dan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Hu-c&#39;hin &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  letter-spacing: 0.35pt; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;(sejenis violin). Dengan adanya pengaruh dari kebudayaan asing maij. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  letter-spacing: 0.2pt; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;pengubah lagu dapat membaiki lagu mereka dan memajukan muzik Cina. Se&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  letter-spacing: 0.25pt; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;masa pemerintahan Maharaja Hsuan Tsung (713-55) daripada Dinasti Tang, pihak istana menganjurkan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Pear Garden Academy &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;yang dapat menghasilkan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  letter-spacing: 0.15pt; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;ramai ahli muzik, dan ini telah membantu menegakkan asas bagi muzik Cina.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:0in;margin-right:4.55pt;margin-bottom: 10.0pt;margin-left:.25pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%; background:white&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  letter-spacing: 0.15pt; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Pada zaman imperial terdapat dua jenis muzik iaitu muzik rakyat dan muzik &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  letter-spacing: 0.05pt; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;golongan atasan. Muzik rakyat wujud dengan sendirinya apabila golongar pe&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;tani inginkan hiburan secara beramai-ramai. Salah satu suasana yang n-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  letter-spacing: 0.05pt; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;wujudkan muzik rakyat ialah semasa menanam padi atau menuai padi. Senasa &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  letter-spacing: 0.1pt; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;zaman Dinasti Tang, muzik rakyat dinaungi oleh pemerintah. Manakala muzik &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  letter-spacing: 0.2pt; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;golongan atasan dicipta oleh golongan cerdik pandai dan kadangkala dianni dari muzik rakyat.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:8.15pt;margin-right:.5pt;margin-bottom: 10.0pt;margin-left:.7pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%; background:white&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  letter-spacing: 0.05pt; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Di peringkat muzik atasan ini terdapatnya muzik istiadat atau &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;ya-yuah. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;la &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  letter-spacing: -0.1pt; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;merupakan muzik kepunyaan golongan elit. la banyak dipengaruhi oleh Kon&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  letter-spacing: 0.05pt; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;fusius, yang mana muzik menunjukkan dan menajamkan pendidikan moral &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;dan pencapaian semangat dalam masyarakat. Muzik ini lenyap selepas tahun &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing:-1.25pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;1911.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:0in;margin-right:.5pt;margin-bottom:10.0pt; margin-left:.7pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%; background:white&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  letter-spacing: 0.05pt; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Pada abad ke-20, muzik barat mula mendapat tempat dalam budaya Cina. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  letter-spacing: 0.1pt; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Namun demikian muzik barat pernah diperkenalkan oleh kumpulan Jesuit &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;pada lewat abad ke-16 tetapi tidak memberi kesan yang memberangsangkan. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing: -.05pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Manakala pada abad ke-19 hingga ke-20 dengan adanya hubungan yang lebih &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;rapat dengan Barat, orang Cina mula menerima dan meminati muzik Barat.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  letter-spacing: 0.05pt; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Antara komposer Cina terkenal sekitar tahun 1920-an dan 1930-an ialah &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  letter-spacing: -0.15pt; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Hsien Hsing-lai. Manakala pihak komunis di Yunan telah menggunakan muzik &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  letter-spacing: -0.05pt; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;sebagai lagu revolusi. Antara lagu yang popular ialah &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;The Three Disciplines &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  letter-spacing: -0.35pt; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;dan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;The Eight Points of Attention.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;    style=&quot;line-height:150%;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; letter-spacing:-.35ptfont-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11.5pt;color:black;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://dadwayne.blogspot.com/feeds/6489185759035480422/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://dadwayne.blogspot.com/2010/03/pencapaian-kesenian-tamadun-china-muzik.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6601081049127986873/posts/default/6489185759035480422'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6601081049127986873/posts/default/6489185759035480422'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://dadwayne.blogspot.com/2010/03/pencapaian-kesenian-tamadun-china-muzik.html' title='Pencapaian Kesenian Tamadun China (Muzik)'/><author><name>Cikgu Griffen</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08313231714616244756</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjG1QroNiEZawnBKrcwzWIR_4WUzec3AxzdpJ2pJjYDCsIZOYY0m9fdpzWS3ZcfyXARNbyZaqi0oXfDg9Ibfo43PmLgUoxheczp2XiTpjcEV4xPu7SSbnAVqXT0ZyPf4w/s220/1_292996948l.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6601081049127986873.post-1479714203893272331</id><published>2010-03-19T00:26:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2010-03-19T00:42:17.670-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Pencapaian Kesenian Tamadun China (Kaligrafi)</title><content type='html'>&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:5.5pt;margin-right:.25pt;margin-bottom: 10.0pt;margin-left:0in;text-align:justify;text-indent:31.5pt;line-height:150%; background:white&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  letter-spacing: -0.05pt; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Kaligrafi secara umumnya adalah satu tema yang bermaksud kumpulan patah &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  letter-spacing: 0.05pt; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;perkataan yang menyampaikan pemikiran manusia dan dibentuk dalam pe­&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  letter-spacing: 0.1pt; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;nulisan. Dengan kata lain, kaligrafi merupakan satu bentuk penulisan yang &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  letter-spacing: 0.05pt; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;menyampaikan pemikiran dan dilafazkan dalam bentuk penulisan. Dalam &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  letter-spacing: -0.05pt; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;ketamadunan sistem kaligrafi China ia dapat dibahagikan kepada lima bentuk &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  letter-spacing: -0.45pt; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;penting&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;iaitu:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:16.8pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-10.55pt;line-height:150%; mso-pagination:none;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:16.8pt;background:white; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  font-family:&#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  letter-spacing: 0.15pt; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Zhuan-shu &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  letter-spacing: 0.15pt; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;atau skrip menterai atau chop mohor. la adalah bentuk yang &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  letter-spacing: 0.25pt; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;diambil daripada bekas menterai dan ditransformasikan dalam bentuk &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  letter-spacing: -0.5pt; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;penulisan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:16.8pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-10.55pt;line-height:150%; mso-pagination:none;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:16.8pt;background:white; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  font-family:&#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  letter-spacing: 0.1pt; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Li-shu &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  letter-spacing: 0.1pt; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;atau skrip perkeranian. Berbanding dengan bentuk yang pertama, Li-shu adalah dicipta untuk memudahkan pementeraian &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;zhuan-shu &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;yang &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;dianggap lambat dan kurang efisien. la juga dikenali sebagai tulisan ring&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing:-.2pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;kas dan digunakan dengan meluas oleh para kerani dan pegawai.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:19.2pt; margin-left:16.8pt;text-indent:-10.55pt;line-height:150%;mso-pagination:none; mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:16.8pt;background:white;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  font-family:&#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  letter-spacing: 0.35pt; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Kai-shu  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  letter-spacing: 0.35pt; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;atau skrip &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;standard. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Walaupun bentuk ini diambil daripada &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  letter-spacing: -0.1pt; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;bentuk &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Li-shu, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;ia adalah lebih ringkas dan kurang memberi fleksibiliti bagi orang mendapatkan bentuk ini. Ia adalah lebih mudah dituruti berbanding dengan Li-shu.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;  &lt;table class=&quot;MsoTableGrid&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:122.1pt;border-collapse:collapse;border:none;mso-yfti-tbllook:  1184;mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;mso-border-insideh:none;mso-border-insidev:  none&quot;&gt;  &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-firstrow:yes;height:1.25in&quot;&gt;   &lt;td width=&quot;161&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;width:120.6pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;   height:1.25in&quot;&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;   text-align:center;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if gte vml 1]&gt;&lt;v:shapetype id=&quot;_x0000_t75&quot; coordsize=&quot;21600,21600&quot; spt=&quot;75&quot; preferrelative=&quot;t&quot; path=&quot;m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe&quot; filled=&quot;f&quot; stroked=&quot;f&quot;&gt;    &lt;v:stroke joinstyle=&quot;miter&quot;&gt;    &lt;v:formulas&gt;     &lt;v:f eqn=&quot;if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0&quot;&gt;     &lt;v:f eqn=&quot;sum @0 1 0&quot;&gt;     &lt;v:f eqn=&quot;sum 0 0 @1&quot;&gt;     &lt;v:f eqn=&quot;prod @2 1 2&quot;&gt;     &lt;v:f eqn=&quot;prod @3 21600 pixelWidth&quot;&gt;     &lt;v:f eqn=&quot;prod @3 21600 pixelHeight&quot;&gt;     &lt;v:f eqn=&quot;sum @0 0 1&quot;&gt;     &lt;v:f eqn=&quot;prod @6 1 2&quot;&gt;     &lt;v:f eqn=&quot;prod @7 21600 pixelWidth&quot;&gt;     &lt;v:f eqn=&quot;sum @8 21600 0&quot;&gt;     &lt;v:f eqn=&quot;prod @7 21600 pixelHeight&quot;&gt;     &lt;v:f eqn=&quot;sum @10 21600 0&quot;&gt;    &lt;/v:formulas&gt;    &lt;v:path extrusionok=&quot;f&quot; gradientshapeok=&quot;t&quot; connecttype=&quot;rect&quot;&gt;    &lt;o:lock ext=&quot;edit&quot; aspectratio=&quot;t&quot;&gt;   &lt;/v:shapetype&gt;&lt;v:shape id=&quot;Picture_x0020_24&quot; spid=&quot;_x0000_i1028&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot; style=&quot;&#39;width:97.5pt;height:79.5pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square&#39;&quot;&gt;    &lt;v:imagedata src=&quot;file:///C:\DOCUME~1\lenovo\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.png&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;   &lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;img width=&quot;130&quot; height=&quot;106&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:/DOCUME~1/lenovo/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.jpg&quot; shapes=&quot;Picture_x0020_24&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td width=&quot;151&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;width:113.1pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;   height:1.25in&quot;&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;   text-align:center;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if gte vml 1]&gt;&lt;v:shape id=&quot;Picture_x0020_12&quot; spid=&quot;_x0000_i1027&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot; style=&quot;&#39;width:93pt;height:74.25pt;&quot;&gt;    &lt;v:imagedata src=&quot;file:///C:\DOCUME~1\lenovo\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image003.png&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;   &lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;img width=&quot;124&quot; height=&quot;99&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:/DOCUME~1/lenovo/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.jpg&quot; shapes=&quot;Picture_x0020_12&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;   text-align:center;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;  &lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow:1;height:95.85pt&quot;&gt;   &lt;td width=&quot;161&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;width:120.6pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;   height:95.85pt&quot;&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;   text-align:center;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if gte vml 1]&gt;&lt;v:shape id=&quot;Picture_x0020_16&quot; spid=&quot;_x0000_i1026&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot; style=&quot;&#39;width:102.75pt;height:67.5pt;&quot;&gt;    &lt;v:imagedata src=&quot;file:///C:\DOCUME~1\lenovo\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image005.png&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;   &lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;img width=&quot;137&quot; height=&quot;90&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:/DOCUME~1/lenovo/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.jpg&quot; shapes=&quot;Picture_x0020_16&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;   text-align:center;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td width=&quot;151&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;width:113.1pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;   height:95.85pt&quot;&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;   text-align:center;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if gte vml 1]&gt;&lt;v:shape id=&quot;Picture_x0020_20&quot; spid=&quot;_x0000_i1025&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot; style=&quot;&#39;width:87.75pt;height:75pt;&quot;&gt;    &lt;v:imagedata src=&quot;file:///C:\DOCUME~1\lenovo\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image007.png&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;   &lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;img width=&quot;117&quot; height=&quot;100&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:/DOCUME~1/lenovo/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.jpg&quot; shapes=&quot;Picture_x0020_20&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;   text-align:center;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;  &lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow:2;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes;height:15.3pt&quot;&gt;   &lt;td width=&quot;312&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;width:233.7pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;   height:15.3pt&quot;&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;   text-align:center;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Rajah menunjukkan kaligrafi China&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:7.7pt;line-height:150%;background:white&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:18.7pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-10.55pt;line-height:150%; mso-pagination:none;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo2;tab-stops:18.7pt;background:white; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  font-family:&#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  letter-spacing: 0.05pt; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Xing-shu &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  letter-spacing: 0.05pt; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;atau skrip separa lengkung. Berbanding dengan Kai-shu, ia adalah &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  letter-spacing: 0.45pt; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;lebih mudah dan dipakai dengan lebih meluas. Skrip ini juga dikenali &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  letter-spacing: 0.05pt; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;dengan nama berlari bebas atau &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Xing-shu.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:18.7pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-10.55pt;line-height:150%; mso-pagination:none;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo2;tab-stops:18.7pt;background:white; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  font-family:&#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;5&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  letter-spacing: 0.25pt; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Cao-shu &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  letter-spacing: 0.25pt; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;atau skrip lengkung. la juga terbentuk dari unsur-unsur &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Kai-shu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  letter-spacing: 0.4pt; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;tetapi bentuk yang dibina adalah lebih mudah dan lebih efisien kerana &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  letter-spacing: 0.55pt; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;para sarjana mendapati pengadaptasi bentuk ini adalah mirip kepada &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  letter-spacing: 0.3pt; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;kelembutan membuat penulisan dengan berus berbanding dengan mana-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  letter-spacing: 0.1pt; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;mana bentuk penulisan yang terdahulunya.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:18.7pt;text-align:justify;line-height: 150%;tab-stops:18.7pt;background:white&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  letter-spacing: 0.15pt; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Kaligrafi Cina berbeza dengan kaligrafi Barat. Ini kerana peralatan dan ma­&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  letter-spacing: 0.1pt; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;terial untuk mencipta kaligrafi Cina tidak sama dengan kaligrafi lain. la ditulis &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  letter-spacing: 0.15pt; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;bukannya menerusi meja biasa tetapi meja segi empat tepat atau &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Chang-Tiao-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  letter-spacing: 0.3pt; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Cho.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  letter-spacing: 0.3pt; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt; Peralatan lain yang diperlukan ialah berus, dakwat hitam, kertas &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  letter-spacing: 0.2pt; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;mudah telap, dakwat dan batu dakwat.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://dadwayne.blogspot.com/feeds/1479714203893272331/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://dadwayne.blogspot.com/2010/03/pencapaian-kesenian-tamadun-china_9881.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6601081049127986873/posts/default/1479714203893272331'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6601081049127986873/posts/default/1479714203893272331'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://dadwayne.blogspot.com/2010/03/pencapaian-kesenian-tamadun-china_9881.html' title='Pencapaian Kesenian Tamadun China (Kaligrafi)'/><author><name>Cikgu Griffen</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08313231714616244756</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjG1QroNiEZawnBKrcwzWIR_4WUzec3AxzdpJ2pJjYDCsIZOYY0m9fdpzWS3ZcfyXARNbyZaqi0oXfDg9Ibfo43PmLgUoxheczp2XiTpjcEV4xPu7SSbnAVqXT0ZyPf4w/s220/1_292996948l.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6601081049127986873.post-3609559614840491814</id><published>2010-03-19T00:24:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2010-03-19T00:41:18.272-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Pencapaian Kesenian Tamadun China (Lukisan)</title><content type='html'>&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:6.95pt;margin-right:3.35pt;margin-bottom: 10.0pt;margin-left:1.2pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:34.8pt;line-height: 150%;background:white&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  letter-spacing: -0.05pt; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Lukisan mengambil tempat yang agak istimewa dalam Tamadun China. Ini &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  letter-spacing: 0.05pt; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;kerana ia sering mendapat naungan dari pihak istana. Golongan pemerintah &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;dan kelas elit semasa Dinasti Tang dan Sung merupakan pendokong utama &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing: -.2pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;dalam bidang ini. Contohnya Maharaja Hui Tsung dari Dinasti Sung merupakan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing:-.1pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;seorang yang mencintai kesenian dan lukisan. Beliau menaungi bidang lukisan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing:-.05pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;dan memberi jaminan latihan kepada artis-artis lukisan. Namun demikian ke-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing:-.15pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;muncak bidang ini terganggu sedikit apabila Dinasti Yuan memerintah China.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:1.2pt;text-align:justify;text-indent: 34.8pt;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  letter-spacing: -0.15pt; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Corak lukisan Cina berbeza dengan lukisan Barat. Pada zaman awal interaksi &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  letter-spacing: 0.05pt; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;antara orang Cina dengan Barat menyaksikan bagaimana orang Barat mem­&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  letter-spacing: -0.1pt; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;buat kajian terhadap lukisan Cina dan sering mengkritik lukisan Cina. Seorang &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  letter-spacing: -0.05pt; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Padri Jesuit yang pernah sampai ke China pada abad ke-17 iaitu Matteo Ricci menyatakan seniman Cina tidak mempunyai pengetahuan dalam seni lukisan. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Pendapat beliau dikongsi bersama oleh kebanyakan orang Barat yang pernah &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing:-.05pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;sampai ke China pada abad ke-17 hingga ke-19. Hanya segelintir orang Barat &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing: -.15pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;yang mengakui dan menghargai lukisan Cina &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:7.7pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:10.0pt; margin-left:1.2pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:34.8pt;line-height:150%; background:white&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  letter-spacing: 0.25pt; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Perbezaan antara seni lukis Cina dan Barat adalah pendekatan yang di&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  letter-spacing: -0.1pt; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;gunakan oleh kedua-dua pihak. Barat gagal memahami motif dan kaedah yang &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  letter-spacing: -0.05pt; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;digunakan oleh pelukis Cina. Karya-karya Cina berkait rapat dengan falsafah. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  letter-spacing: 0.2pt; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;nilai-nilai dan citarasa masyarakat Cina. Dalam hal ini pengaruh fahaman &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Taoisme amat kuat mempengaruhi karya-karya Cina. Bagi masyarakat Cina &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing:-.05pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;lukisan dipandang tinggi. Lukisan bagi mereka tidak dapat dipisahkan dengan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing:.35pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;kehidupan mereka.  Lukisan umpama memberi ketenangan bagi mereka &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Kadang-kala orang Cina boleh leka melihat lukisan-lukisan yang bergantung &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing:.2pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;di dinding rumah mereka. Ini kerana bagi mereka lukisan mempunyai erti. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing: .05pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Berbeza dengan lukisan bangsa lain, lukisan orang Cina tidak mementingkan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;rupa tetapi lebih kepada maknanya. Oleh sebab itu, lukisan ini dilukis denga &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing:.35pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;ringkas. Oleh hal yang demikian juga kebanyakan lukisan masyarakat Cina tida menggunakan banyak warna. Manakala alat yang digunakan agak muda &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing:.1pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;seperti dakwat hitam dan alat melukis terdiri dari berus yang diperbuat dan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing:.15pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;buluh berbulu kambing. Lukisan-lukisan yang dihasilkan dilukis pada fa &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing:.6pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;sutera atau kertas serap yang diperbuat daripada pulpa buluh. Namm &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing:.05pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;demikian lukisan-lukisan Cina juga boleh didapati di dinding-dinding istam &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing:-.05pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Keadaan ini banyak berlaku pada zaman klasik.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:1.2pt;text-align:justify;text-indent: 34.8pt;line-height:150%;background:white&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Oleh itu salah satu ciri lukisan Cina ialah hasil daripada perbuatan sponta &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing:.35pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Perbuatan spontan ini dibuktikan dengan gerakan berus yang digunakc &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing:-.1pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Manakala dakwat hitam yang berair membolehkan tangan bergerak lebih beb &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing:-.05pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;dan pantas. Namun pada masa sekarang lukisan masyarakat Cina diwarnai &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing: .25pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;dengan pelbagai warna. Setengah-setengah lukisan masyarakat Cina juga disediakan beberapa rangkap kata-kata nasihat bagi memudahkan pemm &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing:-.05pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;memahami maksud lukisan ini.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;  &lt;table class=&quot;MsoTableGrid&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:45.9pt;border-collapse:collapse;mso-table-layout-alt:fixed;  border:none;mso-yfti-tbllook:1184;mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;  mso-border-insideh:none;mso-border-insidev:none&quot;&gt;  &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-firstrow:yes;height:297.9pt&quot;&gt;   &lt;td width=&quot;246&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;width:184.5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;   height:297.9pt&quot;&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:   justify;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if gte vml 1]&gt;&lt;v:shapetype id=&quot;_x0000_t75&quot; coordsize=&quot;21600,21600&quot; spt=&quot;75&quot; preferrelative=&quot;t&quot; path=&quot;m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe&quot; filled=&quot;f&quot; stroked=&quot;f&quot;&gt;    &lt;v:stroke joinstyle=&quot;miter&quot;&gt;    &lt;v:formulas&gt;     &lt;v:f eqn=&quot;if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0&quot;&gt;     &lt;v:f eqn=&quot;sum @0 1 0&quot;&gt;     &lt;v:f eqn=&quot;sum 0 0 @1&quot;&gt;     &lt;v:f eqn=&quot;prod @2 1 2&quot;&gt;     &lt;v:f eqn=&quot;prod @3 21600 pixelWidth&quot;&gt;     &lt;v:f eqn=&quot;prod @3 21600 pixelHeight&quot;&gt;     &lt;v:f eqn=&quot;sum @0 0 1&quot;&gt;     &lt;v:f eqn=&quot;prod @6 1 2&quot;&gt;     &lt;v:f eqn=&quot;prod @7 21600 pixelWidth&quot;&gt;     &lt;v:f eqn=&quot;sum @8 21600 0&quot;&gt;     &lt;v:f eqn=&quot;prod @7 21600 pixelHeight&quot;&gt;     &lt;v:f eqn=&quot;sum @10 21600 0&quot;&gt;    &lt;/v:formulas&gt;    &lt;v:path extrusionok=&quot;f&quot; gradientshapeok=&quot;t&quot; connecttype=&quot;rect&quot;&gt;    &lt;o:lock ext=&quot;edit&quot; aspectratio=&quot;t&quot;&gt;   &lt;/v:shapetype&gt;&lt;v:shape id=&quot;Picture_x0020_1&quot; spid=&quot;_x0000_i1026&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot; style=&quot;&#39;width:203.25pt;height:279.75pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square&#39;&quot;&gt;    &lt;v:imagedata src=&quot;file:///C:\DOCUME~1\lenovo\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.png&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;   &lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;img width=&quot;271&quot; height=&quot;373&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:/DOCUME~1/lenovo/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.jpg&quot; shapes=&quot;Picture_x0020_1&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:   justify;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td width=&quot;30&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;width:22.5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;   height:297.9pt&quot;&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:   justify;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td width=&quot;270&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;width:202.5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;   height:297.9pt&quot;&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:   justify;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if gte vml 1]&gt;&lt;v:shape id=&quot;Picture_x0020_4&quot; spid=&quot;_x0000_i1025&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot; style=&quot;&#39;width:185.25pt;height:288.75pt;&quot;&gt;    &lt;v:imagedata src=&quot;file:///C:\DOCUME~1\lenovo\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image003.png&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;   &lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;img width=&quot;247&quot; height=&quot;385&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:/DOCUME~1/lenovo/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.jpg&quot; shapes=&quot;Picture_x0020_4&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:   justify;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;  &lt;tr&gt;   &lt;td width=&quot;546&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;width:409.5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt&quot;&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;   text-align:center;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Rajah menunjukkan lukisan   mengenai bangau dan burung&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  letter-spacing: 0.05pt; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Tema-tema utama dalam lukisan Cina ialah pemandangan semula jadi, binatang seperti ikan, bunga dan manusia. Pelukis-pelukis Cina biasanya &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  letter-spacing: -0.05pt; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;menghayati semangat subjek sebelum melukis. Mereka kadangkala bertafakur sebelum melukis. Kebiasaannya pelukis ini melukis satu subjek sahaja seperti &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  letter-spacing: -0.3pt; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;ayam, ikan dan burung sahaja&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  letter-spacing: -0.3pt; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  letter-spacing: 0.25pt; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Perkembangan lukisan Cina tidak terkecuali dari menerima pengaruh &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;asing. Agama Buddha yang datang dari India banyak memberi pengaruh ke­&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing:-.05pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;pada lukisan Cina dalam bentuk lukisan. Era lukisan bercorak agama sebenar-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing:.05pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;nya telah muncul dengan pesatnya pada zaman Dinasti Tang. Antara yang &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing:-.1pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;gemar melukis unsur agama ini ialah Wu Tao Tzu (680-740). Sepanjang hidup &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Wu Tao Tzu, beliau telah menghasilkan sebanyak 300 buah karya berunsur agama. Dalam masa yang sama juga lukisan Cina juga memberi sumbangan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing: -.05pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;kepada negara Jepun dan Korea.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://dadwayne.blogspot.com/feeds/3609559614840491814/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://dadwayne.blogspot.com/2010/03/pencapaian-kesenian-tamadun-china_19.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6601081049127986873/posts/default/3609559614840491814'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6601081049127986873/posts/default/3609559614840491814'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://dadwayne.blogspot.com/2010/03/pencapaian-kesenian-tamadun-china_19.html' title='Pencapaian Kesenian Tamadun China (Lukisan)'/><author><name>Cikgu Griffen</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08313231714616244756</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjG1QroNiEZawnBKrcwzWIR_4WUzec3AxzdpJ2pJjYDCsIZOYY0m9fdpzWS3ZcfyXARNbyZaqi0oXfDg9Ibfo43PmLgUoxheczp2XiTpjcEV4xPu7SSbnAVqXT0ZyPf4w/s220/1_292996948l.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6601081049127986873.post-813379381593776048</id><published>2010-03-19T00:22:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2010-03-19T00:36:41.153-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Pencapaian Kesenian Tamadun China (Pengenalan)</title><content type='html'>&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:6.7pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in; line-height:150%;background:white&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  letter-spacing: 0.05pt; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Salah satu pencapaian yang membantu kegemilangan Tamadun China ialah &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  letter-spacing: 0.1pt; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;ketinggian bidang keseniannya. Ini kerana sejak Zaman Klasik China se&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  letter-spacing: 0.05pt; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;hingga sekarang perkembangan kerja-kerja kesenian China sering mendapat perhatian oleh bangsa asing. Semasa zaman neolitik China memperlihatkan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  letter-spacing: 0.2pt; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;bagaimana telah munculnya tembikar-tembikar yang diperbuat daripada &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  letter-spacing: 0.05pt; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;tanah Hat. Sejak daripada itu orang Cina mula membuat beberapa tembikar &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;yang bermutu tinggi dan cantik. Pada zaman Dinasti Ming kemunculan tem­&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing:.1pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;bikar berwarna biru putih merupakan salah satu ciptaan yang dihasil oleh &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing:.05pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;orang Cina yang popular. Oleh kerana kecantikan dan kehalusan tembikar &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing:.1pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;buatan Cina ini maka orang Barat memanggil barang keluaran Cina seperti &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing:-.05pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;tembikar sebagai &#39;China&#39;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:.7pt;margin-right:1.2pt;margin-bottom: 10.0pt;margin-left:0in;text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%; background:white&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  letter-spacing: -0.15pt; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Seni tembikar ini mempunyai keistimewaan yang tersendiri kepada Tamadun &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  letter-spacing: 0.1pt; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;China. la juga menarik minat banyak penduduk luar dari pengaruh China &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  letter-spacing: -0.15pt; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;mengkagumi Tamadun China. Oleh kerana itu kesan pengaruh Tamadun China &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  letter-spacing: 0.05pt; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;dapat dijumpai di beberapa kawasan perdagangan Asia Tenggara. Namun demikian, dalam bidang kesenian, Tamadun China bukan sahaja dikagumi dengan keindahan tembikarnya tetapi mutu ketinggian dan keagungan juga &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  letter-spacing: 0.1pt; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;dikagumi dalam bidang-bidang lain. Lukisan merupakan salah satu bidang &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;seni yang mendapat perhatian dari kalangan orang asing. Begitu juga dengan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing:-.1pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;kemunculan seni kaligrafi, muzik dan seni bina.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;   style=&quot;line-height: 150%;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://dadwayne.blogspot.com/feeds/813379381593776048/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://dadwayne.blogspot.com/2010/03/pencapaian-kesenian-tamadun-china.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6601081049127986873/posts/default/813379381593776048'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6601081049127986873/posts/default/813379381593776048'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://dadwayne.blogspot.com/2010/03/pencapaian-kesenian-tamadun-china.html' title='Pencapaian Kesenian Tamadun China (Pengenalan)'/><author><name>Cikgu Griffen</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08313231714616244756</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjG1QroNiEZawnBKrcwzWIR_4WUzec3AxzdpJ2pJjYDCsIZOYY0m9fdpzWS3ZcfyXARNbyZaqi0oXfDg9Ibfo43PmLgUoxheczp2XiTpjcEV4xPu7SSbnAVqXT0ZyPf4w/s220/1_292996948l.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6601081049127986873.post-580550977063300376</id><published>2010-03-19T00:20:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2010-03-19T00:35:08.843-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Pengenalan Kepada Tamadun China</title><content type='html'>&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:4.3pt;margin-right:2.65pt;margin-bottom: 10.0pt;margin-left:0in;text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%; background:white&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  letter-spacing: 0.15pt; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Dalam kebanyakan tamadun dunia, sungai seolah-olah memainkan pe&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  letter-spacing: 0.25pt; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;ranan  penting  dalam  memulakan  sesebuah  tamadun  itu.  Sungai &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  letter-spacing: 0.15pt; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;mempunyai beberapa fungsi yang dapat membina sesebuah tamadun itu. Penduduk yang berdekatan dengan sungai akan mendapat beberapa ke-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;mudahan untuk kehidupan seharian mereka. Antaranya ia digunakan sebagai &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing:-.05pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;kawasan pertanian, perhubungan, makanan dan menjalankan aktiviti seharian. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Oleh itu sungai membantu penduduk sekitarnya untuk hidup lebih selesa dan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing:-.05pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;berjaya membina kota-kota sehingga terbinanya sebuah tamadun agung.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:0in;margin-right:1.45pt;margin-bottom: 10.0pt;margin-left:.5pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%; background:white&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  letter-spacing: 0.05pt; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Sehubungan dengan hal ini, peranan sungai adalah penting dalam pem&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;binaan Tamadun China. Pada peringkat awal penduduk China menikmati ke&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing:.15pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;makmuran hasil daripada kesuburan tanah di sekitar Huanghe atau Sungai Kuning di utara China. Sungai ini mengalir dari pergunungan Kunlun ke &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing:-.1pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;timur merentasi utara China sehingga ke Teluk Bo Hai. Sungai ini mempunyai &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;kepanjangan 3395 batu dan namanya diambil sempena daripada kelodak ber&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing:-.05pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;warna kuning yang dibawa oleh sungai ini untuk membanjiri kawasan sekitar­&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;nya. Kebanjiran kelodak-kelodak ini membantu kesuburan tanah di kawasan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing:.05pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;sekitarnya. Dari kesuburan tanah itu maka munculnya perkembangan perta­&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing:-.05pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;nian di lembah sungai tersebut.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Pada sekitar tahun 3950-1700 S.M di lembah sungai itu terdapat apa yang &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing:-.05pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;dipanggil Budaya Yangshao dalam era Neolitik di China. Budaya ini merupa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing:.1pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;kan budaya masyarakat petani semi-tetap yang menjalankan aktiviti tebang dan bakar. Terdapat juga aktiviti memungut dan memburu serta menanam &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing:-.05pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;sekoi dan gandum. Aktiviti pengeluaran sutera juga dijalankan. Pada masa ini &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing:.1pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;juga masyarakatnya menghasilkan tembikar tanah liat merah yang diwarna&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing:.15pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;kan dengan garisan hitam atau ungu. Menurut lagenda, pada sekitar tahun &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing:-.15pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;2000 S.M., muncul seorang pemimpin di lembah tersebut yang dikenali sebagai &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing:-.05pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Huang Ti atau Maharaja Kuning. Beliau dianggap pemimpin yang berwibawa dan terkuat di Lembah Sungai Kuning. Kepentingan pemerintahan beliau me&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing:.1pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;rupakan era peralihan dari Zaman Neolitik ke Zaman Gangsa apabila besi &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;mula menggantikan batu. Dari situ muncul pula kegiatan ekonomi yang lebih &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing:.1pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;sempurna seperti kegiatan penternakan, pembinaan empangan serta penge­&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;luaran dan penenunan sutera.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:1.7pt;text-align:justify;text-indent: 34.3pt;line-height:150%;background:white&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  letter-spacing: -0.1pt; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Hasil daripada perkembangan ini maka muncullah kumpulan atau keluarga yang &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  letter-spacing: 0.05pt; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;kuat untuk menubuhkan sebuah dinasti. Dinasti awal yang muncul ialah Dinasti &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Hsia. Menurut satu puisi tradisional, Dinasti Hsia (Xia) dibina oleh Yu, iaitu pemerintah mistik dan penaung kepada pertanian. Beliau didakwa membantu &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing:.1pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;mengelakkan berlakunya banjir dan menjaga kadar air di Sungai Kuning. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing:-.05pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Beliau juga berusaha menghapuskan raksaksa dan semangat jahat. Walau bagaimanapun kewujudan Dinasti Hsia masih menjadi tanda tanya. Ini kerana tidak terdapat bukti-bukti arkeologi mengenai kewujudan dinasti ini.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:0in;margin-right:.95pt;margin-bottom:10.0pt; margin-left:1.2pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:34.3pt;line-height:150%; background:white&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  letter-spacing: 0.05pt; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Pada masa yang sama di bahagian tengah dan selatan China terdapat juga &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  letter-spacing: 0.2pt; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;petempatan-petempatan neolitik. Di bahagian tengah China terdapatnya &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;sungai terpanjang di China dan ketiga panjang di dunia iaitu Sungai Yangtze &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing:.05pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;atau Yangzijiang. Panjang sungai ini adalah 3,915 batu yang berpunca dari &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing:-.05pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Pergunungan Qinghai dan Tibet. Sungai ini mengalir melalui bahagian tengah &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing:.15pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;China ke timur dan berakhir di Laut China Timur. Di sini seperti penduduk &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant:small-caps; letter-spacing:.05pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;t &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing:.05pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;angai Kuning terdapatnya kegiatan memburu, menangkap ikan dan me-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;mungut makanan. Kehidupan neolitik ini juga dijumpai di gua-gua batu di &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing: -.25pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Wilayah Guangdong dan Budaya Peng-Keng di Taiwan (5000 ke 3000 S.M).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:34.3pt;line-height: 150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  letter-spacing: 0.1pt; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Bertitik tolak dari perubahan yang berlaku ke atas kegiatan manusia di &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  letter-spacing: 0.05pt; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;sungai Kuning dan Sungai Yangtze, maka secara beransur-ansur terbinanya Tamadun China. Dari situ munculnya beberapa lagi pembaharuan dalam se&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  letter-spacing: 0.15pt; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;mua aspek kehidupan masyarakat. Manakala interaksi antara tamadun luar &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  letter-spacing: -0.1pt; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;juga telah menyuburkan Tamadun China. Apa yang menarik dalam perkemban&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  letter-spacing: 0.05pt; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;gan dan pencapaian Tamadun China ialah ketahanan tamadun ini terhadap &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 150%;  letter-spacing: -0.05pt; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;perubahan masa sehingga masih kekal hingga ke hari ini.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://dadwayne.blogspot.com/feeds/580550977063300376/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://dadwayne.blogspot.com/2010/03/pengenalan-kepada-tamadun-china.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6601081049127986873/posts/default/580550977063300376'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6601081049127986873/posts/default/580550977063300376'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://dadwayne.blogspot.com/2010/03/pengenalan-kepada-tamadun-china.html' title='Pengenalan Kepada Tamadun China'/><author><name>Cikgu Griffen</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08313231714616244756</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjG1QroNiEZawnBKrcwzWIR_4WUzec3AxzdpJ2pJjYDCsIZOYY0m9fdpzWS3ZcfyXARNbyZaqi0oXfDg9Ibfo43PmLgUoxheczp2XiTpjcEV4xPu7SSbnAVqXT0ZyPf4w/s220/1_292996948l.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6601081049127986873.post-2760386202083187064</id><published>2010-03-19T00:15:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2010-03-19T00:17:53.982-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Fungsi Bahasa Melayu Dalam Membentuk Gagasan 1 Malaysia</title><content type='html'>&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Persekutuan Tanah Melayu mencapai kemerdekaan pada 1957 dan semenjak detik pengisytiharan tersebut Bahasa Melayu telah dinobatkan sebagai bahasa kebangsaan, bahasa rasmi, bahasa pengantar dan bahasa ilmu. Perlembagaan Persekutuan telah memperuntukkan kedudukan Bahasa Melayu sebagai bahasa kebangsaan dan bahasa rasmi sebagaimana yang telah diwartakan dalam Akta Bahasa Kebangsaan 1967  dan memperkukuhkan kedudukan sebagai bahasa pengantar dalam institusi pendidikan menerusi Akta Pendidikan 1961 dan Akta Pendidikan 1996.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;            Kamus Dewan (1970:59) mendefinisikan bahasa rasmi sebagai bahasa pentadbiran, bahasa perhubungan awam, bahasa pengantar serta bahasa ilmiah di sekolah-sekolah dan institusi pengajian tinggi. Ainon Mohammad (1984) pula merumuskan bahawa bahasa rasmi membawa pengertian sebagai peranan bahasa Melayu sebagai saranan pembinaan negara di dalam semua urusan, terutama urusan pentadbiran negara. Oleh itu, dapatlah diringkaskan bahawa bahasa rasmi ialah bahasa yang digunakan di dalam sistem pendidikan negara, urusan perniagaan dan pentabiran dan di dalaam upacara-upacara rasmi. Bahasa rasmi pula mungkin membawa lebih daripada satu fungsi bagi sesebuah negara.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;            Fungsi bahasa Melayu sebagai bahasa perpaduan merupakan senjata paling ampuh dalam merealisaikan konsep 1 Malaysia. Perpaduan atau solidariti dapat ditafsirkan sebagai satu proses yang menyatupadukan rakyat dan seluruh masyarakat dan negara supaya setiap anggota masyarakat dapat membentuk satu identiti dan nilai bersama serta perasaan cinta dan bangga akan tanah air. Kamus Dewan (1994) mendefinisikan perpaduan sebagai penggabungan, pelaburan penyesuaian, kecocokan dan perihal berpadu iaitu bergabung menjadi satu, sepakat dan sebagainya. Oleh itu, dapatlah diertikan bahawa bahasa Melayu sebagai bahasa perpaduan ialah bahasa yang menjadi lambang penyatuan suara yang digunakan sebagai alat perhubungan di dalam lingkungan satu kelompok manusia yang berfungsi sebagai alat menyatupadukan rakyat yang berbilang kaum dalam sesebuah negara.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;            Menerusi cetusan idea Perdana Menteri Malaysia, Gagasan 1 Malaysia ingin membentuk satu identiti masyarakat Malaysia melalui budaya dan aspek terpenting untuk membentuk satu budaya ialah melalui satu bahasa dan satu suara. Sejarah membuktikan bahawa perpaduan amatlah sukar dicapai oleh masyarakat pelbagai ras dan etnik tetapi bukan mustahil. Semasa zaman kolonialisasi, British mengamalkan dasar ‘pecah dan perintah’ yang mewujudkan jurang ekonomi manakala dasar ‘laissez-faire’ dalam pendidikan menyebabkan perkongsian pengetahuan dan keseragaman perperiksaan tidak dapat dicapai. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:.5in;line-height: 150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Sistem persekolahan yang wujud di negara ini, pada dasarnya berpandukan sistem Barat yang diperkenalkan oleh pentadbiran British mulai abad ke 19, iaitu pada peringkat permulaannya, di Negeri-negeri Selat. Pada awal tahun itu, pihak British memberi keutamaan kepada pelajaran Melayu dan Inggeris. Pendidikan Cina dan Tamil dibiarkan berkembang secara sendirian.  Pelajaran Cina telah mewujudkan kesedaran kebangsaaan pemuda –pemuda Cina. Sekolah Cina bukan hanya menggunakan bahasa Cina sebagai bahasa pengantar, gurunya datang dari negara China, buku teks diimport dari negara China dan berkiblatkan China.  Sekolah Tamil pula menggunakan bahasa Tamil sebagai bahasa pengantar yang tunggal. Kebanyakan sekolah Tamil terletak di kawasan ladang dan sebahagian besarnya dibiayai oleh syarikat-syarikat yang memiliki ladang-ladang berkenaan. Walau bagaimanapun, keadaan sekolah Tamil tidak pernah setanding dengan sekolah-sekolah Cina, Melayu atau Inggeris.  &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Kerajaan sebelum merdeka menganggap sekolah Inggeris sebagai sistem persekolahan yang unggul. Kelulusan sekolah Inggeris terdedah kepada pemikiran Barat. Perbezaan di antara sekolah Inggeris dengan sekolah-sekolah lain bukan dari segi bahasa pengantar sahaja, sukatan pelajaran juga tidak sama dan sekolah Inggeris juga memberi kesan kepada perpecahan yang berlaku di dalam masyarakat. Jelas sekali, sistem persekolahan sebelum merdeka memainkan peranan penting mengekalkan keperibadian satu-satu golongan etnik dan, di samping itu, mewujudkan dua golongan terdidik – berpelajaran Inggeris dan berpelajaran vernacular – yang tidak mempunyai pandangan dunia (world – view) yang sama. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;  &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Persoalan besar yang dihadapi para pemimpin dan pendidik selepas Perang dunia Kedua ialah mencari formula untuk melahirkan satu masyarakat Malaysia yang bersatupadu, yakni masyarakat majmuk yang mempunyai keazaman, kesanggupan dan kesediaan untuk hidup bersama dengan rukun dan damai serta mempunyai kesedaran, keperibadian dan nilai-nilai sebagai rakyat Malaysia. Satu cara yang penting untuk mewujudkan perpaduan di dalam sesebuah negara ialah menerusi pendidikan. Dalam konteks Malaysia, hakikat bahawa pendidikan merupakan faktor unggul dalam membina kerakyatan yang tunggal telah lama disedari.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Cara paling penting untuk menyatupadukan masyarakat berbilang kaum di Malaysia ialah melalui penggunaan bahasa kebangsaan. Penggunaan satu bahasa perhubungan dan persefahaman di antara satu kaum dengan yang lain dapat diwujudkan tanpa menimbulkan rasa curiga. Langkah ini mempercepatkan lagi perpaduan dan rasa hormoni antara kaum di negara ini. Oleh itu, Penyata Razak telah diperakui dan diluluskan menjadi Ordinan Pelajaran pada tahun 1957. Ordinan ini mewajibkan semua jenis sekolah menggunakan sukatan pelajaran yang sama manakala Bahasa Melayu pula digunakan sebagai bahasa pengantar di semua sekolah, khusus untuk membantu perpaduan kebangsaan dan menjadi wahana berkesan untuk komunikasi pelbagai kumpulan etnik dan masyarakat pelbagai dialek atau bahasa.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Gagasan 1 Malaysia sudah pastinya dapat diwujudkan melalui pembentukan jati diri bangsa Malaysia yang menggunakan bahasa komunikasi yang mudah difahami. Penyatuan rakyat melalui bahasa Melayu sebagai bahasa perpaduan boleh diwujudkan melalui penerapan nilai-nilai murni seperti yang tercatat dalam matlamat pendidikan kebangsaan, iaitu pembentukan masyarakat yang bersatu padu.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Fungsi bahasa Melayu sebagai bahasa ilmu mampu menyemarakkan lagi semangat 1 Malaysia dengan membawa dimensi baharu dalam arena kebahasaa. Menurut Havranek, di dalam Garvin (1984), sesuatu bahasa yang mencapai taraf sebagai bahasa ilmu perlu mempunyai dua ciri penting iaitu keintelektualan dan kesempurnaan bahasa. Melalui keintelektualan, bahasa tersebut mestilah mempunyai keupayaan menyampaikan hujah dan buah fikiran yang berkesan dan tepat yakni ampu menyampaikan kesinambungan dan kerumitan fikiran tanpa melalui pelbagai rintangan. Kesempurnaan bahasa pula bermaksud satu bahasa yang akan berfungsi sebagai bahasa ilmiah harus mempunyai sistem dan peraturan bahasa yang lengkap yakni mempunyai  sifat-sifat kestabilan, kelenturan, kepelbagaian, keberkesanan dan keindahan.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Selaras dengan konsep 1 Malaysia, bahasa Melayu bukan sahaja mampu menyampaikan pelbagai ilmu malahan ia juga memikul tanggungjawab yang besar sebagai bahasa persatuan dan kesatuan kaum di Malaysia. Perkara ini telah dibuktikan sejak sekian lama kerana melalui perpaduan yang kukuh dan persefahaman kaum yang kuat dalam kalangan masyarakat, suasana politik dan sosial juga turut stabil sekali gus merancakkan lagi sektor ekonomi negara. Secara tuntasnya, inilah berkat hasil bahasa Melayu yang dijadikan bahasa pengantar utama dalam sistem pendidikan negara ini sejak awal tahun 70-an.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Bahasa Melayu memudahkan penguasaan ilmu dalam kalangan rakyat Malaysia. Selaras dengan konsep rakyat didahulukan, perpaduan akan dikecapi. Nikmat daripada kesejahteraan rakyat maka dapatlah kita merealisasikan pencapaian melalui ilmu pengetahuan. Bahasa Melayu telah memperkasa anak watan dalam pelbagai bidang khususnya bidang pendidikan, sains dan teknologi, ekonomi sekali gus dapat melahirkan golongan kelas menengah yang menjadi sinergi dan sumber manusia yang terus menjadi pemangkin pembangunan bangsa dan negara.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Bahasa Melayu yang dahulunya hanya berperanan sebagai ‘lingua-franca’ dan juga ‘bahasa kedua’ akhirnya menjadi bahasa pengantar, bahasa ilmu, bahasa komunikasi, bahasa perundangan, bahasa pentadbiran dan bahsa yang dapat mengungkapkan pelbagai genre dan domain ilmu. Oleh hal yang demikian,bagi memastikan semangat dan kecintaan terhadap kepentingan dan kemampuan bahasa Melayu memainkan peranannya sebagai bahasa ilmu dan wahana merealisasikan Gagasan 1 Malaysia, usaha promosi harus dipergiat dari semasa ke semasa.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Berdasarkan statusnya sebagai bahasa kebangsaan, fungsi bahasa Melayu sebagai bahasa komunikasi tidak perlu dipersoalkan lagi apabila rata-rata anak-anak berinteraksi dengan rakan sebaya di sekolah, majikan dan pekerja berkomunikasi di pejabat bahkan urusan jual beli di pasar raya juga kita sering mendengar bahasa Melayu diujarkan.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Dalam konteks 1 Malaysia, interaksi amat penting bagi menentukan supaya hubungan antara  masyarakat pelbagai ras dan etnik dapat terus berlangsung atau dipertahankan. Oleh itu, perlu pengetahuan luas berkenaan bahasa, loghat, jargon, slanga, gurauan, cerita rakyat, budaya setempat dan sebagainya. Pokoknya, kita mesti tahu pelbagai perkara tentang bahasa. Fungsi peribadi pula ialah fungsi bahasa memberi kesempatan kepada manusia untuk menyatakan perasaan, emosi, peribadi serta reaksinya.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Kesimpulannya, Gagasan 1 Malaysia yang dicetuskan oleh Perdana Menteri adalah selangkah di hadapan kita. Perbezaan bahasa bukan lagi penghalang ke arah usaha murni kerajaan ini kerana kita adalah satu bangsa, satu bahasa dalam Gagasan 1 Malaysia.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://dadwayne.blogspot.com/feeds/2760386202083187064/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://dadwayne.blogspot.com/2010/03/fungsi-bahasa-melayu-dalam-membentuk.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6601081049127986873/posts/default/2760386202083187064'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6601081049127986873/posts/default/2760386202083187064'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://dadwayne.blogspot.com/2010/03/fungsi-bahasa-melayu-dalam-membentuk.html' title='Fungsi Bahasa Melayu Dalam Membentuk Gagasan 1 Malaysia'/><author><name>Cikgu Griffen</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08313231714616244756</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjG1QroNiEZawnBKrcwzWIR_4WUzec3AxzdpJ2pJjYDCsIZOYY0m9fdpzWS3ZcfyXARNbyZaqi0oXfDg9Ibfo43PmLgUoxheczp2XiTpjcEV4xPu7SSbnAVqXT0ZyPf4w/s220/1_292996948l.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6601081049127986873.post-7611955212357782703</id><published>2010-03-19T00:12:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2010-03-19T00:14:53.150-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Pengenalan Kepada Sosiolinguistik</title><content type='html'>&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Sosiolinguistik merupakan bidang bahasa yang mengkaji &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;aspek penggunaan bahasa dalam masyarakat, kesantunan bahasa, laras bahasa, tatatingkat bahasa dan ragam bahasa. Secara ringkasnya dapatlah ditafsirkan bahawa psikolinguistik ialah gabungan dua disiplin ialitu disiplin sosiologi (masyarakat) dan disiplin linguistik (bahasa).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Kamus Dewan (2007) mentakrifkan sosiolinguistik sebagai kajian bahasa dalam hubungannya dengan struktur dan sifat masyarakat. Walau bagaimanapun, beberapa ahli bahasa mempunyai pandangan tertentu mengenai cabang ilmu bahasa ini.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Nik Safiah Karim (1981) menyatakan bahawa bidang sosiolinguistik merupakan daya usaha kelompok ahli antropologi dan sesuai dengan hakikat bahawa sosiolinguistik itu merupakan cabang kepada ilmu antropologi, khususnya natropologi sosial yang mementingkan analisis struktur sosial masyarakat.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Fishman pula menekankan sifat kualitatif dalam kajian sosiolinguistik. Bidang ini lebih berhubungan dengan perincian-perincian penggunaan bahasa yang sebenarnya seperti deskripsi pola-pola pemakaian bahasa atau dialek di dalam budaya tertentu, pilihan pemakaian bahasa atau dialek tertentu yang dilakukan penutur, topik dan latar pembicaraan.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Menurut Hymes (1968) bidang sosiolinguistik ialah satu aktiviti disiplin di mana ahli-ahli sosiologi, antropologi dan falsafah memainkan peranan masing-masing, tetapi peranan yang penting ialah yang disumbangkan oleh ahli-ahli linguistik.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Noriah Mohamed (1998) pula membuat kesimpulan ringkas mengenai cabang sosiolinguistik iaitu bidang ilmu disiplin yang mempelajari bahasa dalam kaitannya dengan penggunaan bahasa itu dalam masyarakat.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Charles Morris dalam bukunya ‘Sign, Language and Behaviour’ (1946) membicarakan bahasa sebagai sistem lambang dalam tiga kajian berkenaan dengan fokus perhatian yang diberikan. Kajian antara lambang dan penuturnya disebut sebagai sosiolinguistik.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://dadwayne.blogspot.com/feeds/7611955212357782703/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://dadwayne.blogspot.com/2010/03/pengenalan-kepada-sosiolinguistik.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6601081049127986873/posts/default/7611955212357782703'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6601081049127986873/posts/default/7611955212357782703'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://dadwayne.blogspot.com/2010/03/pengenalan-kepada-sosiolinguistik.html' title='Pengenalan Kepada Sosiolinguistik'/><author><name>Cikgu Griffen</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08313231714616244756</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjG1QroNiEZawnBKrcwzWIR_4WUzec3AxzdpJ2pJjYDCsIZOYY0m9fdpzWS3ZcfyXARNbyZaqi0oXfDg9Ibfo43PmLgUoxheczp2XiTpjcEV4xPu7SSbnAVqXT0ZyPf4w/s220/1_292996948l.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6601081049127986873.post-3319364623573096996</id><published>2010-03-17T02:06:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2010-03-17T02:06:55.949-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Taksonomi Bloom</title><content type='html'>&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:.25pt;margin-right:1.45pt;margin-bottom: 10.0pt;margin-left:1.45pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%;background:white&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color:black;letter-spacing:.1pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;Taksonomi Bloom adalah satu model yang biasa digunakan untuk &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:black; mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;menganalisis bidang-bidang pendidikan. la berkaitan dengan objektif-objektif &lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing:-.05pt&quot;&gt;pendidikan yang melibatkan bidang-bidang seperti pengetahuan, sikap dan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing:.1pt&quot;&gt;psikomotor. Taksonomi ini menyatakan bahawa kita boleh mengajar bukan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing:-.05pt&quot;&gt;sahaja perkara-perkara yang berkaitan dengan menghafaz dan mengingat sahaja &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing:.25pt&quot;&gt;tetapi juga boleh mengajar objektif-objektif yang lebih kompleks daripada &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing:-.15pt&quot;&gt;itu.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:0in;margin-right:.95pt;margin-bottom:10.0pt; margin-left:1.45pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:34.55pt;line-height:150%; background:white&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%; font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:black;letter-spacing:.1pt;mso-ansi-language: MS&quot;&gt;Dalam taksonomi tersebut, ada tiga bidang besar yang menjadi tujuan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color:black;letter-spacing:.05pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;pendidikan yang sebenar:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:1.45pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:34.55pt; line-height:150%;mso-pagination:none;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:18.25pt; background:white;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; color:black;letter-spacing:-.1pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore&quot;&gt;(a)&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;    &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color:black;letter-spacing:.1pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;bidang kognitif&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color:black;letter-spacing:-.1pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:1.45pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:34.55pt; line-height:150%;mso-pagination:none;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:18.25pt; background:white;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; color:black;letter-spacing:-.05pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore&quot;&gt;(b)&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color:black;letter-spacing:.1pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;bidang afektif&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color:black;letter-spacing:-.05pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:1.45pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:34.55pt; line-height:150%;mso-pagination:none;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:18.25pt; background:white;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; color:black;letter-spacing:-.1pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore&quot;&gt;(c)&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;    &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color:black;letter-spacing:.05pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;bidang psikomotor&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color:black;letter-spacing:-.1pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:0in;margin-right:.25pt;margin-bottom:10.0pt; margin-left:1.45pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:34.55pt;line-height:150%; background:white&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%; font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:black;letter-spacing:.05pt;mso-ansi-language: MS&quot;&gt;Bidang kognitif ada kaitannya dengan aktiviti mental, bidang psikomotor &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color:black;letter-spacing:-.15pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;bersangkut-paut dengan aktiviti fizikal dan bidang afektif adalah menitikberatkan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color:black;letter-spacing:.05pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;kesikapan, emosi dan perasaan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%; font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:0in;margin-right:.5pt;margin-bottom:10.0pt; margin-left:1.45pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:34.55pt;line-height:150%; background:white&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%; font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;Ketiga-tiga bidang pendidikan ini terkandung dalam &lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing:-.15pt&quot;&gt;sukatan-sukatan pelajaran yang digunakan di sekolah-sekolah. Di institut pendidikan guru &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing:-.1pt&quot;&gt;perguruan pula, penglibatan kepada ketiga-tiga bidang ini memang wajar, kerana &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing:.15pt&quot;&gt;objektif kursus latihan perguruan adalah juga tidak terkecuali daripada &lt;/span&gt;menitikberatkan bidang-bidang pengetahuan, kemahiran-kemahiran mengajar &lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing: .05pt&quot;&gt;(psikomotor) dan proses pembentukan peribadi guru yang baik (afektif).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:0in;margin-right:.5pt;margin-bottom:10.0pt; margin-left:1.45pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:34.55pt;line-height:150%; background:white&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%; font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:black;letter-spacing:.05pt;mso-ansi-language: MS&quot;&gt;Dalam pengajaran dan pembelajaran bahasa, pemeringkatan kemahiran-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color:black;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;kemahiran telah didasarkan kepada model Taksonomi Bloom bertujuan agar guru-guru dapat mengelolakan pengajaran bahasa dengan baik dan di samping &lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing:.05pt&quot;&gt;itu pula dapat memilih bahan-bahan pengajaran yang secocok dengan umur, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing:-.2pt&quot;&gt;minat dan kebolehan murid-murid mereka. Guru-guru akan lebih mudah mengkaji &lt;/span&gt;bahan-bahan rujukan, mengumpul dan mengkaji pelbagai jenis soalan serta &lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing:.05pt&quot;&gt;membina pelbagai jenis soalan itu berdasarkan sesuatu bahan tertentu.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;color:black;letter-spacing:-.2pt; mso-ansi-language:MS;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt; &lt;/span&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:black; letter-spacing:-.2pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:13.2pt;margin-right:.95pt;margin-bottom: 10.0pt;margin-left:0in;text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%; background:white&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%; font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:black;letter-spacing:-.2pt;mso-ansi-language: MS&quot;&gt;Prinsip-prinsip organisasi Taksonomi Bloom berdasarkan kepada perkara-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color:black;letter-spacing:-.15pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;perkara berikut:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:.25in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in; line-height:150%;mso-pagination:none;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo2;tab-stops:-1.25in; background:white;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol;color:black;letter-spacing:-.35pt; mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list:Ignore&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:black;letter-spacing: .05pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;la&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun:yes&quot;&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;seharusnya&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun:yes&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;berdasarkan&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun:yes&quot;&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;sistem&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun:yes&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;klasifikasi&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun:yes&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;pendidikan&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun:yes&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;lojik&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun:yes&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;dan&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color:black;letter-spacing:-.25pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;psikologikal.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color:black;letter-spacing:-.35pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:.25in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in; line-height:150%;mso-pagination:none;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo2;tab-stops:-1.25in; background:white;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol;color:black;letter-spacing:-.5pt;mso-ansi-language: MS&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list:Ignore&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;                  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:black;letter-spacing: -.1pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;la&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun:yes&quot;&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;harus&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun:yes&quot;&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;memberi&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun:yes&quot;&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;kepentingan&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun:yes&quot;&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;kepada&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun:yes&quot;&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;pertimbangan-pertimbangan&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color:black;letter-spacing:-.25pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;pendidikan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color:black;letter-spacing:-.5pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:.25in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in; line-height:150%;mso-pagination:none;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo2;tab-stops:-1.25in; background:white;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol;color:black;letter-spacing:-.2pt;mso-ansi-language: MS&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list:Ignore&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:black;letter-spacing: -.1pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;la harus merupakan satu klasifikasi yang lojik dan tiap-tiap istilah hendaklah&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color:black;letter-spacing:.1pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;didefmisikan setepat yang mungkin dan digunakan secara tekal.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:black;letter-spacing: -.2pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:.25in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in; line-height:150%;mso-pagination:none;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo2;tab-stops:-1.25in; background:white;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol;color:black;letter-spacing:-.15pt; mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list:Ignore&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:black;letter-spacing: .1pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;la seharusnya sesuai dengan prinsip-prinsip dan teori-teori psikologi yang&lt;br /&gt;berkaitan dan telah diterima.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:black;letter-spacing: -.15pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://dadwayne.blogspot.com/feeds/3319364623573096996/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://dadwayne.blogspot.com/2010/03/taksonomi-bloom.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6601081049127986873/posts/default/3319364623573096996'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6601081049127986873/posts/default/3319364623573096996'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://dadwayne.blogspot.com/2010/03/taksonomi-bloom.html' title='Taksonomi Bloom'/><author><name>Cikgu Griffen</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08313231714616244756</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjG1QroNiEZawnBKrcwzWIR_4WUzec3AxzdpJ2pJjYDCsIZOYY0m9fdpzWS3ZcfyXARNbyZaqi0oXfDg9Ibfo43PmLgUoxheczp2XiTpjcEV4xPu7SSbnAVqXT0ZyPf4w/s220/1_292996948l.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6601081049127986873.post-3706349259455007300</id><published>2010-03-17T02:04:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2010-03-17T02:04:54.511-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Konsep Pentaksiran</title><content type='html'>&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:8.9pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:10.0pt; margin-left:1.45pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:34.55pt;line-height:150%; background:white&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%; font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:#434343;letter-spacing:-.15pt; mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;Dalam konteks sekarang, istilah pentaksiran mula digunakan dalam membuat penilaian. Popham (2000) berpendapat istilah pengukuran, pengujian dan penaksiran digunakan silih berganti dan dianggap sebagai sinonim. Pen­&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:#434343;letter-spacing:.05pt; mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;taksiran melibatkan proses membuat keputusan berdasar&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color:#434343;letter-spacing:-.15pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;kan suatu peraturan atau piawaian. Pentaksiran merupakan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:#434343; letter-spacing:-.1pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;sebahagian daripada proses pembelajaran. Dalam konteks &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:#434343;letter-spacing: .1pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;pendidikan juga pentaksiran dianggap sebagai suatu pro­&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:#434343;letter-spacing:-.25pt;mso-ansi-language: MS&quot;&gt;ses pembelajaran yang merangkumi aktiviti menghurai, me&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color:#434343;letter-spacing:-.2pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;ngumpul, merekod, memberikan skor (markat) dan menterjemahkan maklumat tentang pembelajaran seseorang murid &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%; font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:#434343;letter-spacing:-.1pt;mso-ansi-language: MS&quot;&gt;bagi sesuatu tujuan tertentu (Lembaga Peperiksaan Malay­&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color:#434343;letter-spacing:-.15pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;sia, 2000). Hasil pentaksiran dinyatakan dalam bentuk skor. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color:#434343;letter-spacing:-.2pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;Skor mestilah sari dan boleh dipercayai untuk memastikan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:#434343;letter-spacing: -.15pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;keadilan kepada murid serta mengekalkan kewibawaan ins&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:#434343;letter-spacing:-.1pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;titusi pentaksiran.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%; font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:.25pt;margin-right:1.45pt;margin-bottom: 10.0pt;margin-left:1.45pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:34.55pt;line-height: 150%;background:white&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%; font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:#434343;letter-spacing:-.1pt;mso-ansi-language: MS&quot;&gt;Kesimpulannya, dasar penting bagi pencapaian peng&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color:#434343;letter-spacing:-.25pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;ajaran dan pembelajaran yang berkesan adalah melalui lang&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color:#434343;letter-spacing:-.1pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;kah-langkah pengujian, pengukuran dan penilaian yang te&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:#434343;letter-spacing: -.15pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;pat dan berkesan yang dijalankan oleh guru di bilik darjah. Justeru, kecekapan guru dalam membangunkan instrumen pengujian dan penilaian amat penting malah sama penting&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color:#434343;letter-spacing:-.3pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;nya dengan penguasaan guru terhadap kurikulum yang diajar &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:#434343;letter-spacing: -.2pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;bagi menjamin keberkesanan pengajaran dan pembelajaran.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%; font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://dadwayne.blogspot.com/feeds/3706349259455007300/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://dadwayne.blogspot.com/2010/03/konsep-pentaksiran.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6601081049127986873/posts/default/3706349259455007300'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6601081049127986873/posts/default/3706349259455007300'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://dadwayne.blogspot.com/2010/03/konsep-pentaksiran.html' title='Konsep Pentaksiran'/><author><name>Cikgu Griffen</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08313231714616244756</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjG1QroNiEZawnBKrcwzWIR_4WUzec3AxzdpJ2pJjYDCsIZOYY0m9fdpzWS3ZcfyXARNbyZaqi0oXfDg9Ibfo43PmLgUoxheczp2XiTpjcEV4xPu7SSbnAVqXT0ZyPf4w/s220/1_292996948l.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6601081049127986873.post-778658160065186538</id><published>2010-03-17T02:03:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2010-03-17T02:03:54.116-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Konsep Penilaian</title><content type='html'>&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:8.65pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom: 10.0pt;margin-left:1.45pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:34.55pt;line-height: 150%;background:white&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%; font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:#444444;letter-spacing:-.15pt; mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;Penilaian merupakan suatu istilah yang boleh didefinisi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color:#434343;letter-spacing:-.3pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;kan dengan banyak cara. Menilai boleh dianggap sebagai &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:#434343;letter-spacing: -.2pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;proses membuat pertimbangan atau membuat keputusan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color:#434343;letter-spacing:-.25pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;dalam memberikan nilai, mutu, kualiti, harga bagi sesuatu &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:#434343; letter-spacing:-.3pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;benda atau perkara. Stufflebeam &lt;i&gt;et al. &lt;/i&gt;(1971:xxv) menya&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:#434343;letter-spacing: -.25pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;takan penilaian sebagai &lt;i&gt;the process of delineating, obtain­&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:#434343;letter-spacing: -.4pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;ing, and providing useful information for judging decision &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%; font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:#434343;letter-spacing:-.3pt;mso-ansi-language: MS&quot;&gt;alternatives. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:#434343;letter-spacing:-.3pt; mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;Definisi ini menjangkau sehingga melepasi &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color:#434343;letter-spacing:-.35pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;maksud pengujian dan pengukuran.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%; font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:0in;margin-right:.7pt;margin-bottom:10.0pt; margin-left:1.45pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:34.55pt;line-height:150%; background:white&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%; font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:#434343;letter-spacing:-.2pt;mso-ansi-language: MS&quot;&gt;Gay (1985) berpendapat bahawa penilaian ialah satu &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color:#434343;letter-spacing:-.3pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;proses yang dianggap bersistem semasa mengumpul dan menganalisis data bagi menentukan sama ada sesuatu ob&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%; font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:#434343;letter-spacing:-.25pt; mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;jektif yang ditetapkan itu telah tercapai. Hal ini seterusnya &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%; font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:#434343;letter-spacing:-.3pt;mso-ansi-language: MS&quot;&gt;bertujuan untuk membolehkan guru dapat membuat per­&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color:#434343;letter-spacing:-.4pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;timbangan atau keputusan yang tepat berhubung dengan pe&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:#434343; letter-spacing:-.35pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;ngajaran dan pembelajaran. Hal ini berbeza daripada peng­&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:#434343;letter-spacing:-.45pt; mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;ukuran yang melibatkan pemberian nombor-nombor tertentu &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color:#434343;letter-spacing:-.3pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;yang lebih bersifat kuantitatif.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%; font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:0in;margin-right:1.45pt;margin-bottom: 10.0pt;margin-left:1.45pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:34.55pt;line-height: 150%;background:white&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%; font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:#434343;letter-spacing:-.45pt; mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;Terdahulu daripada itu, Popham (1975) mentafsirkan pe­&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color:#434343;letter-spacing:-.3pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;nilaian yang bersistem mestilah mengandungi satu tafsiran &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:#434343;letter-spacing: -.35pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;yang formal tentang nilai fenomena pendidikan. Secara menyeluruh, penilaian pendidikan mencakupi aspek-aspek se&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color:#434343;letter-spacing:-.4pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;perti hasil pengajaran, program pengajaran dan matlamat ke &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color:#434343;letter-spacing:-.25pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;arah usaha pengajaran itu ditentukan. Dalam sesuatu bilik &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:#434343;letter-spacing: -.4pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;darjah, apabila guru memberikan ujian, adakah guru berkenaan mengukur atau menilai pencapaian murid? Dalam ke&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color:#434343;letter-spacing:-.35pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;adaan ini kita boleh mengatakan bahawa guru sebenarnya mengukur pencapaian murid melalui ujian yang dijalankan. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%; font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:#434343;letter-spacing:-.3pt;mso-ansi-language: MS&quot;&gt;Tindakan susulan yang dilakukan guru dengan mengguna­&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color:#434343;letter-spacing:-.45pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;kan keputusan ujian itu berserta maklumat lain yang berkait&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:#434343; letter-spacing:-.3pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;an untuk menilai prestasi murid berkenaan. Dalam sesetengah keadaan, penilaian dibuat tanpa sebarang pengukuran &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color:#434343;letter-spacing:-.4pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;yang melibatkan ujian terlebih dahulu; tetapi hanya melibat­&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:#434343; letter-spacing:-.3pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;kan pertimbangan nilai semata-mata.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:0in;margin-right:1.45pt;margin-bottom: 10.0pt;margin-left:1.45pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:34.55pt;line-height: 150%;background:white&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%; font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:#434343;letter-spacing:-.45pt; mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;Dengan itu, di sini jelas menunjukkan bahawa penilaian &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color:#434343;letter-spacing:-.3pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;boleh dijalankan dengan menggunakan maklumat atau data &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:#434343; letter-spacing:-.45pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;yang berbentuk kuantitatif atau data berbentuk kualitatif atau &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:#434343;letter-spacing: -.25pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;melibatkan kedua-duanya sekali. Secara kuantitatif, mak&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%; font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:#434343;letter-spacing:-.3pt;mso-ansi-language: MS&quot;&gt;lumat yang diperoleh melalui penilaian dinyatakan dalam bentuk angka dan maklumat ini boleh disusun, dikemaskinikan serta diringkaskan dalam kaedah yang lebih mudah difahami. Sementara secara kualitatif pula, maklumat dapat &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color:#434343;letter-spacing:-.25pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;dinyatakan atau dihuraikan tanpa menggunakan nombor-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:#434343;letter-spacing: -.3pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;nombor. Contohnya, Ali menyelesaikan tugas yang diberikan oleh guru dengan kemas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;color:#434343;letter-spacing:-.3pt; mso-ansi-language:MS;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA&quot;&gt;Secara ringkas, prosedur penilaian mengandungi aspek &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;color:#434343;letter-spacing:-.25pt; mso-ansi-language:MS;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA&quot;&gt;pengujian, pengukuran, penganalisisan serta merumuskan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;color:#434343;letter-spacing:-.4pt; mso-ansi-language:MS;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA&quot;&gt;data yang diperoleh.&lt;/span&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://dadwayne.blogspot.com/feeds/778658160065186538/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://dadwayne.blogspot.com/2010/03/konsep-penilaian.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6601081049127986873/posts/default/778658160065186538'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6601081049127986873/posts/default/778658160065186538'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://dadwayne.blogspot.com/2010/03/konsep-penilaian.html' title='Konsep Penilaian'/><author><name>Cikgu Griffen</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08313231714616244756</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjG1QroNiEZawnBKrcwzWIR_4WUzec3AxzdpJ2pJjYDCsIZOYY0m9fdpzWS3ZcfyXARNbyZaqi0oXfDg9Ibfo43PmLgUoxheczp2XiTpjcEV4xPu7SSbnAVqXT0ZyPf4w/s220/1_292996948l.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6601081049127986873.post-2787287218637020034</id><published>2010-03-17T02:01:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2010-03-17T02:02:42.562-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Konsep Pengukuran</title><content type='html'>&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:0in;margin-right:1.45pt;margin-bottom: 10.0pt;margin-left:1.45pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:34.55pt;line-height: 150%;background:white&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%; font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:#434343;letter-spacing:-.05pt; mso-ansi-language:MS;mso-bidi-font-style:italic&quot;&gt;Pengukuran&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color:#434343;letter-spacing:-.05pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;membawa maksud yang lebih luas ber&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%; font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:#434343;letter-spacing:-.15pt; mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;banding dengan pengujian. Pengukuran bermaksud sebagai suatu proses mendapatkan penjelasan secara numerik atau &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color:#434343;letter-spacing:-.1pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;melalui angka tentang sebanyak mana individu atau murid &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:#434343;letter-spacing: -.15pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;mempunyai sesuatu ciri yang diukur dengan menggunakan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%; font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:#434343;letter-spacing:-.05pt; mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;instrumen. Atau dalam erti kata lain langkah menentukan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color:#434343;letter-spacing:-.1pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;tahap sejauh mana seseorang individu memiliki sifat-sifat &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:#434343; letter-spacing:-.2pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;tertentu.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:0in;margin-right:1.7pt;margin-bottom:10.0pt; margin-left:1.45pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:34.55pt;line-height:150%; background:white&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%; font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:#434343;letter-spacing:.05pt;mso-ansi-language: MS&quot;&gt;Biasanya kita mewakilkan sesuatu indeks berbentuk &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color:#434343;letter-spacing:-.05pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;angka kepada prestasi seseorang individu supaya status in&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:#444444;letter-spacing: -.15pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;dividu berkenaan lebih tepat dan dapat mevvakili sifat ter&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%; font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:#444444;letter-spacing:-.1pt;mso-ansi-language: MS&quot;&gt;tentu. Misalnya, Ramli mendapat markah 60 peratus dalam &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color:#444444;letter-spacing:.15pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;ujian Matematik. Kita tidak menyatakan prestasi Ramli &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:#444444;letter-spacing: -.35pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;sama ada baik atau sebaliknya. Akan tetapi, kita hanya meng&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%; font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:#444444;letter-spacing:-.2pt;mso-ansi-language: MS&quot;&gt;ukur tanpa menentukan nilai. Justeru, pengukuran hanyalah &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color:#444444;letter-spacing:-.1pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;merupakan penentuan status atau tahap.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:.25pt;margin-right:.5pt;margin-bottom: 10.0pt;margin-left:1.45pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:34.55pt;line-height: 150%;background:white&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%; font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:#444444;letter-spacing:-.3pt;mso-ansi-language: MS&quot;&gt;Pengukuran boleh dilaksanakan tanpa pengujian. Sebagai &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color:#444444;letter-spacing:-.1pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;contoh, proses mendapatkan maklumat berbentuk kuantita&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:#444444; letter-spacing:-.15pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;tif menggunakan proses pencerapan atau penggunaan skala &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:#444444;letter-spacing:-.1pt; mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;pemeringkatan. Berbeza daripada pengujian yang hendak &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color:#444444;letter-spacing:-.15pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;mendapatkan maklumat sebanyak mana prestasi yang diperoleh, pengukuran pula menjurus pada banyak mana skor &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%; font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:#444444;letter-spacing:-.1pt;mso-ansi-language: MS&quot;&gt;atau markat yang diperoleh dengan menggunakan proses &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color:#444444;letter-spacing:-.25pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;tertentu.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:0in;margin-right:1.2pt;margin-bottom:10.0pt; margin-left:1.45pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:34.55pt;line-height:150%; background:white&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%; font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:#444444;letter-spacing:-.05pt; mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;Seperti pengujian, pengukuran juga tidak bersifat mut&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color:#444444;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;lak. Pengukuran ketinggian mental seseorang individu su&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing:-.25pt&quot;&gt;dah tentu lebih sukar dan tidak dapat dilakukan dengan tepat berbanding dengan pengukuran ketinggian fizikal seseorang &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing:-.15pt&quot;&gt;individu yang menggunakan alat ukur yang tepat seperti &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing:.1pt&quot;&gt;penggunaan pembaris. Sebagai contoh, seseorang murid &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing: .05pt&quot;&gt;yang mendapat skor 90 tidak boleh dianggap mengetahui &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing:.2pt&quot;&gt;dua kali ganda murid yang mendapat skor 45 walaupun &lt;/span&gt;skor 90 itu dua kali angka 45. Sementara seseorang yang &lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing:-.1pt&quot;&gt;mendapat skor sifar pula tidak juga boleh dianggap sebagai tidak mempelajari sebarang perkara atau tidak memahami &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing:-.2pt&quot;&gt;sebarang perkara tentang sesuatu pelajaran yang dilalui. Hal &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing:-.15pt&quot;&gt;ini jelas menunjukkan pengukuran aspek berkenaan bukan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing:-.1pt&quot;&gt;lah petunjuk yang tepat sebagaimana mengukur ketinggian murid menggunakan kayu ukur atau pembaris.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:.25pt;margin-right:1.7pt;margin-bottom: 10.0pt;margin-left:1.45pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:34.55pt;line-height: 150%;background:white&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%; font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:#444444;letter-spacing:-.1pt;mso-ansi-language: MS&quot;&gt;Oleh itu, seseorang guru harus menggunakan instru&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color:#444444;letter-spacing:.05pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;men yang tepat bagi menghasilkan keputusan yang tepat. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:#444444;letter-spacing: -.1pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;Jika instrumen yang digunakan cacat, maka sudah pastilah &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%; font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:#444444;letter-spacing:.05pt;mso-ansi-language: MS&quot;&gt;hasil yang diperoleh daripada ukuran yang dijalankan itu &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color:#444444;letter-spacing:-.05pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;juga tidak tepat.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://dadwayne.blogspot.com/feeds/2787287218637020034/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://dadwayne.blogspot.com/2010/03/konsep-pengukuran.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6601081049127986873/posts/default/2787287218637020034'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6601081049127986873/posts/default/2787287218637020034'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://dadwayne.blogspot.com/2010/03/konsep-pengukuran.html' title='Konsep Pengukuran'/><author><name>Cikgu Griffen</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08313231714616244756</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjG1QroNiEZawnBKrcwzWIR_4WUzec3AxzdpJ2pJjYDCsIZOYY0m9fdpzWS3ZcfyXARNbyZaqi0oXfDg9Ibfo43PmLgUoxheczp2XiTpjcEV4xPu7SSbnAVqXT0ZyPf4w/s220/1_292996948l.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6601081049127986873.post-7020084111581094358</id><published>2010-03-17T02:00:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2010-03-17T02:01:21.071-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Konsep Pengujian</title><content type='html'>&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:.25pt;margin-right:1.7pt;margin-bottom: 10.0pt;margin-left:1.45pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:34.55pt;line-height: 150%;background:white&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%; font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:#434343;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;Menurut Cronbach (1970), ujian ialah satu prosedur &lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing:-.4pt&quot;&gt;yang bersistem untuk memerhatikan perlakuan atau tingkah &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing:-.35pt&quot;&gt;laku seseorang individu dan membuat huraian dengan ban-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing:-.25pt&quot;&gt;tuan skala bernombor, atau satu sistem yang berkategori. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing:.1pt&quot;&gt;Contohnya, skala bernombor seperti 30/100 untuk ujian &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing: -.1pt&quot;&gt;penglihatan, 100 untuk ujian darjah kecerdasan dan 80/100 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing:-.15pt&quot;&gt;bagi ujian pencapaian bagi sesuatu mata pelajaran. Semen-tara contoh sistem berkategori pula seperti &lt;i&gt;ekstrovert &lt;/i&gt;atau &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing:-.2pt&quot;&gt;introvert &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing:-.2pt&quot;&gt;bagi ujian personaliti atau rabun warna bagi ujian &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing:-.15pt&quot;&gt;penglihatan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing:.1pt&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:.5pt;margin-right:.5pt;margin-bottom:10.0pt; margin-left:1.45pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:34.55pt;line-height:150%; background:white&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%; font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:#434343;letter-spacing:-.15pt; mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;Kepentingan pengujian bagi mengukur perubahan ting&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color:#434343;letter-spacing:-.2pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;kah laku murid seperti yang dinyatakan di atas, dikukuhkan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:#434343;letter-spacing: -.1pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;oleh Milagros (1981) seperti yang dipetik dalam Raminah Haji Sabran (1991) yang menegaskan bahawa:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:6.7pt;margin-right:22.3pt;margin-bottom: 10.0pt;margin-left:1.45pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:34.55pt;line-height: 150%;background:white&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color:#434343;letter-spacing:-.2pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;Ujian adalah suatu cara untuk mendapatkan contohan perlakuan yang diperlihatkan oleh murid dalam keadaan yang dikawal atau ditentukan. Maklumat yang diperoleh &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:#434343;letter-spacing: -.1pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;daripadanya akan dijadikan dasar untuk membuat pe-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:#434343;letter-spacing: -.15pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;nilaian atau pengadilan. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:6.7pt;margin-right:22.3pt; margin-bottom:10.0pt;margin-left:1.45pt;text-align:right;text-indent:34.55pt; line-height:150%;background:white&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color:#434343;letter-spacing:-.15pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;(Raminah, 1991:2).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:7.7pt;margin-right:.95pt;margin-bottom: 10.0pt;margin-left:1.45pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:34.55pt;line-height: 150%;background:white&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%; font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:#434343;letter-spacing:-.15pt; mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;Hasil daripada jawapan yang diberikan oleh murid, satu &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color:#434343;letter-spacing:-.1pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;ukuran yang disebut sebagai markat (skor) akan diberikan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:#434343; letter-spacing:-.15pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;kepada individu berkenaan. Pengujian menjelaskan kedu-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:#434343;letter-spacing: -.1pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;dukan prestasi murid yang diuji.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:0in;margin-right:.95pt;margin-bottom:10.0pt; margin-left:1.45pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:34.55pt;line-height:150%; background:white&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%; font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:#434343;letter-spacing:-.1pt;mso-ansi-language: MS&quot;&gt;Proses pengujian lazimnya bermula dengan peringkat persediaan, diikuti dengan pelaksanaan (pentadbiran ujian) dan berakhir dengan pemeriksaan skrip jawapan. Melalui &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%; font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:#434343;letter-spacing:-.05pt; mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;proses pengujian inilah seseorang guru dapat mengetahui &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color:#434343;letter-spacing:-.15pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;sama ada murid-muridnya telah menguasai sejumlah kemahiran yang dipelajari.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://dadwayne.blogspot.com/feeds/7020084111581094358/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://dadwayne.blogspot.com/2010/03/konsep-pengujian.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6601081049127986873/posts/default/7020084111581094358'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6601081049127986873/posts/default/7020084111581094358'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://dadwayne.blogspot.com/2010/03/konsep-pengujian.html' title='Konsep Pengujian'/><author><name>Cikgu Griffen</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08313231714616244756</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjG1QroNiEZawnBKrcwzWIR_4WUzec3AxzdpJ2pJjYDCsIZOYY0m9fdpzWS3ZcfyXARNbyZaqi0oXfDg9Ibfo43PmLgUoxheczp2XiTpjcEV4xPu7SSbnAVqXT0ZyPf4w/s220/1_292996948l.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6601081049127986873.post-8459316828099418610</id><published>2010-03-17T01:48:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2010-03-17T01:59:37.004-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Konsep Pengujian, Pengukuran dan Penilaian</title><content type='html'>&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:6.95pt;margin-right:.5pt;margin-bottom: 10.0pt;margin-left:1.45pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:34.55pt;line-height: normal;background:white&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:#434343;letter-spacing:-.35pt;mso-ansi-language: MS&quot;&gt;Dalam membuat sebarang keputusan sama ada mudah atau &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:#434343; letter-spacing:-.3pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;sukar, penilaian wajar dilakukan terlebih dahulu. Dalam &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:#434343;letter-spacing:-.25pt;mso-ansi-language: MS&quot;&gt;konteks ini penilaian yang dijalankan melibatkan penentu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:#434343; letter-spacing:-.4pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;an objektif, mendapatkan maklumat, memproses maklumat &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:#434343;letter-spacing:-.3pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;dan membuat kesimpulan serta keputusan. Apabila proses &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:#434343; letter-spacing:-.2pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;yang dijalankan itu dibuat secara bersistem dan saintifik, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt; font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:#434343;letter-spacing:-.3pt;mso-ansi-language: MS&quot;&gt;maka keputusan yang diperoleh lebih tepat dan seterusnya tindakan yang diambil benar-benar sesuai.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt; font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:0in;margin-right:1.2pt;margin-bottom:10.0pt; margin-left:1.45pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:34.55pt;line-height:normal; background:white&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color:#434343;letter-spacing:-.25pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;Sebenarnya aktiviti penilaian dalam bidang sains per&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt; font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:#434343;letter-spacing:-.35pt; mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;lakuan dan sains kemasyarakatan bermula dengan percuba&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:#434343; letter-spacing:-.3pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;an kajian yang dijalankan oleh Galton dan Binet dengan mengukur kebolehan individu. Bermula dengan kajian ter&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:#434343; letter-spacing:-.45pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;sebut, konsep penilaian berkembang sehingga muncul beberapa istilah yang berkaitan seperti pengukuran, penilaian dan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color:#434343;letter-spacing:-.25pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;pentaksiran. Dalam pengukuran, individu didedahkan ke&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt; font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:#434343;letter-spacing:-.55pt; mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;pada pemboleh ubah yang sama dalam keadaan terkawal. Se&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:#434343; letter-spacing:-.4pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;bagai contoh, pengukuran yang dijalankan bagi menguji kecerdasan kanak-kanak adalah melalui ujian Stanford-Binet, Raven-Matrices, Weschler dan A.C.E.R.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;mso-ansi-language: MS&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:0in;margin-right:1.45pt;margin-bottom: 10.0pt;margin-left:1.45pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:34.55pt;line-height: normal;background:white&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:#434343;letter-spacing:-.3pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;Apabila sesuatu penilaian ingin dijalankan, sekurang-kurangnya dua keputusan yang utama perlu diambil. Per&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:#434343;letter-spacing:-.4pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;tama, berkaitan dengan tujuan penilaian dijalankan. Contoh&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:#434343; letter-spacing:-.15pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;nya, untuk menentukan sama ada taraf bacaan murid di &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:#434343;letter-spacing:-.35pt;mso-ansi-language: MS&quot;&gt;sekolah rendah berada pada tahap yang tidak memuaskan, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:#434343; letter-spacing:-.25pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;memerlukan guru mengambil satu tindakan yang lain dari&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:#434343;letter-spacing:.1pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;pada tindakan yang pernah diambil. Kedua, berkaitan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:#434343; letter-spacing:-.3pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;dengan pemilihan model, iaitu alat-alat prosedur dan cara &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt; font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:#434343;letter-spacing:-.25pt; mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;untuk menjalankan penganalisisan. Seseorang penilai akan memilih model yang dirasai dapat memberikan maklumat &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:#434343; letter-spacing:-.3pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;yang lengkap kepadanya.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;mso-ansi-language: MS&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:.7pt;margin-right:.5pt;margin-bottom:10.0pt; margin-left:1.45pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:34.55pt;line-height:normal; background:white&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color:#434343;letter-spacing:-.25pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;Penilaian ialah konsep yang digunakan dalam pelbagai &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:#434343;letter-spacing:-.4pt; mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;bidang yang mempunyai matlamat tersendiri. Dengan mem­&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:#434343; letter-spacing:-.25pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;buat penilaian, anggaran boleh dibuat sama ada matlamat &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt; font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:#434343;letter-spacing:-.35pt; mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;yang telah ditetapkan itu tercapai atau sebaliknya. Penilaian &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color:#434343;letter-spacing:-.2pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;juga dapat dianggap sebagai satu cara mendapatkan bukti &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt; font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:#434343;letter-spacing:-.1pt;mso-ansi-language: MS&quot;&gt;yang tepat tentang sesuatu. Maklumat dan bukti ini amat &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:#434343; letter-spacing:-.55pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;pen ting dalam menyelesaikan sebarang masalah yang timbul. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt; font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:#434343;letter-spacing:-.25pt; mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;Misalnya dalam pendidikan, masalah yang dapat diselesai-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:#434343; letter-spacing:-.35pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;kan merupakan pencapaian terhadap sesuatu matlamat yang ditetapkan seperti menguasai kemahiran membaca, menulis &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:#434343; letter-spacing:-.3pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;dan mengira (3M) kepada murid sekolah rendah.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:0in;margin-right:1.7pt;margin-bottom:10.0pt; margin-left:1.45pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:34.55pt;line-height:normal; background:white&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color:#434343;letter-spacing:-.35pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;Dalam membuat penilaian, anda mungkin kerap berha&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt; font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:#434343;letter-spacing:-.25pt; mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;dapan dengan pelbagai masalah atau persoalan. Misalnya, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:#434343; letter-spacing:-.4pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;adakah bukti mencukupi atau bagaimana cara mendapatkan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt; font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:#434343;letter-spacing:-.35pt; mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;maklumat, siapa yang perlu mendapatkan maklumat dan sebagainya. Dengan memahami konsep pengujian, pengukur&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:#434343; letter-spacing:-.4pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;an dan penilaian, anda akan dapat merancang Langkah-langkah untuk mendapatkan maklumat yang tepat dengan lebih &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:#434343; letter-spacing:-.3pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;teratur dan bersistem.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;mso-ansi-language: MS&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:.25pt;margin-right:2.15pt;margin-bottom: 10.0pt;margin-left:1.45pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:34.55pt;line-height: normal;background:white&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:#434343;letter-spacing:-.2pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;Antara ketiga-tiga istilah berkenaan, pengujian selalu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:#434343; letter-spacing:-.25pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;nya dianggap mendukung maksud yang lebih sempit atau &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:#434343;letter-spacing:-.35pt;mso-ansi-language: MS&quot;&gt;khusus. Pengujian merupakan proses penyerahan set soalan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;color:#434343; letter-spacing:-.45pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;yang piawai yang perlu dijawab, atau satu set instrumen atau prosedur yang bersistem bagi mengukur sampel tingkah laku &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color:#434343;letter-spacing:-.25pt;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;atau perubahan seseorang individu atau murid.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt; font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;mso-ansi-language:MS&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://dadwayne.blogspot.com/feeds/8459316828099418610/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://dadwayne.blogspot.com/2010/03/konsep-pengujian-pengukuran-dan.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6601081049127986873/posts/default/8459316828099418610'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6601081049127986873/posts/default/8459316828099418610'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://dadwayne.blogspot.com/2010/03/konsep-pengujian-pengukuran-dan.html' title='Konsep Pengujian, Pengukuran dan Penilaian'/><author><name>Cikgu Griffen</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08313231714616244756</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjG1QroNiEZawnBKrcwzWIR_4WUzec3AxzdpJ2pJjYDCsIZOYY0m9fdpzWS3ZcfyXARNbyZaqi0oXfDg9Ibfo43PmLgUoxheczp2XiTpjcEV4xPu7SSbnAVqXT0ZyPf4w/s220/1_292996948l.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6601081049127986873.post-415715641436993269</id><published>2010-03-16T21:00:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2010-03-16T21:02:31.462-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Konsep Kerjaya Guru Sebagai Ibadah</title><content type='html'>&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;PERSPEKTIF AGAMA &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt; &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;AGAMA ISLAM &lt;/b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:.25in;line-height: 150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Menurut konsep perguruan dalam islam ,pendidik atau guru merupakan murabbi,mualim,muadib,alim atau ulamak. Hal ini menunjukkan guru merupakan profesion yang mulia dalam perspektif  agama islam. Guru juga dikelaskan sebagai: &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;    a) Al-mu&#39;allim                   &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Wingdings; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Ü&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt; menyampaikan ilmu yang benar &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;    b) Al-murabbi                    &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Wingdings; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Ü&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt; menjayakan proses tarbiah &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;    c) Al-mu&#39;addi                   &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Wingdings; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Ü&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt; mengajarkan adab dan budi pekerti &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;    d) Al-mursyid                    &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Wingdings; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Ü&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt; membentuk kepimpinan insan &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;    e) Al-mudarris                   &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Wingdings; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Ü&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt; menitipkan pelajaran dan kemahiran &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;    f) Qdwatun hasanah       &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Wingdings; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Ü&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt; beri contoh yang baik &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:.25in;line-height: 150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;            Di samping itu, guru pergi ke sekolah dianggap sebagai pergi ke medan jihad kerana mereka mereka bertindak untuk menentang, membasmi dan mencegah kejahilan,kelemahan,kealpaan, kemunduran dan kehinaan akibat tidak berilmu pengetahuan. Mengajar dengan perasaan ikhlas dan tanpa sebarang muslihat dan tipu helah dianggap sebagai suatu ibadah. Oleh itu, keikhlasan guru dalam mencurahkan ilmu akan menjadi keberkatan kepada pelajar. wahyu yang diturunkan dalam Surah Iqra, menyeru manusia untuk menuntut ilmu  dan mencari keredaan Allah.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:.25in;line-height: 150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;      Ilmu membentuk keperibadian yang  tinggi (bersih dan suci) serta minda yang terbuka.  Semua itu diadun dari curahan ilmu dari guru dan pendidik yang mengajar. Ilmu ibarat mutiara yang bernilai tinggi apalagi ilmu yang bersangkutan dengan ilmu ketuhanan.Tugas dan tanggungjawab guru bukan hanya mendidik malah membimbing pelajar ke jalan kebenaran, ke jalan takwa dan menunjuk jalan akhirat. Guru hendaklah menyedari bahawa tugas mendidik anak bangsa merupakan suatu amanah Allah Taala yang tidak boleh disia-siakan.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Guru juga mengamalkan konsep kerjayanya sebagai suatu ibadah dalam melaksanakan prinsip-prinsip “Maqasid Assyariah” (menjaga, memelihara dan memperkasakan agama, akal, nyawa,keturunan dan harta).  Guru menggembeling tenaga dalam  menyemai benih-benih keimanan, ketaqwaan dan keinsafan kepada generasi sekarang  dan akan datang.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;AGAMA BUDDHA &lt;/b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Agama Buddha merupakan agama yang mempunyai penganut yang paling ramai di negara China.  Agama ini sangat mementingkan ilmu dan disiplin yang tinggi. Tempat untuk belajar ajaran Buddha dinamakan Rumah rahib atau disebut Sangha.  Kemasukan bukan sahaja kepada rahib dan rahib perempuan sahaja tetapi kepada sesiapa sahaja yang berminat, termasuk mereka yang bukan penganut Buddha. Kaedah penyampaian adalah secara lisan sahaja.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt; Oleh itu, murid-murid dikehendaki menghafal segala yang terkandung dalam &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;dhamma&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;, iaitu kebenaran  dan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;vinaya&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt; , iaitu disiplin atau peraturan. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Rahib dan rahib perempuan buddha juga amat dihormati oleh penganutnya. Mereka dianggap sebagai role model kerana mereka mempunyai ilmu yang lengkap dan mendalam mengenai doktrin dan disiplin Buddha.  Mereka sebagai sumber di mana penganut memperoleh pahala melalui pemberian hadiah (berbentuk wang tunai atau barangan) dan sokongan moral. Sebagai balasan, rahib dan rahib perempuan dikehendaki menumpukan perhatian sepenuh kepada pengajian doktrin Buddha, bertafakur dan berhemah tinggi. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;AGAMA HINDU &lt;/b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Menurut agama Hindu, guru merupakan wakil yang dihantar oleh Tuhan ke dunia ini. Justeru,guru merupakan pekerjaan yang mulia dan dipandang tinggi oleh masyarakat Hindu. Hal ini dapat dilihat melalui hieraki sosial masyarakat hindu, guru diberi penghormatan yang amat tinggi. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Murid-murid amat menghormati guru mereka dan tetap mengikuti segala ajaran yang disampaikan agar memperoleh ilmu dan pengetahuan sama ada yang melibatkan akademik,sosial dan keagamaan yang sempurna. Tanggungjawab ibu bapa hanyalah kepada kebajikan fizikal anak-anak, sementara guru bertanggungjawab terhadap kebajikan kerohanian anak mereka. Mereka menggunakan cara hafalan. Menghabiskan masa untuk memahami setiap ayat yang terkandung dalam kitab berkenaan. Apabila guru sudah berpuas hati, barulah mereka dikatakan sudah menamatkan pengajian mereka, lalu dibenarkan meninggalkan guru mereka.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;AGAMA SIKH &lt;/b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;            Menurut  agama sikh, guru merupakan jambatan yang menghubungkan manusia dengan Tuhan.  Betapa mulianya profesion perguruan kerana guru dikaitkan dengan Tuhan bagi perspektif agama sikh. Guru Nanak adalah pengasas agama Sikh dan dikenali sebagai guru pertama dalam rantaian 10 orang Guru.  Guru yang terakhir dalam rantaian itu   ialah Guru Gobind Singh.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;            Guru merupakan orang yang sangat penting dalam masyarakat sikh kerana mereka dianggap sebagai pelita jalan yang akan menunjukkan jalan yang benar kepada murid– muridnya.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt; Mereka juga mempunyai budi pekerti beliau yang baik dan ramah tamah. Oleh itu, murid-murid mereka akan menjadi sempurna, berupaya mengatasi sebarang masalah yang dihadapi, menjadi senang hati, dan bercantum menjadi satu dengan kebanaran. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;AGAMA KRISTIAN &lt;/b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Agama kristian merupakan agama yang yang memberi kedudukan yang tinggi terhadap guru. Dalam agama ini sendiri, Yesus kristus merupakan seorang guru yang agung. Yesus sentiasa berusaha untuk mengajar tentang pelbagai perkara merangkumi duniawi dan surgawi  dan memberi nasihat kepada anak – anak muridnya supaya mereka dapat melakukan perkara yang baik berlandaskan firman Tuhan yang terdapat di dalam Alkitab atau Bible.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Guru sebagai seorang pemimpin dan menjadi role model kepada anak-anak murid hendaklah sentiasa berusaha untuk mendidik dan  memberi ilmu pengetahuan dengan ikhlas tanpa mengharapkan balasan. Hal ini membuatkan seseorang guru akan sentiasa berasa puas hati  kerana dapat melahirkan anak-anak murid yang berjaya dan menjadi manusia yang berguna kepada bangsa dan agama. Tuhan lebih mengetahui  tujuan dan usaha kita sebagai seorang guru, keikhlasan kita akan sentiasa dilihatNya dan Dia lebih mengetahui waktunya Dia akan membalas kebaikan kita tersebut.  &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;PANDANGAN DAN PENDAPAT AHLI FALSAFAH&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Essensialisme&lt;/b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Falsafah ini diasaskan oleh William C. Bagley(1938). Antara pendidik yang tergolong dalam mazhab ini ialah :&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:1.0in;text-align:justify;text-indent: -.25in;line-height:150%;mso-list:l0 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;1.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;    &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Thomas Briggs.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:1.0in;text-align:justify;text-indent: -.25in;line-height:150%;mso-list:l0 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;2.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;    &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Frederick Breed.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:1.0in;text-align:justify;text-indent: -.25in;line-height:150%;mso-list:l0 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 1.0in&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;3.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;    &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Isaac L. Kandel.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Menurut falsafah ini, guru merupakan seorang model dan seorang yang berpendidikan dan berpengetahuan dalam kebudayaan bangsa dan nilai- nilai tradisional masyarakat. Manakala pendapat Brickman(1958) ahli- ahli essensialisme meletakkan guru di tengah- tengah(pusat) alam pendidikan. Mereka menganggap bahawa inisiatif dalam pendidikan terletak di bahu guru dan bukan di bahu pelajar.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Guru juga seharusnya mencerminkan kebaikan sesuatu masyarakat. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Guru memainkan peranan utama dalam proses pendidikan, membantu pelajar memperoleh keperluan dan kualiti kehidupan orang dewasa agar mereka berjaya hidup dalam masyarakat terus menerus.(James B. Conant dan Hyman George Rickover)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt; Guru juga harus mengamalkan sikap pimpinan demokratik, mengambil inisiatif untuk menjalankan tugas sebagai pengajar, kreatif, membentuk iklim kondusif untuk aktiviti pengajaran dan pembelajaran dan mahir menggunakan teknik peneguhan atau ganjaran dan denda. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Progresivisme&lt;/b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Falsafah ini diasaskan  di Amerika Syarikat pada pertengahan tahun 1920-an. Falsafah ini muncul daripada pragmatisme dan kemudian dibentuk untuk pendidikan oleh John Dewey.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Menurut falsafah ini, guru merupakan  pembimbing atau penasihat dalam membantu pelajar- pelajar mengenali masalah- masalah yang dihadapi oleh mereka dalam persekitaran yang berubah. Hal ini membolehkan murid-murid dapat belajar dengan persekitaran yang baik dan selesa. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Rekonstruktivisme&lt;/b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:.25in;line-height: 150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Rekonstruktivisme merupakan falsafah pendidikan yang dipecahkan daripada aliran fahaman progresivisme dan menjadi falsafah sendiri. Pelopor utama ialah George S. Counts(1899- 1974) dan Harold O. Rugg(1886- 1960). Kedua- duanya ialah penyokong pragmatisme John Dewey.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;            Menurut  falsafah ini, peranan guru bukanlah untuk menyampaikan pengetahuan, tetapi berperanan untuk menimbulkan isu- isu sosial yang dianggap penting. Hal ini dapat membentuk kematangan di dalam pelajar dan mereka lebih mengenali diri sendiri. Di samping itu, guru perlu menerang dan mencadangkan kepada para pelajarnya bentuk masyarakat demokrasi yang merupakan suatu persekitaran yang baik di mana manusia digalakkan untuk membentuk bakat yang ada pada diri mereka.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt; &lt;/b&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 24px; font-size: 16px; &quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Eksistensialisme&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Falsafah ini berdasarkan Naturalisme Rousseau dan mazhab Humanis. Dipelopori oleh Carl Rogers(1902- 1987)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Menurut falsafah ini pula, sebagai manusia yang bebas, guru mestilah berusaha untuk mendedahkan dan memerangi semua kuasa dalam kebudayaan dan masyarakat yang cuba menghilangkan sifat- sifat perikemanusiaan manusia dengan menafikan kebebasannya. Tugas ini adalah sangat berat tetapi sebagai seorang guru, kepercayaan masyarakat hendaklah dibalas dengan kejayaan. Oleh itu, seorang guru hendaklah sabar dan berusaha dengan gigih untuk mengecapi kejayaan yang diingini. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Di samping itu, falsafah ini menekankan guru untuk   menghormati kebebasan pelajar seperti mana dia menilai dirinya sendiri Hal ini memberikan kebaikan kepada guru dan murid-murid kerana saling menghormati antara satu sama lain. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;MS&quot; style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; color:#595959;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-themetint:166&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://dadwayne.blogspot.com/feeds/415715641436993269/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://dadwayne.blogspot.com/2010/03/konsep-kerjaya-guru-sebagai-ibadah.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6601081049127986873/posts/default/415715641436993269'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6601081049127986873/posts/default/415715641436993269'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://dadwayne.blogspot.com/2010/03/konsep-kerjaya-guru-sebagai-ibadah.html' title='Konsep Kerjaya Guru Sebagai Ibadah'/><author><name>Cikgu Griffen</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08313231714616244756</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjG1QroNiEZawnBKrcwzWIR_4WUzec3AxzdpJ2pJjYDCsIZOYY0m9fdpzWS3ZcfyXARNbyZaqi0oXfDg9Ibfo43PmLgUoxheczp2XiTpjcEV4xPu7SSbnAVqXT0ZyPf4w/s220/1_292996948l.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry></feed>