AraShan - Information Gallery

Technology: Wireless Power Transmission (WPT)

2014-02-08T21:43:00.003+05:30

Introduction

Wireless power or wireless energy transmission is the transmission of electrical energy from a power source to an electrical load without man-made conductors. Wireless transmission is useful in cases where interconnecting wires are inconvenient, hazardous, or impossible.

The problem of wireless power transmission differs from that of wireless telecommunications, such as radio. In the latter, the proportion of energy received becomes critical only if it is too low for the signal to be distinguished from the background noise. With wireless power, efficiency is the more significant parameter. A large part of the energy sent out by the generating plant must arrive at the receiver or receivers to make the system economical.

History of Wireless Power Transmission

    Nikola Tesla he is who invented radio and shown us he is indeed the “Father of Wireless”. Nikola Tesla is the one who first conceived the idea Wireless Power Transmission and demonstrated “the transmission of electrical energy without wires" that depends upon electrical conductivity as early as 1891. In 1893, Tesla demonstrated the illumination of vacuum bulbs without using wires for power transmission at the World Columbian Exposition in Chicago.

    The Wardenclyffe tower shown in Figure 1 was designed and constructed by Tesla mainly for wireless transmission of electrical power rather than telegraphy. In 1904, an airship ship motor of 0.1 horsepower is driven by transmitting power through space from a distance of least 100 feet.

    In 1961, Brown published the first paper proposing microwave energy for power transmission, and in 1964 he demon strated a microwave-powered model helicopter that received all the power needed for flight from a microwave beam at 2.45 GHz from the range of 2.4GHz – 2.5 GHz frequency band which is reserved for Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) applications.

    Experiments in power transmission without wires in the range of tens of kilowatts have been performed at Goldstone in California in 1975 and at Grand Bassin on Reunion Island in 1997.

    The world’s first MPT experiment in the ionosphere called the MINIX (Microwave Ionosphere Non-linear Interaction Experiment) rocket experiment is demonstrated in 1983 at Japan. Similarly, the world’s first fuel free airplane powered by microwave energy from ground was reported in 1987 at Canada. This system is called SHARP (Stationary High – Altitude Relay Platform).

    In 2003, Dryden Flight Research Centre of NASA demonstrated a laser powered model airplane indoors. Japan proposed wireless charging of electric motor vehicles by Microwave Power Transmission in 2004.

    Powercast, a new company introduced wireless power transfer technology using RF energy at the 2007 Consumer Electronics Show. A physics research group, led by Prof. Marin Soljacic, at the Massachusetts Institute of technology(MIT) demonstrated wireless powering of a 60W light bulb with 40% efficiency at a 2m (7ft) distance using two 60 cm-diameter coils in 2007.

    In 2008, Intel reproduced the MIT group's experiment by wirelessly powering a light bulb with 75% efficiency at a shorter distance.

Wireless Power Transmission (WPT) System

    William C. Brown, the pioneer in wireless power transmission technology, has designed, developed a unit and demonstrated to show how power can be transferred through free space by microwaves. The concept of Wireless Power Transmission System is explained with functional block diagram shown in Figure 2.

       In the transmission side, the microwave power source generates microwave power and the output power is controlled by electronic control circuits. The wave guide ferrite circulator which protects the microwave source from reflected power is connected with the microwave power source through the Coax – Waveguide Adaptor. The tuner matches the impedance between the transmitting antenna and the microwave source.

       The attenuated signals will be then separated based on the direction of signal propagation by Directional Coupler. The transmitting antenna radiates the power uniformly through free space to the rectenna. In the receiving side, a rectenna receives the tran smitted power and converts the microwave power into DC power. The impedance matching circuit and filter is provided to setting the output impedance of a signal source equal to the rectifying circuit. The rectifying circuit consists of Schottky barrier diodes converts the received microwave power into DC power.

Components of WPT System

The Primary components of Wireless Power Transmission are Microwave Generator, Transmitting antenna and Receiving
antenna (Rectenna).

Finally this concept offers greater possibilities for transmitting power with negligible losses and ease of transmission than any invention or discovery heretofore made. Dr. Neville of NASA states “You don’t need cables, pipes, or copper wires to receive power. We can send it to you like a cell phone call – where you want it, when you want it, in realtime”. We can expect with certitude that in next few years’ wonders will be wrought by its applications if all the conditions are favorable.

Installing Borland C in Windows 8

2014-01-19T19:18:00.002+05:30

A lot of complaints were made regarding my video on how to install Borland C++ 3.1 on Windows 8. To some of you, Borland C++ can be installed with just a few clicks, but to others there is an error which could pop-up. In this article I will guide you to install Borland C++ on Windows 8 without running into the following error: “Application can’t run on your PC. Contact with your software publisher”.

As you probably already figured it out, this error is about compatibility. Apparently, Borland C++ 3.1 is not compatible with Windows 8 and therefor cannot be installed properly. Still, there is a way.

Installation Steps:

1. First of all, you will need to download and install DosBox for Windows. You can easily install the 32 bit version on a 64-bit OS. The download page is here: Dos box download

2. After you install it, go to Borland C - Download and download an archived copy of Borland C++.

2.1 After you completed the first two steps, it’s time to begin the installation:

2.2 Extract the files from the Borland C++ archive you just downloaded to your C: drive.

2.3 Rename the folder into Borland (it will be easier to get to it)

2.4 Start Dos box and type the following command: mount c: c:

2.5 After that you will be able to install Borland C++ as if you were running an old MS-DOS Machine.

Just type the following command to begin the installation process:

1. C:

2. cd Borland

3. cd bin

4. install

Note: don’t forget to hit enter after every command

In order to start the application, just start Dos Box and type in the following commands:

1. mount c: c:

2. c:

3. cd Borland

4. cd bin

5. bc.exe

The software should start and work just fine. Good luck on your coding.

Programming in C - Aptitude Questions

2014-01-18T19:04:00.002+05:30

             C programming is one of most popular and basic programming language which is used for core level of coding across the board. C program is used for operating systems, embedded systems, system engineering, word processors,hard ware drivers, etc.

            The Following links will helps to learn about C programming for students, freshers and developers who are looking to update their knowledge and aptitude on C Programming.

1. C Programming - Web Site:
          This site is mainly for c and c++ tutorials in which you get each part of language that is not included in other tutorials like graphics and game programming. You can also get tips about c and C++ and you can practice what you learn from a lesson it also provide quizzes to solve. The main feature of this site is you can also find jobs on the basis of your skills through this site that is very helpful to advanced programmers. This site provides the best stuff to learn c language and to test your skills.

Visit C Programming

2. C Programming - Aptitudes:
The link given below which contains c aptitude questions with clear explanations will help to improve debugging skills on C Programming.

Goto - C Programming Aptitudes

Download Aptitude Questions (Word Document)
C-Aptitude File-1
C-Aptitude File-2
C-Aptitude File-3
C-Aptitude File-4
C-Aptitude File-5

Mangalyaan - From ISRO

2013-11-04T20:34:00.000+05:30

MANGALYAAN - Objective:

The main objective of this first Indian mission to Mars is to develop the technologies required for design, planning, management and operations of an interplanetary mission, comprising the following major tasks:

Orbit maneuvers to transfer the probe from Earth-centered orbit to heliocentric trajectory and finally capture into Martian orbit.

Development of force models and algorithms for orbit and attitude computations and analyses.

Navigation in all phases.

Maintain the probe in all phases of the mission meeting power, communications, thermal and payload operation requirements.

Incorporate autonomous features to handle contingency situations.

MANGALYAAN - Details:

India is aiming to join the world's deep-space pioneers with a journey to Mars that it hopes will showcase its technological ability to explore the solar system while seeking solutions for everyday problems on Earth.

With a Tuesday launch planned for Mangalyaan, which means "Mars craft" in Hindi, India will attempt to become only the fourth country or group of countries to reach the Red Planet, after the Soviet Union, United States and Europe.

"We have a lot to understand about the universe, the solar system where we live in, and it has been humankind's quest from the beginning," said K. Radhakrishnan, chairman of the Indian Space and Research Organization.

India sees its Martian mission primarily as a "technology demonstration," Radhakrishnan said. "We want to use the first opportunity to put a spacecraft and orbit it around Mars and, once it is there safely, then conduct a few meaningful experiments and energize the scientific community."

Veera Pandya Kattabomma Naicker History

2012-01-16T13:53:00.002+05:30

Veera pandya kattabomma naicker veerapandiya kattabomman ('veerapandiyan' means 'brave one in the pandiyan line') also known as kattabomman or katta bommu hails from panchalankurichi, a historically important place, in the present day thoothukudi, a district in Tamil nadu, india.

Background

Veerapandiya Kattabomman was born in an Nayakkar family to Aadi Kattabommu and Aarumugathammal on January 3, 1760 and became the 47th king of Panchalankurichi at an age of 30. Veerapandiya Kattabomman's father Aadi Kattabomman was a minister in the court of Jagaveera Pandiyan, a desendent in the Pandya line. Jagaveera pandiyan was issueless and declared Kattabomman as his successor. Since Kattabomman was the first of the new clan, he came to be known as Adi Kattabomman (aadi means first or beginning in Sanskrit and Tamil).

History is that Aadi Kattabomman, before becoming a minister at Jagaveera Pandiyan's court, migrated from the present day Andhra Pradesh to Panchalankurichi. His actual name was Bommulu or Bommu. Bommu's physical strength and appearance earned him the name Getti Bommu (strong Bommu) which later, influenced by the local language Tamil, became Katta Bommu (Kattabomman).

Revolt against British rule

Veerapandiya Kattabomman is among the kings in southern India who resisted the British East India Company. He initially evaded tax that the British demanded and ignored repeated summons to meet collector Jackson. Later his meeting with Jackson ended in a physical combat in which Deputy Commandant of the Company's forces, Clarke, was slain. He later revolted against the British by refusing to pay taxes when a new collector was assigned to retrieve due taxes. This resulted in the British East India Company, under the leadership of Major Bannerman, dispatchng the army to capture Kattabomman.

The Company's army circled Kattabomman's fort at Salikulam, a few miles from Panchalanckurichi, intending to arrest him there. This later turned out to be lossful battle for the British with them losing a great fraction of the assigned troops including Lieutenant Collins. Immediately after the retreat of the British forces, Kattabomman vacated his fort suspecting impending cannon attacks from the British which his fort may not have withstood.

The East India Company put a price on his head. He was later betrayed by the Raja of Pudukottai which resulted in his arrest and subsequent execution. He was hung from a tamarind tree in 1799 at kayathar. After that his fort was completely demolished by the British and his wealth was looted.

Veerapandiya Kattabomman also known as Katta Bomman was an 18th century Indian Palaiyakkarar chieftain from Panchalankurichi and who was one of the earliest to oppose the British rule. He waged a war with the British six decades before Indian War of Independence which occurred in 1857 in Northern parts of India. After a bloody war with the British he was captured by British and hanged in 1799 CE. His fort was destroyed and his wealth looted by the British army. Today Panchalankurichi is a historically important place in the present day Thoothukudi district of Tamil Nadu state, India.

History of Freedom Fighter

Veerapandiya Kattabomman was born to Jagaveera Kattabomman and Arumugathammal on January 4, 1760. He had two younger brothers Dalavai Kumarasami and Duraisingam. Veerapandiyan was fondly called ‘Karuthaiah’ (the black prince), and Dalavai Kumarasami, ‘Sevathaiah’ (the white prince). Duraisingam, a good orator, was nicknamed ‘Oomaidurai’ meaning the Mute Prince.

Azhagiya Veerapandiapuram (Otta-pidaram of today) was ruled by Jagaveera Pandiyan. He had a minister Bommu, also a brave warrior, who was known as Getti-bommulu in Telugu, after the god Sastha Ayyappan Swamy to describe his strength and fighting qualities which over a period of time, became Kattabomman in Tamil. Katta-bomman ascended the throne after Jagaveera Pandiyan, who had no issue, as Adi Kattabomman, the first of the clan of Katta-bomman.

Legend has it that during a hunting trip into the forests of Salikulam (close to Azhagiya Pandiyapuram) one of the Kattabommans watched the spectacle of a hare chasing seven hounds. Kattabomman was amazed at this miracle. Believing that the land possessed great powers that could instil courage in people, he built his fort there and named it Panchalankurichi.

On February 2, 1790, Veerapandiyan, 30, became the king of Panchalankurichi as Veera Pandia Kattabomman supposed to be the 47th ruler of the region and the 5th ruler from the Kattabomman clan and a Palya-karrar (or Polygar) of the Madurai Nayak kingdom.

Role of Palayakkarars

After the collapse of the Vijayanagara Empire in the mid-16th century, their governors of Tamil Nadu, declared independence and established independent kingdoms. The old Pandiya country came to be governed by Naicker rulers in Madurai, who in turn divided their territories into 72 Palayams. These 72 Palayams were franchised to a Palayakarrar (Tamil word) or Polygar or Poligar (a British Term), who had to administer their territories, collect taxes, run the local judiciary, and maintain a battalion of troops for the Naicker rulers. Their function was a mixture of military governance and civil administration.

The regional/local chieftains and rulers who were earlier subordinates to the Madurai Kings became Polygars (or Palaya-karrar).

Moments and Events

The Nayak rule in Madurai which controlled the entire West Tamil Nadu after two centuries came to an abrupt end in 1736 when Chanda Sahib of Arcot seized the Madurai throne from the last queen of Madurai in an act of treason. Chanda Sahib was later killed after the Carnatic Wars and the territory came under the Nawab of Arcot. The Palaya-karrars of the old Madurai country refused to recognize the new Muslim rulers driving the Nawab of Arcot to bankruptcy, who also indulged in lavishes like building palaces before sustaining his authority in the region.

Finally the Nawab resorted to borrowing huge sums from the British East India Company, erupting as a scandal in the British Parliament. The Nawab of Arcot finally gave the British the right to collect taxes and levies from the southern region in lieu of the money he had borrowed. The East India Company took advantage of the situation and plundered all the wealth of the people in the name of tax collection. They even leased the country in 1750’s to a savage warrior Muhammed Yusuf Khan (alias Marutha Nayagam), who killed many of the Polygars including and later got himself killed by the Arcot British forces.

Many of the Polygars submitted, only with the exception of Katta-bomman. Kattabomman refused to pay his dues and for a long time refused to meet Jackson the Collector of the East India Company. Finally, he met Jackson at Ramalinga Vilasam, the palace of Sethupathi of Ramanathapuram. The meeting turned violent and ended in a skirmish in which the Deputy Commandant of the Company’s forces, Clarke was slain. Kattabomman and his men fought their way to freedom and safety, but Thanapathi Pillai, Kattabomman’s secretary was taken prisoner.

The Commission of Enquiry that went into the incident fixed the blame on Jackson and relieved him of his post, thinking the Company’s plan to take over the entire country gradually could be marred by Jackson’s fight with Veerapandiya Kattabomman.

The new Collector of Tirunelveli wrote to Kattabomman calling him for a meeting on 16 March, 1799. Kattabomman wrote back citing the extreme drought conditions for the delay in the payment of dues and also demanded that all that was robbed off him at Ramanathapuram be restored to him. The Collector wanted the ruling house of Sethupathis to prevent Kattabomman from aligning himself with the enemies of the Company and decided to attack Kattabomman.

The British also instigated his long time feuding neighbor Ettayapuram Poligar to make provocative wars over Kattabomman on their long pending territorial disputes.

War

Kattabomman refused to meet the Collector and a fight broke out. Under Major Bannerman, the army stood at all the four entrances of Panchalankurichi’s fort. At the southern end, Lieutenant Collins was on the attack. When the fort’s southern doors opened, Kattabomman and his forces audaciously attacked the corps stationed at the back of his fort, and slew their commander Lt. Collins.

The British after suffering heavy losses, decided to wait for reinforcements and heavy artillery from Palayamkottai. Sensing that his fort could not survive a barrage from heavy cannons, Kattabomman left the fort that night.

A price was set on Kattabomman’s head. Thanapathi Pillai and 16 others were taken prisoners. Thanapathi Pillai was executed and his head perched on a bamboo pole was displayed at Panchalankurichi to demoralise the resisters. Soundra Pandian Nayak, another rebel leader, was brutally done to death by having his brains dashed against a village wall.

Veerapandiya Kattabomman hid in so many places including thirumayam, virachilai and finally stayed at Kolarpatti at Rajagopala Naicker’s house where the forces surrounded the house. Kattabomman and his aides fled from there and took refuge in the Thirukalambur forests close to Pudu-k-kottai. Bannerman ordered the Raja of Pudukkottai to arrest Kattabomman. Accordingly, Kattabomman was captured and on October 16, 1799 the case was taken up (nearly three weeks after his arrest near Pudukkottai).

After a summary trial, Kattabomman was hanged unceremoniously on a Tamarind tree in Kayathar (near Thirunelveli).

Some of the other noteworthy persons who were hanged along with Kattabomman were Veeraghechayan Naicker, Dali Ethalappa Naicker and Palayakarrars of Kaadalkudi, Nagalapuram Puthur, Vripachy, Sivagangai, to death by hanging on charges of treason.

Aftermath

The Fort of Panchalankurichi was razed to the ground and all of Kattabomman’s wealth was looted by the English soldiers. Few years later, after the second Polygar war, the site of the captured fort was ploughed up and sowed with castor oil and salt so that it should never again be inhabited by the orders of the colonial government.

In subsequent years, a good deal of legend and folklore developed around Kattabomman and the Marudu Brothers. Kayatharu, where Kattabomman was executed has remained a place of political pilgrimage.

Our (India’s) National Anthem Completes Its 100th Year

2011-12-28T18:11:00.002+05:30

Our (India’s) national anthem, ‘Jana Gana Mana’ has made its completion of 100 years on Tuesday, 27 December.

Gurudev Rabindranath Tagore’s ‘Jana Gana Mana’ was first performed on December 27, 1911, at the Calcutta Session of the Indian National Congress which underscored a national movement. Jana Gana Mana was first adopted by the Constituent Assembly as the National Anthem on January 24, 1950.

Bharat Sabha

The Indian Association Building, locally known as Bharat Sabha, on Bowbazar Street in Kolkata where Jana Gana Mana was first sung during the annual conference of the Indian National Congress on December 27, 1911. IT was then a single-storeyed structure. Source- The Hindu.

Sarala Devi Chowdhurani

Sarala Devi Chowdhurani — Tagore's niece — intoned the song, along with a few schoolstudents, in front of the gathering of the then INC president Bishan Narayan Dar and other leaders such as Bupendra Nath Bose and Ambika Charan Mazumder.

Soon after the Congress conference, in January 1912, the song first appeared before the public under the title Bharata-vidhata in Tottvobodhini Patrika (official organ of the Brahma Samaj), of which Tagore was editor. Later that month, in a Maghotsava ceremony, it was sung again at the bard's Jorasanko residence.

Tagore himself translated the song for the first time at Madanapalle in Chittoor and later, a friend called Margaret, set western music for the English version. It has had its share of controversies. Jana Gana Mana stole a march over Sare Jahan Se Acchha, of Urdu poet Iqbal, and Vande Mataram of Bengali novelist Bankimchandra Chatterjee.

“Exactly a hundred years ago, India saw its National Anthem being sung, for the first time, at the Indian National Congress’ Calcutta session. The song was sung on December 27 in Kolkata, then a “city of nationalistic foment and rebellions” - a characteristic that finally cost it the National Capital status.”

Interestingly, Tagore’s ‘Jana Gana Mana’ overruled Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay’s ‘Vande Mataram’ in the face of Muslim opposition, thereby becoming the national anthem of India.

The first President, Dr Rajendra Prasad, wanted Vande Mataram to be accorded equal status, keeping in view its immense appeal during the struggle for Independence. In fact, Vande Mataram remains the National Song.

In 2005, a petition was filed in the Supreme Court to replace the word Sindh with Kashmir in the Anthem, on the pretext that Sindh had gone to Pakistan after Partition and Kashmir had remained in India. However, the apex court ruled that Jana Gana Mana was the National Anthem that symbolised patriotic feelings and “not a chronicle that defines the territory of the nation”.

The students of Shanmukhananda Sangeetha Sabha performed on the complete version of the song in front of 2,000 audience in today’s celebration.

RULES:

A formal rendition of the national anthem takes 52 seconds. A shortened version consisting of the first and last lines (and taking about 20 seconds to play) is also staged occasionally.

The text, though Bengali, is highly sanskritized (written in a literary register called Sadhu bhasa). As quasi-Sanskrit text, it is acceptable in many modern Indic languages, but the pronunciation varies considerably across India, according to the government’s official website that cites the rules and regulating pertaining to the singing of the anthem.

According to the government rulebook, whenever the anthem is sung or played, the audience has to stand to attention. However, when in the course of a newsreel or documentary the anthem is played as a part of the film, it is not expected of the audience to stand. Standing is bound to interrupt the exhibition of the film and would create disorder and confusion rather than add to the dignity of the anthem.

Intel Core I5 2540M - Processor

2011-11-03T11:57:00.000+05:30

The Intel Core i5-2540M is a fast high end dual core processor at the time of introduction in Q1 2011. It is based on the Sandy Bridge architecture and offers Hyper threading to handle 4 threads at once (for a better usage of the pipeline). Compared to the faster Core i7, the i5 offers a smaller last level cache of 3MB. The base clock speed is 2.6 GHz but due to Turbo Boost it can reach 3.1 GHz (2 cores active) and 3.3 GHz (1 core active).

Der i5-2540M offers an integrated graphics card (Intel HD Graphics 3000) which is clearly faster than the older Intel HD Graphics in the Arrandale CPUs. As the new GPU is included in the CPU, it is also manufactured in 32nm and shares the fast level 3 cache with the CPU cores (using a new ring bus). In the 2540M it is clocked from 650-1300MHz (Turbo Boost).

Furthermore, an improved dual-channel DDR3 memory controller is included on the CPU die that is used by the CPU and GPU part.

Due to the improved architecture and the new Turbo Boost 2.0, the average performance of the Core i5-2540M is higher than a similar clocked Arrandale Core i5. In synthetic benchmarks the performance should be on a level to the old Core i7-620M and therefore suited for even demanding tasks.

This Intel core I5 has 3MB cache, Bus ratio 26 with DMI 5 GT/s and 64 bit instruction set. This processor does not have embedded options and the lithography 32nm with maximum TDP is 35W.

Memory specifications:

This is really helpful for everyone because it helps run programs very faster. Maximum memory size allocated for this processor is 16GB of DDR3 types. There are two channels for this processor and maximum memory bandwidth is 21.3 GB/s without ECC memory support.

Graphics Interface:

This can be used with Intel HD Graphics 3000 with a based frequency of 650MHZ and a maximum dynamic frequency is 1.3GHZ. This new processor has many graphic features such 3D technology, wireless display, clear HD video, dual display, Macro vision (License required for this).

Package comes with one CPU processor with a size of 37.5MM X 37.5mm and 31mm X 24mm. This processor socket supports with FCBGA1023, PPGA988.

China's Newest Supercomputer

2011-11-02T16:59:00.000+05:30

The supercomputer uses 8,704 microprocessors developed by a Shanghai group.

IDG News Service - China has built its first supercomputer based entirely on homegrown microprocessors, a major step in breaking the country's reliance on Western technology for high-performance computing.

China's National Supercomputer Center in Jinan unveiled the computer, according to a report from the country's state-run press. The supercomputer uses 8,704 "Shenwei 1600" microprocessors, which were developed by a design center in Shanghai, called the National High Performance Integrated Circuit Design Center. Details of the microprocessors and the design center were not immediately available.

The supercomputer has a theoretical peak speed of 1.07 petaflops (quadrillion floating-point calculations per second), and a sustained performance of 0.79 petaflops when measured with the Linpack benchmark. This could place it at number 13 in the world's top 500 supercomputing list. Photos of the chips used and the supercomputer's data center can be found here.

China's Shandong Academy of Sciences built the computer. Officials of the academy could not be immediately reached for comment. A report from The New York Times said the supercomputer's name in English was the Sunway BlueLight MPP.

China is increasingly investing in supercomputing technology. Last November (2010), its Tianhe-1A supercomputer briefly grabbed the spot as the world's most powerful, but the computer used chips from Intel and Nvidia. The Tianhe-1A has a theoretical peak speed of 4.7 petaflops and a sustained performance of 2.5 petaflops.

China currently has 61 supercomputers on the top 500 list. In comparison, the U.S. has 255 on the list. Japan's "K Computer" is currently ranked first in the top 500 list, after bumping Tianhe-1A to the second place.

Experts have been anticipating that China would build its own supercomputer, using domestically developed chips. Chinese state-run press hailed the new supercomputer as a symbol of China's strength.

Memory Techniques

2011-11-02T14:06:00.004+05:30

Your brain never loses anything. Once it is put in your memory, it remains there for the rest of your life. What we call “forgetting” is either the inability to recall stored information or the failure to store information.

The art of true memory is the art of attention

Memory techniques:

ORGANISE IT

Learn from the general to the specific.

Scan through the whole book and get an idea of the course content. Then start learning chapter by chapter or section by section.

Make it meaningful:

How much this mechanics course relates to your goal of becoming a mechanical engineer?
When the information helps you to get something you want, it is easier to remember that.

Create associations:

Think of something related to the topic and create associations with it. This helps the memory process.

=>USE YOUR BODY

Learn it once, actively:

Involve your body the first time you learn something. Sit up, sit on the edge of your chair or walk while studying. Some believe that the brain works better in a standing position.

Relax:

When we are relaxed, we absorb new information quicker and recall it with greater accuracy.

Create pictures:

Use diagrams and cartoons to connect facts and illustrate relationships.

Recite and repeat:

When you recite something aloud, you anchor the information by hearing and by seeing. The combined result is synergetic. When you repeat something, you create a trail through the pathways of your brain, making the information easier to find

Write it down:

Writing a note to yourself helps you to remember an idea, even if you never look at the note again.

=>USE YOUR BRAIN

Reduce interference:

Don’t sit near a TV or a refrigerator while studying. These may distract you.

Escape the short term memory gap:

A short review within minutes or hours of a study session can move material from the short term memory to the long term memory.

Distribute learning:

Marathon study sessions are not very effective. You can get far more done in three one hour sessions than in one three hour session. Change subject of study after one hour to a new subject.

Beware of attitudes:

People who believe that math is difficult will have difficulty in remembering maths. We remember what we find interesting.

Use daylight for study:

Study the most difficult subjects during day hours. The early morning hours can be more productive for most people.

Overlearn:

Learn more than what is needed. Do the assigned problems and then do more problems.

Choose what not to store in memory:

Decide what is essential to remember from a reading assignment or lecture.
Extract the core concepts. Then apply the memory techniques to those concepts.

Combine memory techniques:

Choose two or three techniques to use on a particular assignment. Experiment for yourself with these techniques.

=>RECALL IT

Give New Energy to Your Eyes

2011-11-02T13:55:00.000+05:30

It’s no wonder our eyes get tired, from the moment we wake until the time our heads hit the pillow, our eyes don’t stop working for us. Reading, working all day on a computer, and bright day light all take their toll. Your eyes take a lot of strain, and can ache, water and at times even develop a constant twitch!

If you are experiencing any of the symptoms of tired eyes, try this little remedy.

Either sitting comfortably with the legs crossed and the spine straight, or lying down:

Close your eyes
Hold your hands up in front of your face, fingers pointing up and palms towards you
Now place each palm over each eye so the eye sockets are covered (careful not to squeeze the nose, breathing is important!)
if possible, the eye lid should gently touch the middle of the palm (make sure its just a light touch, no pressure at all on the eye)
Sit for 5 minutes or longer if you can. The shoulders may start to hurt after a while, just gently move them around to relieve them.

The theory behind this is that the eyes radiate a thin, strong stream of energy outward. The palms redirect that energy back into the eyes, so refreshing!

Start observing the sensation around the eyes. You will start noticing some heat building up. As the heat builds up, the muscles around the eye sockets will start to relax. As they relax, tension will start releasing – nice huh?

Another beautiful benefit is that the energy is also directed back at the heart chakra, opening up the heart. So don’t be surprised if you move through the rest of your day with feelings of compassion towards every one you come across, and they will no doubt reflect those amazing feelings back towards you!

Ways to Recharge Your Brain

2011-10-27T18:01:00.002+05:30

Do you ever feel like you just aren’t thinking right? Got writers block? Feeling uncreative?

A quote from Harold Kushener says “Think of life as a good book. The further you get into it, the more it begins to make sense.” We can adapt this to our creativity; the further we get into our brains, the more it begins to make sense, and thus comes our creativity.

So if you are not just thinking right, here are 15 great ways to recharge your brain as posted on LifeClever.

1. Go for a brisk walk
2. Take a nap
3. Lie in a nearby park or on a bench and watch the clouds go by
4. Listen to music or even podcast novels
5. Browse a local bookstore
6. Stroll through a nearby art gallery
7. Get a coffee in a cafe and read the paper or, even better, a gossip magazine
8. Hit the gym
9. Meditate or do yoga
10. Hang out at the local dog run and get in touch with your animal nature
11. Window shop
12. Sit on the corner and sketch buildings
13. Memorize poetry
14. Get a massage
15. Do math problems or crosswords...

Google App Inventor

2011-10-25T11:47:00.000+05:30

Introduction

Scratch

Scratch is a programming language that helps us to create our own stories, animations, games, etc. which you can share on the web.Scratch is developed by the Lifelong Kindergarten Group at the MIT Media Lab, with financial support from the National Science Foundation, Microsoft, Intel Foundation, Mac Arthur Foundation, Google, Iomega and MIT Media Lab research consortia.

It is used worldwide in schools, colleges, museums, community centers and homes. It is intended specially for people from age group 6-16 but people of all ages have used it.
For example, a small kid can use it for entertainment purposes while a grown up can use it for completing any school or college project.

With simple drag and drop functionality, anyone can make an application using Scratch. No programming skills are required to build an application based on Scratch. The user interface for the Scratch development environment divides the screen into several panes: on the left is the block palette, in the middle the current sprite info and scripts area, and on the right the stage and sprite list. The block palette has code fragments (called "blocks") that can be dragged onto the scripts area to make programs.

App Inventor

AppInventor is developed by Google for creating applications for Android OS.
It's quite similar to “Scratch” as it also uses the concept of drag and drop and connecting blocks for making an application work. This application is aimed at people who are not familiar with a programming language.

According to Google, “A sixth grade student can also build Android apps using the AppInventor.” The applications developed from AppInventor can be tested on an emulator or a phone. If all goes well, we can package the app to the phone and use it.

Basic Functionalities

The AppInventor involves basic two components:

The Design View

It has all the components one will need to design an application.

The Block Editor View

It deals with actual function on combining blocks to execute an application.

Setting up the AppIventor

Pre-requisites for setting up an AppInventor

One should be having a Gmail account.

Steps for setting up AppIventor

Download the setup from the following site AppInventorSetup.
Then Install the AppInventor setup.
This is needed to connect and run the applications on a emulator or on a phone.
Once you have installed the setup into the PC, you are on you way to start building apps via AppInventor.

For More Click here...

How Can I Improve Concentration in Sports?

2011-10-21T15:00:00.001+05:30

There are many techniques to improve concentration in sports, and the effectiveness of each method will vary with different athletes under different circumstances. Many experts recommend living in a way that minimizes personal distractions right before sporting events so that the mind can more easily focus. Some athletes have carefully constructed physical routines that they go through, like the practice swings that golfers take, for example, and these are often specifically designed to improve concentration in sports. Some coaches also recommend that the athlete learn to control his train of thought to avoid any negativity, and many experts urge athletes to focus on the immediate physical situation while avoiding any concerns beyond the moment.

Generally speaking, concentration in sports is almost always important, but certain sporting events have less room for error than others. For example, golf and baseball are both sports where very small physical inconsistencies in movement can have huge impacts on performance. Athletes in both sports may need tremendous concentration to make sure they don't vary their movements much at all, and any mental distraction can potentially cause a total collapse.

Experts suggest that one of the most powerful methods of improving concentration in sports is to create a physical routine. For example, when baseball players take a practice swing, or pitchers walk off the mound between pitches, they are often resetting their minds and focusing in on the next action they have to perform. These sorts of routines are seen in all kinds of sports, and they're often performed specifically for the purpose of narrowing focus, concentrating, and preparing the body to perform.

One problem that can often cause difficulties with concentration in sports is when athletes focus too much on winning and losing. Usually, athletes can perform better if they focus a little more on the process of exactly what they're trying to do physically, and they might have a lot of difficulty concentrating if they get nervous about the ultimate outcome. In fact, most thoughts that cause intense emotions during an athletic performance can be a distraction, and this would include any personal issues that might pull the athlete’s thoughts away from his task.

In order to avoid personal distractions, some athletes completely change their home life during the time before a performance. For example, some boxers leave their family and seclude themselves in a training camp while preparing for a match. Other athletes may change the way they eat or sleep leading up to an event, and many withdraw from any external issues that might cause a distraction.

Why would a Teacher teach Well?

2011-09-30T17:23:00.001+05:30

For many of us teaching is a vocation and a mission, not a job. Many teachers may not be as lucky and find themselves in a teaching role for various other reasons that have nothing to do with love for students or the subject. Some people find themselves in the teaching profession because it suits their lifestyles, others because it was the only option left to them, and yet others teach because it offers them economic security.

The quality of teaching varies, from excellence in small pockets to absentee teachers – those who do not bother to turn up to school. Official teacher absenteeism records reflect a distressing state of affairs, unofficially, it is truly a crisis. It is shameful that the trust we place in them does not bear fruit in places that need it most. No wonder parents send their children to smaller private schools, some no more than glorified tuition shops. Even if many of them do not meet standard criteria required for schools, at least they deliver value. Their students can pass exams and hopefully get some jobs. James Tooley’s book ‘The Beautiful Tree’ describes his journey across the world hunting for such hidden gems of value and commitment.

The best of teachers would have to admit that they get jaded after a while. It is difficult to keep teaching the same thing year after year and keep up the enthusiasm. And as they get into the groove, they find their rhythm for a few years. The danger here is getting too attached to their materials and their methods. Delhi University has been through much turmoil recently with the newly introduced semester system, where lecturers were very unhappy about having to change some of their teaching patterns. With even the best getting stuck in outdated patterns and slipping into mediocrity, what chance do the average teachers and their pupils have?

Who holds teachers accountable for their teaching? How does one measure the effectiveness of teachers? There are a number of models and methods to do so, but before that, I want to pause and ask: should we hold teachers accountable. Clearly, yes. Then, it begs the next question: how? We have had inspections for years, and of course we know how to game the system. Should we be policing teachers? Watching their every move? Would that make them more accountable?

We have all seen bad teaching, all over the world. Whether it is that funny facebook video about little children meaninglessly memorizing silly rhymes in what they think to be the English language, or the teachers in Nigeria who misspelled words on their protest placards. If the teachers themselves are reluctant to put in the effort to know better, and to know what is right, then what are they teaching our children? Would these callous people be more effective teachers if we gave them some metrics to perform to, or watched them more closely?

It certainly would, for a while, and then they would, like children do, play to the test. The act of testing teachers often subverts the very purpose, and certainly corrupts. A teacher’s authority comes from their dedication, from their genuine caring for progress and from their faith in their cause. Over assessing could be counter productive in some cases, disruptive in others.

And yet, given the scale of the teacher crisis – both of quality and quantity – the burden of proof must necessarily fall on the teachers themselves. Teacher recruitment criteria will necessarily have to be lax, because we need so many. Already, we are in the process of formalizing partial qualifications for teachers in order to get more teachers in front of classes. These and other teachers will be supervised and inspected, of course. And trained – in some form or the other. But would this make them better teachers?

I do sincerely believe that incentives, not necessarily commercial or monetary, are the key to finding solutions. Here too, I ask the same question – what would make teachers want to become better teachers?

Teacher rewards need to be both commercial and non commercial. Monetary rewards for their time, training and erudition. But the enthusiasm, the energy and the fun they bring to learning cannot be measured or compensated in money, nor sustainably encouraged that way. While bonuses do not hurt, a teacher’s commitment and connect needs to be nurtured. Teaching efforts need to be rewarded with respect, enthusiasm, retraining, mentoring, showcasing, awards and celebration. This is when teachers will embody - the celebration of teaching and learning.

Araticle from Times Of India

Changing Google Home Page Image

2011-09-03T21:26:00.000+05:30

Google has come up with new update. Now you can add your own background image to Google home page. We have seen background image on Bing home page but now it turn of Google. This update of google is very cool.

Follow below procedure to set your own background image in Google.

Go to http://www.google.com/

1. Sign in to your Google Account in the top right corner of the Google homepage.
2. Click Change background image in the bottom left corner of the Google homepage.
3. Choose from where to select your background image:

* From my computer: Select an image saved on your computer.
* My Picasa Web photos: Select an image from your Picasa Web Albums.
* Public gallery: Select from public photos featured in Picasa Web Albums.
* Editor’s picks: Select from a set of Google recommended images.

4. Once you’ve chosen your image, click Select at the bottom of the window. It may take a moment before your new Google homepage background appears.

You can remove your background image at any time by clicking Remove background image in the bottom left corner of the homepage.
Done.

Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)

2011-08-31T20:14:00.002+05:30

CDMA stands for Code Division Multiple Access. It is a technique used for digital communication, and wireless technology in particular, that involves multiplexing. Whereas conventional communication systems use constant frequencies, CDMA uses multiple access, or multiplexing. Accomplished through the specific type known as spread spectrum in this case, multiplexing uses varied frequencies to transmit audio signals. This, coupled with code division, which requires a certain code to send and receive the frequency, further protects CDMA communications from interference.

Radio systems, one of the earliest forms of telecommunication, required users to communicate on distinct frequencies. Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), one form of early wireless communication, only allowed users to operate on a single frequency. When tuning in to a radio to get sound, for instance, the listener must select one frequency or another, and must tune the frequency to filter out noise in the spectrum. Another form of early radio communication was Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA). In this case, users could not share a frequency, and each user had to coordinate his or her turn on that frequency in order to communicate.

Quotes About INDIA

2011-08-31T19:59:00.002+05:30

We owe a lot to the Indians, who taught us how to count, without which no worthwhile scientific discovery could have been made.
- Albert Einstein.

India is the cradle of the human race, the birthplace of human speech, the mother of history, the grandmother of legend and the great grand mother of tradition.
- Mark Twain.

If there is one place on the face of earth where all dreams of living men have found a home from the very earliest days when man began the dream of existence, it is India .
- French scholar Romain Rolland.

India conquered and dominated China culturally for 20 centuries without ever having to send a single soldier across her border.
- Hu Shih (former Chinese ambassador to USA)

ALL OF THE ABOVE IS JUST THE TIP OF THE ICEBERG, THE LIST COULD BE ENDLESS.

BUT, if we don't see even a glimpse of that great India in the India that we see today, it clearly means that we are not working up to our potential; and that if we do, we could once again be an ever shining and inspiring country setting a bright path for rest of the world to follow.
I hope you enjoyed it and work towards the welfare of INDIA.

Say proudly, I AM AN INDIAN.

Why Web Programmers Fail to Improve Themselves

2011-08-25T22:21:00.000+05:30

No one was born as skilled web programmer, so don’t worry if you make too many mistakes at first, but it shouldn’t prevent you from improving yourself. These are ten reasons why many web programmers stay mediocre:

1.Web programming isn’t for them.

Let’s just face it, no matter how hard you try; you may not be a programmer material. If you don’t have a passion to solve difficult problems, you may need to find other careers. Web programming is not for everyone. It is for those who have a passion for solving hard problems. But, if you are determined to become one, you should work on your motivation and the ability to persevere despite huge obstacles.

2. They don’t allocate enough effort to learn

Just like anything else, the ability to turn a static web site into something useful and dynamic is an art in itself. Of course, there would be troubles ahead, but if you persistent, you may someday develop the necessary skills to become a grandmaster in the arcane art of web programming. You don’t have to be a nerd or prodigy child to master this skill, forget how the media think about web programming, just set aside your fear and focus on what really matters.

3. They don’t have the attitude

When you’re attending a course on programming, after a few months you may see people start blaming on the instructors, hardware or sometimes even the OS. Those who complain a lot tend to have slower progress in their programming skill. Set your goals and get a positive attitude no matter what happen.

4. They don’t understand abstract concepts.

Gone are the days when a web site is just HTML pages along with a few simple Javascript codes. As we are entering the second decade of 21^stcentury, websites are more and more behaving like complex applications. Many problems faced by programmers are not found inside the programming books or taught in courses. As the result, thinking outside the box has become an important requirement for today’s web programmer. That’s why even if you’re the best graduate in a programming school, you may still lack many requirements needed in today’s programming industry, skills that can only be acquired through experiences, sweat and tears.

5. They are reluctant to use the Internet

Curiously, some web programmers refuse to use the Internet every time they face troubles in their project. There are hundreds of forums on the Internet where you can find solutions even to the most difficult problems. It’s a good idea to be a member of at least five web developer forums, post your problems to all of them and compare the solutions. And you should return the favor by helping new members of the forum.

6. They fail to develop an algorithm

Developing a website is now comparable to building a complex offline application, many web developers think that using an algorithm isn’t necessary in a web development project. However, without an algorithm, a development project may stray along a wrong path due to the lack of understanding on the correct flow. Often, simply by developing an algorithm diagram, web developers will quickly understand about what went wrong and how to effectively fix their mistakes. In essence, today’s web developers must think and act the way common software programmers do. So plan accordingly!

7. They are easily overwhelmed by bugs

When you’re working on something complicated, mistakes bound to happen. Bugs are inevitable and they will happen more often than you ever dreamed of. Most of these problems are caused by faulty logic and occasionally just a simple typo. A good web programmer tests their pages often after even the simplest code changes. Testing your pages once a day in the afternoon after a long, grueling coding task; will often mean that tomorrow you’ll be spending most of your time fixing elusive bugs.

8. They fail to adapt to the latest advances

New web development technologies are released each month, some web programmers fail to update their tools, techniques or even programming platform. You may feel convenient with your time-tested PHP version 4.x.x, when in fact PHP 5.x.x can give you better functionality.

9. They try too hard

Nobody say that web programming would be easy; if you find problems, it’s a bad idea to stay awake until 4 AM to solve them, take a break, you’ll need it. Many programmers find solutions to their problems while they’re away from their cubicles, some even find them on the bed while they feel relaxed and almost asleep!

Most of the time all you need is an exciting distraction and some fresh air. Make some room on your mind to let the solutions manifest themselves.

10. They are too dependent on others

This is probably the most harmful mistakes of all web programmers, they give up easily and simply ask their friends or tell their subordinates to fix the problems. It’s OK to ask for help to someone with more experiences, but at the same time you should learn how he or she solves your problem, so you can at least duplicate the solution when a similar problem return.

Ignited Mind Of The Youth

2011-08-17T14:01:00.003+05:30

I would like to put forth that the ignited mind of the youth is the most powerful resource on the earth, above the earth and under the earth. I am convinced that the youth power, if properly directed and controlled, could bring about transformational changes in humanity for its progress, meeting its challenges and bring peace and prosperity.

Let us now consider two major problems the world faces: one is, out of 6.6 billion people, two thirds of the population lives below poverty line, 50% of the population do not have access to safe drinking water, above all many do not have access to quality education. What can the youth of today contribute to face the situation? Can every one of the educated spread literacy at least to five in their life? Can the youth spread the message of water conservation? Can the youth come with "out of box solutions" for solving water scarcity?

I have started a movement called "Lead India 2020 movement". It is indeed a youth movement, with the mission for young students based on the 10 point oath which I have specially designed.

            The ten point oath given to the youth by me conveys that the youth can make difference to the society where they are living in the areas of literacy, environment, social justice, minimizing rural urban divide, and work for the national development, while working hard for an individual goal.

            I insist that small aim is a crime. I see the youth development has multiple dimensions: The youth working hard improving his knowledge with a career goal, can serve the family, can serve the society, can serve the nation to which he or she belongs and can serve the humanity as a whole. All are uniquely connected.

                                                                                 - Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam

10-Tips for Programmers

2011-08-12T01:56:00.000+05:30

1. Set your goal and make estimates :

It happens many times that we start designing and writing our application without setting our goals. After the release of application some problems may occur like out of memory problem, performance issues, scaling etc. Try to make an estimate to avoid these problems in advance.

2. Human readable code :

A programmer should make human readable code. For a complier it does not matter if you use a single letter identifiers or a more human readable identifiers, if you write optimizedexpression or more human readable simple expressions. Compiler does not take long time to compile longer identifiers.

3. Write small routines :

In past few years, methods are made much smaller. Methods are small enough to accomplish a task and can be understood in a short time. Long methods are difficult to understand, debug and maintain. These long methods are difficult to test.

4. Avoid premature optimization :

Sometimes programmer thinks that the clever code is difficult to read or to comprehend. Programmer should write their code clearly and cleanly. After that they should find out where the bottlenecks are and optimize them.

5. Try to avoid global variable :

Global variables are made once and can be used in all methods. These are visible to everywhere. This is a great feature as well as worst too. A programmer has no control, that who is changing or accessing the variable. Local variables provide more control over the program.

6. Try to avoid looping problem :

Sometimes loop index is incremented irregularly. That’s why a loop is traversed an incorrect number of time. Some times one may forget that an array may be zero based and some time one based. To avoid such problem, some programming languages are providing for…each loop.Programmers can use functional programming technique called “Map” to avoid this problem.

7. Handle exceptions :

Many languages use an exception system. These languages use the keywords like throw, try, catch, finally etc. Exceptions have the ability to unwind the stack, automatically returning from nested routines until the exception is trapped and dealt with. Programmers should be clear to the type of exception they catch.

8. Validate user input :

Earlier our input validations were limited to number validations, date validation, text validation etc. Malicious users could enter data into your program to take control over your application or your server. The most famous is SQL injections and XSS attacks. So validate your application for all type of possible hacker input also.

9. Be up to date with technologies :

Programmers should try to be knowledgeable and should maintain their expertise. They should learn about new techniques. New techniques, that are of equal or greaterimportance.

10. Write documentation :

Try to write more and more comments or explanation for our code. Documentation will help you and others to understand your code. But do not store secret information like password etc in your application.

Give Your 100% to Everything...!

2011-08-10T00:49:00.001+05:30

                A boy and a girl were playing together. The boy had a collection of marbles. The girl had some sweets with her.
                The boy told the girl that he will give her all his marbles in exchange for her sweets. The girl agreed.
                The boy kept the biggest and the most beautiful marble aside and gave the rest to the girl. The girl gave him all her sweets as she had promised.

                That night, the girl slept peacefully. But the boy couldn’t sleep as he kept wondering if the girl had hidden some sweets from him the way he had hidden his best marble.

Moral of the story: If you don’t give hundred percent in a relationship, you will always keep doubting if the other person has given his/her hundred percent… This is applicable for any relationship like love, friendship, employer-employee relationship etc.
“Give your hundred percent to everything you do and sleep peacefully.

Question-1

2011-08-09T20:47:00.000+05:30

Q-1: When linking C or Assembly language modules with C++ modules I get undefined symbol errors at link time. It appears that none of the C or Assembly public symbols can be found.?

A: C++ is a strongly typed language. In order to support the language to its fullest, Turbo C++ must attach information to the symbols generated for function names and variables. When this is done, the symbol will no longer match the standard C style function name. In order to link correctly, the compiler must be notified that the symbol is declared in an external module without type information tacked on to the symbol. This is done by prototyping the function as type extern "C".

Example:

extern "C" int normal_c_func( float, int, char ); // name not altered

void cplusplus_function( int ); // name altered

Programming Language

2011-08-06T18:43:00.000+05:30

A programming language is a computer language. The programmers use to develop applications, scripts, or other set of instructions for a computer to execute. Below is a listing of several different programming languages and scripting languages currently listed in our database.

ALGOL
Ada
AIML
Assembly
BASIC
Batch file
BCPL
C
C#
C++
COBOL
CPL
D
Dark Basic
dBASE

FORTRAN
FoxPro
HDML
HTML
Java
JavaScript
JCL
LISP
Live Script
LOGO
Pascal
Perl
PHP
Pick

Prolog
SGML
Smalltalk
SQL
Tcl
True BASIC
VHDL
Visual Basic
Visual FoxPro
WML
WHTML
XML

Users who are new to computer programming may find the above list confusing and may not be sure where to start. Where to start really depends on the computer programming you wish to do. Below is a listing of some of the different fields of programming as well as what language you should consider for each of these fields.

NOTE:

There are several programming languages listed above that may not be listed in a category below that they are capable of doing. Instead of listing every language under every category below, we have just listed some of the more popular choices for each category.

· Application / Program development

· Artificial Intelligence development

· Database development

· Game development

· Computer drivers or other hardware interface development

· Internet and web page development

· Script development

APPLICATIONS / PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT:

Application and program development involves programs you work on a daily bases. For example, the Internet browser you are using to view this web page is considered a program. If you are interested in writing your own programs you should consider the below languages.

Java

Visual Basic

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE DEVELOPMENT:

Artificial Intelligence or related fields could involve anything from creating the character interactions in computer games, portions of programs that make the decisions in programs, chat bots, or any other related programs. If you're interested in writing your own AI you should consider the below languages.

AIML

Prolog

DATABASE DEVELOPMENT:

Database developers create and maintain databases. If you're interested in creating your own database or maintaining other databases you should consider any of the below languages.

DBASE

FoxPro

MySQL

Visual FoxPro

GAME DEVELOPMENT:

Game development involves the development of computer games or other entertainment software. If you're interested in writing your own games you should consider the below languages.

DarkBASIC

Java

COMPUTER DRIVERS OR OTHER HARDWARE INTERFACE DEVELOPMENT:

Computer drivers and programming hardware interface support is a necessity for computers to operate with the hardware; without it your computer wouldn't work. If you're interested in writing your own drivers or software interfaces for hardware devices you should consider the below languages.

Assembly

INTERNET AND WEB PAGE DEVELOPMENT:

The Internet and web page development is the essence of the Internet, without developers we would have no Internet. If you're interested in creating your own web pages, developing Internet applications, or Internet related tasks, you should consider the below languages.

HDML

HTML

Java

JavaScript

Perl

SCRIPT DEVELOPMENT:

Although not likely to be a career, knowing how to create and develop scripts to increase your productivity or your company's can save you countless hours. If you're interested in developing your own scripts you should consider the below languages.

bash

Batchfile

Perl

Paper Presentation - Writing and Presenting Technical Papers

2011-08-05T14:19:00.000+05:30

First, organize your talk:

1. Identify the important ideas

Your work (or the work you are presenting) likely has many details but only one or two main ideas; structure your talk around these main ideas.

2. Create a Talk Outline

Your talk should be organized in a top-down manner.

You should have the following main sections in your talk:

Introduction, The Big Picture: what, why, how, and why we should care (motivation). Be sure to include:

Ø a statement of the problem being solved (what)

Ø motivation and putting the work in context (why and why should we care)

Ø a high-level view of the solution (how)

Ø Details of solution

Ø Results demonstrating/proving your solution

Ø Critic of Work (possibly compare to related work)

Ø Conclusions & Future Directions for this work

The talk should be organized as the important ideas first, the details second, conclusions last. Each section of your talk should be organized in a similar manor: high-level important points first, details second, summarize high-level points last.

Next, Design your slides

1. Slide Organization:

Your slides should be organized like an outline--a few main points, with sub points under each one. Your slides are a guide for your talk not a word-for-word copy of your talk. List specific points that you want to talk about as sub-topics of each main topic. If there are particular details that you want to discuss, outline them on the slide and keep written notes for you to refer to in your talk rather than writing all the details on the slide.

2. Summarize Main Points:

You should have a summary slide of the main ideas at the end. If applicable, Include a list of open questions and/or future directions of your work.

3. It is okay to waste space Add just enough prose to present the main points and highlight the main parts of each point. Use phrases rather than complete sentences and use large fonts. You can use acronyms and abbreviations sparingly, however you should say the complete name when you talk about about them. For example, if you abbreviate processes to procs on a slide, say "processes" when you talk about the point not "procs". Similarly, if your create an acronym for your super fast multi-cast implementation, SFMC, and refer to the old slow multi-cast implementation as OSMC, then say "our super fast multi-cast" and "the old slow multi-cast" rather than "SFMC" and "OSMC". The exception is for well-known acronyms such as PVM, MPI, API, JVM, etc.

4. A picture is worth a thousand words Use figures and graphs to explain implementation and results. It is very hard to describe a system implementation without having a picture of the components of the system.

5. Number of Slides As a general rule, it should take 2-3 minutes to talk through the material on one slide, so for a 30 minute talk you should have about 13 slides.

If there are too many ideas in your work to present completely in 30 minutes, then pick one or two (the most interesting/important parts) that you will discuss in detail, and present the other parts at a higher level. Also, you can create back-up slides for specific details that you don't plan to talk about, but may get questions about.

Next, preparing your presentation

1. Provide a talk road-map Tell the audience where you are going with your talk.

* Give audience a road-map of your talk at the beginning by using outline slides. Immediately after the title slide, put up an outline slide and tell the audience the main organization of your talk. Another alternative is to first have a few slides motivating the paper's general topic, then put up an outline slide giving the audience a road-map of your talk.

* It should be clear when you start a new high-level part of your talk

Use good transitions from one slide to the next, and from one main topic to the next..."We just talked about the implementation of foo now we will look at how well foo performs for synthetic and real workloads.

You may want to use the outline slide at other points in your talk to provide a visual transition between parts of your talk.

2. Repeat Your Point There is a rule that says you have to tell your audience something three times before they really hear it:

1. Tell them what you are going to say.

2. Say it.

3. Summarize what you said.

This is particularly important for figures and graphs. For example:

1. This graph show how the A algorithm performs better than the B and C algorithms as the number of nodes increase

2. The X axis is number of nodes, the Y axis is execution time in seconds The red curve shows the execution time of A as the number of nodes increases The blue curve shows ...

3. Thus you can see that as the number of nodes increases above N, the A algorithm performs better. This is because of increased message traffic in algorithms B and C as shown on the next slide...

4. Talk to the Audience Don't read your slide off the screen, nor directly off the projector. It is okay to stop for a second and refer to your notes if you need to.

5. Practice Give a practice run-through of your talk in front of an audience of at least one other student. Stand in a room for 30 minutes (or the duration of your talk) and talk through all your slides (out loud). This should be a timed dress rehearsal (don't stop and fix slides as you go and don't let your audience ask questions or suggest fixes until your practice talk is over; you want to force yourself to talk through your entire talk).

You should assume that there will be about 5-10 minutes worth of questions during or after your talk. If your talk is too long, you should cut out some material to get it to fit into the time slot (your audience will not mind if your talk ends 5 minutes early, but they sure will mind if it goes 5 minutes over). Even if it is not too long, you should think about slides that you can skip during your talk if it ends up going too long.

As a practice talk audience member, you should jot down notes of places in the talk where you have suggestions for improvements, or where something seems unclear. After the presenter is done with his/her practice talk, you should talk through the things you wrote down. It is also good to give the presenter some practice answering audience questions. If you can think of some questions like this, it is good to ask these to the presenter at the end of his/her talk.

6. Nervousness: How to fight back

* A well organized, practiced talk will almost always go well. If you draw a blank, then looking at your slides will help you get back on track.

* Taking a deep breath will clam you down. One trick is to try to remember to take a deep breath between each slide.

* Slow down. Take a few seconds to think about a question that is being asked before you answer it. It is okay to pause for a few seconds between points and between slides; a second or two of silence between points is noticeable only to you, but if you are talking a mile a minute everyone will notice.

* Bring notes. if you are afraid that you will forget a point or will forget your elegant transition between slides 11 and 12, write these down on a piece of paper and bring it with you. However, you don't want to have a verbatim copy of your talk, instead write down key phrases that you want to remember to say.

* Give at least one practice talk to an audience.

* Be prepared to answer questions. You don't have to know the answer to every question, however you should be prepared to answer questions and able to answer most questions about your work. Before you give the talk, think about what questions you are likely to get, and how you would answer them. You may want to have back-up slides ready for answering certain questions.

* It is okay to say "I don't know" or better yet "gee, I hadn't thought about that, but one possible approach would be to..." or to refer to your notes to answer questions.

What is Android?

2011-08-04T16:28:00.001+05:30

Android™ delivers a complete set of software for mobile devices: an operating system, middleware and key mobile applications. The Android Software Development Kit (SDK) is now available.

Open

Android was built from the ground-up to enable developers to create compelling mobile applications that take full advantage of all a handset has to offer. It was built to be truly open. For example, an application can call upon any of the phone's core functionality such as making calls, sending text messages, or using the camera, allowing developers to create richer and more cohesive experiences for users. Android is built on the open Linux Kernel. Furthermore, it utilizes a custom virtual machine that was designed to optimize memory and hardware resources in a mobile environment. Android is open source; it can be liberally extended to incorporate new cutting edge technologies as they emerge. The platform will continue to evolve as the developer community works together to build innovative mobile applications.

All applications are created equal

Android does not differentiate between the phone's core applications and third-party applications. They can all be built to have equal access to a phone's capabilities providing users with a broad spectrum of applications and services. With devices built on the Android Platform, users are able to fully tailor the phone to their interests. They can swap out the phone's homescreen, the style of the dialer, or any of the applications. They can even instruct their phones to use their favorite photo viewing application to handle the viewing of all photos.

Breaking down application boundaries

Android breaks down the barriers to building new and innovative applications. For example, a developer can combine information from the web with data on an individual's mobile phone -- such as the user's contacts, calendar, or geographic location -- to provide a more relevant user experience. With Android, a developer can build an application that enables users to view the location of their friends and be alerted when they are in the vicinity giving them a chance to connect.

Fast & easy application development

Android provides access to a wide range of useful libraries and tools that can be used to build rich applications. For example, Android enables developers to obtain the location of the device, and allows devices to communicate with one another enabling rich peer-to-peer social applications. In addition, Android includes a full set of tools that have been built from the ground up alongside the platform providing developers with high productivity and deep insight into their applications. Read more