<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:blogger='http://schemas.google.com/blogger/2008' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:gd="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005" xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5272638736307182735</id><updated>2026-09-07T09:10:58.508-07:00</updated><category term="Austro-Hungarian Empire"/><category term="Galizien"/><category term="Ada Blackjack"/><category term="Adolf Lachmayer"/><category term="Arctic"/><category term="Brest"/><category term="Fernão Cabral"/><category term="Fritz Kempe"/><category term="Galicja"/><category term="Galiziendeustche"/><category term="Heim ins Reich"/><category term="India"/><category term="Krakow"/><category term="Luís de Camões"/><category term="Lviv"/><category term="Lwów"/><category term="Małaszewicze"/><category term="Minsk"/><category term="Műrau (Mirov)"/><category term="Os Lusíadas"/><category term="Portuguese Post"/><category term="Stanisław Szczęsnowicz"/><category term="Terespol"/><category term="Vasco da Gama"/><category term="Vilhjalmur Stefansson"/><category term="WWII"/><category term="Wiśnicz"/><category term="Wolozyn"/><category term="Wrangel Island"/><category term="genealogy"/><category term="history"/><category term="landscapes"/><category term="orthodox church"/><category term="painter"/><category term="paintings"/><category term="prison"/><category term="war"/><category term="zakład karny"/><title type='text'>RECONSTRUCTING PEOPLE</title><subtitle type='html'>A person lives as long as they are remembered — on my blog Reconstructing People, I try to bring forgotten people back to memory.</subtitle><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://arbitrage-international.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5272638736307182735/posts/default?redirect=false'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://arbitrage-international.blogspot.com/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><link rel='next' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5272638736307182735/posts/default?start-index=26&amp;max-results=25&amp;redirect=false'/><author><name>andreypl</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02921254140941802355</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='22' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgDcRY31HcnmAC-cbOB-_AF1DG4M51XEuq5CJBOuE2F7cXhzQvft0h8pSq_8YeSycI31J5nE6WixquAGFFlmL7qhSRLku1qQGETMKy6FmYkZNVMhsLxqRVnNty8LtWBUw/s220/ja.jpg'/></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>27</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>25</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5272638736307182735.post-7336795814936651745</id><published>2026-08-04T01:16:10.555-07:00</published><updated>2026-08-04T01:16:10.556-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Lazar Kaliński – The “King of Pickles”</title><content type='html'>&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 24pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Lazar Kaliński – The “King of Pickles” from Brest and a Forgotten
Entrepreneur of the Borderlands&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Łazarz Kaliński was one
of the most prominent Jewish entrepreneurs in interwar Brest-on-the-Bug.
Although his name is not as well known today as those of famous bankers or
industrialists, for many years it was recognized not only throughout Polesie
but even overseas. He built his fortune on the production and export of pickled
cucumbers and sauerkraut, while his family&#39;s fate became symbolic of the tragic
end of the Jewish world of Brest.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 18pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;An Entrepreneur from Brest&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;During the Second Polish
Republic, Brest and the neighboring town of Terespol formed one of Poland&#39;s
most important centers for the production of pickled cucumbers and sauerkraut.
Thanks to the fertile soils of the Bug River valley and an excellent railway
network, the local food-processing industry flourished, supplying not only the
domestic market but also foreign customers.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;One of the leading
entrepreneurs in this business was &lt;b&gt;Łazarz Kaliński&lt;/b&gt;, who, together with
his brother &lt;b&gt;Józef Kaliński&lt;/b&gt;, operated a successful company engaged in
purchasing, processing, and exporting preserved vegetables. According to Brest
historian Yefim Basin, the brothers accumulated considerable wealth, enabling
them to build impressive townhouses in one of the city&#39;s most prestigious
districts.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 18pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Łazarz Kaliński&#39;s Residence&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Łazarz Kaliński&#39;s home
stood on the former &lt;b&gt;Piłsudski Square&lt;/b&gt; (today&#39;s Freedom Square), opposite
the residence of the prominent lawyer &lt;b&gt;Józef Rappoport&lt;/b&gt;. This was one of
the most prestigious neighborhoods in interwar Brest, inhabited by physicians,
lawyers, and prosperous merchants.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;His brother Józef&#39;s
residence was located nearby, further emphasizing the family&#39;s prominent
position within the local community.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 18pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Pickles that Reached America&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;The Kaliński family&#39;s
greatest commercial success came from exporting canned pickled cucumbers to the
United States.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;The cucumbers were packed
in tin cans and shipped across the Atlantic. Products from Brest and Terespol
gained an excellent reputation and found customers even in the American market.
Photographs showing pre-war cucumber processing can be found in the article&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #800180;&quot;&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://teresp.blogspot.com/2015/07/ogorki-terespolskie.html&quot;&gt;&quot;Ogórki Terespolskie&quot;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;(&quot;Terespol Cucumbers&quot;):&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;A colorful anecdote is
also associated with the company&#39;s exports.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;During one Atlantic
voyage, sailors opened a can of &quot;pickles&quot; expecting a snack, only to
discover that it contained... pure alcohol instead of cucumbers. Since this
happened during the era of American Prohibition, the incident caused quite a scandal.
Authorities suspected that shipments of canned cucumbers were being used to
smuggle alcohol into the United States. However, despite the investigation, the
Kaliński brothers&#39; involvement could never be proven. The story eventually
became one of Brest&#39;s best-known local legends.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 18pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Terespol – The Company&#39;s Production Base&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;The Kaliński family&#39;s
business was closely connected with &lt;b&gt;Terespol&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;In the interwar years,
the area surrounding the town was famous for cucumber and cabbage cultivation.
Local farmers supplied their harvests to processing plants owned by Jewish
entrepreneurs from Brest. Together, Brest and Terespol formed an integrated economic
region spanning both sides of the Bug River.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;One of the local
factories was &lt;b&gt;OGROL&lt;/b&gt;, a processing plant producing preserved cucumbers
and sauerkraut.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--EndFragment--&gt;Production of pickled cucumbers at
the &quot;OGROL&quot; factory, Terespol, pre-war period.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 18pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Community Leader and President of the Volunteer Fire Brigade&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Łazarz Kaliński was not
only a successful businessman but also an active member of the local community.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;According to the
newspaper &lt;b&gt;Podlasiak&lt;/b&gt; (2 May 1926), he was elected &lt;b&gt;President of the
Volunteer Fire Brigade (OSP)&lt;/b&gt; in Terespol. Other officers included
Vice-President P. Sołtrukiewicz, Fire Chief P. Rutkowski, Secretary J. H.
Szaciwiński, and Quartermaster P. Leonenko.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;His election demonstrates
the great respect he enjoyed among the inhabitants of Terespol. The Volunteer
Fire Brigade was one of the town&#39;s most important civic organizations, bringing
together members of different social and religious backgrounds. Entrusting its
presidency to a Jewish entrepreneur clearly illustrates the confidence that the
entire local community placed in him.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 18pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;War and the Destruction of the Family&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;The outbreak of World War
II dramatically changed the family&#39;s fate.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Following the Soviet
occupation of Brest in September 1939, Łazarz Kaliński, as a wealthy
entrepreneur, decided to leave the city with his family and seek refuge with
relatives in &lt;b&gt;Kovel&lt;/b&gt;, Volhynia. He hoped to avoid Soviet persecution
directed against private business owners.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;After Germany invaded the
Soviet Union in 1941, tragedy struck. The Kaliński family was confined to the
ghetto, where almost all of its members perished during the Holocaust.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Only one daughter
survived.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 18pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;The Surviving Daughter&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Before the war, Łazarz&#39;s
daughter had gone to Russia to study and became a teacher. This circumstance
spared her from the fate that befell the rest of her family.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;After the war, she
returned to Poland as a Polish citizen and later emigrated to Israel. Her
descendants have since visited Brest, searching for the family home and other
places associated with their ancestors. They also recalled buying the famous
&quot;Turkish bread&quot; from a local bakery in pre-war Brest.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 18pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;The Kaliński Family&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Genealogical records
preserved in the Geni World Family Tree indicate that &lt;b&gt;Łazarz Kaliński&lt;/b&gt;
was born before 1890 in &lt;b&gt;Terespol&lt;/b&gt;. His occupation is listed as connected
with horticulture (&quot;OGROL&quot;), which corresponds well with the family&#39;s
later involvement in vegetable cultivation and processing.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;His wife was &lt;b&gt;Klara
Chaja Liberman&lt;/b&gt;, also from Terespol. They married before 1900.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Their known child was &lt;b&gt;Ester
Edzia Eduarda Kalińska&lt;/b&gt;, who is almost certainly the daughter mentioned by
Yefim Basin as the sole survivor of the family.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 18pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;The Surviving Daughter and Her Descendants&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Ester
Edzia Eduarda Kalińska&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt; was born on &lt;b&gt;18 December 1922&lt;/b&gt; in Terespol. After the war she married
&lt;b&gt;Shlomo Stanislav Bergman&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;They had at least two
daughters:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;ul type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;
 &lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Anat (Anna) Shalita&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt; (Hebrew: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;ענת&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;שליטא&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;),&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;another daughter,
     now bearing the surname &lt;b&gt;Shalev&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Ester Edzia Bergman died
on &lt;b&gt;29 November 2010&lt;/b&gt; and was buried in &lt;b&gt;Yarkon Cemetery&lt;/b&gt;, Petah
Tikva, Israel.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;In 2016, &lt;b&gt;Anat Shalita&lt;/b&gt;,
Łazarz Kaliński&#39;s granddaughter, visited both Terespol and Brest to trace her
family&#39;s history.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;The recollections
recorded by Yefim Basin are therefore confirmed by genealogical records: the
only surviving daughter escaped the Holocaust, emigrated to Israel after the
war, and her descendants later returned to Brest in search of their family&#39;s
roots.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 18pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Remembering Łazarz Kaliński&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Today, Łazarz Kaliński is
remembered primarily through the work of Brest historians and local researchers
who document the multicultural history of the city. Historical walking tours of
Jewish Brest continue to include his residence among the city&#39;s significant
landmarks.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;His story illustrates the
remarkable contribution made by Jewish entrepreneurs to the economic
development of the Brest–Terespol borderland. Their businesses created
internationally recognized products and brought prosperity to the region. At
the same time, the tragic fate of the Kaliński family reflects the destruction
of the Jewish communities of Polesie during the Holocaust—a world that has
disappeared forever.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Sources&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;ol start=&quot;1&quot; type=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
 &lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Basin, Y., &lt;i&gt;Истории старого Бриска. Как брестские евреи строили
     венскую синагогу и устраивали сионистские дебоши&lt;/i&gt;, Mediabrest.by, 26
     August 2019.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Экскурсия&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;по&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Бресту&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt; (Walking Tour of Brest), private guide material.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Тайны&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;древнего&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Бриска&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;как&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;город&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Брест&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;стал&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;еврейской&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;столицей&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Беларуси&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;, Real Brest.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Podlasiak&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;, No. 18, 2 May 1926.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Geni World Family
     Tree, record: &lt;i&gt;Lazar Kalinski&lt;/i&gt;, MyHeritage.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Pszczółkowski, M., &lt;i&gt;County
     Architects in Biała Podlaska County (1918–1939): A Contribution to the
     History of Architecture in the Lublin Voivodeship&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://arbitrage-international.blogspot.com/feeds/7336795814936651745/comments/default' title='Komentarze do posta'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://arbitrage-international.blogspot.com/2026/08/lazar-kalinski-king-of-pickles.html#comment-form' title='Komentarze (0)'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5272638736307182735/posts/default/7336795814936651745'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5272638736307182735/posts/default/7336795814936651745'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://arbitrage-international.blogspot.com/2026/08/lazar-kalinski-king-of-pickles.html' title='Lazar Kaliński – The “King of Pickles”'/><author><name>andreypl</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02921254140941802355</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='22' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgDcRY31HcnmAC-cbOB-_AF1DG4M51XEuq5CJBOuE2F7cXhzQvft0h8pSq_8YeSycI31J5nE6WixquAGFFlmL7qhSRLku1qQGETMKy6FmYkZNVMhsLxqRVnNty8LtWBUw/s220/ja.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi002aLSS3J-sQH7UbzRGqehr7dTiXS5Ut8k_I1PpplabKAY74sG00RQMh8jWqhkI7nuDDP2OfIKr38WP-aPvht_FNP0LLKJnC_80fB2YfuSxbjDyTsISX2aZ59jvbZ5IoBeuCzPwn1bL7ngXgpnTn_DgyIUVzSeTxG0wOJRaHMlUoLlSxGRJHzp9Di8h-Y=s72-c" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5272638736307182735.post-148475985892579151</id><published>2026-07-22T02:11:32.423-07:00</published><updated>2026-07-22T06:15:27.658-07:00</updated><title type='text'> Adolf Diehl (1870–1943): German Colonial Trader and Collector in Togo and Cameroon</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi2mNb-mMDHbLkYoQzvcjzJIK_B4doDwRiAaniuGeA869WB1-SKP9U37wB2U11V5dw2KFRFGPdwGD068bfJnEafhuccWBnmWLoRpnPnRHQClPdWQ4ElYbOzzkOT9RfwPW1CRM5_JqmBHLfOfAQJ00oHKn-wGLP-YuyFt-ubv4j-XHCGAiUZ8cKkFpYBzB1w&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;1323&quot; data-original-width=&quot;960&quot; height=&quot;320&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi2mNb-mMDHbLkYoQzvcjzJIK_B4doDwRiAaniuGeA869WB1-SKP9U37wB2U11V5dw2KFRFGPdwGD068bfJnEafhuccWBnmWLoRpnPnRHQClPdWQ4ElYbOzzkOT9RfwPW1CRM5_JqmBHLfOfAQJ00oHKn-wGLP-YuyFt-ubv4j-XHCGAiUZ8cKkFpYBzB1w=w232-h320&quot; width=&quot;232&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Adolf Diehl was one of
the most influential German traders and collectors active in West Africa during
the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Combining commercial
activities with colonial administration and ethnographic collecting, he became one
of the principal suppliers of African cultural objects to German museums.
Today, however, his legacy is viewed through a different lens, as provenance
researchers increasingly examine the colonial origins of museum collections. [photo:&amp;nbsp; Landesarchiv BW, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 18pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Early Life&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Adolf Diehl was born in
1870 in Oppenheim, near Mainz, Germany. During the 1890s he moved to the German
colony of Togoland, where he worked for the Hamburg trading company &lt;b&gt;Wölber
&amp;amp; Brohm&lt;/b&gt; (formerly Wölber &amp;amp; Zimmermann). Besides his commercial
duties, he began collecting ethnographic objects on behalf of German museums,
marking the beginning of a career that would make him one of Germany&#39;s
best-known colonial collectors.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0QqnDPiw7h-DUpmrTXfmCtN3lwKR5CAIIgo8q5LEFtTOPshK7rICIGHzVbJCskoC3tswIwLZN6oj44ek5mKyaEuOl4NjQDlCdz7ATCaQEcgjomgGQjq4sHpA8Se4gGiVr9Rvy459DzAFZ-22Id89cR_KeFydZCT-DCuTKDt26fDhTXRgpHjqr1z8vymQP/s743/diehl.jpg&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;600&quot; data-original-width=&quot;743&quot; height=&quot;323&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0QqnDPiw7h-DUpmrTXfmCtN3lwKR5CAIIgo8q5LEFtTOPshK7rICIGHzVbJCskoC3tswIwLZN6oj44ek5mKyaEuOl4NjQDlCdz7ATCaQEcgjomgGQjq4sHpA8Se4gGiVr9Rvy459DzAFZ-22Id89cR_KeFydZCT-DCuTKDt26fDhTXRgpHjqr1z8vymQP/w400-h323/diehl.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;A cover sent from Funchal (Madeira) to Adolf Diehl c/o&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;Wölber &amp;amp; Brohm (Togo)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 18pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Travels in Togoland&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;While stationed in
Togoland, Diehl undertook numerous journeys through the southern and central
regions of the colony. Some of these expeditions were carried out together with
the colonial officer Valentin von Massow. During these travels he acquired traditional
objects, documented local communities, and established contacts that later
supported his extensive collecting activities.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 18pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Collector in Cameroon&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Between 1901 and 1911
Diehl lived and worked primarily in the German colony of Cameroon. He served as
General Representative of the Gesellschaft Nordwest-Kamerun while continuing
his commercial ventures. At the same time, he became one of the most important
suppliers of ethnographic collections for German museums.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Rather than relying
solely on existing artifacts, Diehl frequently commissioned local craftsmen to
produce traditional objects specifically for European museums. His largest
customer was the Linden Museum in Stuttgart, which acquired an impressive &lt;b&gt;2,268
objects&lt;/b&gt; from him.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 18pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Colonial Provenance&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Modern provenance
research has fundamentally changed our understanding of Diehl&#39;s activities.
While many objects were purchased or specially commissioned, scholars have
demonstrated that some pieces sold by Diehl originated from so-called &lt;b&gt;punitive
expeditions&lt;/b&gt; carried out by German colonial forces in Cameroon. During these
military campaigns, cultural property was confiscated or looted from local
communities before entering European museum collections.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;For this reason, Adolf
Diehl has become an important figure in ongoing debates concerning colonial-era
collections, restitution, and the ethical responsibilities of museums.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 18pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Photography and Scientific Interests&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Diehl was also an
accomplished photographer whose images documented landscapes, settlements, and
daily life in the German colonies. These photographs remain valuable historical
sources despite reflecting the colonial perspectives of their time.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;His interests extended
beyond ethnography. He was a member of the &lt;b&gt;Senckenberg Society for Nature
Research&lt;/b&gt; and, from 1911, the &lt;b&gt;Berlin Society for Anthropology, Ethnology
and Prehistory&lt;/b&gt;. He also supplied zoological specimens to German scientific
institutions, including several gorilla specimens preserved today in the Museum
für Naturkunde in Berlin.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 18pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;The First World War&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;In 1913 Diehl and his
wife Mathilde travelled to South Africa. Following the outbreak of the First
World War, British authorities interned him. He spent approximately one year as
a prisoner of war and remained under British house arrest until 1919. After
returning to Germany, he settled in Darmstadt, where he died in 1943.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 18pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Legacy&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Objects collected or
supplied by Adolf Diehl are now preserved in numerous German institutions,
including the Linden Museum in Stuttgart, the Museum für Naturkunde Berlin, the
Grassi Museum in Leipzig, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, and the Oberhessisches
Museum.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Today, Diehl is
remembered not only as a successful trader and collector but also as a
representative of the German colonial system that transferred thousands of
African cultural objects to Europe. His biography illustrates the close
relationship between commerce, colonial administration, scientific collecting,
and the formation of European museum collections around 1900. As provenance
research continues, Adolf Diehl remains a key figure in understanding the
complex history of Germany&#39;s colonial heritage.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;References&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;ul type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;
 &lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Proveana – Adolf
     Diehl (1870–1943)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;, updated 1 April 2025.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Brandstetter et al.,
     &lt;i&gt;Der Händler Adolf Diehl (1870–1943) in Kamerun&lt;/i&gt;, 2021.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Savoy, Meyer,
     Gouaffo et al., &lt;i&gt;Atlas der Abwesenheit. &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Kameruns Kulturerbe in Deutschland&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;, 2023.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Cover from the collection of José Lima Correia, Facebook group &lt;em data-end=&quot;238&quot; data-start=&quot;220&quot;&gt;Covers Worldwide&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://arbitrage-international.blogspot.com/feeds/148475985892579151/comments/default' title='Komentarze do posta'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://arbitrage-international.blogspot.com/2026/07/adolf-diehl-18701943-german-colonial.html#comment-form' title='Komentarze (0)'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5272638736307182735/posts/default/148475985892579151'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5272638736307182735/posts/default/148475985892579151'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://arbitrage-international.blogspot.com/2026/07/adolf-diehl-18701943-german-colonial.html' title=' Adolf Diehl (1870–1943): German Colonial Trader and Collector in Togo and Cameroon'/><author><name>andreypl</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02921254140941802355</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='22' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgDcRY31HcnmAC-cbOB-_AF1DG4M51XEuq5CJBOuE2F7cXhzQvft0h8pSq_8YeSycI31J5nE6WixquAGFFlmL7qhSRLku1qQGETMKy6FmYkZNVMhsLxqRVnNty8LtWBUw/s220/ja.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi2mNb-mMDHbLkYoQzvcjzJIK_B4doDwRiAaniuGeA869WB1-SKP9U37wB2U11V5dw2KFRFGPdwGD068bfJnEafhuccWBnmWLoRpnPnRHQClPdWQ4ElYbOzzkOT9RfwPW1CRM5_JqmBHLfOfAQJ00oHKn-wGLP-YuyFt-ubv4j-XHCGAiUZ8cKkFpYBzB1w=s72-w232-h320-c" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5272638736307182735.post-2839392192471703656</id><published>2026-06-26T08:59:46.144-07:00</published><updated>2026-06-26T08:59:46.144-07:00</updated><title type='text'>German Settlement in Central Europe Under the Habsburg Monarchy</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Segoe UI Emoji&amp;quot;, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;📖&lt;/span&gt; &lt;strong&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;German Settlement in Central Europe Under the Habsburg Monarchy&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;
by &lt;strong&gt;Andrzej Philips&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;background: white; color: #080809; font-family: &amp;quot;inherit&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Segoe UI Historic&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;US orders&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;background: white; color: #080809; font-family: &amp;quot;Segoe UI Historic&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ebay.com/itm/137430157781&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;https://www.ebay.com/itm/137430157781&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;UK orders&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ebay.co.uk/itm/137301539790&quot;&gt;https://www.ebay.co.uk/itm/137301539790&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;PL ordes
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ebay.pl/itm/137307643609&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;https://www.ebay.pl/itm/137307643609&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;Have you ever wondered
where your family came from? Do you want to begin your genealogical journey but
do not know where to start?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: right;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpPyFCguPrxbFuFbOU7eQhs0lMIL-Yl8KpZ0cW0gi0VTuha3kU8EplfSJd42cRIjI_k0Jf_XpClUzYrNSDknVaOkylm2dUMDKrq2_9ip6UsrR1G_9sMK1LbTNgyzr-g6JwyeTEo5lefiA7Q2uOHLHbWl4QSJ-qrlK22JHCoqgM7V5aehFvnj1BAFG5aq6K/s4080/myb.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifoKNLF7pnH2Q_h-2iB-LeN24H5lr8YvMv7qN1gyCjJEIj8W9p-OJ_54N5mD9gVRrrXv2945CPknakdfCw8DnFNYnunETHGNunHSGsiiWkiwHiXGczPb8ftDTfn_xAbWO5OtBCpQ8A_kNSjdAHxIahq6uBZjvhuB04NFEO7HTrslCxAJC_WlES_0Ldhu8W/s976/pobrane%20(1).png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;2781&quot; data-original-width=&quot;4080&quot; height=&quot;218&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpPyFCguPrxbFuFbOU7eQhs0lMIL-Yl8KpZ0cW0gi0VTuha3kU8EplfSJd42cRIjI_k0Jf_XpClUzYrNSDknVaOkylm2dUMDKrq2_9ip6UsrR1G_9sMK1LbTNgyzr-g6JwyeTEo5lefiA7Q2uOHLHbWl4QSJ-qrlK22JHCoqgM7V5aehFvnj1BAFG5aq6K/s320/myb.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;585&quot; data-original-width=&quot;976&quot; height=&quot;192&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifoKNLF7pnH2Q_h-2iB-LeN24H5lr8YvMv7qN1gyCjJEIj8W9p-OJ_54N5mD9gVRrrXv2945CPknakdfCw8DnFNYnunETHGNunHSGsiiWkiwHiXGczPb8ftDTfn_xAbWO5OtBCpQ8A_kNSjdAHxIahq6uBZjvhuB04NFEO7HTrslCxAJC_WlES_0Ldhu8W/s320/pobrane%20(1).png&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;This book is both a
fascinating historical study and a practical guide to genealogical research. Drawing
on many years of archival work, family history investigations, and personal
experience, it explores the story of German settlement in Central and Eastern
Europe under the Habsburg Monarchy.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;Genealogy is not only about
tracing our own ancestors. It is also about discovering the lives of the people
who lived alongside them – neighbors, friends, fellow settlers, and entire
communities that helped shape the world we inherited. Through their stories, we
gain a deeper understanding of the villages, towns, traditions, languages, and
cultures from which we come.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;Every family is part of a
larger history. Every birth record, photograph, letter, or forgotten memory
helps preserve a fragment of the past that might otherwise disappear forever.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;In addition to historical
narratives, the book offers practical advice for researchers:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Segoe UI Symbol&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Segoe UI Symbol&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;✔&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt; How to begin genealogical research&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Segoe UI Symbol&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Segoe UI Symbol&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;✔&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt; Where to find archival records and
family documents&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Segoe UI Symbol&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Segoe UI Symbol&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;✔&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt; Useful archives and online
databases&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Segoe UI Symbol&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Segoe UI Symbol&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;✔&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt; How to read old church and civil
records&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Segoe UI Symbol&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Segoe UI Symbol&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;✔&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt; How to trace ancestors through
maps, memoirs, and historical sources&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;Whether you are searching
for your own roots or simply interested in the history of Central Europe, this
book will guide you on a journey through the past.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;Discover your family
history—and the history of an entire region.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;#Genealogy #FamilyHistory
#HabsburgMonarchy #GermanSettlers #CentralEurope #AustrianGalicia
#GenealogicalResearch #AndrzejPhilips #History #RootsAndHeritage&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://arbitrage-international.blogspot.com/feeds/2839392192471703656/comments/default' title='Komentarze do posta'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://arbitrage-international.blogspot.com/2026/06/german-settlement-in-central-europe.html#comment-form' title='Komentarze (0)'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5272638736307182735/posts/default/2839392192471703656'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5272638736307182735/posts/default/2839392192471703656'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://arbitrage-international.blogspot.com/2026/06/german-settlement-in-central-europe.html' title='German Settlement in Central Europe Under the Habsburg Monarchy'/><author><name>andreypl</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02921254140941802355</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='22' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgDcRY31HcnmAC-cbOB-_AF1DG4M51XEuq5CJBOuE2F7cXhzQvft0h8pSq_8YeSycI31J5nE6WixquAGFFlmL7qhSRLku1qQGETMKy6FmYkZNVMhsLxqRVnNty8LtWBUw/s220/ja.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpPyFCguPrxbFuFbOU7eQhs0lMIL-Yl8KpZ0cW0gi0VTuha3kU8EplfSJd42cRIjI_k0Jf_XpClUzYrNSDknVaOkylm2dUMDKrq2_9ip6UsrR1G_9sMK1LbTNgyzr-g6JwyeTEo5lefiA7Q2uOHLHbWl4QSJ-qrlK22JHCoqgM7V5aehFvnj1BAFG5aq6K/s72-c/myb.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5272638736307182735.post-7098981856734483341</id><published>2026-05-06T10:37:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2026-06-11T13:46:06.996-07:00</updated><title type='text'> Eça de Queirós — Chronicler of Portuguese Society</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;José Maria de Eça de
Queirós is considered the greatest novelist of Portuguese realism and one of
the finest European writers of the nineteenth century. His literary work
transformed Portuguese prose through realism, irony, psychological insight, and
sharp social criticism. Like Honoré de Balzac, Charles Dickens, and Leo
Tolstoy, Eça used fiction to portray an entire society — its ambitions,
hypocrisies, moral failures, and hidden tragedies.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; dir=&quot;rtl&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;His novels focus above all on Portuguese society during a period of political decline and cultural uncertainty in the nineteenth century. Eça wrote about aristocrats, priests, intellectuals, bureaucrats, journalists, bourgeois families, and provincial towns. Beneath his elegant prose lies a profound critique of social stagnation, religious hypocrisy, empty romanticism, and the inability of Portugal to modernize.&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYIuQoY6LoXkzAXR4hWEQ0hMzhgGydHlKQYIbKEF7NYkyC1o4MNg0GG-YehMRFaVbDy0-MlGdmJliAA7THKM2VnFNRabf_pmKOJocRCvSGp3a0QgXh-fLDbkW2FwOUqwbZPCaBolsNSzWrsHxOU5KuNX8NwW4Cfjv3fedzBYBp2J7Gcgg-JFtzieDybWVV/s647/queiroz.jfif&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;494&quot; data-original-width=&quot;647&quot; height=&quot;244&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYIuQoY6LoXkzAXR4hWEQ0hMzhgGydHlKQYIbKEF7NYkyC1o4MNg0GG-YehMRFaVbDy0-MlGdmJliAA7THKM2VnFNRabf_pmKOJocRCvSGp3a0QgXh-fLDbkW2FwOUqwbZPCaBolsNSzWrsHxOU5KuNX8NwW4Cfjv3fedzBYBp2J7Gcgg-JFtzieDybWVV/s320/queiroz.jfif&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizPAAKLapRsi3pQ4n3uaVcTSHyd7cPSmMAJWWrOx3pPlextlZcEId1qmjIEcjFWHZFbqZpFr64GpQPOwDO6YOwTMnVN2HcTLw4_O9QyknNhWrn8UZ7lcQFBv7o0iZGs1XBjV2CabA0I-Wb1aZS0RVcZXl-WdN1GtXq4nJZn_hK_LzT98G0FC1KrsRxYVJR/s479/queiroz2.jfif&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;374&quot; data-original-width=&quot;479&quot; height=&quot;250&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizPAAKLapRsi3pQ4n3uaVcTSHyd7cPSmMAJWWrOx3pPlextlZcEId1qmjIEcjFWHZFbqZpFr64GpQPOwDO6YOwTMnVN2HcTLw4_O9QyknNhWrn8UZ7lcQFBv7o0iZGs1XBjV2CabA0I-Wb1aZS0RVcZXl-WdN1GtXq4nJZn_hK_LzT98G0FC1KrsRxYVJR/s320/queiroz2.jfif&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;His novels focus above
all on Portuguese society during a period of political decline and cultural
uncertainty in the nineteenth century. Eça wrote about aristocrats, priests,
intellectuals, bureaucrats, journalists, bourgeois families, and provincial towns.
Beneath his elegant prose lies a profound critique of social stagnation,
religious hypocrisy, empty romanticism, and the inability of Portugal to
modernize.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;One of his earliest major
works, O Crime do Padre Amaro (&lt;i&gt;The Crime of Father Amaro&lt;/i&gt;), published in
1875, shocked readers because of its direct attack on the Catholic clergy. The
novel tells the story of a young priest who enters into a secret affair with a
devout woman, Amélia. Eça exposes the corruption, repression, and moral
contradictions hidden beneath outward religiosity. More than a scandalous love
story, the novel is a critique of a society dominated by appearances and
hypocrisy.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Another masterpiece, O
Primo Basílio (&lt;i&gt;Cousin Basílio&lt;/i&gt;), explores adultery, boredom, and
middle-class morality in Lisbon. Influenced partly by Madame Bovary, the novel
portrays Luísa, a romantic and emotionally dissatisfied woman whose affair with
her cousin Basílio leads to manipulation, humiliation, and tragedy. Eça
combines psychological realism with biting satire of bourgeois pretensions and
shallow sentimentalism.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;His greatest achievement
is generally considered Os Maias (1888), a vast family saga often compared to
the great realist novels of Balzac or Tolstoy. Through the story of the Maia
family, Eça paints a panoramic portrait of Lisbon society. The novel deals with
decadence, failed ambitions, intellectual emptiness, political inertia, and the
decline of the Portuguese aristocracy. At its center lies a tragic and shocking
family secret, but the true subject of the book is the decline of an entire
civilization.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Eça was also fascinated
by the contrast between Portugal’s glorious imperial past and its modern
stagnation. This theme appears in A Ilustre Casa de Ramires, where a nobleman
dreams of heroic ancestors while remaining incapable of meaningful action in the
present. The novel reflects Portugal’s nostalgic obsession with former
greatness, especially the age celebrated by Luís Vaz de Camões in Os Lusíadas.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;In A Relíquia (&lt;i&gt;The
Relic&lt;/i&gt;), Eça used irony and fantasy to satirize religious fanaticism and
false piety. The protagonist, Teodorico, pretends to be deeply religious in
order to inherit his aunt’s fortune, but his hypocrisy leads to comic and
humiliating consequences. The novel blends realism with dreamlike sequences and
biblical parody, showing Eça’s stylistic versatility.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Late in his career, Eça’s
writing became somewhat more reflective and less aggressively satirical. Works
such as A Cidade e as Serras (&lt;i&gt;The City and the Mountains&lt;/i&gt;) contrast
modern urban civilization with rural simplicity. The novel humorously
criticizes excessive faith in technology and cosmopolitan sophistication while
expressing nostalgia for nature and authentic human life.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Besides novels, Eça wrote
essays, journalism, travel writing, literary criticism, and diplomatic
correspondence. His style is famous for its precision, irony, elegance, and
vivid descriptions. He had an extraordinary ability to portray both individuals
and entire social environments through small details, conversations, and
gestures.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;What makes Eça de Queirós
exceptional is that his novels are simultaneously deeply Portuguese and
universally human. He wrote about Lisbon society, provincial towns, and
Portuguese politics, yet the themes he explored — hypocrisy, ambition, vanity,
love, disappointment, social ambition, and moral weakness — remain recognizable
everywhere.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Today his works are
considered classics not only of Portuguese literature but of European realism
as a whole. Through wit, realism, and psychological depth, Eça de Queirós
created a literary portrait of Portugal that continues to speak to modern
readers around the world.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;Eça de Queirós’s influence
has continued far beyond literature, and several of his novels have been
adapted for cinema and television. The most famous example is Os Maias,
produced by RTP in 2001. Based on his masterpiece Os Maias, the series became
one of the most celebrated literary adaptations in Portuguese television
history.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;The production recreated
the atmosphere of late nineteenth-century Lisbon with remarkable attention to
historical detail, costumes, and aristocratic interiors. Through the tragic
story of Carlos da Maia and Maria Eduarda, the series introduced modern audiences
to Eça’s vision of a society marked by decadence, social vanity, and moral
decline. Yet, as in the novel itself, the true central character remains
Portugal — a nation haunted by memories of its former imperial greatness while
struggling with stagnation and disillusionment.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;The novel was also adapted
into Os Maias directed by João Botelho. Unlike the television adaptation,
Botelho’s film adopted a more stylized and theatrical visual language,
emphasizing the literary elegance and symbolic dimension of Eça’s prose.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;These adaptations
demonstrate the enduring relevance of Eça de Queirós. More than a century after
his death, his portraits of ambition, hypocrisy, frustrated idealism, and
social decline continue to resonate with contemporary audiences. His works
remain alive not only on the printed page, but also in modern Portuguese cinema
and television, confirming his place among the great realist writers of world
literature.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;Os Maias&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;, by Eça de Queirós, one of the most
significant works of Portuguese literature, celebrated its 130th anniversary in
2018 and became the subject of a special philatelic issue released by the
Portuguese postal service, CTT Correios de Portugal.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;On 19 November 2018 —
exactly 130 years after the novel was first published by the Porto publishing
house Livraria Chardron in 1888 — CTT issued a commemorative postmark featuring
the portrait of the writer.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;The philatelic series
honored several of the novel’s most memorable characters, including Carlos da
Maia, Maria Eduarda, Afonso da Maia, Dâmaso Salcede, the Countess of
Gouvarinho, and João da Ega. Nearly one million stamps were printed and
circulated internationally, promoting one of the masterpieces of Portuguese
literature around the world.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;The commemorative souvenir
sheet included:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;a
stamp portraying Eça de Queirós,&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;the
cover of &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;Os Maias&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;,&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;and
illustrations of the principal characters from the novel.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;The issue demonstrated the
lasting cultural importance of &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;Os
Maias&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;, confirming
its status not only as a literary classic but also as a central symbol of
Portuguese cultural identity.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiX8t4DdKhhFU9y1cYn0OjhAr1kcLGOck9b5YPCVpKeluSsi7vW26GbIQsMX3Ie_GTwtdFpMd952JlwCDhwmX-TDHjyNUBTCvOoF9ypGU3Y9WkV4MSTvxBH9bQfIGP3B5nAvgnjphB4Q2uAU6UllXY2Mkfg9Tfmtui_ouDY9hNE0leSLjJ39p4aM575IcH4/s560/mai.jfif&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;401&quot; data-original-width=&quot;560&quot; height=&quot;229&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiX8t4DdKhhFU9y1cYn0OjhAr1kcLGOck9b5YPCVpKeluSsi7vW26GbIQsMX3Ie_GTwtdFpMd952JlwCDhwmX-TDHjyNUBTCvOoF9ypGU3Y9WkV4MSTvxBH9bQfIGP3B5nAvgnjphB4Q2uAU6UllXY2Mkfg9Tfmtui_ouDY9hNE0leSLjJ39p4aM575IcH4/s320/mai.jfif&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgei5TciMEwOIPOu4AebgXOjSn9tFfMe7bUBmJfAb96y9CjbXaJJSSA-4Els6cuEmr0zCR7x0PwcdA5IdKUE-SBkhU0AnLDZL-vaHT2NW4zUWp9xZyS-_3srJUiiLGA_b4REwPUWsBakJTcYQie47QgQeyR54dvcXzzQqcNsSfnVnh8LD0X4esCRzi_AwkF/s1092/mai4.jfif&quot; 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height=&quot;213&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlSH3f-IVix0NO18PXyazJO3GLQ57NDPVQVbyLevbQsd58QFUADqdaE6PoI-hi0q0KFZsvA8OizaJ79mOfSMJzp1dkih7Od-0trfLXsEnGud0o9Pt-n-mfqBMFyx1eH41qqmQYM_FEl-yZY0Hh0WBvAeORaEP_c5tQnM0B-0xKIeAu3o39Cwkfg7lS5E-X/s320/pobrane%20(1).png&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCOAFYYwyxCoQc6s3KvrXkqxLeeP7CrzQ9yL0VulRX6qdZWnJ0d7Mnm5TsGVW6knWAPPoTBgnbTOq9KW28zJHPsu3bWLyXqKnFISysV7dl8BVBl8_COBhCsSRWn8G7TKqcYz9duafP78IMixbkaX5VpLzo7N0fn5Th_LVlvzpc1lBEFmgN9vWr4i9InHv-/s1500/pobrane.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;1000&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1500&quot; height=&quot;213&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCOAFYYwyxCoQc6s3KvrXkqxLeeP7CrzQ9yL0VulRX6qdZWnJ0d7Mnm5TsGVW6knWAPPoTBgnbTOq9KW28zJHPsu3bWLyXqKnFISysV7dl8BVBl8_COBhCsSRWn8G7TKqcYz9duafP78IMixbkaX5VpLzo7N0fn5Th_LVlvzpc1lBEFmgN9vWr4i9InHv-/s320/pobrane.png&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://arbitrage-international.blogspot.com/feeds/7098981856734483341/comments/default' title='Komentarze do posta'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://arbitrage-international.blogspot.com/2026/05/eca-de-queiros-chronicler-of-portuguese.html#comment-form' title='Komentarze (0)'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5272638736307182735/posts/default/7098981856734483341'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5272638736307182735/posts/default/7098981856734483341'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://arbitrage-international.blogspot.com/2026/05/eca-de-queiros-chronicler-of-portuguese.html' title=' Eça de Queirós — Chronicler of Portuguese Society'/><author><name>andreypl</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02921254140941802355</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='22' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgDcRY31HcnmAC-cbOB-_AF1DG4M51XEuq5CJBOuE2F7cXhzQvft0h8pSq_8YeSycI31J5nE6WixquAGFFlmL7qhSRLku1qQGETMKy6FmYkZNVMhsLxqRVnNty8LtWBUw/s220/ja.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYIuQoY6LoXkzAXR4hWEQ0hMzhgGydHlKQYIbKEF7NYkyC1o4MNg0GG-YehMRFaVbDy0-MlGdmJliAA7THKM2VnFNRabf_pmKOJocRCvSGp3a0QgXh-fLDbkW2FwOUqwbZPCaBolsNSzWrsHxOU5KuNX8NwW4Cfjv3fedzBYBp2J7Gcgg-JFtzieDybWVV/s72-c/queiroz.jfif" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5272638736307182735.post-8217062889040518987</id><published>2026-04-02T10:52:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2026-06-11T13:44:27.032-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Gebrüder A. &amp; O. Huff, Gasbeleuchtung,</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;Kartka wysłana 8 grudnia 1865 roku przez Chaima Pressera (rodzina Presserów mieszkała również w Stanisławowie) do braci A. i O. Huff, Gasbeleuchtung, Johanniterstraße 11, dostawców nadwornych króla Prus – Gebrüder A. &amp;amp; O. Huff, Gasbeleuchtung, Johanniterstraße 11, Hoflieferant des Königs von Preußen. Gasbeleuchtung -&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;oświetlenie gazowe.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnNREEgblv1PPlmT7dCGJ9BkYN2rNhHv_Y0XMJTWcq7FZK1W6MoISHe6JH9o0SpjAoQaWswICSVjUhkund7m3ogO99-RidjrUDhoqvmBrBEFn3c0FLW93CPlSwX_MX3As0EPbRjGmMjXHzTCXQJh4950_twGusCw5q03cuG1hkI9pnI75GnkIDJnC7tjiu/s1621/img20260402_16051961.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnNREEgblv1PPlmT7dCGJ9BkYN2rNhHv_Y0XMJTWcq7FZK1W6MoISHe6JH9o0SpjAoQaWswICSVjUhkund7m3ogO99-RidjrUDhoqvmBrBEFn3c0FLW93CPlSwX_MX3As0EPbRjGmMjXHzTCXQJh4950_twGusCw5q03cuG1hkI9pnI75GnkIDJnC7tjiu/s1621/img20260402_16051961.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrf5YPRDHwJNGAJs91Xt3NamdAyJGoSHxAvzK39k_PhWFioT-gD_ZlsLoUIiXg4S8b9i9hJ5WubNWJ42eNz27pkSIwi7gy94WrblGCGoqiObAbFK8TVVUtsll98JKMcWYP7-YPsTO9doc-tjzFF6QsmHRsyeXzrxNM7hHfUGPYvsNShiUHUGE7hyphenhyphenrXgkh6/s1621/img20260402_15545027z.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;1008&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1621&quot; height=&quot;199&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrf5YPRDHwJNGAJs91Xt3NamdAyJGoSHxAvzK39k_PhWFioT-gD_ZlsLoUIiXg4S8b9i9hJ5WubNWJ42eNz27pkSIwi7gy94WrblGCGoqiObAbFK8TVVUtsll98JKMcWYP7-YPsTO9doc-tjzFF6QsmHRsyeXzrxNM7hHfUGPYvsNShiUHUGE7hyphenhyphenrXgkh6/s320/img20260402_15545027z.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;1621&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1020&quot; height=&quot;320&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnNREEgblv1PPlmT7dCGJ9BkYN2rNhHv_Y0XMJTWcq7FZK1W6MoISHe6JH9o0SpjAoQaWswICSVjUhkund7m3ogO99-RidjrUDhoqvmBrBEFn3c0FLW93CPlSwX_MX3As0EPbRjGmMjXHzTCXQJh4950_twGusCw5q03cuG1hkI9pnI75GnkIDJnC7tjiu/s320/img20260402_16051961.jpg&quot; width=&quot;201&quot; /&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZ0EQJ0wZINK4idbvLUY494xlq1kiItKPdn2OZwzBu_H9B1w8R6nNm9YeluhkkMYOM7EKwuSz-Lk1J2TOfrX81Qgb7Dm9GQFvCclmh3DzHS0FEtPfa7Sd5TvORJt1L_P167BLDWral8lFc4qhUumqQbOG7pFBv8rsKQd_gwxrDBwSYwGsJUg4y__HdIYFS/s535/Gebr_A_O_Huff_Berlin_Werbung_1908.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;219&quot; data-original-width=&quot;535&quot; height=&quot;131&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZ0EQJ0wZINK4idbvLUY494xlq1kiItKPdn2OZwzBu_H9B1w8R6nNm9YeluhkkMYOM7EKwuSz-Lk1J2TOfrX81Qgb7Dm9GQFvCclmh3DzHS0FEtPfa7Sd5TvORJt1L_P167BLDWral8lFc4qhUumqQbOG7pFBv8rsKQd_gwxrDBwSYwGsJUg4y__HdIYFS/s320/Gebr_A_O_Huff_Berlin_Werbung_1908.png&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;W Królestwie Prus monarcha nadawał tytuł „Dostawca Nadworny Jego Królewskiej Mości” zasłużonym dostawcom oferującym produkty najwyższej jakości. Tytułem tym nie honorowano przedsiębiorstwa, lecz jego właściciela. Tytuł był albo nadawany, albo „zatwierdzany”.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Chaim Presser pisze o zamówieniu 1000 lamp gazowych.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;A postcard sent on December 8, 1865, by Chaim Presser (the Presser family also lived in Stanisławów) to the brothers A. and O. Huff, Gasbeleuchtung, Johanniterstraße 11, royal court suppliers to the King of Prussia – Gebrüder A. &amp;amp; O. Huff, Gasbeleuchtung, Johanniterstraße 11, Hoflieferant des Königs von Preußen.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;Gasbeleuchtung&amp;nbsp;means&amp;nbsp;gas lighting.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In the Kingdom of Prussia, the monarch granted the title “Court Supplier to His Majesty” to deserving suppliers offering products of the highest quality. This title did not honor the company, but its owner. The title was either granted or “confirmed.”&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Chaim Presser writes about an order for 1,000 gas lamps.&lt;/p&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://arbitrage-international.blogspot.com/feeds/8217062889040518987/comments/default' title='Komentarze do posta'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://arbitrage-international.blogspot.com/2026/04/gebruder-o-huff-gasbeleuchtung.html#comment-form' title='Komentarze (0)'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5272638736307182735/posts/default/8217062889040518987'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5272638736307182735/posts/default/8217062889040518987'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://arbitrage-international.blogspot.com/2026/04/gebruder-o-huff-gasbeleuchtung.html' title='Gebrüder A. &amp; O. Huff, Gasbeleuchtung,'/><author><name>andreypl</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02921254140941802355</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='22' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgDcRY31HcnmAC-cbOB-_AF1DG4M51XEuq5CJBOuE2F7cXhzQvft0h8pSq_8YeSycI31J5nE6WixquAGFFlmL7qhSRLku1qQGETMKy6FmYkZNVMhsLxqRVnNty8LtWBUw/s220/ja.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrf5YPRDHwJNGAJs91Xt3NamdAyJGoSHxAvzK39k_PhWFioT-gD_ZlsLoUIiXg4S8b9i9hJ5WubNWJ42eNz27pkSIwi7gy94WrblGCGoqiObAbFK8TVVUtsll98JKMcWYP7-YPsTO9doc-tjzFF6QsmHRsyeXzrxNM7hHfUGPYvsNShiUHUGE7hyphenhyphenrXgkh6/s72-c/img20260402_15545027z.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5272638736307182735.post-7196782454081508978</id><published>2026-01-08T08:44:17.566-08:00</published><updated>2026-01-08T08:51:38.224-08:00</updated><title type='text'> List of Posts on the Blog &quot;Reconstructing People&quot; (with Translations and Explanations)</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;To translate the posts, please use the &quot;TRANSLATE&quot; tool located on the right-hand side, at the top of the blog.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Para traduzir os posts, por favor use a ferramenta &quot;TRANSLATE&quot; localizada no lado direito, na parte superior do blog.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Aby przetłumaczyć posty, proszę użyć narzędzia &quot;TRANSLATE&quot; znajdującego się po prawej stronie, u góry bloga.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;2026&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;1. Tadeusz Isakowicz-Zaleski&amp;nbsp;
&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; [Title in Polish. &lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;Tadeusz Isakowicz-Zaleski
(1956-2024) was a Polish Roman Catholic and Armenian Catholic priest,
dissident, historian, and charity activist known for his opposition work during
the Polish People&#39;s Republic and his historical research on the Armenian diaspora
and communist-era persecution.]&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;2025&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;2. Cień i Światło: Nikołaj Marr, Jewgienij Poliwanow i dwie,
przeciwne drogi językoznawstwa&amp;nbsp; &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; [English: &quot;Shadow and Light: Nikolai
Marr, Yevgeny Polivanov and Two Opposing Paths in Linguistics.&quot; This post
likely compares the theories and political fates of these two Soviet linguists
during the Stalinist era.]&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;3. Artystyczna przystań: George Smirnoff i azyl w Makau&amp;nbsp; &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; [English: &quot;An Artistic Haven: George
Smirnoff and Asylum in Macau.&quot; About the Russian painter and White Army
officer George Smirnoff (1903-1985), who found refuge and worked as an artist
in Macau after WWII.]&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;4. Camilo
Castelo Branco&amp;nbsp; &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; [Title in Portuguese. Camilo Castelo Branco
(1825-1890) was a prolific and influential Portuguese writer of the Romantic
era. This post likely delves into his biography.]&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;5. Tristão
Vaz Teixeira and João Gonçalves Zarco&amp;nbsp; &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; [This post explores the lives of Tristão
Vaz Teixeira (c. 1395–1480) and João Gonçalves Zarco (c. 1390–1471), the
Portuguese explorers and co-discoverers of the Madeira archipelago.]&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;6. Heim ins
Reich – Das Schicksal der Deutschen aus Galizien im Zweiten Weltkrieg&amp;nbsp; &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; [English: &quot;Heim ins Reich – The Fate
of the Germans from Galicia in the Second World War.&quot; This German-language
title refers to the Nazi resettlement policy. The post deals with the history
of the German minority in Galicia and their forced relocation during WWII.]&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;7. Stars of
Polish Music&amp;nbsp; &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; [This post is a biographical compilation or
tribute to prominent figures in Polish classical or contemporary music
history.]&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;8. Camilo
Castelo Branco: 200 years 1825-2025&amp;nbsp; &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; [A commemorative post marking the 200th
anniversary of the birth of the Portuguese writer Camilo Castelo Branco.]&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;9. Carlos Bleck – zapomniany bohater lotnictwa
portugalskiego&amp;nbsp; &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; [English: &quot;Carlos Bleck – The
Forgotten Hero of Portuguese Aviation.&quot; A post in Polish about Portuguese
aviator Carlos Bleck (1895-1970), a pioneer of civil and sports aviation in
Portugal.]&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;2024&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;10.Carlos Bleck, sportowiec i pierwszy portugalski lotnik
cywilny&amp;nbsp; &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; [English: &quot;Carlos Bleck, Athlete and
the First Portuguese Civilian Pilot.&quot; A follow-up post expanding on the
biography of Carlos Bleck, focusing on his sporting achievements and pioneering
role in civil aviation.]&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;11.Gustav
and Friedrich Stoltenhoff&amp;nbsp; &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; [This post tells the story of the
Stoltenhoff brothers, German adventurers who tried to establish a guano mining
operation on the remote Auckland Islands in the southern Pacific Ocean in the
1870s.]&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;12.Terry
Pratchett: The Man Who Brought Wit, Satire, and Magic to Fantasy Literature&amp;nbsp; &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; [A biographical and literary appreciation
of the acclaimed English fantasy writer Sir Terry Pratchett (1948-2015), author
of the &quot;Discworld&quot; series.]&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;13.Georg
Hilz&amp;nbsp; &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; [Title in German. Georg Hilz (1901-1975)
was a German painter, draftsman, and graphic artist, best known for his
detailed and often idealized depictions of rural Bavarian life and folk
traditions.]&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;14.The
stamp commemorating Ada Blackjack&amp;nbsp; &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; [This post analyzes a specific postage
stamp issued to commemorate Ada Blackjack (1898-1983), an Iñupiat woman who
survived alone on Wrangel Island in 1923, and places it in a historical
context.]&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;15.Ada
Blackjack&amp;nbsp; &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; [A detailed biographical post about Ada
Blackjack (1898-1983), the Iñupiat woman known for her remarkable survival
story on Wrangel Island, highlighting her resilience and legacy.]&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;16.Luís de
Camões&amp;nbsp; &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; [Title in Portuguese. Luís de Camões (c.
1524–1580) is Portugal&#39;s national poet, author of the epic &quot;The
Lusiads.&quot; This post likely focuses on his life, travels, and literary
legacy.]&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;17.Otto
Engelhardt - Kyffhäuser&amp;nbsp; &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; [Title in German. Otto Engelhardt
(1876-1951) was a German painter and illustrator, particularly associated with
the Kyffhäuser mountain region in Thuringia, known for his landscapes and local
genre scenes.]&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;18.Henryk
Rauchinger: An Austro-Polish Portraitist&amp;nbsp;
&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; [A post about Henryk Rauchinger
(1858-1938), a Polish-Jewish portrait painter who had a successful career in
Vienna, painting portraits of the Austro-Hungarian aristocracy and
bourgeoisie.]&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;19.Rihards
Zariņš - a Latvian graphic artist&amp;nbsp; &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; [This post explores the life and work of
Rihards Zariņš (1869-1939), a seminal Latvian painter and graphic artist best
known for designing Latvia&#39;s first postage stamps and banknotes.]&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;20.Fritz
Kempe – a German painter&amp;nbsp; &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; [A biographical entry on Fritz Kempe
(1904-1981), a German painter known for his landscapes, still lifes, and
depictions of Orthodox churches in what is now Belarus during WWII.]&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;21.Stanisław Szczęsnowicz&amp;nbsp;
&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;[Title in Polish.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;Stanisław Szczęsnowicz (1866-1939) was a Polish prison director and
penitentiary reformer.&amp;nbsp;He served as the director of prisons in Kraków
(Montelupich) and Nowy Wiśnicz. He was known for his modern, humane approach to
penitentiary science, focusing on rehabilitation and education of inmates,
which was progressive for his time.]&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://arbitrage-international.blogspot.com/feeds/7196782454081508978/comments/default' title='Komentarze do posta'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://arbitrage-international.blogspot.com/2026/01/list-of-posts-on-blog-reconstructing.html#comment-form' title='Komentarze (0)'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5272638736307182735/posts/default/7196782454081508978'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5272638736307182735/posts/default/7196782454081508978'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://arbitrage-international.blogspot.com/2026/01/list-of-posts-on-blog-reconstructing.html' title=' List of Posts on the Blog &quot;Reconstructing People&quot; (with Translations and Explanations)'/><author><name>andreypl</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02921254140941802355</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='22' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgDcRY31HcnmAC-cbOB-_AF1DG4M51XEuq5CJBOuE2F7cXhzQvft0h8pSq_8YeSycI31J5nE6WixquAGFFlmL7qhSRLku1qQGETMKy6FmYkZNVMhsLxqRVnNty8LtWBUw/s220/ja.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5272638736307182735.post-812140200642813027</id><published>2026-01-06T12:43:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2026-06-11T13:42:16.265-07:00</updated><title type='text'> Tadeusz Isakowicz-Zaleski</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; dir=&quot;rtl&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; font-weight: bold; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiW8GD8T5ycowd7_Hc8PHv4HiOKoQkeD81kM9sLSin7v9CskiXRlUbWlAPVRoHO9-HwDF1bRuP_IQOeRXcNs5V5ROEUNFAPcv53IQHZYESxUaWHR25hCVdRNsdkErPMcE6hn46X29vb7LTRlsRuaVSrr5E-hDGDi8XG5-6hTl75gt3CbdbzWvjoURpj9IJt/s2322/JRKRUK_20130603_KS_TADEUSZ_ISAKOWICZ-ZALESKI_IMG_9191.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;2322&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1874&quot; height=&quot;320&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiW8GD8T5ycowd7_Hc8PHv4HiOKoQkeD81kM9sLSin7v9CskiXRlUbWlAPVRoHO9-HwDF1bRuP_IQOeRXcNs5V5ROEUNFAPcv53IQHZYESxUaWHR25hCVdRNsdkErPMcE6hn46X29vb7LTRlsRuaVSrr5E-hDGDi8XG5-6hTl75gt3CbdbzWvjoURpj9IJt/s320/JRKRUK_20130603_KS_TADEUSZ_ISAKOWICZ-ZALESKI_IMG_9191.jpg&quot; width=&quot;258&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;Ks. Tadeusz Isakowicz-Zaleski&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;właściwie&amp;nbsp;Tadeusz Bohdan Zaleski&amp;nbsp;(ur.&amp;nbsp;7 września 1956 r. w Krakowie, zm.&amp;nbsp;9 stycznia 2024 r. w Chrzanowie&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;), kapłan archidiecezji krakowskiej, publicysta i działacz społeczny, był jednym z najbardziej znanych orędowników upamiętnienia&amp;nbsp;&lt;span data-end=&quot;311&quot; data-start=&quot;272&quot;&gt;Polaków zamordowanych przez OUN-UPA&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;na Kresach Wschodnich II Rzeczypospolitej. Był spokrewniony z przedostatnim arcybiskupem ormiańskokatolickim Lwowa, kaznodzieją i filantropem Izaakiem Mikołajem Isakowiczem (1824–1901), będąc praprawnukiem brata arcybiskupa, a także z ks. prałatem Leonem Isakowiczem (1897–1944), proboszczem parafii ormiańskokatolickiej w Stanisławowie.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&lt;a name=&#39;more&#39;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Ze względu na
moje &lt;b&gt;związki rodzinne ze Stanisławowem&lt;/b&gt; przeglądam wszelkie pamiątki
związane z tym miastem. W ten sposób natrafiłem na kartkę pocztową z 1942
roku, wysłaną ze Stanisławowa przez &lt;b&gt;księdza Leona Isakowicza&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Zwróciłem się
następnie do &lt;b&gt;ks. Tadeusza Isakowicza-Zaleskiego&lt;/b&gt; z prośbą o informację
związaną z tą kartką. Oto otrzymana odpowiedź:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;„Szanowny Panie,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;bardzo dziękuję za nadesłaną informację. To dla mnie nadzwyczaj ciekawe, bo
ks. Leon był bratem stryjecznym mego dziadka Kajetana Jerzego Isakowicz.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;Serdecznie pozdrawiam. Szczęść Boże!&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;ks. Tadeusz Isakowicz-Zaleski”&lt;/i&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;W ten sposób &lt;b&gt;zainteresowała mnie genealogia
tego znamienitego rodu&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;img height=&quot;434&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhGrbeFluGXrpsZjZU9EpMdFbLUS6o41rXMiAU0rFuSPbtxXT1ttd0i1kXq1mi1G2KZOWrQPcwvIr0EsDzX087za_4zvIbNKKEM6Vu9aKI2zZX6zyZCSDpyEZ0Iczw21rECQFfssTipNSwAVtClJbQmdPai4gBKdaETx1z53y0rp2MHCR-JZior4UZdsT96&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;&quot; v:shapes=&quot;Obraz_x0020_1&quot; width=&quot;605&quot; /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Kajetan Jerzy (dziadek ks. Tadeusza) i Ks.
Leon to synowie kuzynów pierwszego stopnia (Teofila i Antoniego), co czyni ich
kuzynami drugiego stopnia, potocznie zwanymi &quot;braćmi stryjecznymi&quot;.
Abp Izaak był rodzonym bratem ich dziadków (Samuela i Kajetana).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Ks. Tadeusz
Isakowicz-Zaleski wywodzi się z wielopokoleniowej rodziny ormiańskiej, której
korzenie na ziemiach polskich sięgają co najmniej XVIII wieku. Jego drzewo
genealogiczne, odtworzone na podstawie dokumentów rodzinnych, ukazuje
skomplikowane koligacje oraz wierność tradycji katolickiej obrządku
ormiańskiego.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Linia męska Isakowiczów
sięga Isaka Isakowicza (ur. ok. 1660-1780), od którego prawdopodobnie wywodzi
się nazwisko rodziny. Jego synem był Jakub Isakowicz (ur. ok. 1725-1785), a
wnukiem Dominik Isakowicz (1790-1867). Syn Dominika, Kajetan Isakowicz (1832-przed
1888), miał co najmniej dwóch synów, którzy założyli dwie główne linie rodziny:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;1.&amp;nbsp; Linia &quot;Księża&quot;: Syn Teofil
Isakowicz (ur. 1860) z Gertrudą z Jakubowiczów mieli dzieci:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; *&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
Ks. Leon Isakowicz (1897-1944) – kapłan.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; *&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
Maria Isakowicz (1893-1925).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Teofil był bratem Samuela (1820-?) i
słynnego Arcybiskupa Izaaka Mikołaja Isakowicza (1824-1901).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;2.&amp;nbsp; Linia &quot;Dziadka Kajetana&quot;: Drugi syn
Kajetana, Antoni Isakowicz (1870-1933), śpiewak ze Stanisławowa, ożenił się z
Władysławą z Majewskich. Ich synem był Kajetan Jerzy Isakowicz (1907-1948) –
dziadek ks. Tadeusza ze strony matki.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Kluczowa relacja
pokrewieństwa opisana w liście ks. Tadeusza (&quot;ks. Leon był bratem
stryjecznym mego dziadka Kajetana&quot;) potwierdza się zatem w pełni: Antoni
(ojciec Kajetana Jerzego) i Teofil (ojciec ks. Leona) byli rodzonymi braćmi,
synami Kajetana Isakowicza (1832). Dlatego Leon i Kajetan Jerzy byli kuzynami w
pierwszym stopniu (brat stryjeczny).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Linia matki ks. Tadeusza
wiedzie przez Janinę (Alinę) ze Sławińskich (1906-1983), która poślubiła
Kajetana Jerzego Isakowicza. Jej matka, Maria z Łysiaków, była córką
greckokatolickiego księdza Izydora Łysiaka, co wprowadza do genealogii wątek
duchowny obrządku wschodniego.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Rodzice ks. Tadeusza to
Teresa z Isakowiczów Zaleska (ur. 1932) i Zbigniew Zaleski. Teresa jest córką
Kajetana Jerzego i Janiny, a bliźniaczą siostrą s. Miriam (Krystyny) Isakowicz,
franciszkanki służebnicy krzyża pracującej na Ukrainie.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;

&lt;hr align=&quot;center&quot; size=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; /&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;I. Tabela
genealogiczna&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Genealogia ks.
Tadeusza Isakowicza-Zaleskiego&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;(linia Isakowiczów i Sławińskich)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;3&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormalTable&quot;&gt;
 &lt;thead&gt;
  &lt;tr&gt;
   &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
   &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Pokolenie&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
   &lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
   &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Imię i nazwisko&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
   &lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
   &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Lata życia&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
   &lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
   &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Relacja do ks. Tadeusza&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
   &lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
   &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Uwagi&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
   &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;/thead&gt;
 &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;VI&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Isak Isakowicz&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;ok. 1660–1780&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;praprapraprzodek&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Najstarszy udokumentowany przodek&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;V&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Jakub Isakowicz&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;ok. 1725–1785&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;praprapradziad&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Syn Isaka&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;IV&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Dominik Isakowicz&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;1790–1867&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;prapradziad&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Mąż Rypsymy ze Słowackich&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/AF/Documents/Artyku%C5%82y/Tadeusz%20Isakowicz.docx#_ftn1&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref1&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;III&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Kajetan Isakowicz&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;1832 – przed 1888&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;pradziad&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Mąż Kajetany z Donigiewiczów&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Samuel Isakowicz&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;1820 – ?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;pradziad (linia boczna)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Brat Kajetana&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Abp Izaak Mikołaj Isakowicz&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;1824–1901&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;bliski krewny&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Arcybiskup ormiańskokatolicki we Lwowie&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;II&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Antoni Isakowicz&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;1870–1933&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;dziadek&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Śpiewak, Stanisławów–Kraków&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Teofil Isakowicz&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;ur. 1860&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;brat stryjeczny Antoniego&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Syn Samuela&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;I&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Kajetan Jerzy Isakowicz&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;1907–1948&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;ojciec matki&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Ormianin ze Stanisławowa&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Ks. Leon Isakowicz&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;1897–1944&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;brat stryjeczny dziadka&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Kapłan; zm. 4 V 1944 w Stanisławowie, poch. ul. Sapieżyńska&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Teresa z Isakowiczów Zaleska&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;ur. 1932&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;matka&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Bliźniaczka s. Miriam&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Krystyna Isakowicz (s. Miriam)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;ur. 1932&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;ciotka&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Franciszkanka Służebnica Krzyża&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;–1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Ks. Tadeusz Bohdan Isakowicz-Zaleski&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;1956–2024&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;—&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Kapłan archidiecezji krakowskiej&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Linia
macierzysta (uzupełnienie)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;3&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormalTable&quot;&gt;
 &lt;thead&gt;
  &lt;tr&gt;
   &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
   &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Osoba&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
   &lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
   &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Uwagi&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
   &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;/thead&gt;
 &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Janina (Alina) ze Sławińskich&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt; (1906–1983)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;żona Kajetana Jerzego&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Tadeusz Sławiński&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;ojciec Janiny, rzeźbiarz&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Maria z Łysiaków&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;matka Janiny&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Ks. Izydor Łysiak&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;greckokatolicki ksiądz, dziadek Janiny&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;

&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;

&lt;hr align=&quot;center&quot; size=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; /&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;II. Schemat
drzewa genealogicznego (tekstowy – poprawiony)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Isak Isakowicz&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;└── Jakub
Isakowicz&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; └── Dominik Isakowicz (1790–1867) + Rypsyma
ze Słowackich&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; ├── Samuel Isakowicz (1820–?)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; │&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
└── Teofil Isakowicz (ur. 1860) + Gertruda z Jakubowiczów&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; │&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
├── Maria Isakowicz (1893–1925)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; │&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
└── ks. Leon Isakowicz (1897–1944)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; │&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; † zm. 4 V 1944 w Stanisławowie&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; │&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; † poch. cmentarz przy ul.
Sapieżyńskiej&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; │&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; (obecnie teren hotelu „Ukraina”)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; │&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; ├── Abp Izaak Mikołaj Isakowicz
(1824–1901)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; │&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
arcybiskup ormiańskokatolicki we Lwowie&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; │&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; └── Kajetan Isakowicz (1832 – † przed
1888) + Kajetana z Donigiewiczów&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; └── Antoni Isakowicz (1870–1933) +
Władysława z Majewskich&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; └── Kajetan Jerzy Isakowicz
(1907–1948)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; + Janina (Alina) Sławińska
(1906–1983)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; ├── Teresa z Isakowiczów
Zaleska (ur. 1932)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; │&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; └── ks. Tadeusz Bohdan Isakowicz-Zaleski&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; │&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; (7 IX 1956 Kraków – 9 I 2024 Chrzanów)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; └── Krystyna Isakowicz (ur.
1932)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; s. Miriam,
Franciszkanka Służebnica Krzyża&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;

&lt;hr align=&quot;center&quot; size=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; /&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Uwaga
terminologiczna (do przypisu redakcyjnego)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Określenie &lt;b&gt;„brat
stryjeczny”&lt;/b&gt; użyte w korespondencji ks. Tadeusza wobec relacji między ks.
Leonem Isakowiczem a Kajetanem Jerzym Isakowiczem ma charakter &lt;b&gt;rodzinno-potoczny&lt;/b&gt;
i odpowiada genealogicznie relacji &lt;b&gt;kuzynów&lt;/b&gt; należących do tego samego
pokolenia.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;

&lt;hr align=&quot;center&quot; size=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; /&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Juliusz Słowacki i Ormianie&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Jak wyżej pisałem, Izaak Mikołaj Isakowicz
wywodził się ze szlacheckiej rodziny ormiańskiej z Siedmiogrodu, noszącej
przydomek „Haybab”. Był synem Samuela i Rypsymy&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/AF/Documents/Artyku%C5%82y/Tadeusz%20Isakowicz.docx#_ftn2&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref2&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt; z d.
Słowackiej, krewnej poety Juliusza Słowackiego.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Sensacyjne
wyniki badań antropologicznych, przeprowadzonych dopiero w 1927 roku w Paryżu
na szczątkach Słowackiego, ujawniły, że poeta należał do typu fizycznego
pokrewnego Ormianom: niski wzrost, ciemna karnacja, krótkogłowa budowa czaszki,
garbaty i duży nos oraz słabo rozwinięte kości twarzy. Podobne cechy ujawniała
rodzina Salomei Januszewskiej, matki Juliusza, co świadczy o ormiańskich
korzeniach matki poety; nawet małopolscy Januszewscy nie ukrywali swojego
pochodzenia. Matka arcybiskupa Isakowicza, Rypsyma Słowacka, również była
Ormianką — co zdradza już jej imię — i pochodziła z Krzemieńca, rodzinnego
miasta Słowackiego.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Odkrycia
antropologiczne współgrają z literackimi wyborami poety. W „Królu Duchu”
Słowacki ukazuje Armeńczyka Hera jako własne uosobienie, w symboliczny sposób
łącząc się z Armenią. Historycy literatury dopatrywali się w jego poezji,
pełnej bogatej wyobraźni i kontrastów barw, elementów wschodnich, co dodatkowo
potwierdza znaczenie jego ormiańskiego dziedzictwa&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/AF/Documents/Artyku%C5%82y/Tadeusz%20Isakowicz.docx#_ftn3&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref3&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot; /&gt;

&lt;hr align=&quot;left&quot; size=&quot;1&quot; width=&quot;33%&quot; /&gt;

&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn1&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/AF/Documents/Artyku%C5%82y/Tadeusz%20Isakowicz.docx#_ftnref1&quot; name=&quot;_ftn1&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt; krewna&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poezja&quot; title=&quot;Poezja&quot;&gt;&lt;span color=&quot;windowtext&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;poety&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juliusz_S%C5%82owacki&quot; title=&quot;Juliusz Słowacki&quot;&gt;&lt;span color=&quot;windowtext&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;Juliusza Słowackiego&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/AF/Documents/Artyku%C5%82y/Tadeusz%20Isakowicz.docx#_ftnref2&quot; name=&quot;_ftn2&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt; Rypsyma, Hripsime (ormiańskie: Հռիփսիմէ;
zmarła ok. 290) była męczennicą pochodzenia rzymskiego. Historia jej męczeństwa
związana jest z tradycyjnym opisem chrystianizacji Armenii. Ona oraz jej
towarzyszki w męczeństwie są czczone jako jedne z pierwszych chrześcijańskich
męczennic Armenii [wikipedia].&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/AF/Documents/Artyku%C5%82y/Tadeusz%20Isakowicz.docx#_ftnref3&quot; name=&quot;_ftn3&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Andrzej Bohosiewicz, &lt;i&gt;Sylwetki wybitnych Ormian Polskich&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;ftn3&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://arbitrage-international.blogspot.com/feeds/812140200642813027/comments/default' title='Komentarze do posta'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://arbitrage-international.blogspot.com/2026/01/tadeusz-isakowicz-zaleski.html#comment-form' title='Komentarze (0)'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5272638736307182735/posts/default/812140200642813027'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5272638736307182735/posts/default/812140200642813027'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://arbitrage-international.blogspot.com/2026/01/tadeusz-isakowicz-zaleski.html' title=' Tadeusz Isakowicz-Zaleski'/><author><name>andreypl</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02921254140941802355</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='22' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgDcRY31HcnmAC-cbOB-_AF1DG4M51XEuq5CJBOuE2F7cXhzQvft0h8pSq_8YeSycI31J5nE6WixquAGFFlmL7qhSRLku1qQGETMKy6FmYkZNVMhsLxqRVnNty8LtWBUw/s220/ja.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiW8GD8T5ycowd7_Hc8PHv4HiOKoQkeD81kM9sLSin7v9CskiXRlUbWlAPVRoHO9-HwDF1bRuP_IQOeRXcNs5V5ROEUNFAPcv53IQHZYESxUaWHR25hCVdRNsdkErPMcE6hn46X29vb7LTRlsRuaVSrr5E-hDGDi8XG5-6hTl75gt3CbdbzWvjoURpj9IJt/s72-c/JRKRUK_20130603_KS_TADEUSZ_ISAKOWICZ-ZALESKI_IMG_9191.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5272638736307182735.post-2953792059113231328</id><published>2025-12-22T00:56:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2026-06-11T13:40:36.355-07:00</updated><title type='text'> Cień i Światło: Nikołaj Marr, Jewgienij Poliwanow i dwie, przeciwne drogi językoznawstwa</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white; color: #0f1115; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Dwa portrety, które razem tworzą kompletny
obraz tragedii nauki w państwie totalitarnym. Pierwszy to historia Nikołaja
Marra – twórcy obowiązującej dogmatycznej teorii. Drugi – jego największego
krytyka, Jewgienija Poliwanowa, który za swoją uczciwość zapłacił życiem. To
opowieść o tym, jak ideologia może zabić rozum.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiyA3_aTDEX26B5ZRqYlLsZ-H1a1sW0HMusQAiuCYP4aaR7qK9Mcs6gNsr9NgG9_Y_eDfWVbTQMf-els5XRJ-rixIYTP7UQGYGuUNu_VW6gDJSVY9OEWr00ztmLnnWXA2AeRaaEjjru4RYJjm47e4LdJa6rZYe-x1UdsnGIMtOFQ5kw2HOnhXgcZe_ODcj/s955/Nicholas_Marr_2014_Armenian_stamp.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;720&quot; data-original-width=&quot;955&quot; height=&quot;241&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiyA3_aTDEX26B5ZRqYlLsZ-H1a1sW0HMusQAiuCYP4aaR7qK9Mcs6gNsr9NgG9_Y_eDfWVbTQMf-els5XRJ-rixIYTP7UQGYGuUNu_VW6gDJSVY9OEWr00ztmLnnWXA2AeRaaEjjru4RYJjm47e4LdJa6rZYe-x1UdsnGIMtOFQ5kw2HOnhXgcZe_ODcj/s320/Nicholas_Marr_2014_Armenian_stamp.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white; color: #0f1115; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Calibri Light&amp;quot;, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;color: #2f5496; font-size: 16pt;&quot;&gt;Spis treści&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 5pt; tab-stops: right dotted 453.1pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-element:field-begin&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-spacerun:yes&#39;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;TOC \o &amp;quot;1-3&amp;quot; \h \z \u &lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-element:field-separator&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0563c1; mso-no-proof: yes; mso-themecolor: hyperlink;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_Toc217289224&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;Nikołaj
 Marr: Geniusz czy szarlatan? Dwie twarze najdziwniejszego lingwisty w historii&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span color=&quot;windowtext&quot; style=&quot;display: none; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;
 text-underline:none&#39;&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:field-begin&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; PAGEREF _Toc217289224
 \h &lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:field-separator&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;span color=&quot;windowtext&quot; style=&quot;display: none; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;1&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
  &lt;w:data&gt;08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003200310037003200380039003200320034000000&lt;/w:data&gt;
 &lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;color:windowtext;
 display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none&#39;&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-element:field-end&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 5pt; tab-stops: right dotted 453.1pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0563c1; mso-no-proof: yes; mso-themecolor: hyperlink;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_Toc217289225&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;Wstęp:
 Cztery magiczne sylaby, które zawładnęły nauką&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span color=&quot;windowtext&quot; style=&quot;display: none; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;
 text-underline:none&#39;&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:field-begin&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; PAGEREF _Toc217289225
 \h &lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:field-separator&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;span color=&quot;windowtext&quot; style=&quot;display: none; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;1&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
  &lt;w:data&gt;08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003200310037003200380039003200320035000000&lt;/w:data&gt;
 &lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;color:windowtext;
 display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none&#39;&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-element:field-end&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 5pt; tab-stops: right dotted 453.1pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0563c1; mso-no-proof: yes; mso-themecolor: hyperlink;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_Toc217289226&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;Część
 1: &quot;Zły&quot; Marr - twórca teorii jafetycznej&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span color=&quot;windowtext&quot; style=&quot;display: none; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;
 text-underline:none&#39;&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:field-begin&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; PAGEREF _Toc217289226
 \h &lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:field-separator&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;span color=&quot;windowtext&quot; style=&quot;display: none; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;2&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
  &lt;w:data&gt;08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003200310037003200380039003200320036000000&lt;/w:data&gt;
 &lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;color:windowtext;
 display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none&#39;&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-element:field-end&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 5pt; tab-stops: right dotted 453.1pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0563c1; mso-no-proof: yes; mso-themecolor: hyperlink;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_Toc217289227&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;Czym
 była ta teoria?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span color=&quot;windowtext&quot; style=&quot;display: none; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;color:windowtext;
 display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none&#39;&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-element:field-begin&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; PAGEREF _Toc217289227 \h &lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-element:field-separator&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;span color=&quot;windowtext&quot; style=&quot;display: none; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;2&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
  &lt;w:data&gt;08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003200310037003200380039003200320037000000&lt;/w:data&gt;
 &lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;color:windowtext;
 display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none&#39;&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-element:field-end&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 5pt; tab-stops: right dotted 453.1pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0563c1; mso-no-proof: yes; mso-themecolor: hyperlink;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_Toc217289228&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;Dlaczego
 była pseudonauką?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span color=&quot;windowtext&quot; style=&quot;display: none; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;color:windowtext;
 display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none&#39;&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-element:field-begin&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; PAGEREF _Toc217289228 \h &lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-element:field-separator&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;span color=&quot;windowtext&quot; style=&quot;display: none; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;2&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
  &lt;w:data&gt;08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003200310037003200380039003200320038000000&lt;/w:data&gt;
 &lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;color:windowtext;
 display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none&#39;&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-element:field-end&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 5pt; tab-stops: right dotted 453.1pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0563c1; mso-no-proof: yes; mso-themecolor: hyperlink;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_Toc217289229&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;Część
 2: &quot;Dobry&quot; Marr - pionier kaukazologii&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span color=&quot;windowtext&quot; style=&quot;display: none; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;
 text-underline:none&#39;&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:field-begin&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; PAGEREF _Toc217289229
 \h &lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:field-separator&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;span color=&quot;windowtext&quot; style=&quot;display: none; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;2&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
  &lt;w:data&gt;08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003200310037003200380039003200320039000000&lt;/w:data&gt;
 &lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;color:windowtext;
 display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none&#39;&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-element:field-end&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 5pt; tab-stops: right dotted 453.1pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0563c1; mso-no-proof: yes; mso-themecolor: hyperlink;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_Toc217289230&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;Armenia:
 gramatyka, która przetrwała wiek&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span color=&quot;windowtext&quot; style=&quot;display: none; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;
 text-underline:none&#39;&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:field-begin&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; PAGEREF _Toc217289230
 \h &lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:field-separator&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;span color=&quot;windowtext&quot; style=&quot;display: none; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;3&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
  &lt;w:data&gt;08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003200310037003200380039003200330030000000&lt;/w:data&gt;
 &lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;color:windowtext;
 display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none&#39;&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-element:field-end&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 5pt; tab-stops: right dotted 453.1pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0563c1; mso-no-proof: yes; mso-themecolor: hyperlink;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_Toc217289231&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;Abchazja:
 twórca tożsamości&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span color=&quot;windowtext&quot; style=&quot;display: none; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;color:windowtext;
 display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none&#39;&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-element:field-begin&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; PAGEREF _Toc217289231 \h &lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-element:field-separator&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;span color=&quot;windowtext&quot; style=&quot;display: none; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;3&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
  &lt;w:data&gt;08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003200310037003200380039003200330031000000&lt;/w:data&gt;
 &lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;color:windowtext;
 display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none&#39;&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-element:field-end&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 5pt; tab-stops: right dotted 453.1pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0563c1; mso-no-proof: yes; mso-themecolor: hyperlink;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_Toc217289232&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;Część
 3: Upadek i paradoks&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span color=&quot;windowtext&quot; style=&quot;display: none; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;
 text-underline:none&#39;&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:field-begin&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; PAGEREF _Toc217289232
 \h &lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:field-separator&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;span color=&quot;windowtext&quot; style=&quot;display: none; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;3&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
  &lt;w:data&gt;08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003200310037003200380039003200330032000000&lt;/w:data&gt;
 &lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;color:windowtext;
 display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none&#39;&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-element:field-end&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 5pt; tab-stops: right dotted 453.1pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0563c1; mso-no-proof: yes; mso-themecolor: hyperlink;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_Toc217289233&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;Dwa
 życia, dwie spuścizny&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span color=&quot;windowtext&quot; style=&quot;display: none; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;
 text-underline:none&#39;&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:field-begin&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; PAGEREF _Toc217289233
 \h &lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:field-separator&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;span color=&quot;windowtext&quot; style=&quot;display: none; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;4&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
  &lt;w:data&gt;08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003200310037003200380039003200330033000000&lt;/w:data&gt;
 &lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;color:windowtext;
 display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none&#39;&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-element:field-end&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 5pt; tab-stops: right dotted 453.1pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0563c1; mso-no-proof: yes; mso-themecolor: hyperlink;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_Toc217289234&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;Wnioski:
 Lekcja na dziś&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span color=&quot;windowtext&quot; style=&quot;display: none; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;
 text-underline:none&#39;&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:field-begin&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; PAGEREF _Toc217289234
 \h &lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:field-separator&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;span color=&quot;windowtext&quot; style=&quot;display: none; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;4&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
  &lt;w:data&gt;08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003200310037003200380039003200330034000000&lt;/w:data&gt;
 &lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;color:windowtext;
 display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none&#39;&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-element:field-end&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 5pt; tab-stops: right dotted 453.1pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0563c1; mso-no-proof: yes; mso-themecolor: hyperlink;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_Toc217289235&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;Wykopaliska
 w Ani: Nieznany rozdział historii Nikołaja Marra&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span color=&quot;windowtext&quot; style=&quot;display: none; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;
 text-underline:none&#39;&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:field-begin&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; PAGEREF _Toc217289235
 \h &lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:field-separator&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;span color=&quot;windowtext&quot; style=&quot;display: none; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;5&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
  &lt;w:data&gt;08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003200310037003200380039003200330035000000&lt;/w:data&gt;
 &lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;color:windowtext;
 display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none&#39;&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-element:field-end&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 5pt; tab-stops: right dotted 453.1pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0563c1; mso-no-proof: yes; mso-themecolor: hyperlink;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_Toc217289236&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;Ani:
 Miasto-widmo na granicy imperiów&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span color=&quot;windowtext&quot; style=&quot;display: none; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;.. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;
 text-underline:none&#39;&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:field-begin&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; PAGEREF _Toc217289236
 \h &lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:field-separator&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;span color=&quot;windowtext&quot; style=&quot;display: none; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;6&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
  &lt;w:data&gt;08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003200310037003200380039003200330036000000&lt;/w:data&gt;
 &lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;color:windowtext;
 display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none&#39;&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-element:field-end&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 5pt; tab-stops: right dotted 453.1pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0563c1; mso-no-proof: yes; mso-themecolor: hyperlink;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_Toc217289237&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;Marr
 archeolog: Metoda zamiast ideologii&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span color=&quot;windowtext&quot; style=&quot;display: none; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;
 text-underline:none&#39;&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:field-begin&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; PAGEREF _Toc217289237
 \h &lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:field-separator&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;span color=&quot;windowtext&quot; style=&quot;display: none; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;6&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
  &lt;w:data&gt;08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003200310037003200380039003200330037000000&lt;/w:data&gt;
 &lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;color:windowtext;
 display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none&#39;&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-element:field-end&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 5pt; tab-stops: right dotted 453.1pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0563c1; mso-no-proof: yes; mso-themecolor: hyperlink;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_Toc217289238&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;Najważniejsze
 odkrycia Marra w Ani:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span color=&quot;windowtext&quot; style=&quot;display: none; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;
 text-underline:none&#39;&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:field-begin&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; PAGEREF _Toc217289238
 \h &lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:field-separator&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;span color=&quot;windowtext&quot; style=&quot;display: none; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;7&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
  &lt;w:data&gt;08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003200310037003200380039003200330038000000&lt;/w:data&gt;
 &lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;color:windowtext;
 display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none&#39;&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-element:field-end&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 5pt; tab-stops: right dotted 453.1pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0563c1; mso-no-proof: yes; mso-themecolor: hyperlink;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_Toc217289239&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;&quot;Materiały
 do archeologii ormiańskiej&quot;: Biblioteka, która przetrwała wiek&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span color=&quot;windowtext&quot; style=&quot;display: none; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;
 text-underline:none&#39;&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:field-begin&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; PAGEREF _Toc217289239
 \h &lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:field-separator&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;span color=&quot;windowtext&quot; style=&quot;display: none; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;7&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
  &lt;w:data&gt;08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003200310037003200380039003200330039000000&lt;/w:data&gt;
 &lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;color:windowtext;
 display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none&#39;&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-element:field-end&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 5pt; tab-stops: right dotted 453.1pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0563c1; mso-no-proof: yes; mso-themecolor: hyperlink;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_Toc217289240&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;Marr
 vs. współczesna archeologia: co zostało z jego metody?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span color=&quot;windowtext&quot; style=&quot;display: none; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;
 text-underline:none&#39;&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:field-begin&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; PAGEREF _Toc217289240
 \h &lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:field-separator&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;span color=&quot;windowtext&quot; style=&quot;display: none; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;8&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
  &lt;w:data&gt;08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003200310037003200380039003200340030000000&lt;/w:data&gt;
 &lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;color:windowtext;
 display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none&#39;&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-element:field-end&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 5pt; tab-stops: right dotted 453.1pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0563c1; mso-no-proof: yes; mso-themecolor: hyperlink;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_Toc217289241&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;Ani
 dzisiaj: Miasto, które Marr ocalił od zapomnienia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span color=&quot;windowtext&quot; style=&quot;display: none; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;
 text-underline:none&#39;&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:field-begin&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; PAGEREF _Toc217289241
 \h &lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:field-separator&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;span color=&quot;windowtext&quot; style=&quot;display: none; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;9&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
  &lt;w:data&gt;08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003200310037003200380039003200340031000000&lt;/w:data&gt;
 &lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;color:windowtext;
 display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none&#39;&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-element:field-end&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 5pt; tab-stops: right dotted 453.1pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0563c1; mso-no-proof: yes; mso-themecolor: hyperlink;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_Toc217289242&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;Wnioski:
 Który Marr jest prawdziwy?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span color=&quot;windowtext&quot; style=&quot;display: none; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;
 text-underline:none&#39;&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:field-begin&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; PAGEREF _Toc217289242
 \h &lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:field-separator&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;span color=&quot;windowtext&quot; style=&quot;display: none; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;9&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
  &lt;w:data&gt;08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003200310037003200380039003200340032000000&lt;/w:data&gt;
 &lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;color:windowtext;
 display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none&#39;&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-element:field-end&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 5pt; tab-stops: right dotted 453.1pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0563c1; mso-no-proof: yes; mso-themecolor: hyperlink;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_Toc217289243&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;Alfabet
 Abchaski: Najtrwalszy Dar Nikołaja Marra&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span color=&quot;windowtext&quot; style=&quot;display: none; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;
 text-underline:none&#39;&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:field-begin&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; PAGEREF _Toc217289243
 \h &lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:field-separator&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;span color=&quot;windowtext&quot; style=&quot;display: none; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;9&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
  &lt;w:data&gt;08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003200310037003200380039003200340033000000&lt;/w:data&gt;
 &lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;color:windowtext;
 display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none&#39;&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-element:field-end&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 5pt; tab-stops: right dotted 453.1pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0563c1; mso-no-proof: yes; mso-themecolor: hyperlink;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_Toc217289244&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;Abchazja
 przed Marrem: Naród bez pisma&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span color=&quot;windowtext&quot; style=&quot;display: none; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;
 text-underline:none&#39;&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:field-begin&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; PAGEREF _Toc217289244
 \h &lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:field-separator&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;span color=&quot;windowtext&quot; style=&quot;display: none; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;10&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
  &lt;w:data&gt;08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003200310037003200380039003200340034000000&lt;/w:data&gt;
 &lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;color:windowtext;
 display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none&#39;&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-element:field-end&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 5pt; tab-stops: right dotted 453.1pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0563c1; mso-no-proof: yes; mso-themecolor: hyperlink;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_Toc217289245&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;Co
 było genialnego w alfabecie Marra?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span color=&quot;windowtext&quot; style=&quot;display: none; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;
 text-underline:none&#39;&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:field-begin&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; PAGEREF _Toc217289245
 \h &lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:field-separator&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;span color=&quot;windowtext&quot; style=&quot;display: none; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;10&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
  &lt;w:data&gt;08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003200310037003200380039003200340035000000&lt;/w:data&gt;
 &lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;color:windowtext;
 display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none&#39;&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-element:field-end&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 5pt; tab-stops: right dotted 453.1pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0563c1; mso-no-proof: yes; mso-themecolor: hyperlink;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_Toc217289246&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;3.
 Przykład konkretnych rozwiązań Marra:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span color=&quot;windowtext&quot; style=&quot;display: none; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;
 text-underline:none&#39;&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:field-begin&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; PAGEREF _Toc217289246
 \h &lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:field-separator&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;span color=&quot;windowtext&quot; style=&quot;display: none; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;11&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
  &lt;w:data&gt;08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003200310037003200380039003200340036000000&lt;/w:data&gt;
 &lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;color:windowtext;
 display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none&#39;&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-element:field-end&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 5pt; tab-stops: right dotted 453.1pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0563c1; mso-no-proof: yes; mso-themecolor: hyperlink;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_Toc217289247&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;Dlaczego
 Abchazowie cenią Marra za alfabet?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span color=&quot;windowtext&quot; style=&quot;display: none; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;
 text-underline:none&#39;&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:field-begin&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; PAGEREF _Toc217289247
 \h &lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:field-separator&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;span color=&quot;windowtext&quot; style=&quot;display: none; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;11&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
  &lt;w:data&gt;08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003200310037003200380039003200340037000000&lt;/w:data&gt;
 &lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;color:windowtext;
 display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none&#39;&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-element:field-end&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 5pt; tab-stops: right dotted 453.1pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0563c1; mso-no-proof: yes; mso-themecolor: hyperlink;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_Toc217289248&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;Paradoks:
 Marr vs. jego własna teoria&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span color=&quot;windowtext&quot; style=&quot;display: none; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;
 text-underline:none&#39;&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:field-begin&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; PAGEREF _Toc217289248
 \h &lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:field-separator&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;span color=&quot;windowtext&quot; style=&quot;display: none; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;13&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
  &lt;w:data&gt;08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003200310037003200380039003200340038000000&lt;/w:data&gt;
 &lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;color:windowtext;
 display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none&#39;&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-element:field-end&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 5pt; tab-stops: right dotted 453.1pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0563c1; mso-no-proof: yes; mso-themecolor: hyperlink;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_Toc217289249&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;Wnioski:
 Dlaczego to ważne?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span color=&quot;windowtext&quot; style=&quot;display: none; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;
 text-underline:none&#39;&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:field-begin&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; PAGEREF _Toc217289249
 \h &lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:field-separator&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;span color=&quot;windowtext&quot; style=&quot;display: none; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;14&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
  &lt;w:data&gt;08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003200310037003200380039003200340039000000&lt;/w:data&gt;
 &lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;color:windowtext;
 display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none&#39;&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-element:field-end&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 5pt; tab-stops: right dotted 453.1pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0563c1; mso-no-proof: yes; mso-themecolor: hyperlink;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_Toc217289250&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;Czym
 są Wispachy?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span color=&quot;windowtext&quot; style=&quot;display: none; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;
 text-underline:none&#39;&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:field-begin&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; PAGEREF _Toc217289250
 \h &lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:field-separator&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;span color=&quot;windowtext&quot; style=&quot;display: none; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;15&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
  &lt;w:data&gt;08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003200310037003200380039003200350030000000&lt;/w:data&gt;
 &lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;color:windowtext;
 display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none&#39;&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-element:field-end&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 5pt; tab-stops: right dotted 453.1pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0563c1; mso-no-proof: yes; mso-themecolor: hyperlink;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_Toc217289251&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;Współczesne
 rozumienie Wispachów&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span color=&quot;windowtext&quot; style=&quot;display: none; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;.. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;
 text-underline:none&#39;&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:field-begin&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; PAGEREF _Toc217289251
 \h &lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:field-separator&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;span color=&quot;windowtext&quot; style=&quot;display: none; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;16&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
  &lt;w:data&gt;08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003200310037003200380039003200350031000000&lt;/w:data&gt;
 &lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;color:windowtext;
 display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none&#39;&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-element:field-end&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 5pt; tab-stops: right dotted 453.1pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0563c1; mso-no-proof: yes; mso-themecolor: hyperlink;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_Toc217289252&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;Podsumowanie:
 Dwa oblicza naukowca&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span color=&quot;windowtext&quot; style=&quot;display: none; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;
 text-underline:none&#39;&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:field-begin&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; PAGEREF _Toc217289252
 \h &lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:field-separator&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;span color=&quot;windowtext&quot; style=&quot;display: none; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;16&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
  &lt;w:data&gt;08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003200310037003200380039003200350032000000&lt;/w:data&gt;
 &lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;color:windowtext;
 display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none&#39;&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-element:field-end&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 5pt; tab-stops: right dotted 453.1pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0563c1; mso-no-proof: yes; mso-themecolor: hyperlink;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_Toc217289253&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;Jewgienij
 Dmitrijewicz Poliwanow: Geniusz lingwistyki, ofiara ideologii&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span color=&quot;windowtext&quot; style=&quot;display: none; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;
 text-underline:none&#39;&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:field-begin&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; PAGEREF _Toc217289253
 \h &lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:field-separator&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;span color=&quot;windowtext&quot; style=&quot;display: none; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;17&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
  &lt;w:data&gt;08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003200310037003200380039003200350033000000&lt;/w:data&gt;
 &lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;color:windowtext;
 display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none&#39;&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-element:field-end&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 5pt; tab-stops: right dotted 453.1pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0563c1; mso-no-proof: yes; mso-themecolor: hyperlink;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_Toc217289254&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;Wstęp:
 Człowiek renesansu w epoce terroru&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span color=&quot;windowtext&quot; style=&quot;display: none; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;
 text-underline:none&#39;&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:field-begin&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; PAGEREF _Toc217289254
 \h &lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:field-separator&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;span color=&quot;windowtext&quot; style=&quot;display: none; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;17&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
  &lt;w:data&gt;08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003200310037003200380039003200350034000000&lt;/w:data&gt;
 &lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;color:windowtext;
 display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none&#39;&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-element:field-end&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 5pt; tab-stops: right dotted 453.1pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0563c1; mso-no-proof: yes; mso-themecolor: hyperlink;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_Toc217289255&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;Od
 carskiego lingwisty do bolszewickiego reformatora&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span color=&quot;windowtext&quot; style=&quot;display: none; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;
 text-underline:none&#39;&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:field-begin&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; PAGEREF _Toc217289255
 \h &lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:field-separator&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;span color=&quot;windowtext&quot; style=&quot;display: none; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;17&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
  &lt;w:data&gt;08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003200310037003200380039003200350035000000&lt;/w:data&gt;
 &lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;color:windowtext;
 display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none&#39;&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-element:field-end&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 5pt; tab-stops: right dotted 453.1pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0563c1; mso-no-proof: yes; mso-themecolor: hyperlink;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_Toc217289256&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;Twórca
 alfabetów: Dunganie, Uzbecy i inni&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span color=&quot;windowtext&quot; style=&quot;display: none; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;
 text-underline:none&#39;&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:field-begin&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; PAGEREF _Toc217289256
 \h &lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:field-separator&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;span color=&quot;windowtext&quot; style=&quot;display: none; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;17&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
  &lt;w:data&gt;08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003200310037003200380039003200350036000000&lt;/w:data&gt;
 &lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;color:windowtext;
 display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none&#39;&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-element:field-end&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 5pt; tab-stops: right dotted 453.1pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0563c1; mso-no-proof: yes; mso-themecolor: hyperlink;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_Toc217289257&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;Konflikt
 z Marrem: Nauka vs. ideologia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span color=&quot;windowtext&quot; style=&quot;display: none; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;
 text-underline:none&#39;&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:field-begin&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; PAGEREF _Toc217289257
 \h &lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:field-separator&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;span color=&quot;windowtext&quot; style=&quot;display: none; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;18&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
  &lt;w:data&gt;08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003200310037003200380039003200350037000000&lt;/w:data&gt;
 &lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;color:windowtext;
 display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none&#39;&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-element:field-end&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 5pt; tab-stops: right dotted 453.1pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0563c1; mso-no-proof: yes; mso-themecolor: hyperlink;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_Toc217289258&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;Poliwanow
 jako krytyk&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span color=&quot;windowtext&quot; style=&quot;display: none; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;
 text-underline:none&#39;&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:field-begin&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; PAGEREF _Toc217289258
 \h &lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:field-separator&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;span color=&quot;windowtext&quot; style=&quot;display: none; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;18&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
  &lt;w:data&gt;08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003200310037003200380039003200350038000000&lt;/w:data&gt;
 &lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;color:windowtext;
 display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none&#39;&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-element:field-end&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 5pt; tab-stops: right dotted 453.1pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0563c1; mso-no-proof: yes; mso-themecolor: hyperlink;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_Toc217289259&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;Poliwanow
 jako &quot;ofiara Marra&quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span color=&quot;windowtext&quot; style=&quot;display: none; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;
 text-underline:none&#39;&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:field-begin&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; PAGEREF _Toc217289259
 \h &lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:field-separator&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;span color=&quot;windowtext&quot; style=&quot;display: none; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;18&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
  &lt;w:data&gt;08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003200310037003200380039003200350039000000&lt;/w:data&gt;
 &lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;color:windowtext;
 display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none&#39;&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-element:field-end&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 5pt; tab-stops: right dotted 453.1pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0563c1; mso-no-proof: yes; mso-themecolor: hyperlink;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_Toc217289260&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;Aresztowanie,
 tortury i śmierć&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span color=&quot;windowtext&quot; style=&quot;display: none; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;color:windowtext;
 display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none&#39;&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-element:field-begin&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; PAGEREF _Toc217289260 \h &lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-element:field-separator&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;span color=&quot;windowtext&quot; style=&quot;display: none; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;19&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
  &lt;w:data&gt;08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003200310037003200380039003200360030000000&lt;/w:data&gt;
 &lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;color:windowtext;
 display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none&#39;&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-element:field-end&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 5pt; tab-stops: right dotted 453.1pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0563c1; mso-no-proof: yes; mso-themecolor: hyperlink;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_Toc217289261&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;Dziedzictwo
 Poliwanowa: Zrehabilitowany geniusz&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span color=&quot;windowtext&quot; style=&quot;display: none; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;color:windowtext;display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;
 text-underline:none&#39;&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:field-begin&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; PAGEREF _Toc217289261
 \h &lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:field-separator&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;span color=&quot;windowtext&quot; style=&quot;display: none; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;19&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
  &lt;w:data&gt;08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003200310037003200380039003200360031000000&lt;/w:data&gt;
 &lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;color:windowtext;
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twarze najdziwniejszego lingwisty w historii&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Jak jeden człowiek mógł jednocześnie stworzyć
całkowicie absurdalną teorię językową i dokonać pionierskich odkryć
archeologicznych? Poznajcie paradoks Nikołaja Marra - naukowca, którego
Abchazowie czczą, światowa lingwistyka wyśmiała, a Stalin osobiście zniszczył.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;_Toc217289225&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Wstęp: Cztery magiczne
sylaby, które zawładnęły nauką&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Wyobraźcie sobie świat, w którym cała lingwistyka
opiera się na przekonaniu, że wszystkie słowa wszystkich języków pochodzą
zaledwie od czterech magicznych sylab: SAL, BER, YON i ROŠ. Brzmi jak
scenariusz kiepskiej fantasy? A jednak przez dwadzieścia lat w Związku
Radzieckim była to oficjalna, jedyna słuszna teoria językowa.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Jej twórca, Nikołaj Marr, był postacią tak barwną i
sprzeczną, że aż trudno uwierzyć, że istniał naprawdę. Z jednej strony - autor
tej jawnej pseudonauki, która zahamowała rozwój językoznawstwa w ZSRR. Z
drugiej - wybitny archeolog i filolog, którego pracę do dziś cytują specjaliści
od kultur Kaukazu.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgCOspe5zcPfeIXAhZ_ufIa1xRHncSRBv6Bm6PJm35UPQZs4et_Xkc6n_YSe9Oh4vX7ua0gKBb9sQbMFokQgx3MIF8aEtK16kmRwif0dC6OjplHnIP1EMQtCxL5DXgxByWyhIiBi7soI2yf9FvrzpY4esQ2fWplxTMhCIK27SJzYaHK5fT4Cl37_b4PRfCj&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;430&quot; data-original-width=&quot;274&quot; height=&quot;240&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgCOspe5zcPfeIXAhZ_ufIa1xRHncSRBv6Bm6PJm35UPQZs4et_Xkc6n_YSe9Oh4vX7ua0gKBb9sQbMFokQgx3MIF8aEtK16kmRwif0dC6OjplHnIP1EMQtCxL5DXgxByWyhIiBi7soI2yf9FvrzpY4esQ2fWplxTMhCIK27SJzYaHK5fT4Cl37_b4PRfCj&quot; width=&quot;153&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhVVbFEFfbmDgx5_8uwC1cFmATwfXMYIofocmOc-InDkH1nh_Dex_9E2aBgez0m6bvWTvb3yF8EA-giRztIvpFJSHYWidyDbLtgZTbGCrlVK5Vk2n-Fk53fboLobisZRFswyszekkifD2xRTrHI1BUimyfPpo13BIdIS5DLw-XGXJPXlv2tKOeCj4_NSP84&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;430&quot; data-original-width=&quot;272&quot; height=&quot;240&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhVVbFEFfbmDgx5_8uwC1cFmATwfXMYIofocmOc-InDkH1nh_Dex_9E2aBgez0m6bvWTvb3yF8EA-giRztIvpFJSHYWidyDbLtgZTbGCrlVK5Vk2n-Fk53fboLobisZRFswyszekkifD2xRTrHI1BUimyfPpo13BIdIS5DLw-XGXJPXlv2tKOeCj4_NSP84&quot; width=&quot;152&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Znaczki Abchazji z
1996 roku, upamiętniające N. Marra&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Jak to możliwe? Zapraszam w podróż po życiu i
dokonaniach człowieka o dwóch zupełnie różnych twarzach naukowych.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;_Toc217289226&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Część 1:
&quot;Zły&quot; Marr - twórca teorii jafetycznej&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h1&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a name=&quot;_Toc217289227&quot;&gt;Czym była ta teoria?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Marr odrzucał wszystko, co stanowiło fundament
współczesnej lingwistyki. Rodzina języków indoeuropejskich? Według niego
&quot;burżuazyjny wymysł&quot; i &quot;przejaw rasizmu&quot;. Metoda
porównawcza, która pozwoliła zrekonstruować praindoeuropejski? Przeżytek.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Jego &quot;nowa nauka o języku&quot; opierała się na
czterech dogmatach:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;1. Stadialność - języki nie rozwijają się stopniowo,
ale przeskakują jakościowo między etapami (stadiami) zależnie od rozwoju
społecznego&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;2. Kreolizacja - nowe języki powstają głównie przez
mieszanie się starszych&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;3. Cztery elementy - wszystkie słowa na świecie
pochodzą od SAL, BER, YON, ROŠ&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;4. Polityczność - językoznawstwo musi służyć rewolucji
i walce z imperializmem&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h1&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a name=&quot;_Toc217289228&quot;&gt;Dlaczego była
pseudonauką?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Przede wszystkim była nieweryfikowalna. Każde słowo
dało się jakoś &quot;dopasować&quot; do czterech elementów poprzez naciągane
etymologie. Po drugie, była nieempiryczna - nie opierała się na danych, tylko
na ideologii.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Najbardziej uderzający jest kontrast między teorią
Marra a współczesną lingwistyką. Podczas gdy on głosił swoje ezoteryczne
koncepcje, metoda porównawcza (której tak nienawidził) odnosiła spektakularne
sukcesy - potwierdzono istnienie rodziny indoeuropejskiej, zrekonstruowano
praindoeuropejski, odkryto pokrewieństwo języków wcześniej niełączonych.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Ironia historii: to, co Marr zwalczał jako
&quot;burżuazyjną fikcję&quot;, okazało się jednym z największych sukcesów
nauki humanistycznej.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;_Toc217289229&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Część 2:
&quot;Dobry&quot; Marr - pionier kaukazologii&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;I tu zaczyna się druga, zupełnie inna historia. Zanim
Marr zaczął głosić swoje teorie o czterech elementach, był wybitnym, rzetelnym
badaczem języków i kultur Kaukazu.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h1&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a name=&quot;_Toc217289230&quot;&gt;Armenia: gramatyka,
która przetrwała wiek&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Jego &quot;Gramatyka języka staroormiańskiego
(grabaru)&quot; z 1903 roku to dzieło absolutnie pionierskie. Marr nie był tu
fantastą - był drobiazgowym analitykiem, który położył podwaliny pod nowoczesną
armenologię.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Co ciekawe, jego badania nad ormiańskim przeczyły jego
własnej późniejszej teorii! Dogłębnie udokumentował indoeuropejskie korzenie
tego języka, co było ewidentnym zaprzeczeniem jego tezy o uniwersalnym
pochodzeniu od czterech elementów.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Jako archeolog prowadził też wieloletnie, nowoczesne
wykopaliska w Ani - stolicy średniowiecznej Armenii. Jego dokumentacja do dziś
pozostaje bezcennym źródłem dla badaczy, zwłaszcza że wiele z odkrytych przez
niego budowli później uległo zniszczeniu.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h1&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a name=&quot;_Toc217289231&quot;&gt;Abchazja: twórca
tożsamości&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;W Abchazji Marra wspomina się zupełnie inaczej niż w
światowej lingwistyce. Tutaj jest bohaterem narodowym, a powód jest prosty: dał
Abchazom narzędzie do przetrwania.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Stworzył pierwszy naukowo opracowany alfabet abchaski
- ten sam, który (z niewielkimi modyfikacjami) jest używany do dziś.
Przeprowadził pierwsze dogłębne badania gramatyki i fonetyki ich języka. Co
najważniejsze - udowodnił autochtoniczność Abchazów na Kaukazie, co w czasach
rosyjskiej ekspansji miało ogromne znaczenie polityczne i tożsamościowe.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Dla małego narodu, którego kultura była wówczas mało
znana, praca Marra miała fundamentalne znaczenie. Nie dziwi więc, że w Abchazji
pamięta się go przede wszystkim jako &quot;ojca-założyciela&quot; nowoczesnej
nauki o ich języku i historii.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h1&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a name=&quot;_Toc217289232&quot;&gt;Część 3: Upadek i
paradoks&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Interwencja
Stalina&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;W 1950 roku stało się coś niezwykłego. Sam Józef
Stalin napisał artykuł do &quot;Prawdy&quot; zatytułowany &quot;W sprawie
marksizmu w językoznawstwie&quot;, w którym rozjechał teorię Marra. Paradoks
polegał na tym, że Stalin krytykował ją... z pozycji naukowych, wskazując na
jej nienaukowość i sprzeczność z marksizmem!&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;To był koniec monopolu jafetyzmu w radzieckiej nauce.
Teoria, która przez 20 lat była nietykalnym dogmatem, upadła w ciągu jednego
dnia.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h1&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a name=&quot;_Toc217289233&quot;&gt;Dwa życia, dwie
spuścizny&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Jak oceniać tak sprzeczną postać? Najlepiej rozdzielić
dwie zupełnie różne działalności Marra:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Jako teoretyk językoznawstwa:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;- Twórca pseudonauki odrzuconej przez cały świat&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;- Jego teoria nie ma żadnej wartości naukowej&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;- Przykład, jak ideologia może zniszczyć naukę&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Jako kaukazolog i archeolog:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;- Pionier badań nad językami i kulturami Kaukazu&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;- Autor fundamentalnych prac z zakresu armenologii&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;- Twórca abchaskiego piśmiennictwa i badacz ich
historii&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;- Jego konkretne osiągnięcia są cenione do dziś&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h1&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a name=&quot;_Toc217289234&quot;&gt;Wnioski: Lekcja na
dziś&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Historia Nikołaja Marra to więcej niż ciekawostka z
dziejów nauki. To ostrzeżenie przed mieszaniem ideologii z badaniami naukowymi.
Pokazuje, jak łatwo nawet wybitny umysł może zboczyć na manowce, gdy zamiast
danych kieruje się polityczną poprawnością.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;To także przypomnienie, że nauka musi być
weryfikowalna i oparta na dowodach. Teoria Marra upadła, bo była
nieweryfikowalna - każdy mógł w niej znaleźć, co chciał. Tymczasem metoda
porównawcza, którą tak zwalczał, przetrwała właśnie dlatego, że jej wyniki
można sprawdzić i potwierdzić.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;I wreszcie - to historia o złożoności ludzkich dokonań.
Ten sam człowiek, który stworzył największą pseudonaukową teorię w historii
lingwistyki, jednocześnie dokonał pionierskich odkryć, które pomogły przetrwać
kulturom Kaukazu.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Czy więc Marr był geniuszem, czy szarlatanem? Był i
jednym, i drugim. I to właśnie czyni go jedną z najbardziej fascynujących
postaci w historii nauki.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h1&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a name=&quot;_Toc217289235&quot;&gt;Wykopaliska w Ani:
Nieznany rozdział historii Nikołaja Marra&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Gdy myślimy o Nikołaju Marrze, przed oczami stają
cztery magiczne sylaby SAL, BER, YON, ROŠ i ideologiczne szaleństwo radzieckiej
lingwistyki. Ale zanim Marr stał się &quot;papieżem&quot; pseudonauki, był kimś
zupełnie innym: pionierem nowoczesnej archeologii Kaukazu. A jego największym
dziełem w tej dziedzinie były wykopaliska w Ani - średniowiecznej stolicy
Armenii, mieście nazywanym &quot;Miastem 1001 Kościołów&quot;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;!--[if gte vml 1]&gt;&lt;v:shape
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 height:342pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square&#39;&gt;
 &lt;v:imagedata src=&quot;file:///C:/Users/AF/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.jpg&quot;
  o:title=&quot;&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if !vml]--&gt;&lt;img height=&quot;456&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgcuG5VBpo5T_bfR3pGhihZunBCWPijVnUeh8X3eliLCtoUDYZz-DbYPqWGKaXvjohrDeSEPGvNUlPWkuRYYlsjxFIK4rRrjHE4K7_pgxc_0VDYkRSFww_4JDhjUrJhPs-tjw6QgVV2gXyM_X5gGwI2WMYnQ-f8v_7v-zGCksYXplnZrmh9gw29Abj7Bknt&quot; v:shapes=&quot;Obraz_x0020_5&quot; width=&quot;605&quot; /&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--EndFragment--&gt;Znaczek Armenii z 2014 r,, upamiętxniajacy
N. Marra&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h1&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a name=&quot;_Toc217289236&quot;&gt;Ani: Miasto-widmo na
granicy imperiów&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Zanim opowiem o Marrze, muszę wyjaśnić, dlaczego Ani
jest tak ważne. Wyobraźcie sobie miasto, które w X-XI wieku konkurowało
bogactwem i potęgą z Konstantynopolem, Bagdadem i Kairem. Stolica Bagratydów,
leżąca na jedwabnym szlaku, z populacją przekraczającą 100 000 mieszkańców.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Dziś Ani to miasto-widmo na turecko-armeńskiej
granicy. Opustoszałe ruiny kościołów, pałaców i murów obronnych stoją na
wietrznym płaskowyżu. A w 1892 roku, kiedy Marr zaczynał tam pracować, nawet te
ruiny były w większości ukryte pod ziemią.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h1&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a name=&quot;_Toc217289237&quot;&gt;Marr archeolog: Metoda
zamiast ideologii&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;To, co robił Marr w Ani, nie miało nic wspólnego z
jego późniejszymi teoriami językowymi. Była to rzetelna, nowoczesna (jak na
tamte czasy) praca archeologiczna. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Co go
wyróżniało?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;1. Systematyczność - nie prowadził przypadkowych
wykopów &quot;w poszukiwaniu skarbów&quot;, ale metodyczne badania całego
miasta&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;2. Dokumentacja - każdy znaleziony przedmiot, każda
warstwa ziemi była szczegółowo opisywana i rysowana&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;3. Interdyscyplinarność - łączył archeologię z
epigrafiką (odczytywał napisy), historią architektury i studiowaniem
średniowiecznych kronik&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h1&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a name=&quot;_Toc217289238&quot;&gt;Najważniejsze odkrycia
Marra w Ani:&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Co odkrył Marr &amp;nbsp;Znaczenie odkrycia &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;-------------------------------------------&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Katedra w Ani &amp;nbsp;Udokumentował dokładny plan, odsłonił
fundamenty, zbadał technikę budowlaną &amp;nbsp;Kluczowy przykład armeńskiej architektury
sakralnej &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Kościół św.
Grzegorza &amp;nbsp;Odkrył unikalne freski
przedstawiające sceny z życia św. Grzegorza Oświeciciela &amp;nbsp;Jedne z najlepiej zachowanych średniowiecznych
fresków armeńskich &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Mury obronne &amp;nbsp;Odsłonił i udokumentował system fortyfikacji z
bramami i basztami &amp;nbsp;Pokazał zaawansowanie
średniowiecznej inżynierii wojskowej &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Pałac królewski
&amp;nbsp;Odkrył fundamenty i plan rezydencji
bagratydzkich władców &amp;nbsp;Rzadkie świadectwo
świeckiej architektury średniowiecznej Armenii &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Kościół
Odkupiciela &amp;nbsp;Udokumentował unikalną
konstrukcję kopuły i dekoracje &amp;nbsp;Przykład
zaawansowanej matematyki i geometrii w architekturze &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h1&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a name=&quot;_Toc217289239&quot;&gt;&quot;Materiały do
archeologii ormiańskiej&quot;: Biblioteka, która przetrwała wiek&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;W latach 1909-1917 Marr publikował wyniki swoich badań
w serii &quot;Материалы по армянской археологии&quot; (Materiały do archeologii
ormiańskiej). To nie były zwykłe sprawozdania - to były monumentalne tomy,
każdy dzieło sztuki edytorskiej:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;- Szczegółowe plany wszystkich odkrytych budowli&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;- Fotografie w technice fototypii (najlepsza jakość
tamtej epoki)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;- Rysunki architektoniczne z przekrojami i
rekonstrukcjami&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;- Transkrypcje wszystkich napisów znalezionych na
terenie wykopalisk&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;- Analizy porównawcze z innymi zabytkami
chrześcijańskiego Wschodu&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Paradoks historii: Te tomy stały się bezcennym źródłem
dla współczesnych badaczy Ani. Dlaczego? Bo wiele z tego, co odsłonił i
udokumentował Marr, później uległo zniszczeniu:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;- Trzęsienia ziemi (zwłaszcza w 1966 roku)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;- Erozja wietrzna i wodna&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;- Niekontrolowana &quot;turystyka&quot; i wandalizm&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;- Brak konserwacji przez dziesięciolecia&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Dziś, chcąc zobaczyć, jak wyglądał kościół św.
Grzegorza przed zawaleniem się części ścian, sięga się do... publikacji Marra.
Chcąc odtworzyć freski, których kolory wyblakły - znów do Marra.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h1&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a name=&quot;_Toc217289240&quot;&gt;Marr vs. współczesna
archeologia: co zostało z jego metody?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Współcześni archeolodzy oceniają pracę Marra w Ani krytycznie,
ale z szacunkiem.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Co było nowatorskie:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;- Był pierwszym, który traktował Ani jako kompleksowy
organizm miejski, a nie zbiór pojedynczych kościołów&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;- Starał się łączyć dane archeologiczne z źródłami
pisanymi&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;- Inwestował w dokumentację wizualną - w czasach, gdy
fotografia była kosztownym luksusem&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Gdzie popełniał błędy (według dzisiejszych
standardów):&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;- Jego metodyka wykopalisk była jeszcze przedstratysgraficzna
- nie przywiązywał takiej wagi do sekwencji warstw, jak robi się to dziś&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;- Czasami rekonstruował za dużo - dodawał elementy,
których istnienia nie był całkowicie pewien&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;- Pracował w epoce kolekcjonerstwa - część znalezisk
trafiała do muzeów w Petersburgu, zrywając kontekst archeologiczny&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h1&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a name=&quot;_Toc217289241&quot;&gt;Ani dzisiaj: Miasto,
które Marr ocalił od zapomnienia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Dziś Ani jest wpisane na Listę Światowego Dziedzictwa
UNESCO (od 2016 roku). Turecko-armeńskie zespoły archeologów (działające w
trudnych warunkach politycznych) kontynuują badania. A publikacje Marra są ich
punktem wyjścia.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Największy ironią jest to, że Marr-archeolog działał
wbrew Marrowi-lingwiście:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;- Jako archeolog szanował fakty, gromadził dane,
dokumentował rzeczywistość&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;- Jako twórca teorii jafetycznej ignorował fakty,
dopasowywał rzeczywistość do z góry przyjętej tezy, tworzył fantazje&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h1&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a name=&quot;_Toc217289242&quot;&gt;Wnioski: Który Marr
jest prawdziwy?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Gdy patrzymy na zdjęcia z wykopalisk w Ani - Marr w
płaszczu i meloniku, stojący przed odsłoniętymi freskami, skrupulatnie notujący
w dzienniku polowym - widzemy innego człowieka niż ten, który kilka lat później
będzie głosił teorię czterech elementów.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Czy to ten sam człowiek? Tak. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Czy to ten sam umysł? Nie do końca.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Marr w Ani był naukowcem w klasycznym rozumieniu:
obserwował, opisywał, analizował. Marr twórca jafetyzmu był ideologiem:
wymyślał, narzucał, propagował.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Może właśnie w tym należy szukać klucza do zrozumienia
paradoksu Marra: był wybitnym rzemieślnikiem nauki, ale kiepskim jej filozofem.
Potrafił znakomicie zbierać fakty, ale fatalnie je interpretować.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h1&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a name=&quot;_Toc217289243&quot;&gt;Alfabet Abchaski:
Najtrwalszy Dar Nikołaja Marra&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Gdy światowa lingwistyka odrzuciła teorie Marra jako
pseudonaukę, mały naród na wybrzeżu Morza Czarnego przyjął od niego dar, który
zmienił jego historię: alfabet. Dziś, gdy Abchaz pisze SMS-a, czyta gazetę lub
uczy dziecko w szkole, używa systemu pisma, którego fundamenty stworzył właśnie
Nikołaj Marr.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;---&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h1&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a name=&quot;_Toc217289244&quot;&gt;Abchazja przed Marrem:
Naród bez pisma&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Na początek wyobraźmy sobie sytuację Abchazów na
początku XX wieku:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;- Język należy do rodziny północnokaukaskiej, jeden z
najtrudniejszych fonetycznie na świecie&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;- Fonetyka: 58-64 dźwięków (w zależności od dialektu)
- dla porównania, polski ma około 40&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;- Brak rodzimego pisma: elita używała głównie języka
rosyjskiego, arabskiego lub gruzińskiego&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;- Status: język mówiony wiejskich społeczności, nie
język edukacji, administracji czy literatury&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Pierwsze próby stworzenia pisma:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;- 1862: Misjonarz rosyjski Piotr Uslar stworzył próbny
alfabet na bazie cyrylicy&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;- Problem: System Uslara był niepraktyczny i
nieprzystający do fonetycznej złożoności abchaskiego&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;- Efekt: alfabet Uslara nigdy nie wszedł do
powszechnego użycia&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Rewolucja
Marra: 1909 rok&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;W 1909 roku Marr publikuje &quot;Абхазский
букварь&quot; (Abchazki elementarz) - dzieło, które zmieni wszystko. Jego
alfabet nie był pierwszą próbą, ale pierwszą, która naprawdę działała.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h1&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a name=&quot;_Toc217289245&quot;&gt;Co było genialnego w
alfabecie Marra?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;1. Fonetyczna precyzja:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; - Marr jako
doświadczony kaukazolog doskonale rozumiał unikalność fonetyki abchaskiej&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; - Uwzględnił dźwięki
nieistniejące w żadnym języku słowiańskim: spółgłoski faryngalne,
labializowane, ejektywne&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;2. Praktyczne rozwiązania:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; - Stworzył
system znaków diakrytycznych (kropek, daszków, ogonków) do oznaczania
specyficznych dźwięków&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; - Zachował
czytelność - alfabet nie stał się zbiorem niezrozumiałych symboli&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h1&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;_Toc217289246&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;3. Przykład konkretnych rozwiązań Marra:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Dźwięk abchaski
&amp;nbsp;Znak Marra &amp;nbsp;Uwagi &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;------------------------------------&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Spółgłoska
faryngalna /ʕ/ &amp;nbsp;Ӷ ӷ &amp;nbsp;Nieistniejąca w językach indoeuropejskich &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Labializowane
/kʷ/ &amp;nbsp;Қә қә &amp;nbsp;Połączenie zwykłego dźwięku z zaokrągleniem
warg &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Ejektywna /tʼ/ &amp;nbsp;Ҭ ҭ &amp;nbsp;Spółgłoska wymawiana z nagłym wyrzutem
powietrza &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Ewolucja: Od
Marra do współczesności&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Alfabet Marra nie przetrwał w niezmienionej formie,
ale stał się fundamentem:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Główne
modyfikacje:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;1. 1926: Przejście na alfabet łaciński (część ogólnej
latynizacji w ZSRR)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;2. 1938: Powrót do cyrylicy, ale już zmodyfikowanej&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;3. 1954: Ostateczna standaryzacja - alfabet cyrylicki
z 64 znakami&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;4. Współczesność: 62 litery (najdłuższy alfabet
cyrylicki na świecie!)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;_Toc217289247&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Dlaczego Abchazowie
cenią Marra za alfabet?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Powody są głębsze niż tylko techniczne:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;1.
Legitymizacja naukowa&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;- Marr nie był anonimowym urzędnikiem, ale wiceprezydentem
Akademii Nauk ZSRR&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;- Jego autorytet nadał abchaskiemu status języka
godnego poważnych badań&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;- To był sygnał: &quot;Wasz język jest tak ważny, że
zajmuje się nim akademik&quot;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;2. Narzędzie
tożsamości narodowej&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Przed Marrem:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;- Język abchaski = język &quot;prostych ludzi&quot;,
folkloru&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;- Języki prestiżowe: rosyjski, turecki, gruziński&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Po Marrze:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;- Język abchaski = język z własnym alfabetem,
gramatyką, przyszłością&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;- Możliwość tworzenia oryginalnej literatury (nie
tylko przekładów)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;3. Opór przeciw
asymilacji&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;W latach 30. i 40. istniały plany likwidacji
abchaskiego pisma i pełnej rusyfikacji. Alfabet Marra (i cała stworzona wokół
niego infrastruktura: podręczniki, słowniki) stworzył fakt dokonany:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;- Szkoły już uczyły po abchasku&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;- Ukazywały się gazety i książki&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;- Język miał materialny dowód swojej wartości&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Alfabet w
działaniu: Co zmienił?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Statystyki
rozwoju:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;- 1910 (rok po publikacji Marra): pierwszy elementarz
- nakład 500 egzemplarzy&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;- 1921: pierwsza abchaska gazeta &quot;Апсны&quot;
(Abchazja)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;- 1930: 85% Abchazów deklaruje znajomość pisma (jeden
z najwyższych wskaźników w ZSRR!)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;- Dziś: pełny system edukacji od przedszkola do
uniwersytetu w języku abchaskim&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h1&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a name=&quot;_Toc217289248&quot;&gt;Paradoks: Marr vs.
jego własna teoria&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Najbardziej fascynujący jest ten kontrast:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Jako twórca alfabetu abchaskiego, Marr:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;- Szanował unikalność języka&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;- Rozumiał jego historyczną odrębność&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;- Tworzył system dla konkretnej, żywej społeczności&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Jako twórca teorii jafetycznej, Marr:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;- Głosił unifikację wszystkich języków&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;- Negował historyczne pokrewieństwa&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;- Tworzył teorię oderwaną od rzeczywistości językowej&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;To tak, jakby w poniedziałek projektować idealnie
dopasowane buty dla konkretnego klienta, a we wtorek ogłaszać, że wszyscy
ludzie na świecie powinni nosić identyczne, uniwersalne pantofle.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Współczesne
dziedzictwo: Marr w każdej gramatyce&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Dziś, gdy otwierasz współczesną gramatykę abchaskiego
(np. &quot;Грамматика абхазского языка&quot; czy &quot;Аԥсуа бызшәа&quot;),
znajdziesz tam:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;1. Historyczny wstęp: &quot;Pierwszy naukowy alfabet
stworzył Nikołaj Marr w 1909 roku&quot;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;2. Terminologię: wiele nazw gramatycznych ma korzenie
w pracach Marra&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;3. Uznanie: nawet krytycy jego teorii językowych
oddają hołd jego pracy nad abchaskim&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Najważniejsze: Alfabet Marra działa. Abchazki
przedszkolak uczy się czytać w ciągu kilku miesięcy. Gazety są drukowane,
książki wydawane, strony internetowe tworzone. System, którego fundament
położył Marr, żyje i rozwija się.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;---&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h1&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a name=&quot;_Toc217289249&quot;&gt;Wnioski: Dlaczego to
ważne?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Historia alfabetu abchaskiego pokazuje nam innego
Marra - nie ideologa, ale rzemieślnika nauki:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;1. Konkret vs. abstrakcja: Gdy Marr pracował nad
konkretnym problemem (jak zapisać 64 dźwięki), tworzył rozwiązania genialne w
swojej prostocie. Gdy bujał w abstrakcyjnych obłokach (cztery elementy), gubił
się w fantazjach.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;2. Naród vs. teoria: Abchazowie nie cenią Marra za to,
co chciał udowodnić (swoje teorie), ale za to, co faktycznie zrobił (dał im
pismo).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;3. Nauka vs. ideologia: Alfabet abchaski powstał z szacunku
dla danych (fonetyki języka). Teoria jafetyczna powstała z pogardy dla danych
(ignorowała fakty językowe).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Ostateczne pytanie: Czy Marr stworzył alfabet
abchaski, bo wierzył w swoją teorię (że wszystkie języki są równe i godne
pisma)? Czy stworzył go pomimo swojej teorii (bo jako dobry naukowiec widział
konkretny problem do rozwiązania)?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Myślę, że prawda leży po środku: w 1909 roku Marr był
jeszcze naukowcem, a nie ideologiem. A Abchazom wystarczy, że ten naukowiec dał
im narzędzie, które ocaliło ich język.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Nikołaj Marr i
Tajemnicze Wispachy Armenii: Archeolog od Zapomnianych Monumentów&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Zanim Nikołaj Marr stał się &quot;papieżem&quot;
kontrowersyjnej teorii jafetycznej, był wytrawnym archeologiem terenowym.
Jednym z jego najciekawszych, a dziś zapomnianych dokonań, było zbadanie
tajemniczych megalitów armeńskich gór – kamiennych Wispachów (Vishap)&lt;a href=&quot;https://d.docs.live.net/C137575B6714BA4C/Documents/Niko%C5%82aj%20Marr.docx#_ftn1&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref1&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h1&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a name=&quot;_Toc217289250&quot;&gt;Czym są Wispachy?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;To monumentalne stelle kamienne, charakterystyczne dla
wyżyn Armenii. Mają zazwyczaj formę wielkiej, stojącej ryby (stąd nazwa vishap
– smok, potwór wodny), czasem byka lub abstrakcyjnego słupa.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if gte vml 1]&gt;&lt;v:shape id=&quot;Obraz_x0020_3&quot;
 o:spid=&quot;_x0000_i1025&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot; style=&#39;width:420pt;height:280.8pt;
 visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square&#39;&gt;
 &lt;v:imagedata src=&quot;file:///C:/Users/AF/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.jpg&quot;
  o:title=&quot;&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if !vml]--&gt;&lt;img height=&quot;374&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhaxZzBYJHJaB61-uzAFasiyKduWBAg55Wh3Md2fgab_tSZbvttwQ0wNrwe8sb5xPIpbPdUOQ-4xf0gQIdb9fP3a_PpGUw-GjJdB7ZfRUZAeqNxnRbOa5nlhv8btJEiZe-nWP7Y64dlIjM4PSKVWpWyI9FjiVsKlFkpqZbxpIjm1hnkuhkCYvhNReKraVvE&quot; v:shapes=&quot;Obraz_x0020_3&quot; width=&quot;560&quot; /&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Znaczki Armenii z 2017 roku przedstawiające wispachy&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Wymiary:
Olbrzymie. Największy znany mierzył 4,75 m wysokości i 55 cm szerokości.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Materiał:
Ciosany z pojedynczego bloku miejscowego bazaltu.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Lokalizacja:
Znajdowane na wysokogórskich pastwiskach (m.in. w górach Gegam) oraz nad
brzegami jezior (np. Sewan).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Data
powstania: Epoka brązu (II-I tysiąclecie p.n.e.), długo przed powstaniem
królestwa Armenii.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Rola Marra:
Ekspedycja z 1910 roku&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Na początku XX wieku wiele z tych posągów było
niszczonych lub zakopywanych (jak wzmiankowano w 1909 r.). W 1910 roku Nikołaj
Marr wraz z historykiem sztuki Jakowem Smirnowem zorganizowali kluczową
ekspedycję.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Co zrobili?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;1.&amp;nbsp; Odkycie i
dokumentacja: Odnaleźli i szczegółowo udokumentowali 27 podobnych megalitów.
Było to pierwsze tak systematyczne opracowanie.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;2.&amp;nbsp; Hipoteza
&quot;kultu wody&quot;: Marr, analizując ich formę ryby i lokalizację przy
źródłach wody, wysunął wpływową teorię. Uznał, że Wispachy były
prehistorycznymi monumentami kultu bóstw wodnych, wznoszonymi przez pasterzy
dla zapewnienia dostępu do wody na pastwiskach.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;3.&amp;nbsp; Publikacja
naukowa: Wyniki opublikował w biuletynach Cesarskiej Akademii Nauk,
wprowadzając Wispachy do obiegu światowej archeologii.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h1&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a name=&quot;_Toc217289251&quot;&gt;Współczesne rozumienie
Wispachów&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Współczesna archeologia rozwija i koryguje wnioski
Marra:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Co Marr miał
rację?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Chronologia (epoka brązu) i funkcja kultowa
są potwierdzone.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Związek z wodą pozostaje kluczowy.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Co dziś wiemy
więcej?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Datyowanie: Dokładniejsze metody wskazują na
środkową epokę brązu.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Symbolika: &quot;Ryba&quot; jest
interpretowana jako hybryda potwora-smoka (symbol chaosu), którego poskromienie
oznaczało kontrolę nad życiodajnymi, ale groźnymi, wodami.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Funkcja: Służyły jako znaki graniczne
terytoriów pasterskich i sfery sakralnej, łącząc świat ludzi z siłami natury.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h1&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a name=&quot;_Toc217289252&quot;&gt;Podsumowanie: Dwa
oblicza naukowca&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Badania nad Wispachami to przykład Marr-a-empiryka w
najlepszym wydaniu:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Praca
terenowa: Systematyczne gromadzenie danych.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Interdyscyplinarność:
Łączenie archeologii z folklorem (&quot;wiszap&quot; to stworzenie z armeńskich
legend).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Stawianie
hipotez opartych na dowodach materialnych.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Stanowi to wyraźny kontrast z Marr-ideologiem z
późniejszego okresu, który tworzył teorie językowe w oderwaniu od faktów. Jego
wkład w archeologię Kaukazu, w tym ocalenie od zapomnienia Wispachów, pozostaje
trwałym i pozytywnym elementem jego spuścizny.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Dziś najsłynniejsze Wispachy można oglądać w Muzeum
Historii Armenii w Erywaniu oraz w pobliżu świątyni Garni. Są one świadectwem
starożytnej kultury Armenii, a także – pośrednio – jednym z najciekawszych
osiągnięć wczesnej kariery Nikołaja Marra.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h1&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a name=&quot;_Toc217289253&quot;&gt;Jewgienij Dmitrijewicz
Poliwanow: Geniusz lingwistyki, ofiara ideologii&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h1&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a name=&quot;_Toc217289254&quot;&gt;Wstęp: Człowiek
renesansu w epoce terroru&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Jewgienij Dmitrijewicz Poliwanow (1891-1938) to jedna
z najbardziej tragicznych i jednocześnie błyskotliwych postaci w historii
językoznawstwa XX wieku. Poliglotę znającego dziesiątki języków, twórcę
alfabetów, teoretyka językoznawstwa i rewolucjonistę w nauce spotkał los wielu
sowieckich intelektualistów: oskarżenie, tortury i śmierć z ręki reżimu,
któremu początkowo służył. Jego historia jest nierozerwalnie związana z
postacią Nikołaja Marra – pseudonaukowca, którego teorie stały się narzędziem
ideologicznej przemocy, a dla Poliwanowa – wyrokiem śmierci.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h1&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a name=&quot;_Toc217289255&quot;&gt;Od carskiego lingwisty
do bolszewickiego reformatora&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Poliwanow rozpoczął karierę w atmosferze carskiej
Rosji jako utalentowany student Jana Baudouina de Courtenay. Już w młodym wieku
wykazywał niezwykłe zdolności językowe, zgłębiając języki azjatyckie, kaukaskie
i europejskie. Po rewolucji październikowej zaangażował się w projekt
bolszewików – budowę nowego społeczeństwa, w którym reforma języka miała
kluczowe znaczenie dla likwidacji analfabetyzmu i konsolidacji władzy.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Był prawdziwym entuzjastą językoznawstwa stosowanego.
Wierzył, że nauka o języku może służyć wyzwoleniu narodów ZSRR. Jego praca nie
była jednak czysto teoretyczna – przemierzał odległe regiony Związku
Radzieckiego, badając lokalne języki i dialekty.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h1&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a name=&quot;_Toc217289256&quot;&gt;Twórca alfabetów:
Dunganie, Uzbecy i inni&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Alfabet dla
Dunganów&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Jednym z najbardziej praktycznych osiągnięć Poliwanowa
było stworzenie alfabetu dla języka dungańskiego – dialektu mandaryńskiego
używanego przez muzułmańskich Chińczyków w Azji Centralnej. W latach 20.
Dunganie nie mieli ustandaryzowanego pisma. Poliwanow opracował dla nich
alfabet oparty na łacince, dostosowany do specyfiki fonetycznej ich języka. Był
to przykład jego podejścia: szacunek dla rzeczywistości językowej połączony z
pragmatyzmem w wyborze grafii.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Reforma pisma
uzbeckiego i innych&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Poliwanow aktywnie uczestniczył w kampanii latynizacji
(tzw. &quot;Łatynica&quot;) – zastępowaniu alfabetów arabskich w językach
tureckich ZSRR alfabetami łacińskimi. Pracował nad alfabetami uzbeckim,
kazachskim, kirgiskim i innymi. Jego praca miała charakter nie tylko
techniczny, ale i społeczny – łacinka miała być łatwiejsza do nauki niż
skomplikowane pismo arabskie, co przyspieszałoby walkę z analfabetyzmem.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Jego filozofią było: każdy naród ma prawo do własnego
języka i pisma, ale pismo powinno być funkcjonalne i dostępne dla mas.
Paradoksalnie, w latach 30. Stalin zarzucił latynizację na rzecz cyrylicy, co
było częścią centralizacyjnej polityki imperium.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h1&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a name=&quot;_Toc217289257&quot;&gt;Konflikt z Marrem:
Nauka vs. ideologia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Kluczowy dla zrozumienia tragedii Poliwanowa jest jego
konflikt z Nikołajem Marrem (1864-1934) i jego teorią &quot;jafetycką&quot;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h1&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a name=&quot;_Toc217289258&quot;&gt;Poliwanow jako krytyk&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Poliwanow, znakomity empiryk i teoretyk, publicznie
krytykował teorie Marra jako nienaukowe. W 1929 roku opublikował druzgoczącą
recenzję pracy marrystów, wykazując błędy metodologiczne i faktograficzne. Był
to akt niezwykłej odwagi intelektualnej w warunkach narastającego terroru.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h1&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a name=&quot;_Toc217289259&quot;&gt;Poliwanow jako
&quot;ofiara Marra&quot;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Chociaż Marr zmarł w 1934 roku, jego szkoła przetrwała
jako potężna instytucja polityczna. Marryści przejęli kontrolę nad
językoznawstwem radzieckim, a Poliwanow stał się ich głównym wrogiem. Jego
krytyka została uznana za &quot;sabotaż naukowy&quot; i &quot;działalność
kontrrewolucyjną&quot;. W atmosferze Wielkiego Terroru było to równoznaczne z
wyrokiem.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h1&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a name=&quot;_Toc217289260&quot;&gt;Aresztowanie, tortury
i śmierć&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;W sierpniu 1937 roku Poliwanow został aresztowany
przez NKWD. Oskarżono go o szpiegostwo, udział w &quot;organizacji
terrorystycznej&quot; i sabotaż naukowy. Podczas śledztwa był torturowany –
według relacji bito go do tego stopnia, że stracił słuch w jednym uchu.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;W pokazowym procesie, który trwał zaledwie 15 minut,
został skazany na śmierć. Rozstrzelano go 25 stycznia 1938 roku w Kommunarce
pod Moskwą, w masowym miejscu egzekucji ofiar stalinowskiego terroru. Miał
zaledwie 46 lat.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h1&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a name=&quot;_Toc217289261&quot;&gt;Dziedzictwo
Poliwanowa: Zrehabilitowany geniusz&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Poliwanow został zrehabilitowany pośmiertnie w 1963
roku. Dziś jest uznawany za prekursora wielu dziedzin językoznawstwa:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;1.&amp;nbsp; Fonologii –
rozwijał idee szkoły fonologicznej.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;2.&amp;nbsp; Językoznawstwa
stosowanego – jego prace nad alfabetami wyprzedzały epokę.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;3.&amp;nbsp; Teorii
ewolucji języka – proponował własne, oparte na danych, koncepcje rozwoju
językowego.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;4.&amp;nbsp; Badania
języków Azji Wschodniej – pozostawił fundamentalne prace o językach japońskim,
chińskim, dungańskim.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Jego korespondencja z innym wielkim lingwistą, Romanem
Jakobsonem, pokazuje, jak bardzo był szanowany w międzynarodowym środowisku
naukowym.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h1&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a name=&quot;_Toc217289262&quot;&gt;Wnioski: Cena
uczciwości intelektualnej&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Historia Jewgienija Poliwanowa to opowieść o tragedii
intelektualisty w totalitarnym systemie. Jego los ilustruje, jak nauka może
zostać podporządkowana ideologii, a uczciwość naukowa stać się zbrodnią. Był
ofiarą nie tylko stalinowskiego terroru, ale konkretnie pseudonauki Marra,
która stała się narzędziem w walce z prawdziwą nauką.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Jego praca nad alfabetami dla Dunganów, Uzbeków i
innych narodów pozostaje świadectwem rzadkiego połączenia: głębokiego
humanizmu, szacunku dla różnorodności kulturowej i prawdziwego talentu
naukowego. Dziś, gdy w wielu regionach świata toczy się debata o statusie
języków mniejszościowych, idee Poliwanowa – choć powstałe w innym czasie i
kontekście – wciąż mają znaczenie.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Poliwanow zapłacił najwyższą cenę za wierność zasadom
nauki. Jego życie i śmierć przypominają, że w każdej epoce obrona rozumu przed
dogmatyzmem wymaga nie tylko inteligencji, ale i odwagi.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Marr został upamiętniony znaczkami pocztowymi Abchazji
i Armenii. A kiedy zpstanie upamiętniony Poliwanow ?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot; /&gt;

&lt;hr align=&quot;left&quot; size=&quot;1&quot; width=&quot;33%&quot; /&gt;

&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn1&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://d.docs.live.net/C137575B6714BA4C/Documents/Niko%C5%82aj%20Marr.docx#_ftnref1&quot; name=&quot;_ftn1&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: PL; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;strong&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background: white; color: #0a0a0a;&quot;&gt;Vishap
Stela&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background: white; color: #0a0a0a;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;(znana również jako&amp;nbsp;&lt;strong jscontroller=&quot;zYmgkd&quot; jsuid=&quot;yXmXDf_b&quot;&gt;wiszwapakar&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;lub &quot;smocze kamienie&quot;) to prehistoryczna,
monumentalna stela kamienna występująca w Wyżynie Armeńskiej, datowana na epokę
brązu (głównie II tysiąclecie p.n.e.).&lt;span class=&quot;vkekvd&quot;&gt;&lt;span data-animation-atomic=&quot;&quot; data-wiz-attrbind=&quot;class=yXmXDf_c/TKHnVd;&quot;&gt;&lt;span data-wiz-uids=&quot;yXmXDf_c,yXmXDf_d,yXmXDf_e&quot; jsaction=&quot;rcuQ6b:&amp;amp;yXmXDf_c|npT2md&quot; jscontroller=&quot;udAs2b&quot; jsuid=&quot;yXmXDf_c&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://arbitrage-international.blogspot.com/feeds/2953792059113231328/comments/default' title='Komentarze do posta'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://arbitrage-international.blogspot.com/2025/12/cien-i-swiato-nikoaj-marr-jewgienij.html#comment-form' title='Komentarze (0)'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5272638736307182735/posts/default/2953792059113231328'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5272638736307182735/posts/default/2953792059113231328'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://arbitrage-international.blogspot.com/2025/12/cien-i-swiato-nikoaj-marr-jewgienij.html' title=' Cień i Światło: Nikołaj Marr, Jewgienij Poliwanow i dwie, przeciwne drogi językoznawstwa'/><author><name>andreypl</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02921254140941802355</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='22' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgDcRY31HcnmAC-cbOB-_AF1DG4M51XEuq5CJBOuE2F7cXhzQvft0h8pSq_8YeSycI31J5nE6WixquAGFFlmL7qhSRLku1qQGETMKy6FmYkZNVMhsLxqRVnNty8LtWBUw/s220/ja.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiyA3_aTDEX26B5ZRqYlLsZ-H1a1sW0HMusQAiuCYP4aaR7qK9Mcs6gNsr9NgG9_Y_eDfWVbTQMf-els5XRJ-rixIYTP7UQGYGuUNu_VW6gDJSVY9OEWr00ztmLnnWXA2AeRaaEjjru4RYJjm47e4LdJa6rZYe-x1UdsnGIMtOFQ5kw2HOnhXgcZe_ODcj/s72-c/Nicholas_Marr_2014_Armenian_stamp.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5272638736307182735.post-6522940986586505932</id><published>2025-12-08T11:11:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2025-12-08T11:11:13.203-08:00</updated><title type='text'> Artystyczna przystań: George Smirnoff i azyl w Makau</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;W mojej
książce &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://booksbyandrey.blogspot.com/2025/12/luzjady-os-lusiadas-w-filatelistyce.html&quot;&gt;„Luzjady (Os Lusíadas) w filatelistyce” &lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;napisałem, że w
Makau znajdowało się Muzeum Camõesa – placówka kulturalna mieszcząca się w
ogrodach noszących imię słynnego portugalskiego poety Luísa de Camõesa, który,
według tradycji, część swojego eposu &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Luzjady&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt; miał napisać właśnie tam.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;

&lt;hr align=&quot;center&quot; size=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; /&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Casa Garden – Muzeum Camõesa w Makau&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Ogrody zostały
założone w połowie XVIII wieku przez portugalskiego kupca Manuela Pereirę. Pod
koniec tego stulecia wydzierżawił on teren parku Brytyjskiej Kompanii
Wschodnioindyjskiej (EIC), a w jego środkowej części wkrótce wybudowano
posiadłość zarządcy EIC, znaną jako Casa Garden.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;W 1835 roku
Brytyjczycy opuścili Jardim de Luís de Camões. Trzy lata później posiadłość
przeszła w ręce Lourenço Caetano Marquesa, męża spadkobierczyni Manoela
Pereiry. Marques był zapalonym hodowcą gołębi – ptaki tak licznie siadały na
gzymsach i dachu willi, że park z oddali przypominał wielkie ptasie gniazdo. Od
tego widoku wzięła się jego chińska (kantońska) nazwa, oznaczająca dosłownie
„Park Gniazd Białych Gołębi”.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Marques był
również miłośnikiem twórczości Luísa de Camõesa. W miejscu, gdzie poeta miał
rzekomo kończyć &lt;i&gt;Luzjady&lt;/i&gt;, stworzył grotę z trzech ogromnych głazów i
umieścił w niej popiersie Camõesa. Obecna rzeźba z brązu autorstwa Manuela
Marii Bordalo Pinheiro została ustawiona w grocie w 1866 lub 1886 roku. Na
cokole wyryto trzy pierwsze zwrotki pieśni pierwszej &lt;i&gt;Luzjad&lt;/i&gt; wraz z ich
tłumaczeniem na język chiński.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Pomnik Camõesa
w Makau&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;

&lt;hr align=&quot;center&quot; size=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; /&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Casa Garden – Muzeum Camõesa w Makau&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;W 1885 roku
rząd Makau wykupił od Lourenço Marquesa posiadłość wraz z parkiem, a rok
później przekształcił je w park publiczny. W 1937 roku do Casa Garden
ostatecznie przeniesiono założone w latach 20. XX wieku Muzeum im. Luísa de
Camõesa (port. &lt;i&gt;Museu Comercial e Etnográfico Luís de Camões&lt;/i&gt;).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoCaption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if gte vml 1]&gt;&lt;v:shape
 id=&quot;Obraz_x0020_3&quot; o:spid=&quot;_x0000_i1053&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot; style=&#39;width:162pt;
 height:135pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square&#39;&gt;
 &lt;v:imagedata src=&quot;file:///C:/Users/AF/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.jpg&quot;
  o:title=&quot;&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if !vml]--&gt;&lt;img height=&quot;180&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEh0wZ7D0HenP8akYWpCB2mqVuEt8yENVpcfAHE-6c6WE8ganeeuWNFIoAtPqoHdRTjR5xvtCqm0tZ2mnVbnkYbSp0u5aoXo8ESA4dWEpRVrJk2Tuh1ztznPj_m4xij8RwaGozlkYiRG-0tm0isz1ajLdgnMrd91VB49RaDnkBegg3uDo6cAE2YoExOAPMRV&quot; v:shapes=&quot;Obraz_x0020_3&quot; width=&quot;216&quot; /&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoCaption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span color=&quot;windowtext&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Casa
Carden&amp;nbsp;Casa Garden - Muzeum Camõesa w Makau, 1982&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;

&lt;hr align=&quot;center&quot; size=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; /&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;!--[if gte vml 1]&gt;&lt;v:shape id=&quot;_x0000_i1052&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot;
 style=&#39;width:322.8pt;height:227.4pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square&#39;&gt;
 &lt;v:imagedata src=&quot;file:///C:/Users/AF/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image005.jpg&quot;
  o:title=&quot;&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if !vml]--&gt;&lt;img height=&quot;303&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhW-flGs-sXQF0VFVkdhntKFcM_AQ9j74KlPHCOyb2t4C9Q6JmhAQffmT2GrTlyziFXuzw84k32T8jol5HiVH_Qi00QMBNgl3bCVdQ039Zlq-S4sg349eWYc8F1S1QlthVwFNYN8RmjCNtdTmgJ4L5DLM148zK0ltWlWwU5guc6AHhnxhx-DMgy-KA37MPj&quot; v:shapes=&quot;_x0000_i1052&quot; width=&quot;430&quot; /&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoCaption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span color=&quot;windowtext&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Casa
Garden - Muzeum Camõesa w Makau&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;

&lt;hr align=&quot;center&quot; size=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; /&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Muzeum
prezentowało zbiory związane z historią, kulturą i sztuką Makau, a także
eksponaty dotyczące portugalskiego dziedzictwa kolonialnego: dzieła sztuki,
dokumenty, ceramikę i przedmioty codziennego użytku, przedstawiające życie
dawnych mieszkańców regionu.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;break-after: avoid; page-break-after: avoid; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if gte vml 1]&gt;&lt;v:shape id=&quot;Obraz_x0020_13&quot;
 o:spid=&quot;_x0000_i1051&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot; style=&#39;width:326.4pt;height:228.6pt;
 visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square&#39;&gt;
 &lt;v:imagedata src=&quot;file:///C:/Users/AF/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image007.jpg&quot;
  o:title=&quot;&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if !vml]--&gt;&lt;img height=&quot;305&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjcKjdZ-mh_ZXuAYcv7PYZakR-ORxpVzQ2BDhtZGh5oXXG_5zmyB63hkEbduUVjM34qhJS77iR0-CBaB9oBXAyUD8QH5ooCiijCwmR9Cs9u-EApdvTqnZc_VHpbcWXcM-Wb7RSDzPLBjb3f49BFmXbB7ZV-DzWwYbYLdp-X_lf_gmQixGwBlk2suwYw-GSF&quot; v:shapes=&quot;Obraz_x0020_13&quot; width=&quot;435&quot; /&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoCaption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span color=&quot;windowtext&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;Rys.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span
style=&#39;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;color:windowtext;
font-style:normal&#39;&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:field-begin&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span
style=&#39;mso-spacerun:yes&#39;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;SEQ Rys._ \* ARABIC &lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:
field-separator&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;span color=&quot;windowtext&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;52&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span
style=&#39;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;color:windowtext;
font-style:normal;mso-no-proof:yes&#39;&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:field-end&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;span color=&quot;windowtext&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt; 25-lecie Muzeum Camõesa w Makau – wystawa sztuki chińskiej&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;

&lt;hr align=&quot;center&quot; size=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; /&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Niestety,
oryginalne Muzeum Luísa de Camõesa w Casa Garden zostało zamknięte dla
publiczności w 1989 roku. Jego zbiory i działalność przeniesiono do innych,
większych instytucji. Dziś Casa Garden pełni funkcje kulturalne pod nadzorem
rządu Makau i bywa miejscem wystaw czasowych.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Spuściznę
muzealną Makau – w tym sztukę chińską, portugalską i dialog międzykulturowy –
kontynuują inne instytucje, przede wszystkim Muzeum Sztuki Makau (Macao Museum
of Art, MAM) w Centro Cultural de Macau.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Muzeum Luísa
de Camõesa oficjalnie zamknięto w 2016 roku. Jego zbiory, funkcje i misja
zostały przejęte przez MAM, które od 1999 roku jest główną placówką artystyczną
regionu. To MAM odziedziczyło znaczną część kolekcji historycznej z Casa
Garden, prezentując sztukę chińską, portugalską i międzynarodową w znacznie
większej przestrzeni.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Sam budynek
Casa Garden pozostał własnością rządu Makau i wciąż służy celom kulturalnym,
choć już nie jako stałe muzeum.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;W 1989 roku
wydano serię znaczków przedstawiających kolekcję obrazów G. Smirnoffa,
znajdującą się wówczas jeszcze w Muzeum Camõesa. Dzięki temu wydaniu pocztowemu
poznałem niezwykłą historię rosyjskiego malarza Jerzego Smirnowa.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;

&lt;hr align=&quot;center&quot; size=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; /&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if gte vml 1]&gt;&lt;v:shape id=&quot;Obraz_x0020_4&quot; o:spid=&quot;_x0000_i1050&quot;
 type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot; style=&#39;width:362.4pt;height:73.8pt;visibility:visible;
 mso-wrap-style:square&#39;&gt;
 &lt;v:imagedata src=&quot;file:///C:/Users/AF/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image009.jpg&quot;
  o:title=&quot;&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if !vml]--&gt;&lt;img height=&quot;98&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjQLxVJKnOzVuX9QWY5e4kRgw96DBOfnSOxtvUSo69OYtXPfgG0sppfieqMyAXho7srU6ly1ED499uqwn3BCuroLIjrYxnEBpQjhP06_3j6195iDg6X9y2oaVbq8HkPyD3Q3fzjg7qe1AH9G2KkuxWFa0p1viACdgy7ROyQMWfZxW-IbdjW5AsxzzIzbCOo&quot; v:shapes=&quot;Obraz_x0020_4&quot; width=&quot;483&quot; /&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Muzeum Camõesa
w Makau, 1989 – kolekcja obrazów G. Smirnowa&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;

&lt;hr align=&quot;center&quot; size=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; /&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Artyści Zachodu w Makau&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Od XVIII wieku
malownicze krajobrazy Makau przyciągały wielu zachodnich artystów. Wśród
najbardziej znanych znajdują się George Chinnery (1774–1852), Auguste Borget
(1808–1877) i George Smirnoff (1903–1947). O Chinnerym pisano już wielokrotnie,
tym bardziej warto przyjrzeć się dziś postaci Smirnoffa – rosyjskiego malarza,
dla którego portugalska enklawa stała się ostatnim bezpiecznym portem w
burzliwym czasie wojny.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;

&lt;hr align=&quot;center&quot; size=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; /&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if gte vml 1]&gt;&lt;v:shape
 id=&quot;Obraz_x0020_11&quot; o:spid=&quot;_x0000_i1049&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot; style=&#39;width:369pt;
 height:248.4pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square&#39;&gt;
 &lt;v:imagedata src=&quot;file:///C:/Users/AF/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image011.jpg&quot;
  o:title=&quot;&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if !vml]--&gt;&lt;img height=&quot;331&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhHNXRDFIC4UBCXq5KjM_C0JP-AG0fyDpi3DcMU7DbhteqBeNxo65CmBaNB3ChnMHL8nZeiumSGwm4bAVf4DT7gTxUQOuryfqv-UQBGP8TVaIb5JhSIZAm09mS3ez6u_7fffABc7pXmTmDsINH1gb04Sd8ASwESaBUHHwGYXoIO5ZCfw7uwnIk--LV709tw&quot; v:shapes=&quot;Obraz_x0020_11&quot; width=&quot;492&quot; /&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Auguste
Borget, &lt;i&gt;Wiejski plac&lt;/i&gt;, Hongkong 1838 – znaczek 1987&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

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George Chinnery – 200-lecie przybycia do Makau, 2025&lt;i&gt; Kościół i Schody św.
Pawła&lt;/i&gt;, Makau&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

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  o:title=&quot;&quot;/&gt;
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George Chinnery – &lt;i&gt;Koszary św. Franciszka&lt;/i&gt;, 2025&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

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George Chinnery, &lt;i&gt;Widoki Makau&lt;/i&gt;, 1994&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

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George Chinnery – 200-lecie urodzin, 1974&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if gte vml 1]&gt;&lt;v:shape
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  o:title=&quot;&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if !vml]--&gt;&lt;img height=&quot;428&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiBeJt96iu4-iUM5AlfCfct2ofLIbGnQ8Z_vh352Gtl2XBP-cYn8tZcjv1g84dnwR3NRC0rPuPSuFVtbCEPLajEdDp4CXyabuPlZWKmDtYqkAgwML9BvgZ1BcVyOO7F0IpHh5BNj5lXgCjbZ4nJy78Ud1PpHxqHX_A9Lw59phYKjbHUSOekV__vfvCISvEH&quot; v:shapes=&quot;Obraz_x0020_5&quot; width=&quot;566&quot; /&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;George Chinnery - 200-lecie przybycia do Makao, 2025&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;

&lt;hr align=&quot;center&quot; size=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; /&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 18pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;George Smirnoff&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if gte vml 1]&gt;&lt;v:shape id=&quot;Obraz_x0020_2&quot;
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&lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgedzXfir8fWAWPh43Qjrffnc7GhqHvXWWaJH3rtcBO82dp0qB9leRsQKmrlbq3bKAIx_AIzRp2QVXl5rpetY0xzGp-RkSyX0o50FdOcCSRio57xkDVFTtZEbVVpQvs4TwTM_40SB1n42S4089DSohjpxKb5xdJmghN7N8bF5XBNMat9_SJM23rHTR_9hmO&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;486&quot; data-original-width=&quot;313&quot; height=&quot;240&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgedzXfir8fWAWPh43Qjrffnc7GhqHvXWWaJH3rtcBO82dp0qB9leRsQKmrlbq3bKAIx_AIzRp2QVXl5rpetY0xzGp-RkSyX0o50FdOcCSRio57xkDVFTtZEbVVpQvs4TwTM_40SB1n42S4089DSohjpxKb5xdJmghN7N8bF5XBNMat9_SJM23rHTR_9hmO&quot; width=&quot;155&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jurij (ang. George, pol. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Jerzy) Witaliewicz Smirnow (Smirnoff)&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/AF/Documents/Artyku%C5%82y/Malarze/Smirnov/Artystyczna%20przysta%C5%84(2).docx#_ftn1&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref1&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
(1903–1947) – architekt, malarz i kronikarz wojennego Makau – urodził się 27
października 1903 roku we Władywostoku.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;

&lt;hr align=&quot;center&quot; size=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; /&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Ucieczka do neutralnego Makau&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Smirnoff był
zmuszony uciekać z Rosji do Chin. Jego wędrówka wiodła przez Harbin, Tsingtao i
Hongkong, zanim wiosną 1944 roku osiadł w neutralnym Makau – jedynym miejscu,
gdzie jego rodzina mogła liczyć na względne bezpieczeństwo. Tam spędzili rok,
aż do końca wojny w 1945 roku.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Makau, choć
wolne od działań wojennych, przeżywało ogromny kryzys humanitarny. Po
japońskiej inwazji na Chiny miasto zachowało neutralność, co przyciągnęło
dziesiątki tysięcy uchodźców. Populacja wzrosła z ok. 120 tys. w 1936 roku do
ok. 400 tys. w 1940 roku.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Wojna na
Pacyfiku wywołała kolejną falę uchodźców, prowadząc do głodu, chorób i kryzysu
porządku publicznego. W takich realiach Smirnoff musiał porzucić pracę
projektanta i poświęcić się malarstwu, aby utrzymać rodzinę.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;

&lt;hr align=&quot;center&quot; size=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; /&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Mecenat w czasach kryzysu&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;W tym trudnym
okresie artystę wsparł Pedro José Lobo – dyrektor Departamentu Gospodarki.
Zlecił Smirnoffowi wykonanie około sześćdziesięciu prac, które podarował
później rządowi Makau. (Wspomina się też o zamówieniu pięćdziesięciu obrazów
przez Leal Senado (Rada Miejska)&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/AF/Documents/Artyku%C5%82y/Malarze/Smirnov/Artystyczna%20przysta%C5%84(2).docx#_ftn2&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref2&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;,
płatnych po 50 patacas każdy). Prace te trafiły do kolekcji Muzeum
Handlowo-Etnograficznego Luísa de Camõesa. Dzięki temu mecenatowi Smirnoff mógł
utrzymać pięcioosobową rodzinę.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if gte vml 1]&gt;&lt;v:shape
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&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Leal Senado&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Artysta
angażował się też w życie kulturalne kolonii: malował scenografie teatralne,
projektował logo, prowadził kursy artystyczne. Jest również autorem winiety
dziennika „O Clarim”.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Zmarł
przedwcześnie w 1947 roku, w wieku 44 lat. Jeden z jego adresów w Makau – w
Pátio das Seis Casas, za kościołem św. Wawrzyńca – znajdował się w pobliżu
miejsca, gdzie niegdyś mieszkał George Chinnery.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;

&lt;hr align=&quot;center&quot; size=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; /&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Świadectwo córki: Irena Smirnoff o latach wojny w Makau&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Wstrząsające i osobiste
wspomnienia z tamtego okresu pozostawiła córka artysty, Irena Smirnoff, spisane
w 2016 roku:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;„Podczas ostatniego półtora roku
japońskiej okupacji Hongkongu w czasie II wojny światowej mój ojciec, George
Smirnoff, wraz z innymi rosyjskimi uchodźcami, postanowił przenieść rodzinę do
jedynego bezpiecznego miejsca, do którego mogliśmy dotrzeć – małej sąsiedniej
portugalskiej kolonii, Makao.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Jako „Biali Rosjanie” żyliśmy
wówczas w swoistej próżni. Byliśmy bezpaństwowcami, więc nikt nie czuł się za
nas odpowiedzialny. Japończycy zaklasyfikowali nas – wraz z innymi, takimi jak
liczni Portugalczycy urodzeni w Hongkongu – jako „obywateli państw trzecich”.
Nie byliśmy obywatelami państw alianckich (co wiązało się z internowaniem, ale
i racjami żywnościowymi w obozach). Nie byliśmy też obywatelami państw
sprzymierzonych z Japonią, jak Niemcy czy Włochy; ani neutralnych, jak
Irlandczycy, Szwajcarzy czy Szwedzi. Biali Rosjanie w Chinach istnieli wówczas
w dyplomatycznej ziemi niczyjej.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Ponieważ nikt się nami nie
zajmował, musieliśmy – jakoś – radzić sobie sami. To były bardzo trudne czasy.
Mieszkaliśmy, gdzie się dało – przez pewien czas nawet w francuskim klasztorze
w Causeway Bay. Po jednym z amerykańskich nalotów na Hongkong, kiedy nasz dom w
Tsim Sha Tsui został zniszczony, w końcu musieliśmy wyjechać. Makao było
jedynym miejscem, do którego mogliśmy się udać.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Ojciec i ja popłynęliśmy
pierwszym promem z Hongkongu do Makao; podróż trwała wtedy cztery godziny.
Przybyliśmy do Makao praktycznie z niczym, poza tym, co mogliśmy unieść. Nieco
później, moja matka dołączyła z dwojgiem małych dzieci, moją siostrą i bratem.
Ona również przybyła z bardzo niewielkim dobytkiem i musiała oddać swój złoty
ślubny pierścionek jako ostatnią łapówkę, aby dostać się na prom przed
opuszczeniem Hongkongu.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Naszym pierwszym domem w Makao
był salon z jadalnią w hotelu Bela Vista. Dawniej jeden z lepszych hoteli w
Makao, pięknie położony na fundamentach starego fortu z widokiem na Praia
Grande, wojenny Bela Vista daleki był od luksusu, ale zapewniał upragnioną
przystań.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Podobnie jak inne miejsca, np.
Macao Club, Bela Vista służył za zakwaterowanie dla setek – a może tysięcy –
uchodźców przybyłych z Hongkongu. Wszystkie dzieci spały rzędami na podłodze,
upchane jak małe sardynki; nie miało to znaczenia – po prostu cieszyliśmy się,
że jesteśmy z dala od bezpośredniego niebezpieczeństwa.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Ojciec szukał dla rodziny stałego
lokum w mieście i ostatecznie znalazł najwyższe piętro domu w podwórku znanym
jako Pátio de Seis Casas – „Dziedziniec Sześciu Domów”, przy cichej bocznej
uliczce nieopodal jednego z uroczych, starych kościołów Makao&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/AF/Documents/Artyku%C5%82y/Malarze/Smirnov/Artystyczna%20przysta%C5%84(2).docx#_ftn3&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref3&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: PL; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Zbierając przez lata informacje
biograficzne o moim ojcu, dowiedziałam się, że jego życie było wstrząsane przez
okoliczności, niespełnione i trudne. Mój ojciec, George Smirnoff, i Jurij
Brynner urodzili się w tym samym mieście – Władywostoku, na dalekim wschodzie
Rosji – z różnicą około dziesięciu lat. Ich dalsze losy potoczyły się jednak
zupełnie inaczej.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Jurij Brynner skończył w Stanach
Zjednoczonych jako gwiazdor sceny i ekranu, utalentowany artysta wykonawczy,
znany w każdym domu. Po latach ucieczki przed niebezpieczeństwem – z
Władywostoku do Harbinu, potem do Tsingtao, następnie do Hongkongu i Makao, i z
powrotem do Hongkongu – wędrówki, w którą ciągnął za sobą rodzinę, George
Smirnoff nigdy nie zdołał opuścić Chin. Po latach takiego życia spoczął na
cmentarzu w Hongkongu, ironicznie – w Happy Valley.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Półtora roku, które spędziliśmy w
Makao podczas II wojny światowej, było prawdopodobnie najbardziej pokojowym i
owocnym okresem w smutnym życiu George&#39;a Smirnoffa. W tamtym czasie nie
mieliśmy niczego materialnego. Ale nasza rodzina była razem, ludzie Makao byli
dla nas cudowni i hojnie okazywali wszelką pomoc i wsparcie, a na stole
codziennie był posiłek.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Moja siostra Nina i ja
chodziłyśmy do szkoły – słynnej lokalnie Santa Rosa de Lima na Praia Grande – i
w miarę wojennych możliwości prowadziłyśmy normalne życie. W Makao nie było
wtedy transportu motorowego – wszędzie chodziliśmy pieszo. Wszyscy tak robili –
i nie uważaliśmy tego za coś dziwnego. To były szczęśliwe czasy.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Był to szczęśliwy czas również
dla mojego ojca, prawdopodobnie najbardziej osobiscie satysfakcjonujący okres w
jego krótkim życiu. Dr Pedro José Lobo, jeden z czołowych wówczas biznesmenów i
polityków Makao, zlecił mu namalowanie serii widoków miasta takiego, jakim
wtedy było. Mógł malować, co tylko chciał – kościoły, fortece, pejzaże morskie
i uliczne sceny. Dzięki hojnemu mecenatowi dr. Lobo po raz pierwszy uwolnił się
od bezpośrednich trosk finansowych. Ojciec Albert Cooney, jeden z nauczycieli w
pobliskiej szkole salezjańskiej, zapewnił farby, zapas papieru – i dał początek
trwałej przyjaźni.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;George Smirnoff mógł spędzać dni
na szkicowaniu i malowaniu, wpatrywaniu się w sceny, które później uwieczniał
na papierze lub desce (płótna nie było), albo po prostu na łowieniu ryb i
rozmyślaniu. Ten mroczny okres, z wojną zawsze tuż za horyzontem, był niemal
jedynym czasem w życiu, gdy mój ojciec był naprawdę w zgodzie ze sobą i ze
swoim otoczeniem.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Często towarzyszyłam ojcu, gdy
wybierał się na poszukiwanie tematów do akwarel. Siadał na długo i wpatrywał
się w muliste wody, dżonki na kanale czy jakiś fragment wzgórz Makao i wody od
strony Praia Grande, które w tamtych czasach było nadbrzeżną drogą na murze
oporowym, a dziś, z powodu licznych prac rekultywacyjnych, leży daleko w głębi
lądu. Było spokojnie i relaksująco. Raz, po całym naszym życiu w Chinach, wojna
i chaos nie podążyły za nami. Po włóczędze po mieście wracaliśmy do domu, a
późnym wieczorem szkicował i kolorował z pamięci to, co widział wcześniej
danego dnia. Jeśli porównało się jego obraz z rzeczywistym miejscem, było to
niemal jak fotografia. Myślałam, że tak pracuje każdy artysta-akwarelista.”&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;

&lt;hr align=&quot;center&quot; size=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; /&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Dziedzictwo artystyczne&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Dzieła
Smirnoffa przetrwały jako bezcenny dokument epoki. W 1985 roku, z okazji
25-lecia Muzeum Luísa de Camõesa, wydano album z 60 jego akwarelami. W 2003
roku, w stulecie urodzin, zorganizowano wystawę „&lt;i&gt;Safe Harbor / Porto Seguro&lt;/i&gt;”,
a towarzyszący jej katalog zaprezentował 74 prace przedstawiające Makau lat 40.
XX wieku.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;W 2010 roku do
zbiorów Muzeum Sztuki Makau trafił nieznany wcześniej portret z 1945 roku,
przedstawiający Cecílię Marię Yvanovich – młodą mieszkankę Makau, która wraz z
rodziną znalazła tam schronienie. Obraz ten, podarowany przez modelkę, stanowi
rzadki przykład portretu w dorobku Smirnoffa, znanego przede wszystkim z
pejzaży.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Smirnoff,
rosyjski tułacz, odnalazł w przepełnionym uchodźcami Makau nie tylko fizyczne
schronienie, lecz także artystyczną przestrzeń i ludzką życzliwość. Jego
akwarele są dziś zarówno dziełami sztuki, jak i przejmującymi świadectwami
historii.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;

&lt;hr align=&quot;center&quot; size=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; /&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Biografia – uzupełnienie&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Jurij Smirnow
uciekł z Rosji wraz z matką po rewolucji bolszewickiej. Osiedlili się w
Harbinie, gdzie ukończył studia architektoniczne i ożenił się z Niną Pleszakow.
W 1934 roku urodziła się ich córka Irina.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;W 1937 roku,
przez Tsingtao, przybył do Hongkongu. W 1941 roku pracował jako architekt w
firmie Marsman and Co., angażując się w projekty obronne. Po zajęciu Hongkongu
przez Japonię został zatrudniony przy malowaniu murali w ramach robót
publicznych, ale jego brak zaangażowania wzbudził podejrzenia Kempeitai.
Znalezienie w jego domu nielegalnego bimbru doprowadziło do krótkiego
uwięzienia w Stanley. Po amnestii wyjechał z córką Ireną do Makau, krótko po
tym, jak ich dom został zbombardowany 1 grudnia 1943 roku.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Jego żona Nina
z pozostałą dwójką dzieci – Niną („Lalą”) i Aleksandrem – dołączyła do nich
później.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;W Makau w 1944
roku powstał cykl 63 akwarel przedstawiających krajobrazy kolonii,
przechowywany w Museu Luís de Camões. Równolegle podejmował prace zarobkowe na
utrzymanie rodziny. Dziś uchodzi za jednego z najważniejszych malarzy
dokumentujących obraz dawnego Makau.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;W październiku
1945 roku powrócił do Hongkongu i podjął pracę w Public Works Department. Zmarł
tam w 1947 roku.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;

&lt;hr align=&quot;center&quot; size=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; /&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Rodzina&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;ul type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;
 &lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Żona:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt; Nina
     Smirnow (z domu Pleszakow)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Dzieci:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
     – Irina (Irena) Smirnow, później Garfinkle (1934–2023)&lt;br /&gt;
     – Nina (Lala)&lt;br /&gt;
     – Aleksander (Alexander)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;

&lt;hr align=&quot;center&quot; size=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; /&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Źródła:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://macauantigo.blogspot.com/&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;https://macauantigo.blogspot.com/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://nenotavaiconta.wordpress.com/tag/museu-luis-de-camoes/&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;https://nenotavaiconta.wordpress.com/tag/museu-luis-de-camoes/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://nenotavaiconta.wordpress.com/tag/george-smirnoff/&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;https://nenotavaiconta.wordpress.com/tag/george-smirnoff/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.facebook.com/MAM.Macao&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;https://www.facebook.com/MAM.Macao&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt; &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;

&lt;hr align=&quot;center&quot; size=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; /&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white; color: red; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;©Andrzej Philips –
artykuł podlega prawom autorskim - korzystanie wymaga podanie autora i źródła
artykułu.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white; color: red; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h1 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://booksbyandrey.blogspot.com/&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Książki wydane przez Andrzeja Philipsa&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 35.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Moje blogowanie, Wyd. Anatta 2020,&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 35.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;The Philips family
history – Galician German Family Story, Wyd. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Anatta 2024,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 35.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Allan B. Crawford – the Thomas Cook of the South&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt; Atlantic, 2024&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 35.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;Padrões:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/blog/post/edit/5235422252964925055/1346030095313735161&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;Historical Stone Markers of Portuguese Maritime
History&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;-&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/blog/post/edit/5235422252964925055/1346030095313735161&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;Wayfaring Philatelist&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;–&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/blog/post/edit/5235422252964925055/1346030095313735161&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;History of Portuguese Discoveries Shown in Stamps&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; [Padrões: Historyczne kamienne znaczniki
portugalskiej historii morskiej - Filatelistyczne wędrówki – Historia
portugalskich odkryć pokazana na znaczkach], 2024&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 35.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Historia rodziny Philips – Z Lotaryngii przez Galicję
do Polski, 2025 &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 35.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Podróż za ziemniakami po świecie od Wielkopolski do
Tristan da Cunha, 2025&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 35.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Heim ins
Reich – Das Schicksal der Deutschen aus Galizien im Zweiten Weltkrieg, 2025&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 35.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 35.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white; color: red; font-family: &amp;quot;Georgia&amp;quot;,serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot; /&gt;

&lt;hr align=&quot;left&quot; size=&quot;1&quot; width=&quot;33%&quot; /&gt;

&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn1&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/AF/Documents/Artyku%C5%82y/Malarze/Smirnov/Artystyczna%20przysta%C5%84(2).docx#_ftnref1&quot; name=&quot;_ftn1&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: PL; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Jurij
Witaliewicz Smirnow (w zachodnim zapisie: Yuri (George) Vitalievich Smirnoff) &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/AF/Documents/Artyku%C5%82y/Malarze/Smirnov/Artystyczna%20przysta%C5%84(2).docx#_ftnref2&quot; name=&quot;_ftn2&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: PL; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Leal Senado&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt; — historyczny budynek w
Makau, wzniesiony w 1784 r. jako siedziba rady miejskiej. Nazwa („Lojalny
Senat”) pochodzi od tytułu nadanego Makau przez króla Portugalii w 1654 r. za
wyjątkową wierność Koronie. Budynek pełnił funkcję centrum administracyjnego&amp;nbsp; (Rada Miasta) i sądowego kolonialnego Makau,
a od 2005 r. jest częścią wpisanego na listę UNESCO „Historycznego Centrum
Makau”. Obecnie mieści Biuro Spraw Municypalnych oraz bibliotekę publiczną w
stylu portugalskim.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn3&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/AF/Documents/Artyku%C5%82y/Malarze/Smirnov/Artystyczna%20przysta%C5%84(2).docx#_ftnref3&quot; name=&quot;_ftn3&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: PL; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
W bezpośrednim sąsiedztwie Pátio de Seis Casas&amp;nbsp;
w Macau znajduje się jeden z najważniejszych i najstarszych kościołów
miasta: Igreja de Santo Agostinho (Kościół św. Augustyna). To właśnie ten
kościół, którego fasadę w 1944 roku uwiecznił na akwareli George Smirnoff.
Stanowią one niemal nierozłączny zespół zabytkowy.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://arbitrage-international.blogspot.com/feeds/6522940986586505932/comments/default' title='Komentarze do posta'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://arbitrage-international.blogspot.com/2025/12/artystyczna-przystan-george-smirnoff-i.html#comment-form' title='Komentarze (0)'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5272638736307182735/posts/default/6522940986586505932'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5272638736307182735/posts/default/6522940986586505932'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://arbitrage-international.blogspot.com/2025/12/artystyczna-przystan-george-smirnoff-i.html' title=' Artystyczna przystań: George Smirnoff i azyl w Makau'/><author><name>andreypl</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02921254140941802355</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='22' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgDcRY31HcnmAC-cbOB-_AF1DG4M51XEuq5CJBOuE2F7cXhzQvft0h8pSq_8YeSycI31J5nE6WixquAGFFlmL7qhSRLku1qQGETMKy6FmYkZNVMhsLxqRVnNty8LtWBUw/s220/ja.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgbY6SDmfmdgH2AXSQptIyRuC8FFFxfBfkFU-OM55SPHjl45l4g3v4pO5QI7ZurT6jQeR9I_UeEcfQYM8arT0g6iWgd3tAizruoFMTKfYDcRO9H2vhhVPPEJ7h1C3T6apbWUzC0FyTDgPZ1siOYEa1TZayqBIVg9YJNr5Szw3fqk4-h_XyKHgzZbWQMkUTo=s72-c" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5272638736307182735.post-4350011258773719983</id><published>2025-11-01T03:34:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2026-06-11T13:32:58.355-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Camilo Castelo Branco</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;DUMA CARTA A UM MÉDICO&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Ilm.º e Ex.º Sr.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Sou o cadáver representante de um nome que teve alguma reputação gloriosa neste país durante 40 anos de trabalho. Chamo-me Camilo Castelo Branco e estou cego&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEh_H5MM2jcjZjAnRrYi37Rk3ZS9FrA30sb6FvrYwJh60WYnpNV9PGP-y-BfvcO01DJMYHh3u6yDT1_LaKVgmr90juYK5cGsZ4ZlMNOE3Kz8L_QjzqUnk1CEcdfsdZM_0jOXtYnBaRglw0xzNipRBI2hXvxElwytx3lzE3OqDkMbc7D-OPwzIJZDMBkGs6Nj&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;1593&quot; data-original-width=&quot;2394&quot; height=&quot;266&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEh_H5MM2jcjZjAnRrYi37Rk3ZS9FrA30sb6FvrYwJh60WYnpNV9PGP-y-BfvcO01DJMYHh3u6yDT1_LaKVgmr90juYK5cGsZ4ZlMNOE3Kz8L_QjzqUnk1CEcdfsdZM_0jOXtYnBaRglw0xzNipRBI2hXvxElwytx3lzE3OqDkMbc7D-OPwzIJZDMBkGs6Nj=w400-h266&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;Esta
citação é retirada de uma carta autêntica e comovente que Camilo Castelo Branco
escreveu no dia 1 de junho de 1890 ao seu médico, Dr. Sousa Martins.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;O contexto
é extremamente dramático:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;Camilo, um
dos mais importantes escritores portugueses, sofria nos seus últimos anos de
vida de sífilis terciária, que o cegou e lhe causou debilitantes dores físicas.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;Esta carta
é um testemunho pungente do seu sofrimento, desespero e perda de esperança.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;Apenas
algumas horas depois de escrever esta carta, Camilo Castelo Branco suicidou-se,
disparando contra a própria cabeça.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;ds-markdown-paragraph&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #0f1115; font-family: quote-cjk-patch, Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin: 16px 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 600;&quot;&gt;











&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;Trata-se,
portanto, de um dos seus últimos textos, constituindo uma comovente despedida.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;ds-markdown-paragraph&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #0f1115; font-family: quote-cjk-patch, Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin: 16px 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 600;&quot;&gt;Z LISTU DO LEKARZA&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;ds-markdown-paragraph&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #0f1115; font-family: quote-cjk-patch, Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin: 16px 0px;&quot;&gt;Wielmożny i Ekscelencjo Panie,&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;ds-markdown-paragraph&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #0f1115; font-family: quote-cjk-patch, Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin: 16px 0px;&quot;&gt;Jestem reprezentującym swe imię trupem, które miało niegdyś pewną chlubną sławę w tym kraju przez 40 lat pracy. Nazywam się Camilo Castelo Branco i jestem ślepy.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;ds-markdown-paragraph&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #0f1115; font-family: quote-cjk-patch, Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin: 16px 0px;&quot;&gt;Ten cytat pochodzi z autentycznego, bardzo poruszającego&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 600;&quot;&gt;listu&lt;/span&gt;, który&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 600;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://varia-ap.blogspot.com/2023/06/camilo-castelo-branco.html&quot;&gt;Camilo Castelo Branco&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;napisał&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 600;&quot;&gt;1 czerwca 1890 roku&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;do swojego lekarza,&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 600;&quot;&gt;Dr. Sousa Martinsa&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;ds-markdown-paragraph&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #0f1115; font-family: quote-cjk-patch, Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin: 16px 0px; text-align: start;&quot;&gt;Kontekst jest niezwykle dramatyczny:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #0f1115; font-family: quote-cjk-patch, Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin: 16px 0px; padding-left: 18px; text-align: start;&quot;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;ds-markdown-paragraph&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;Camilo, jeden z najważniejszych pisarzy portugalskich, cierpiał pod koniec życia na kiłę trzeciorzędową, która doprowadziła go do ślepoty i powodowała wyniszczające dolegliwości fizyczne.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;margin-top: 6px;&quot;&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;ds-markdown-paragraph&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;List ten jest przejmującym świadectwem jego cierpienia, rozpaczy i utraty nadziei.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;margin-top: 6px;&quot;&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;ds-markdown-paragraph&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;Zaledwie&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 600;&quot;&gt;kilka godzin po napisaniu tego listu&lt;/span&gt;, Camilo Castelo Branco popełnił samobójstwo, strzelając sobie w głowę.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;ds-markdown-paragraph&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #0f1115; font-family: quote-cjk-patch, Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin: 16px 0px; text-align: start;&quot;&gt;Jest to więc jeden z jego ostatnich tekstów, stanowiący wstrząsające pożegnanie.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;***&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;**FROM A LETTER TO A DOCTOR**&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;Your Most Illustrious and Excellent Sir,&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;I am a corpse representing a name that once had a certain glorious reputation in this country after 40 years of work. My name is Camilo Castelo Branco and I am blind.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;This quote comes from an authentic, very moving letter that Camilo Castelo Branco&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://varia-ap.blogspot.com/2023/06/camilo-castelo-branco.html&quot;&gt;Camilo Castelo Branco&lt;/a&gt; wrote on June 1, 1890, to his doctor, Dr. Sousa Martins.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;The context is extremely dramatic:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;Camilo, one of the most important Portuguese writers, suffered in the late stages of his life from tertiary syphilis, which left him blind and caused devastating physical ailments.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;This letter is a poignant testimony to his suffering, despair, and loss of hope.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;Merely a few hours after writing this letter, Camilo Castelo Branco committed suicide by shooting himself in the head.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;It is, therefore, one of his final texts, constituting a shocking farewell.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://arbitrage-international.blogspot.com/feeds/4350011258773719983/comments/default' title='Komentarze do posta'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://arbitrage-international.blogspot.com/2025/11/camilo-castelo-branco.html#comment-form' title='Komentarze (0)'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5272638736307182735/posts/default/4350011258773719983'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5272638736307182735/posts/default/4350011258773719983'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://arbitrage-international.blogspot.com/2025/11/camilo-castelo-branco.html' title='Camilo Castelo Branco'/><author><name>andreypl</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02921254140941802355</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='22' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgDcRY31HcnmAC-cbOB-_AF1DG4M51XEuq5CJBOuE2F7cXhzQvft0h8pSq_8YeSycI31J5nE6WixquAGFFlmL7qhSRLku1qQGETMKy6FmYkZNVMhsLxqRVnNty8LtWBUw/s220/ja.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEh_H5MM2jcjZjAnRrYi37Rk3ZS9FrA30sb6FvrYwJh60WYnpNV9PGP-y-BfvcO01DJMYHh3u6yDT1_LaKVgmr90juYK5cGsZ4ZlMNOE3Kz8L_QjzqUnk1CEcdfsdZM_0jOXtYnBaRglw0xzNipRBI2hXvxElwytx3lzE3OqDkMbc7D-OPwzIJZDMBkGs6Nj=s72-w400-h266-c" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5272638736307182735.post-6762070393921401677</id><published>2025-09-17T23:49:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2025-09-18T00:03:28.539-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Tristão Vaz Teixeira and João Gonçalves Zarco</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;Machico:
The Cradle of Madeira and the Legend That Shaped Its Name&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;As Madeira
commemorates 600 years since its discovery, the city of Machico stands out not
only as a tourist destination of singular beauty but as the cornerstone of
Madeiran history. It was here, in its sheltered bay, that the epic story of the
Portuguese Discoveries began to take shape, a legacy immortalized by the
Monument to Tristão Vaz Teixeira.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;The Arrival of the Portuguese Navigators&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;In the year
1419, the Portuguese navigators Tristão Vaz Teixeira and João Gonçalves Zarco,
under the service of Prince Henry the Navigator, landed on the island&#39;s east
coast. It is believed that the site of this foundational landing was precisely
the cove where the city of Machico now stands. This event marked the official
beginning of the settlement of the Madeira archipelago, a crucial milestone in
Portuguese maritime expansion.&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;João
Gonçalves Zarco&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;Tristão Vaz
Teixeira &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;To
celebrate this central figure in the founding of the island&#39;s first settlement,
the Monument to Tristão Vaz Teixeira was erected in his honor. Located in the
heart of Machico, its imposing presence is more than a simple statue; it is a
symbol of courage, discovery, and origin. The monument pays tribute not only to
the man but also to the feat: the arrival of the first explorers and the
foundation of what would become the seat of Madeira&#39;s first Captaincy, granted
to Tristão Vaz himself in 1440.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;The Legend of Robert Machim: Fact or Fiction?&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;However,
Machico&#39;s history is shrouded in a veil of romance and mystery that predates
the official Portuguese arrival. The Legend of Machim (or Robert Machin) tells
the story of a young English couple of lovers in the 14th century. Robert
Machim and Anne of Arfet, fleeing an arranged marriage, were supposedly caught
by a violent storm in the English Channel. Drifting in the Atlantic, they
finally spotted a &quot;large green stain&quot; – the island of Madeira.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;They landed
exhausted in the bay of Machico, where Anne, weakened, eventually died. Machim,
in a fit of grief, is said to have built a wooden cross over her grave before
succumbing to sorrow himself. The survivors of the shipwreck allegedly carved
the story into the cross and, eventually rescued by a ship, spread the
narrative.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;The legend
claims that when Zarco and Teixeira arrived in 1419, they found the remnants of
this tragic story—including the cross—and, in homage to Machim, named the
location „Machico”. This romantic narrative was widely disseminated in the 17th
and 19th centuries, often to serve geopolitical interests, namely English, over
the island. Despite being a fascinating and deeply ingrained local tradition,
it lacks solid historical foundation, with the arrival of Zarco and Teixeira
being the documented and widely recognized event of official discovery.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Machico Today: The Legacy of a Rich History&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;Whatever
the origin of its name, Machico is today a vibrant municipality with around
20,000 inhabitants, comprised of five unique parishes: Machico, Caniçal, Porto
da Cruz, Santo António da Serra, and Água de Pena. Each offers its own charm,
from magnificent landscapes and serene „levadas” (irrigation channels) to a
strong connection to the sea.&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if !vml]--&gt;&lt;img height=&quot;918&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhnsxD7V7mz6HPOg4Nn3MDoVUYjOH34K8b2rJHGnpqsX3O3wJbIZLwSV4G2xgss2I5jEUbuOTZcKylZzVYwwgMAGQrvHWs536IiLK8XS3tSkEd283ia_JHi9bsn8i4VdhuP-fAY8MsBEle4qGND-VFtS9Ht-q6S7EBUtLJFTgJRz5NejftNF4lXlZid31FT&quot; v:shapes=&quot;Obraz_x0020_6&quot; width=&quot;605&quot; /&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;&lt;img height=&quot;439&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjzRvStkg4vjYH0-RMDFHDnO3DuI4edByyvRfT-qssujYOrnSKMGSfPMgryah_zmrhP9acTGMlcopj9tSbFLuK67PmIezoakz-OptnPK04GvssyWpOX6AlI-Kz7eSj8faW_K9Y05cgjllUiXdWZwfetRCyb3TDn1UQSfIHXrVcHETyJojVSG9kaqqCYq18L=w605-h439&quot; v:shapes=&quot;Obraz_x0020_7&quot; width=&quot;605&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;The Monument to Tristão Vaz Teixeira&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;The
monument by sculptor Luís Paixão, sculpted from white concrete, takes the form
of a 15th-century sailor erecting the Portuguese&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://varia-ap.blogspot.com/2025/05/padroes-marcadores-de-pedra-da-historia.html&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;padrão&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;(stone pillar) left by
the Portuguese throughout the overseas territories that were occupied during
the process of the Discoveries. The bronze maquette (scale model) is already on
display in the atrium of the Town Hall.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;The
Monument to Tristão Vaz Teixeira remains a silent yet eloquent testament to
this glorious past. It does not celebrate a legend, but the tangible courage of
the men who, over six centuries ago, set foot on that land and began a new
chapter in Portugal&#39;s history. It is an essential stop for any visitor wishing
to truly understand the soul and origin of the Island of Madeira.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if gte vml 1]&gt;&lt;v:shape id=&quot;Obraz_x0020_8&quot; o:spid=&quot;_x0000_i1025&quot;
 type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot; style=&#39;width:454.2pt;height:595.8pt;visibility:visible;
 mso-wrap-style:square&#39;&gt;
 &lt;v:imagedata src=&quot;file:///C:/Users/AF/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image012.jpg&quot;
  o:title=&quot;&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if !vml]--&gt;&lt;img height=&quot;794&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiU7Di9uc1iZgrrnvAsr530YeFKUf--BhByOdEAoRKXjIFbA7RZPDH2ET8e46oUj4f9eyWDBr9ajSPEnZD8eei0dO127sHVnzmSMus3dQbG5CUt7UOUepKILsrgggmnfB9Vfh_5koS5tn0RWq3jl_bPTjMa1C71Qop-VJWvYAKwMPORgPfmzs0tZaYKBUlR&quot; v:shapes=&quot;Obraz_x0020_8&quot; width=&quot;606&quot; /&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;Tristão Vaz
Teixeira and João Gonçalves Zarco – The 600th Anniversary of the Discovery
of the Island of Porto Santo (Madeira)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://arbitrage-international.blogspot.com/feeds/6762070393921401677/comments/default' title='Komentarze do posta'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://arbitrage-international.blogspot.com/2025/09/the-cradle-of-madeira-and-legend-that.html#comment-form' title='Komentarze (0)'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5272638736307182735/posts/default/6762070393921401677'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5272638736307182735/posts/default/6762070393921401677'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://arbitrage-international.blogspot.com/2025/09/the-cradle-of-madeira-and-legend-that.html' title='Tristão Vaz Teixeira and João Gonçalves Zarco'/><author><name>andreypl</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02921254140941802355</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='22' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgDcRY31HcnmAC-cbOB-_AF1DG4M51XEuq5CJBOuE2F7cXhzQvft0h8pSq_8YeSycI31J5nE6WixquAGFFlmL7qhSRLku1qQGETMKy6FmYkZNVMhsLxqRVnNty8LtWBUw/s220/ja.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhDovqGNgREA4JDuUJzX-m9uyEurvJm9vs98MijGUe2SWeZru2H5_XX7aZTQ6Mn1LnjfPScPhVvi5Kfg8LPvyBzdxCCLc0JDgLcqOXiwoL4ngZRLJR25ckUG0cbxNlwTVXfz2AFhDAZxC2Xp8CH4PZQdJEeyqqHFUrOgnBSO4KwFCvy0KVQWlRkHVpwqAf6=s72-c" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5272638736307182735.post-8718904998595828140</id><published>2025-05-11T07:24:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2025-05-23T08:46:48.101-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Austro-Hungarian Empire"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Galizien"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Galiziendeustche"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="genealogy"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Heim ins Reich"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="history"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="WWII"/><title type='text'>Heim ins Reich – Das Schicksal der Deutschen aus Galizien im Zweiten Weltkrieg</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px;&quot;&gt;I am pleased to announce the publication of my new book:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;&quot;Heim ins Reich – Das Schicksal der Deutschen aus Galizien im Zweiten Weltkrieg&quot;&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;(&quot;Heim ins Reich – The Fate of Galician Germans in World War II&quot;)&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcru7nB4ay0I18gItTGrWJ2wtrFS3cEDbOcphTkieXlm9u-LP4U_UhABZBJiFy4ecwQhonIJcro-f9Jbfe-miRp1rDJ4YALQ2UlCBzMuBDgsUUcyYJgoZazYVE6gIVU83m_kDih7Le79ElhaS4HecouhznGYVZ2nzl-2Wnqy06sHBO7rl3zhKHzVE__miR/s1241/okladkaA5heimdeutsch_page-0002.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;1241&quot; data-original-width=&quot;874&quot; height=&quot;320&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcru7nB4ay0I18gItTGrWJ2wtrFS3cEDbOcphTkieXlm9u-LP4U_UhABZBJiFy4ecwQhonIJcro-f9Jbfe-miRp1rDJ4YALQ2UlCBzMuBDgsUUcyYJgoZazYVE6gIVU83m_kDih7Le79ElhaS4HecouhznGYVZ2nzl-2Wnqy06sHBO7rl3zhKHzVE__miR/s320/okladkaA5heimdeutsch_page-0002.jpg&quot; width=&quot;225&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAHwrMceW8saHBpRhoE2kbx6h8eau-19j3h_J0ViA1arL_hTUAoDqSRQoNr4oSUEt-kQrDki2McQLohYuXudvNWldUrVqw186myxD3NedQ04MAKWIzwCNMWOuVyjC4zAye5G-juFUl2qoggVDtQLTy4KE9RMwVRWrRS3-RAqVFYynVxAyOqrJl8s4M4Ffu/s1241/okladkaA5heimdeutsch_page-0001.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;1241&quot; data-original-width=&quot;874&quot; height=&quot;320&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAHwrMceW8saHBpRhoE2kbx6h8eau-19j3h_J0ViA1arL_hTUAoDqSRQoNr4oSUEt-kQrDki2McQLohYuXudvNWldUrVqw186myxD3NedQ04MAKWIzwCNMWOuVyjC4zAye5G-juFUl2qoggVDtQLTy4KE9RMwVRWrRS3-RAqVFYynVxAyOqrJl8s4M4Ffu/s320/okladkaA5heimdeutsch_page-0001.jpg&quot; width=&quot;225&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px;&quot;&gt;This work not only documents individual wartime experiences but also serves as a valuable resource for genealogical research. The book includes:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;- Archival source references for family historians&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;- Name index of Galician German families&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;- Rare photographs and documents&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;The book is available for purchase:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Segoe UI Emoji&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot;&gt;📌&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;On eBay:&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ebay.pl/itm/135776592660&quot; style=&quot;color: #cc6611; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;EBAY&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;[https://www.ebay.pl/itm/135776592660](https://www.ebay.pl/itm/135776592660)&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Segoe UI Emoji&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot;&gt;📌&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Directly from the author (contact for details)&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;The eBay listing includes the full table of contents and name index for reference.&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Ich freue mich, die Veröffentlichung meines neuen Buches bekannt zu geben:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;&quot;Heim ins Reich – Das Schicksal der Deutschen aus Galizien im Zweiten Weltkrieg&quot;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;Das&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Buch schildert nicht nur Einzelschicksale, sondern ist auch ein wichtiges Nachschlagewerk für genealogische Forschungen. Enthalten sind:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;- Archivquellen für Familienforscher&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;- Namensregister galiziendeutscher Familien&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;- Seltene Fotodokumente&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px;&quot;&gt;Bezugsquellen:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Segoe UI Emoji&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot;&gt;📌&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Bei eBay:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ebay.pl/itm/135776592660&quot; style=&quot;color: #cc6611; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;EBAY&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;[https://www.ebay.pl/itm/135776592660](https://www.ebay.pl/itm/135776592660)&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Segoe UI Emoji&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot;&gt;📌&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Direkt beim Autor (auf Anfrage)&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Der eBay-Eintrag enthält ein vollständiges Inhaltsverzeichnis und Namensregister.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://arbitrage-international.blogspot.com/feeds/8718904998595828140/comments/default' title='Komentarze do posta'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://arbitrage-international.blogspot.com/2025/05/heim-ins-reich-das-schicksal-der.html#comment-form' title='Komentarze (0)'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5272638736307182735/posts/default/8718904998595828140'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5272638736307182735/posts/default/8718904998595828140'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://arbitrage-international.blogspot.com/2025/05/heim-ins-reich-das-schicksal-der.html' title='Heim ins Reich – Das Schicksal der Deutschen aus Galizien im Zweiten Weltkrieg'/><author><name>andreypl</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02921254140941802355</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='22' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgDcRY31HcnmAC-cbOB-_AF1DG4M51XEuq5CJBOuE2F7cXhzQvft0h8pSq_8YeSycI31J5nE6WixquAGFFlmL7qhSRLku1qQGETMKy6FmYkZNVMhsLxqRVnNty8LtWBUw/s220/ja.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcru7nB4ay0I18gItTGrWJ2wtrFS3cEDbOcphTkieXlm9u-LP4U_UhABZBJiFy4ecwQhonIJcro-f9Jbfe-miRp1rDJ4YALQ2UlCBzMuBDgsUUcyYJgoZazYVE6gIVU83m_kDih7Le79ElhaS4HecouhznGYVZ2nzl-2Wnqy06sHBO7rl3zhKHzVE__miR/s72-c/okladkaA5heimdeutsch_page-0002.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5272638736307182735.post-164715472994908578</id><published>2025-04-06T03:51:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2025-04-06T04:01:59.650-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Stars of Polish Music</title><content type='html'>&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Poczta
Polska has been honoring legendary figures of Polish music through its stamp
series &quot;Gwiazdy Polskiej Muzyki&quot; (&quot;Stars of Polish Music&quot;).
This initiative celebrates the contributions of iconic artists by immortalizing
them on postage stamps.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtZ2EPzbvMRKe7YPfLSjQmI2PDdFs0nRQopP4TA5ZOK65vk2RZuZJa9VxDMRXXN_2N6iNyzjyujV9bNztgACUs_LQ6Tqrt_7qtvsaeHIzyGXg5PX7n4u5L8bUZP5KAgds-zVfOk4J7CuWKms-hciRaTg15QU6b8sypSsw8GZ-sxABXZAPOb39wH51x5FE8/s400/pobrane%20(4).jfif&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;400&quot; data-original-width=&quot;292&quot; height=&quot;320&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtZ2EPzbvMRKe7YPfLSjQmI2PDdFs0nRQopP4TA5ZOK65vk2RZuZJa9VxDMRXXN_2N6iNyzjyujV9bNztgACUs_LQ6Tqrt_7qtvsaeHIzyGXg5PX7n4u5L8bUZP5KAgds-zVfOk4J7CuWKms-hciRaTg15QU6b8sypSsw8GZ-sxABXZAPOb39wH51x5FE8/s320/pobrane%20(4).jfif&quot; width=&quot;234&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfmfWOTrMBoa4H7MULlG2LYodFQzkW69M6ymuE7nGBd1MnsRDAQqm8We3cgG53aEo8fkDiu9N4GofDBf7kemtrILAZqWBFTBro9JK1vXd4ytSTY35t8-o6ZRsitpZNI_-IyqWcwddnlxvtE56yZxf_VD10hyphenhyphen5kP724BKt0IELghFuz2rpt51upbRoxQNVY/s383/pobrane%20(5).jfif&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;383&quot; data-original-width=&quot;349&quot; height=&quot;320&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfmfWOTrMBoa4H7MULlG2LYodFQzkW69M6ymuE7nGBd1MnsRDAQqm8We3cgG53aEo8fkDiu9N4GofDBf7kemtrILAZqWBFTBro9JK1vXd4ytSTY35t8-o6ZRsitpZNI_-IyqWcwddnlxvtE56yZxf_VD10hyphenhyphen5kP724BKt0IELghFuz2rpt51upbRoxQNVY/s320/pobrane%20(5).jfif&quot; width=&quot;292&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;On June 8,
2024, Poczta Polska released a stamp featuring Kora (Olga Sipowicz), the
charismatic lead singer of the band Maanam. The stamp showcases a
black-and-white photograph by Andrzej Świetlik, depicting Kora in her signature
sunglasses. The accompanying First Day Cover (FDC) includes a portrait of Kora
with her life partner, Kamil Sipowicz, taken by Michał Mutor, along with the
inscription: &quot;Świat bez nas był i bez nas będzie…&quot; (&quot;The world
was without us and will be without us…&quot;) bearing her signature. This
release coincided with what would have been Kora&#39;s birthday, underscoring her
enduring legacy in Polish rock music. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Skn4vxU9cA&amp;amp;list=RD11Pdn6HPqo0&amp;amp;index=19&quot;&gt;Maanam - Wyjątkowo Zimny Maj&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjm-ORpc24HrVzb9JlffZK4NURMqC5ryHh6kDJ2A0SPgwmqCdqI471kOdYdNaBY3KXgmN2cjA_snJtfErHVsJ7UEM9KnSdVjbTj1Q9Ift-P5W6yHxYkZl5OkH1jugpAU05X3HaUbsHt1TMk2Z1F0VfChLxSEWBaED-_QNnzSzE3ctarUXXIPCf7ex5KLHNE/s600/1000006223_01_1920x1920.jpg&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;600&quot; data-original-width=&quot;445&quot; height=&quot;320&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjm-ORpc24HrVzb9JlffZK4NURMqC5ryHh6kDJ2A0SPgwmqCdqI471kOdYdNaBY3KXgmN2cjA_snJtfErHVsJ7UEM9KnSdVjbTj1Q9Ift-P5W6yHxYkZl5OkH1jugpAU05X3HaUbsHt1TMk2Z1F0VfChLxSEWBaED-_QNnzSzE3ctarUXXIPCf7ex5KLHNE/s320/1000006223_01_1920x1920.jpg&quot; width=&quot;237&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPc1UWz-3SYXBe3b9c-vahNLqAQI-ii-WptoWce_jI3BFy4DPQ89Iak9NxUZavTO5cWoBDyfbw3HKtLBE3T5y6alUOm8PhTuMW_FsNqYVksE63PqSx4hBuHuJ0pQIG3kirlnVRckO3E_9P67lSk63_r9Q6tYzm1GTZlHTTXncG9O3HEKeo5b9OS54HEq2t/s1000/pobrane%20(6).jfif&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;702&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1000&quot; height=&quot;225&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPc1UWz-3SYXBe3b9c-vahNLqAQI-ii-WptoWce_jI3BFy4DPQ89Iak9NxUZavTO5cWoBDyfbw3HKtLBE3T5y6alUOm8PhTuMW_FsNqYVksE63PqSx4hBuHuJ0pQIG3kirlnVRckO3E_9P67lSk63_r9Q6tYzm1GTZlHTTXncG9O3HEKeo5b9OS54HEq2t/s320/pobrane%20(6).jfif&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Earlier, on
May 6, 2022, the series featured Zbigniew Wodecki, a multifaceted musician
known for his skills as a vocalist, instrumentalist, and composer. The stamp
portrays Wodecki with a violin, highlighting one of the instruments he
mastered. This release was timed to mark what would have been his 72nd
birthday, celebrating his timeless hits like &quot;Zacznij od Bacha&quot; and
&quot;Pszczółka Maja.&quot;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rDQHzGpwQNk&amp;amp;list=RDrDQHzGpwQNk&amp;amp;start_radio=1&quot;&gt;Zacznij od Bacha&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;In 2021,
Krzysztof Krawczyk, renowned for his deep baritone and versatile musical style,
was also commemorated in this series. His stamp reflects his significant impact
on Polish popular music, with a career spanning decades and genres.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pPhlZesedLU&amp;amp;list=RDpPhlZesedLU&amp;amp;start_radio=1&quot;&gt; Bo jesteś Ty&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhINheh96j3OBaMUlsvUl2OQfLUIyirbck30g2DGYr5ZfmNPqteav0eMxzCwcpSWEEFe9OBqw8O1n6WiYz2pnGv1Ycp8Q9U3ee-sZkfN1Su-J9rFHzicM2_WQ4wU1HNoHwxlraRCgWD5Avf0i5oo4GVwJC86yuLJ2QMMAUhmQ3vadVbHtq7IbpWe1YPZ0Jn/s531/1000005893_01_1920x1920.jpg&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;531&quot; data-original-width=&quot;393&quot; height=&quot;320&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhINheh96j3OBaMUlsvUl2OQfLUIyirbck30g2DGYr5ZfmNPqteav0eMxzCwcpSWEEFe9OBqw8O1n6WiYz2pnGv1Ycp8Q9U3ee-sZkfN1Su-J9rFHzicM2_WQ4wU1HNoHwxlraRCgWD5Avf0i5oo4GVwJC86yuLJ2QMMAUhmQ3vadVbHtq7IbpWe1YPZ0Jn/s320/1000005893_01_1920x1920.jpg&quot; width=&quot;237&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCe_sby_5AL4vLX8h6e68SPmanGey4uuUmu-6am863lpYbYGkRBgbTLgwHLOoBxuYDU2aHtv6tN-iQ9m26bQ1DqPG4qrHO4bEle8GCgJOHeEyMm1jpBM3euDLBGB2zZ_T_bBP8Cy1zbEQOznktcW_cP4T-oXLvSPh1cBWOSj9vfsFzcUXMVfYwkAlIhqY5/s110/115_110_productGfx_38aca8b543a4d157a9a7c23b1d0a5611.jpg&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;110&quot; data-original-width=&quot;100&quot; height=&quot;110&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCe_sby_5AL4vLX8h6e68SPmanGey4uuUmu-6am863lpYbYGkRBgbTLgwHLOoBxuYDU2aHtv6tN-iQ9m26bQ1DqPG4qrHO4bEle8GCgJOHeEyMm1jpBM3euDLBGB2zZ_T_bBP8Cy1zbEQOznktcW_cP4T-oXLvSPh1cBWOSj9vfsFzcUXMVfYwkAlIhqY5/s1600/115_110_productGfx_38aca8b543a4d157a9a7c23b1d0a5611.jpg&quot; width=&quot;100&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Additionally,
Anna Jantar, beloved for her melodic voice and memorable songs, was honored
with a stamp in this collection, further acknowledging her contribution to
Polish music history.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPRqWdr_zDIpJhE_sKD2rSf0cMdi1lViwDb1uNSWj5mn7VIV5Q_zbBBe0J_qaoWGkDjYcd-YubPoXMslQSUdFvjhfmyKeNE32gXXbzMbWUicYykZYq7p-LtqpAnkHyMiDbS7G_bhC-z0Ski4IAGlXoabEEtl6DqgvUJjCrgUMLh0eKUJBOjARyj_ei3Wjr/s359/pobrane%20(1).jfif&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;359&quot; data-original-width=&quot;261&quot; height=&quot;320&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPRqWdr_zDIpJhE_sKD2rSf0cMdi1lViwDb1uNSWj5mn7VIV5Q_zbBBe0J_qaoWGkDjYcd-YubPoXMslQSUdFvjhfmyKeNE32gXXbzMbWUicYykZYq7p-LtqpAnkHyMiDbS7G_bhC-z0Ski4IAGlXoabEEtl6DqgvUJjCrgUMLh0eKUJBOjARyj_ei3Wjr/s320/pobrane%20(1).jfif&quot; width=&quot;233&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYykOXO97RZl5w8AA9pBvE7LP6fzmD5Iwmi08xp4WTuzlTV45vus79cQWhiLZrKqJod3zNZBfviTBf3INvp4lVlWY6DUiTx2sKS6dYeo8JXSt5X0x9LbKf_62TA1vHZSJJGvpWX5nbfBPpqnoJ09-3Of63prQtrNdI3bPdbbxGtjvaWva08uz6iIERcIjM/s830/pobrane%20(2).jfif&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; font-size: large; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;830&quot; data-original-width=&quot;755&quot; height=&quot;320&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYykOXO97RZl5w8AA9pBvE7LP6fzmD5Iwmi08xp4WTuzlTV45vus79cQWhiLZrKqJod3zNZBfviTBf3INvp4lVlWY6DUiTx2sKS6dYeo8JXSt5X0x9LbKf_62TA1vHZSJJGvpWX5nbfBPpqnoJ09-3Of63prQtrNdI3bPdbbxGtjvaWva08uz6iIERcIjM/s320/pobrane%20(2).jfif&quot; width=&quot;291&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BhQdaEdsm5w&amp;amp;list=RDBhQdaEdsm5w&amp;amp;start_radio=1&quot;&gt; Nic nie może wiecznie trwać&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Through the
&quot;Gwiazdy Polskiej Muzyki&quot; series, Poczta Polska not only pays tribute
to these artists&#39; remarkable talents but also preserves their memories for
future generations, allowing their legacies to continue inspiring music
enthusiasts across Poland and beyond.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;On August
30, 2004, Poczta Polska issued a commemorative stamp dedicated to Czesław
Niemen, one of Poland&#39;s most influential musicians. The stamp, with a face
value of 1.25 zł, was designed by Jacek Konarzewski and had a print run of
500,000 copies. It features a portrait of Niemen, capturing his distinctive
presence that left a lasting impact on the Polish music scene.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPbjGu2DpzqqIwqu5LBI-uzp_T1VJGqB3MTUCpzMXr7FUarZucTiOYLTI3a6j1pPXL3Ix_USk9JaF3RlHz7H8Lh9C7MmbO7QM6nTgoVgzvi0cWACTrKWTI2tMvV1joDIY0Di5mZiFW-NWJfqffabEme6KpyGTdVsOvXK38h57LoEyuys1Kc5Yrmr62IMo-/s395/pobrane%20(3).jfif&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;291&quot; data-original-width=&quot;395&quot; height=&quot;236&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPbjGu2DpzqqIwqu5LBI-uzp_T1VJGqB3MTUCpzMXr7FUarZucTiOYLTI3a6j1pPXL3Ix_USk9JaF3RlHz7H8Lh9C7MmbO7QM6nTgoVgzvi0cWACTrKWTI2tMvV1joDIY0Di5mZiFW-NWJfqffabEme6KpyGTdVsOvXK38h57LoEyuys1Kc5Yrmr62IMo-/s320/pobrane%20(3).jfif&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Czesław
Niemen, born Czesław Juliusz Wydrzycki, was a composer, multi-instrumentalist,
and vocalist whose work spanned various genres, including rock, soul, and
electronic music. His song &quot;Dziwny jest ten świat&quot; (&quot;Strange Is
This World&quot;) became an anthem of the 1960s and remains a significant piece
in Polish musical history.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kVp0BB6J-HI&amp;amp;list=RDkVp0BB6J-HI&amp;amp;start_radio=1&quot;&gt;Dziwny Jest Ten Świat&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;In&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;addition to the stamp, Niemen&#39;s legacy has been honored through other means. On June 19, 2009, the National Bank of Poland issued a 10 zł silver coin as part of the &quot;Historia Polskiej Muzyki Rozrywkowej&quot; (&quot;History of Polish Popular Music&quot;) series, further commemorating his contributions to Polish culture.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjf8BU8sJZt9j_VHCYFufMOBxfuNRnZDTp7RNia32W85qUMYBw84gGrKUoiXAw43_RCDhjASZmaHR1qD-i3L12fIZPJHSWW9dwrmiwNmuUVLzBfn-Bn7V_LuNiPxfY5i5C5TQUvMjkLhVlMOSnD3I8JL-e8GbfkHd6z7lHYRVNvw5aN-BZOnwmGrr0vqutv/s600/niem.jpg2.jpg&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjf8BU8sJZt9j_VHCYFufMOBxfuNRnZDTp7RNia32W85qUMYBw84gGrKUoiXAw43_RCDhjASZmaHR1qD-i3L12fIZPJHSWW9dwrmiwNmuUVLzBfn-Bn7V_LuNiPxfY5i5C5TQUvMjkLhVlMOSnD3I8JL-e8GbfkHd6z7lHYRVNvw5aN-BZOnwmGrr0vqutv/s600/niem.jpg2.jpg&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;600&quot; data-original-width=&quot;600&quot; height=&quot;200&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjf8BU8sJZt9j_VHCYFufMOBxfuNRnZDTp7RNia32W85qUMYBw84gGrKUoiXAw43_RCDhjASZmaHR1qD-i3L12fIZPJHSWW9dwrmiwNmuUVLzBfn-Bn7V_LuNiPxfY5i5C5TQUvMjkLhVlMOSnD3I8JL-e8GbfkHd6z7lHYRVNvw5aN-BZOnwmGrr0vqutv/w200-h200/niem.jpg2.jpg&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBubEWnWdEt47VMertUhP38eRFd6pkM7jcNrMDYUJRGACmrxTYjpx9_NNUVo-e_FNf3XsexMuzhyphenhyphenjmBgBrb-Xo620v0rv2iCtrCLo1ot0aXAW2jY50khP55KB1KRynszfaqKqSyEeYNsRUl7A3Hw4wzQfH0beeBqXP3jYMbwov-S7-X35rYJ1kvzg7IpNc/s600/niem.jpg&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;600&quot; data-original-width=&quot;600&quot; height=&quot;200&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBubEWnWdEt47VMertUhP38eRFd6pkM7jcNrMDYUJRGACmrxTYjpx9_NNUVo-e_FNf3XsexMuzhyphenhyphenjmBgBrb-Xo620v0rv2iCtrCLo1ot0aXAW2jY50khP55KB1KRynszfaqKqSyEeYNsRUl7A3Hw4wzQfH0beeBqXP3jYMbwov-S7-X35rYJ1kvzg7IpNc/w200-h200/niem.jpg&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;These
commemorations by Poczta Polska and the National Bank of Poland serve as
enduring tributes to Czesław Niemen&#39;s profound influence on Polish music and
culture.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://arbitrage-international.blogspot.com/feeds/164715472994908578/comments/default' title='Komentarze do posta'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://arbitrage-international.blogspot.com/2025/04/stars-of-polish-music.html#comment-form' title='Komentarze (0)'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5272638736307182735/posts/default/164715472994908578'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5272638736307182735/posts/default/164715472994908578'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://arbitrage-international.blogspot.com/2025/04/stars-of-polish-music.html' title='Stars of Polish Music'/><author><name>andreypl</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02921254140941802355</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='22' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgDcRY31HcnmAC-cbOB-_AF1DG4M51XEuq5CJBOuE2F7cXhzQvft0h8pSq_8YeSycI31J5nE6WixquAGFFlmL7qhSRLku1qQGETMKy6FmYkZNVMhsLxqRVnNty8LtWBUw/s220/ja.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtZ2EPzbvMRKe7YPfLSjQmI2PDdFs0nRQopP4TA5ZOK65vk2RZuZJa9VxDMRXXN_2N6iNyzjyujV9bNztgACUs_LQ6Tqrt_7qtvsaeHIzyGXg5PX7n4u5L8bUZP5KAgds-zVfOk4J7CuWKms-hciRaTg15QU6b8sypSsw8GZ-sxABXZAPOb39wH51x5FE8/s72-c/pobrane%20(4).jfif" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5272638736307182735.post-395759001107596005</id><published>2025-03-16T10:43:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2026-06-11T13:32:24.598-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Camilo Castelo Branco: 200 years 1825-2025</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;My favourite Portuguese writer celebrates today his 200th anversary of birth :) Read more here:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://varia-ap.blogspot.com/2025/03/camilo-castelo-branco-200-years-1825.html&quot;&gt;Camilo Castelo Branco&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiudQ2us2rtlbKQLi07hS9TvQEO2drIIR8PwUH2_tD4XDAqv40Qt8_-hd887FdRWOZ8pqoE4qqibirDEYnYEGiZsU3EGwJDZPII39DTN2At4XTNTVvgRhIcvdbx9xgZVt1XbtzzxpmtoTbm_bhaAxJwa4MJzxLHDTfHcrpC-u6XmmNB3f3zyyg7oswVDDCq/s742/img-plano-emissoes_WEB_CAMILO-CASTELO-BRANCO.jpg&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;492&quot; data-original-width=&quot;742&quot; height=&quot;212&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiudQ2us2rtlbKQLi07hS9TvQEO2drIIR8PwUH2_tD4XDAqv40Qt8_-hd887FdRWOZ8pqoE4qqibirDEYnYEGiZsU3EGwJDZPII39DTN2At4XTNTVvgRhIcvdbx9xgZVt1XbtzzxpmtoTbm_bhaAxJwa4MJzxLHDTfHcrpC-u6XmmNB3f3zyyg7oswVDDCq/s320/img-plano-emissoes_WEB_CAMILO-CASTELO-BRANCO.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://arbitrage-international.blogspot.com/feeds/395759001107596005/comments/default' title='Komentarze do posta'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://arbitrage-international.blogspot.com/2025/03/camilo-castelo-branco-200-years-1825.html#comment-form' title='Komentarze (0)'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5272638736307182735/posts/default/395759001107596005'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5272638736307182735/posts/default/395759001107596005'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://arbitrage-international.blogspot.com/2025/03/camilo-castelo-branco-200-years-1825.html' title='Camilo Castelo Branco: 200 years 1825-2025'/><author><name>andreypl</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02921254140941802355</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='22' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgDcRY31HcnmAC-cbOB-_AF1DG4M51XEuq5CJBOuE2F7cXhzQvft0h8pSq_8YeSycI31J5nE6WixquAGFFlmL7qhSRLku1qQGETMKy6FmYkZNVMhsLxqRVnNty8LtWBUw/s220/ja.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiudQ2us2rtlbKQLi07hS9TvQEO2drIIR8PwUH2_tD4XDAqv40Qt8_-hd887FdRWOZ8pqoE4qqibirDEYnYEGiZsU3EGwJDZPII39DTN2At4XTNTVvgRhIcvdbx9xgZVt1XbtzzxpmtoTbm_bhaAxJwa4MJzxLHDTfHcrpC-u6XmmNB3f3zyyg7oswVDDCq/s72-c/img-plano-emissoes_WEB_CAMILO-CASTELO-BRANCO.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5272638736307182735.post-992268899334490159</id><published>2025-02-07T08:43:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2025-02-07T08:43:10.523-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Carlos Bleck – zapomniany bohater lotnictwa portugalskiego</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Mój artykuł&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://arbitrage-international.blogspot.com/2024/11/carlos-bleck-sportowiec-i-pierwszy.html&quot;&gt;Carlos Bleck&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;, sportowiec i pierwszy
portugalski lotnik cywilny zaowocował kontaktem z José Correia Guedes, autorem
książki “O Aviador” („Lotnik”) i książki o Carlosie Blechu „Carlos Bleck, o herói
esquecido da aviação portuguesa” (Carlos Bleck – zapomniany bohater lotnictwa
portugalskiego)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Właśnie otrzymałem od autora tę książkę wraz z przepiękną
dedykacją dla mnie.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEht-N10juBH3mQXXV1z_r1oDybdlz2ky6uS59fBZrKcyvds1ETPXrcon7n4VrcLDQUQBRLO07dBsQH6-2gYn9NAjm1bfir0bFaZi-ZPJgTfe_b7pMcZbpRWjKTs4HG2VaXqsIh3N6GaM95IuRM6ItJbdD1C63-B1oaLtJsmlOKNU4lsgwFQ_hxKArh7dBtR/s2522/ble.JPG&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;2522&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1696&quot; height=&quot;320&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEht-N10juBH3mQXXV1z_r1oDybdlz2ky6uS59fBZrKcyvds1ETPXrcon7n4VrcLDQUQBRLO07dBsQH6-2gYn9NAjm1bfir0bFaZi-ZPJgTfe_b7pMcZbpRWjKTs4HG2VaXqsIh3N6GaM95IuRM6ItJbdD1C63-B1oaLtJsmlOKNU4lsgwFQ_hxKArh7dBtR/s320/ble.JPG&quot; width=&quot;215&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgL5kwA86-Myh2K1vXAD2XS7ZrGGlkXCdGjUtcbUrzNPjhfsdss3hKiEZ8ecA6eaE2OKaDlxS0dWTVaV9Is8jkEaTRzzhyxRvimKOBeweM3qH_aXaDRsy7tH2w9acnbsk2427EPw6Qd_MMJUIOjk77RAC-eAy2XRRMwaWp2-n5kdrxOSPRJuON0lfCDibXA/s2762/Skanowanie10001.JPG&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhj33h98K8U8q_zs6c6s5FDTzdHXMz8t0Kux6r9FB-RyFKznLpreiZmxf-AErYDJmk3gCUwjESloaHAYF3pkb2pkE8uFEHDz2PbsqkXl2AxE4csheZSvoqb2HzIBDNSB_5R4HAiNsLDgLYlhuk2yG2htgffn7WyyDenf5CsTGS9pFOJ2-ksKo_0Grt-EY5u/s2762/Skanowanie1.JPG&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;2762&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1770&quot; height=&quot;320&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhj33h98K8U8q_zs6c6s5FDTzdHXMz8t0Kux6r9FB-RyFKznLpreiZmxf-AErYDJmk3gCUwjESloaHAYF3pkb2pkE8uFEHDz2PbsqkXl2AxE4csheZSvoqb2HzIBDNSB_5R4HAiNsLDgLYlhuk2yG2htgffn7WyyDenf5CsTGS9pFOJ2-ksKo_0Grt-EY5u/s320/Skanowanie1.JPG&quot; width=&quot;205&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;2762&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1770&quot; height=&quot;320&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgL5kwA86-Myh2K1vXAD2XS7ZrGGlkXCdGjUtcbUrzNPjhfsdss3hKiEZ8ecA6eaE2OKaDlxS0dWTVaV9Is8jkEaTRzzhyxRvimKOBeweM3qH_aXaDRsy7tH2w9acnbsk2427EPw6Qd_MMJUIOjk77RAC-eAy2XRRMwaWp2-n5kdrxOSPRJuON0lfCDibXA/s320/Skanowanie10001.JPG&quot; width=&quot;205&quot; /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Książki są dostępne na stronie:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.wook.pt/autor/jose-correia-guedes/2924380?srsltid=AfmBOooLyul0QQHR6bcHwR7ylLjdNbP0UqW8PBcBsRlRPofrHSPPe2CQ&quot;&gt;José Correia Guedes &lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://arbitrage-international.blogspot.com/feeds/992268899334490159/comments/default' title='Komentarze do posta'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://arbitrage-international.blogspot.com/2025/02/carlos-bleck-zapomniany-bohater.html#comment-form' title='Komentarze (0)'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5272638736307182735/posts/default/992268899334490159'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5272638736307182735/posts/default/992268899334490159'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://arbitrage-international.blogspot.com/2025/02/carlos-bleck-zapomniany-bohater.html' title='Carlos Bleck – zapomniany bohater lotnictwa portugalskiego'/><author><name>andreypl</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02921254140941802355</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='22' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgDcRY31HcnmAC-cbOB-_AF1DG4M51XEuq5CJBOuE2F7cXhzQvft0h8pSq_8YeSycI31J5nE6WixquAGFFlmL7qhSRLku1qQGETMKy6FmYkZNVMhsLxqRVnNty8LtWBUw/s220/ja.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEht-N10juBH3mQXXV1z_r1oDybdlz2ky6uS59fBZrKcyvds1ETPXrcon7n4VrcLDQUQBRLO07dBsQH6-2gYn9NAjm1bfir0bFaZi-ZPJgTfe_b7pMcZbpRWjKTs4HG2VaXqsIh3N6GaM95IuRM6ItJbdD1C63-B1oaLtJsmlOKNU4lsgwFQ_hxKArh7dBtR/s72-c/ble.JPG" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5272638736307182735.post-1477517883467892449</id><published>2024-11-29T06:54:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2024-11-29T06:54:59.904-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Carlos Bleck, sportowiec i pierwszy portugalski lotnik cywilny</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #7030a0; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Carlos Bleck,
sportowiec i pierwszy portugalski lotnik cywilny&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;W 1938 roku Portugalia wydała serię
znaczków pocztowych dla swoich kolonii, upamiętniających historię
Portugalskiego Imperium Kolonialnego. Znaczki te zostały wydane dla takich
terytoriów jak Gwinea, Wyspy Świętego Tomasza i Książęca (w 1939 roku z napisem
&quot;São Tomé e Príncipe&quot;), Angola, Mozambik, Indie Portugalskie, Timor i
Makau. Przedstawiały one postacie i symbole kluczowe dla portugalskiej historii
kolonialnej, w tym:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Vasco da Gamę&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/af/Documents/1Nowy%20folder/Nowy%20folder/Carlos%20Eduardo%20Bleck%20(art-red).docx#_ftn1&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref1&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn1;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PL; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;,&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;
 &lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;Mousinho de Albuquerque&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt; (oficer kawalerii, gubernator generalny Mozambiku),&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Afonso
     de Albuquerque&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;
     (portugalski żeglarz, odkrywca i zdobywca, wicekról Indii),&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;tamy
     (jako ilustracja rozwoju kolonii),&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Infanta
     Henryka Żeglarza&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;
     (uważanego za założyciela portugalskiego imperium kolonialnego).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgifbI-T5X_Snz9dBlWCqRa0KzLh-UlPHEENpqt32xr13tECKi97-v9C2GFEAuYspe2L4PKJnTYbpdZRFpAsqpurfweqa93W9P0QlG3xDY4GccHSFprBgZ54RZqKgv24pZ8HNlhhE10pzFeDvTGlzJxuabvS2t8h4zkwZUm1Cw11mC4uLEk6I7jKZxSiTeq/s898/setr.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;898&quot; data-original-width=&quot;687&quot; height=&quot;320&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgifbI-T5X_Snz9dBlWCqRa0KzLh-UlPHEENpqt32xr13tECKi97-v9C2GFEAuYspe2L4PKJnTYbpdZRFpAsqpurfweqa93W9P0QlG3xDY4GccHSFprBgZ54RZqKgv24pZ8HNlhhE10pzFeDvTGlzJxuabvS2t8h4zkwZUm1Cw11mC4uLEk6I7jKZxSiTeq/s320/setr.jpg&quot; width=&quot;245&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;W tym samym roku Portugalia
rozszerzyła serię znaczków &quot;Império Colonial Português&quot; o znaczki
lotnicze dla Wysp Świętego Tomasza i Książęcej. Te znaczki lotnicze miały
podobne wzory do standardowych wydań, ale były dostosowane do usług poczty lotniczej,
często przedstawiając motywy związane z lotnictwem i tematyką kolonialną.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;blockquote style=&quot;border: none; margin: 0 0 0 40px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;blockquote style=&quot;border: none; margin: 0 0 0 40px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;blockquote style=&quot;border: none; margin: 0 0 0 40px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEia0bcIraAA2LyVBqOxLzwqS_NwDXmJJqO5irQq0skdxVtSV5DDcZ1ZKf2roT2_Mt3aiLwR-yLqxjYyCXuBWYnKCl4bMkKhMXPOjKChNWBcQptLV5fTVpX4HYe8m9fg6S2R4SaWcOTGnL6r4Ra6QqILXSew0e71nHKN_Vwvo9y38UkEtJIAIbrzGuLifj4E/s2500/pobrane%20(v2).jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;1873&quot; data-original-width=&quot;2500&quot; height=&quot;240&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEia0bcIraAA2LyVBqOxLzwqS_NwDXmJJqO5irQq0skdxVtSV5DDcZ1ZKf2roT2_Mt3aiLwR-yLqxjYyCXuBWYnKCl4bMkKhMXPOjKChNWBcQptLV5fTVpX4HYe8m9fg6S2R4SaWcOTGnL6r4Ra6QqILXSew0e71nHKN_Vwvo9y38UkEtJIAIbrzGuLifj4E/s320/pobrane%20(v2).jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Głównymi elementami znaczków
lotniczych są:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;ol start=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
 &lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Glob
     ziemski&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;:
     Znaczek pokazuje kulę ziemską w kontekście globalnym, podkreślając
     znaczenie portugalskich kolonii.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Samolot&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;: Obecność samolotu symbolizuje
     ówczesny rozwój technologii, a także komunikację między metropolią a
     koloniami.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGp6DM0BI7cVsEEzzi4W_gXNwnB2n2V8pXMXXTrnf_QYVJ3x2yIYO17u5jzHfA05UMoA8ByknsxKN4mAwjuY160hUB5JaoHdQIF-EFubFSdKi4M91bq3bTzmDOUY9MtMfJoSRHJdVUyhyaYLo8Cr3Vg9JmtqyOT1hyDYvC06wC27Ir6l3PDZwSuY-ClmvS/s258/pobrane.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;258&quot; data-original-width=&quot;196&quot; height=&quot;320&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGp6DM0BI7cVsEEzzi4W_gXNwnB2n2V8pXMXXTrnf_QYVJ3x2yIYO17u5jzHfA05UMoA8ByknsxKN4mAwjuY160hUB5JaoHdQIF-EFubFSdKi4M91bq3bTzmDOUY9MtMfJoSRHJdVUyhyaYLo8Cr3Vg9JmtqyOT1hyDYvC06wC27Ir6l3PDZwSuY-ClmvS/w243-h320/pobrane.jpg&quot; width=&quot;243&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKcDZtzaRrsyzoAMy7xU4TKn6EtYkSCnt0wlxWw78BcN2p8PSrYb5B5qrMPhMtJuZL9oIBmYFKdCBN_vLpHjS-0JLe0KbOmYvJ7px_A3wUPtj9rMteJrxBic4g2JfhxPH6QTspgtG2JMxz1dgiGpwP58_my6XHvjA-G1HqbHtLyJzN5wvmcC6_lJhfRr8W/s256/pobrane%20(2).jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;256&quot; data-original-width=&quot;197&quot; height=&quot;320&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKcDZtzaRrsyzoAMy7xU4TKn6EtYkSCnt0wlxWw78BcN2p8PSrYb5B5qrMPhMtJuZL9oIBmYFKdCBN_vLpHjS-0JLe0KbOmYvJ7px_A3wUPtj9rMteJrxBic4g2JfhxPH6QTspgtG2JMxz1dgiGpwP58_my6XHvjA-G1HqbHtLyJzN5wvmcC6_lJhfRr8W/w246-h320/pobrane%20(2).jpg&quot; width=&quot;246&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgN6o3Pu-RxOSMPI3XTqjqtQZaOXfv2riYCTKG97GGNGhG8ssO8z8qI7qqv5D19ZlUee8Z1Oz5WRZfudSOtefsHoghYsnb8Vm02Jk_XdGDqUiKLhOqEKvrGSbQlQOesfa2oKukatDCrZL0HQvLefnY9zCDLHj668UTCxvLsIn4crrnlvzfl3A3Bjrw3NFKu&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;259&quot; data-original-width=&quot;195&quot; height=&quot;320&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgN6o3Pu-RxOSMPI3XTqjqtQZaOXfv2riYCTKG97GGNGhG8ssO8z8qI7qqv5D19ZlUee8Z1Oz5WRZfudSOtefsHoghYsnb8Vm02Jk_XdGDqUiKLhOqEKvrGSbQlQOesfa2oKukatDCrZL0HQvLefnY9zCDLHj668UTCxvLsIn4crrnlvzfl3A3Bjrw3NFKu=w241-h320&quot; width=&quot;241&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;W latach 1920–1935 portugalscy
lotnicy dokonali serii pionierskich lotów, które znacząco przyczyniły się do
rozwoju światowego lotnictwa i zostały podane na panelu bocznym znaczków
lotniczych:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;- &lt;b&gt;1920&lt;/b&gt;: Lot na Maderę wykonany
przez Paesa i Beiresa. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;- &lt;b&gt;1922&lt;/b&gt;: Pierwsze przelot nad
południowym Atlantykiem dokonany przez Cabrala i Coutinho.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;- &lt;b&gt;1923&lt;/b&gt;: Wyprawa do Angoli z
udziałem Almeidy, Cunhy i C. Silvy. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;- &lt;b&gt;1924&lt;/b&gt;: Lot do Makau
przeprowadzony przez Paesa i Beiresa. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;- &lt;b&gt;1925&lt;/b&gt;: Misja do Gwinei z
udziałem Correii i S. Silvy. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;- &lt;b&gt;1928&lt;/b&gt;: Lot do Mozambiku
wykonany przez Ramosa, Viegasa i Estevesa. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;- &lt;b&gt;1930&lt;/b&gt;: Wyprawa do Indii z
udziałem Cardoso i Pimentela. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;- &lt;b&gt;1931&lt;/b&gt;: Lot do Angoli
przeprowadzony przez Blecka i Cruza. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;- &lt;b&gt;1934&lt;/b&gt;: Wyprawa do Timoru z
udziałem Cruza. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;- &lt;b&gt;1935&lt;/b&gt;: &quot;Cruzeiro&quot; z
udziałem Cunhy, Cardoso i Baltazara.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Te przedsięwzięcia nie tylko umocniły
portugalską obecność na arenie międzynarodowej, ale także przyczyniły się do
postępu w nawigacji lotniczej i technologii lotniczej.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Moje szczególne zainteresowanie na
tych znaczkach zwrócił&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;rok 1931 -&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Lot do Angoli przeprowadzony przez Blecka i Cruza.
Kim był ów Bleck ?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;W książce “O Aviador” („Lotnik”) José
Correia Guedes opowiada nam historię Carlosa Blecka, zapomnianego bohatera
portugalskiego lotnictwa. Bleck był pierwszym Portugalczykiem posiadającym
certyfikat pilota cywilnego.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;5 marca 1934 roku do Goa przybył
najbardziej oczekiwany gość, pochodzący z Lizbony. Carlos Bleck na pokładzie
małego, pojedynczego silnika leciał na pas startowy po ponad 50 godzinach lotu.
Powitał go euforyczny tłum: po raz pierwszy w historii lotnik wykonał przelot
pomiędzy Portugalią a Indiami, co było niezwykłym wyczynem lotniczym.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYFN7BaR8KrI1PSo4Tu3rDi7vRkAWs2d0E3boVViUwa9_BwoPfDgWCFay227sAIDVsieEiah5Kc8qcbfyzlzyAK8O9Z1CyX-y1gFfFvwMON3crz3PQqobDrCSRTufn1dOlm-xYDfC1aiKxgmLOpnSFYvVhCYjmDhJIlbxTA5WC2Sw1JQUKUNhwgUcvTTmA/s1200/Header_Carlos_Bleck_piloto%20(1).jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;500&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1200&quot; height=&quot;266&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYFN7BaR8KrI1PSo4Tu3rDi7vRkAWs2d0E3boVViUwa9_BwoPfDgWCFay227sAIDVsieEiah5Kc8qcbfyzlzyAK8O9Z1CyX-y1gFfFvwMON3crz3PQqobDrCSRTufn1dOlm-xYDfC1aiKxgmLOpnSFYvVhCYjmDhJIlbxTA5WC2Sw1JQUKUNhwgUcvTTmA/w640-h266/Header_Carlos_Bleck_piloto%20(1).jpg&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Potomek rodziny żydowskiej z Polski,
której diaspora osiedliła się w Portugalii, pilot dorastał z gorączką
szybkości. Zanim zajął się swoją największą pasją, czyli lataniem, był kierowcą
samochodowym i żeglarzem olimpijskim&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/af/Documents/1Nowy%20folder/Nowy%20folder/Carlos%20Eduardo%20Bleck%20(art-red).docx#_ftn2&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref2&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn2;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PL; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Bleck, pierwszy Portugalczyk
posiadający uprawnienia pilota cywilnego, wyróżnił się także jako biznesmen,
zakładając firmę lotniczą CTA, co poprzedziło TAP. Uwieczniła go jednak podróż
samolotem.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Oprócz podróży do Indii wykonał
pierwsze połączenie lotnicze z Lizbony do Angoli i Lizbony. Przemierzał morza i
pustynie, stawił czoła burzom piaskowym, tropikalnym burzom i ogniowi wroga.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Historia jednak ostatecznie go
zignorowała. Jeszcze w trakcie Estado Novo uległ szokującemu wypadkowi na
pokładzie samolotu Salazar, który zakończył jego pionierskie loty.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Portugalia po 25 kwietnia nie
wybaczyła mu tego, że był członkiem Legionu Portugalskiego i gorącym
zwolennikiem poprzedniego reżimu. Pozostał przypisem w historii portugalskiego
lotnictwa. Aż do dnia, w którym dowódca José Correia Guedes (autor Lotnika) postanowił
uratować go od zapomnienia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/af/Documents/1Nowy%20folder/Nowy%20folder/Carlos%20Eduardo%20Bleck%20(art-red).docx#_ftn3&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref3&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PL; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi14RB0pfIjVDDo4WISG0eLQsru-ACQIXhH0aKoiIoWH07518NTJxvBXK2pmSWicQktCsEZ6GMEVgrost71w5v0NIMZcq77OKg7XhaLbEWYyS1aMtKV-InV6CdkmzWwU_rsTbf0K-TnXQCwyEMP9eZel8ISV_Hpnn7v48Zfht40YFdzZpi6rWK-0hx_OV9M/s493/Carlos_Eduardo_Bleck_-_GazetaCF_1135_1935.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; font-size: 12pt; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;493&quot; data-original-width=&quot;368&quot; height=&quot;320&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi14RB0pfIjVDDo4WISG0eLQsru-ACQIXhH0aKoiIoWH07518NTJxvBXK2pmSWicQktCsEZ6GMEVgrost71w5v0NIMZcq77OKg7XhaLbEWYyS1aMtKV-InV6CdkmzWwU_rsTbf0K-TnXQCwyEMP9eZel8ISV_Hpnn7v48Zfht40YFdzZpi6rWK-0hx_OV9M/s320/Carlos_Eduardo_Bleck_-_GazetaCF_1135_1935.jpg&quot; width=&quot;239&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Carlos Eduardo BLECK, sportowiec i pilot, urodził się
w Dafundo (Oeiras) 22.05.1903, a zmarł w Lizbonie 7.12.1975. Lotnik cywilny.
Był synem sportowca Charlesa Henry&#39;ego Blecka (angielski) i Heleny Pedroso dos
Santos, urodzonej w Lizbonie. Uprawiał żeglarstwo, żeglarstwo motorowe, jazdę
konną, motocykle i wyścigi samochodowe, osiągając czołową pozycję w uprawianych
dyscyplinach. W 1922 roku został przyjęty do Wojskowej Szkoły Lotniczej w
Sintrze, gdzie uzyskał licencję pilota cywilnego. Z powodów prywatnych ukończył
kurs dopiero w lipcu 1925 roku. Pierwszy dyplom pilota cywilnego uzyskał w
Portugalii w Szkole Wojskowej.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;W wieku 19 lat odbył swój pierwszy
lot w Grupie Eskadry Lotniczej Republiki, trwający 15 minut. 21 listopada 1922
roku został przyjęty do Wojskowej Szkoły Lotniczej z zamiarem uzyskania statusu
lotnika cywilnego. Jednak ze względów zdrowotnych jego życzenie musiało zostać
przełożone. Carlos Bleck był zmuszony porzucić kurs kilka dni po przyjęciu, ale
wrócił w 1925 roku, aby uzyskać pierwszy portugalski dyplom lotnictwa
cywilnego, zdobyty w Szkole Wojskowej.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Dwa lata później odbył swoją pierwszą
podróż (Londyn-Tancos-Lizbona) za kierownicą Moth/Cirrus o mocy 90 koni
mechanicznych. W 1923 roku próbował polecieć do Indii, ale problem z silnikiem
uniemożliwił mu dotarcie dalej niż na pustynię arabską, do połowy drogi. Nees w
tym samym roku próbował przeprawić się przez północny Atlantyk, ale nie
otrzymał niezbędnego wsparcia. W 1929 roku podjął kolejną próbę i ponownie się
nie powiodła.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Lata 1930 i 1931 to lata, w których
Carlos Bleck wraz z pilotem Humberto da Cruzem wykonał połączenie lotnicze
Lizbona-Angola-Lizbona.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;W 1930 roku był członkiem Zarządu
Aeroclube de Portugal, który założył pierwszą portugalską szkołę lotniczą.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Samotnie odbył lot z Portugalii do
Goa w 1934 r. Później został założycielem Companhia de Transportes Aéreos,
poprzedniczki TAP, i dołączył do zarządu TAP (Transportadora Aérea Portuguesa).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Za swoje wyczyny otrzymał m.in.
odznaczenie Oficerskie z Palmą Orderu Wieży i Miecza.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Carlos Bleck, wydał w 1962 roku
książkę „Rumo à Índia” („W stronę Indii”).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Jego nazwiskiem nazwano ulicę w mieście
Sintra - R. Aviador Carlos Bleck (ulica Lotnika Carlosa Blecka), 2710-513
Sintra, Portugalia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/af/Documents/1Nowy%20folder/Nowy%20folder/Carlos%20Eduardo%20Bleck%20(art-red).docx#_ftn4&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref4&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PL; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;mso-element: footnote-list;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot; /&gt;

&lt;hr align=&quot;left&quot; size=&quot;1&quot; width=&quot;33%&quot; /&gt;

&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn1&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/af/Documents/1Nowy%20folder/Nowy%20folder/Carlos%20Eduardo%20Bleck%20(art-red).docx#_ftnref1&quot; name=&quot;_ftn1&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn1;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PL; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt; Znaczek z Vasco da Gama opisałem na swoim blogu
„Kolekcjoner” w artykule opublikowanym&lt;b&gt; &lt;/b&gt;27 września 2023&lt;a name=&quot;8271898660965939942&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://interestinghobbi.blogspot.com/2023/09/vasco-da-gama-sea-route-to-india.html&quot;&gt;Vasco da Gama – the sea route to India&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/af/Documents/1Nowy%20folder/Nowy%20folder/Carlos%20Eduardo%20Bleck%20(art-red).docx#_ftnref2&quot; name=&quot;_ftn2&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PL; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt; Carlos Eduardo Bleck był żeglarzem z Portugalii,
który reprezentował swój kraj podczas Letnich Igrzysk Olimpijskich w 1928 roku
w Amsterdamie, w Holandii. [en.wikipedia]. Drużyna Portugalii zajęła wtedy 12
miejsce [https://www.sports-reference.com/]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn3&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/af/Documents/1Nowy%20folder/Nowy%20folder/Carlos%20Eduardo%20Bleck%20(art-red).docx#_ftnref3&quot; name=&quot;_ftn3&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn3;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PL; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt; Tekst i zdjęcie: Carlos Bleck: O herói esquecido da
aviação portuguesa,&lt;b&gt; &lt;/b&gt;9 Nov 2024 [https://www.jornaldosclassicos.com/]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn4&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///C:/Users/af/Documents/1Nowy%20folder/Nowy%20folder/Carlos%20Eduardo%20Bleck%20(art-red).docx#_ftnref4&quot; name=&quot;_ftn4&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn4;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PL; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt; Artykuł Recordamos hoje Carlos Bleck, Desportista e o
primeiro Aviador Civil Português, na Toponímia de&amp;nbsp;Sintra [Dziś wspominamy
Carlosa Blecka, sportowca i pierwszego portugalskiego lotnika cywilnego, w
Toponimii Sintry] opublikowany &lt;span style=&quot;color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;na
blogu&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://ruascomhistoria.wordpress.com/&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;ruascomhistoria.wordpress.com&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;25.05.2018&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://arbitrage-international.blogspot.com/feeds/1477517883467892449/comments/default' title='Komentarze do posta'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://arbitrage-international.blogspot.com/2024/11/carlos-bleck-sportowiec-i-pierwszy.html#comment-form' title='Komentarze (0)'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5272638736307182735/posts/default/1477517883467892449'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5272638736307182735/posts/default/1477517883467892449'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://arbitrage-international.blogspot.com/2024/11/carlos-bleck-sportowiec-i-pierwszy.html' title='Carlos Bleck, sportowiec i pierwszy portugalski lotnik cywilny'/><author><name>andreypl</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02921254140941802355</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='22' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgDcRY31HcnmAC-cbOB-_AF1DG4M51XEuq5CJBOuE2F7cXhzQvft0h8pSq_8YeSycI31J5nE6WixquAGFFlmL7qhSRLku1qQGETMKy6FmYkZNVMhsLxqRVnNty8LtWBUw/s220/ja.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgifbI-T5X_Snz9dBlWCqRa0KzLh-UlPHEENpqt32xr13tECKi97-v9C2GFEAuYspe2L4PKJnTYbpdZRFpAsqpurfweqa93W9P0QlG3xDY4GccHSFprBgZ54RZqKgv24pZ8HNlhhE10pzFeDvTGlzJxuabvS2t8h4zkwZUm1Cw11mC4uLEk6I7jKZxSiTeq/s72-c/setr.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5272638736307182735.post-4291950039738086230</id><published>2024-11-02T09:41:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2026-06-11T13:16:05.554-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Gustav and Friedrich Stoltenhoff</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Stoltenhoff Island&amp;nbsp;is a small uninhabited
island in the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Atlantic_Ocean&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot; title=&quot;South Atlantic Ocean&quot;&gt;&lt;span color=&quot;windowtext&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;South Atlantic Ocean&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;, part of the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nightingale_Islands&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot; title=&quot;Nightingale Islands&quot;&gt;&lt;span color=&quot;windowtext&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;Nightingale Islands&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;. It is the smallest of the
Nightingale Islands, and is to the northwest of Nightingale Island itself. They
are governed as part of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot; title=&quot;Tristan da Cunha&quot;&gt;&lt;span color=&quot;windowtext&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;Tristan da
Cunha&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;, an archipelago and part of the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_overseas_territory&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot; title=&quot;British overseas territory&quot;&gt;&lt;span color=&quot;windowtext&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;British overseas territory&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot; title=&quot;Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha&quot;&gt;&lt;span color=&quot;windowtext&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan
da Cunha&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;. The island is part of the Nightingale Islands group&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Important_Bird_Area&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot; title=&quot;Important Bird Area&quot;&gt;&lt;span color=&quot;windowtext&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;Important Bird Area&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;(IBA), identified as
such by&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BirdLife_International&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot; title=&quot;BirdLife International&quot;&gt;&lt;span color=&quot;windowtext&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;BirdLife International&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;as a breeding
site for&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seabird&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot; title=&quot;Seabird&quot;&gt;&lt;span color=&quot;windowtext&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;seabirds&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;and
endemic landbirds.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhYF8M_nZNZP5zMG_aRFtJ5nXkiVjGz-E-d82ZFdxTIIc7kOyJbWSxRIOO3sAD27icCdD1bIZXSEtZNhNBJ1_S-XVNycEOFup91maZJzuoagnMF_DwVbiCBzAxkRq8b_8cXH9ajJcuuTLAt9awI0YaVYGmJUvnIouU2tx1PsKGY9WceYh30NaWR5tdgT_tO&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;413&quot; data-original-width=&quot;358&quot; height=&quot;240&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhYF8M_nZNZP5zMG_aRFtJ5nXkiVjGz-E-d82ZFdxTIIc7kOyJbWSxRIOO3sAD27icCdD1bIZXSEtZNhNBJ1_S-XVNycEOFup91maZJzuoagnMF_DwVbiCBzAxkRq8b_8cXH9ajJcuuTLAt9awI0YaVYGmJUvnIouU2tx1PsKGY9WceYh30NaWR5tdgT_tO&quot; width=&quot;208&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhPo49yeXosffRGdrdIU1o-eL-fVAVTl5u7k5VDE9j0hVrd6ERFWTpHUSKgtuh5giJ3K5t1wNfNzAS62TpDIdgPvrsyLqUxr__hh730k5eOke5Co-v6DrklXBIiJJXJb8YjJV_QY9-aWfFA_Eo7qtiesCjApRAPf7UUi710i9t_V6ZTwS2zAtFXJu0XDTFt&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;413&quot; data-original-width=&quot;507&quot; height=&quot;240&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhPo49yeXosffRGdrdIU1o-eL-fVAVTl5u7k5VDE9j0hVrd6ERFWTpHUSKgtuh5giJ3K5t1wNfNzAS62TpDIdgPvrsyLqUxr__hh730k5eOke5Co-v6DrklXBIiJJXJb8YjJV_QY9-aWfFA_Eo7qtiesCjApRAPf7UUi710i9t_V6ZTwS2zAtFXJu0XDTFt&quot; width=&quot;295&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;The island is named after the two
Moscow-born&amp;nbsp;German brothers, Gustav and Friedrich Stoltenhoff, who tried
to settle on nearby&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inaccessible_Island&quot; title=&quot;Inaccessible Island&quot;&gt;&lt;span color=&quot;windowtext&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;Inaccessible Island&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt;. Their attempt was
abandoned after two difficult years.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///F:/Maxf/Moje%20blogowanie/Artyku%C5%82y%20filat/potatoes/Crawford/Gough/Stoltenhoff%20Island.docx#_ftn1&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref1&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgocQs1bifzCXwOorp1LUcx4ZC9RGCKkzcE_MG_PVwhuWWzksjjNXZCVsKpDOamIo5nRmcIZmKGqbRA8mgwu2P0oYMJjqcewMrohWZ2ik8t8Ag4QFD4IIY_rtASw6wvIGo7GNEJ-uWpwd0zbNIMUC5Xd3pu1mIR-2Pruwn1jFDR_QKj6i35or4pYOFNdCU6/s300/Gustav-Stoltenhoff-Stoltenhoff-Is.jpg&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;300&quot; data-original-width=&quot;200&quot; height=&quot;320&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgocQs1bifzCXwOorp1LUcx4ZC9RGCKkzcE_MG_PVwhuWWzksjjNXZCVsKpDOamIo5nRmcIZmKGqbRA8mgwu2P0oYMJjqcewMrohWZ2ik8t8Ag4QFD4IIY_rtASw6wvIGo7GNEJ-uWpwd0zbNIMUC5Xd3pu1mIR-2Pruwn1jFDR_QKj6i35or4pYOFNdCU6/w213-h320/Gustav-Stoltenhoff-Stoltenhoff-Is.jpg&quot; width=&quot;213&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Inaccessible Island, part of the Tristan da Cunha group in the UK, is the exposed peak of an extinct volcano in the South Atlantic Ocean. Covering an area of 12.65 km², it was discovered by the Dutch in 1652, a century and a half after Tristan da Cunha. Its name, &quot;Inaccessible,&quot; reflects the challenging and hazardous approach to the island.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;In October 1871, two Prussian brothers, Gustav and Friedrich Stoltenhoff, attempted to establish a seal oil production site on the island. At the time, seal oil was in high demand for its use in cosmetics and as a lamp fuel. However, their venture was unsuccessful, and after two years, they were evacuated by the British ship “HMS Challenger”. Stoltenhoff Island, located nearby (closer to Nightingale Island), is named after these two brothers.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///F:/Maxf/Moje%20blogowanie/Artyku%C5%82y%20filat/potatoes/Crawford/Gough/Stoltenhoff%20Island.docx#_ftn2&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref2&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot; lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15.6933px;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;Inaccessible Island, part of the Tristan da
Cunha group in the UK, is the exposed peak of an extinct volcano in the South
Atlantic Ocean. Covering an area of 12.65 km², it was discovered by the Dutch
in 1652, a century and a half after Tristan da Cunha. Its name,
&quot;Inaccessible,&quot; reflects the challenging and hazardous approach to
the island.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;In October 1871, two Prussian brothers, Gustav
and Friedrich Stoltenhoff, attempted to establish a seal oil production site on
the island. At the time, seal oil was in high demand for its use in cosmetics
and as a lamp fuel. However, their venture was unsuccessful, and after two
years, they were evacuated by the British ship “HMS Challenger”. Stoltenhoff
Island, located nearby (closer to Nightingale Island), is named after these two
brothers.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///F:/Maxf/Moje%20blogowanie/Artyku%C5%82y%20filat/potatoes/Crawford/Gough/Stoltenhoff%20Island.docx#_ftn2&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref2&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn2;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;If someone thinks that they will hear the
beautiful song of the nightingale on Nightingale Island, they are greatly
mistaken.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;It was originally named &quot;Gebrooken
Eyland&quot; (Broken island) by the Dutch ship the&amp;nbsp;Nachtglas&amp;nbsp;under
Jan Jacobszoon in January 1656, who found no safe anchorage; the first landing
was not made until 1696 (most likely by&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willem_de_Vlamingh&quot; title=&quot;Willem de Vlamingh&quot;&gt;&lt;span color=&quot;windowtext&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;Willem de Vlamingh&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;in August of that
year). French captain Pierre d&#39;Etcheverry also visited the island in September
1767, first recording the two nearby islets now named Stoltenhoff and Middle.&amp;nbsp;The
island was later renamed after British captain&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamaliel_Nightingale&quot; title=&quot;Gamaliel Nightingale&quot;&gt;&lt;span color=&quot;windowtext&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;Gamaliel Nightingale&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, who explored the
island in 1760.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///F:/Maxf/Moje%20blogowanie/Artyku%C5%82y%20filat/potatoes/Crawford/Gough/Stoltenhoff%20Island.docx#_ftn3&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref3&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn3;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;The Questionable Rewards of a Visit to Inaccessible Island&lt;/b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///F:/Maxf/Moje%20blogowanie/Artyku%C5%82y%20filat/potatoes/Crawford/Gough/Stoltenhoff%20Island.docx#_ftn4&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref4&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn4;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;Inaccessible was first sighted in 1656, and the
first known landing wasn’t until 1803. But the history of the island gets
extremely weird in 1871, when two Moscow-born German brothers, Gustav and
Frederick Stoltenhoff, decided to settle on Inaccessible Island and operate a
trading business, mostly of seal pelts. Eric Rosenthal describes their
misadventures in a 1952 book called&amp;nbsp;Shelter From the Spray. “If ever an
island deserved its name, it would seem that Inaccessible did,” writes
Rosenthal. “Its vast square summit rose like a wall above the little ship as
she tossed about at her moorings off the western side.”&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSJM8Kzf8Phhp1rWm5HBeJy8KDcemchMxtZ-aongzw0GReR2Hs4-9BHpk0MAp2LBohV1f15fO96FPJmNY3-8zKkWupZvNJomsAd7rx30CEi3qep9OGtKj8LNRZv-AT_x_ETdAkvMqK9H31aJBa5_8UebP1eKkpsflzOtXlbCHrQAfuGBCJP1OxRi6E0OKA/s465/pobrane%20(2).png&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;361&quot; data-original-width=&quot;465&quot; height=&quot;248&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSJM8Kzf8Phhp1rWm5HBeJy8KDcemchMxtZ-aongzw0GReR2Hs4-9BHpk0MAp2LBohV1f15fO96FPJmNY3-8zKkWupZvNJomsAd7rx30CEi3qep9OGtKj8LNRZv-AT_x_ETdAkvMqK9H31aJBa5_8UebP1eKkpsflzOtXlbCHrQAfuGBCJP1OxRi6E0OKA/s320/pobrane%20(2).png&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Frederick and Gustav Stoltenhoff&lt;a href=&quot;file:///F:/Maxf/Moje%20blogowanie/Artyku%C5%82y%20filat/potatoes/Crawford/Gough/Stoltenhoff%20Island.docx#_ftn5&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref5&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[5]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;The Stoltenhoffs, fresh out of reluctant
service in the Franco-Prussian War, had landed on Tristan once and heard tales
of another island, nearby and uninhabited. A Tristanian had told them of a
harvest of 1,700 seal pelts on Inaccessible the year before, a treasure trove
of money. So the brothers decided out of a sort of Robinson Crusoe-type lust
for adventure, as well as valuable seal pelts, to live on Inaccessible Island
for awhile.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;Their two years on Inaccessible were completely
miserable. They had no idea how to build shelter, did not know how to catch or
skin a seal, forgot to bring vital supplies like rope and candles, had their
fishing boat and house repeatedly destroyed by weather, and, by their accounts,
were screwed with by mean Tristanians who came by every few months, stealing
their supplies and shooting the wild goats the Stoltenhoffs relied on.
(Previous visitors to the island had introduced some domestic goats and pigs,
which survived during the time the Stoltenhoffs were there; the animals were
completely removed in the 1950s.) The brothers brought a dog and a few puppies;
the dogs fled and became feral within a few weeks.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;Surviving mostly on penguin eggs and wild boar
they described as disgusting (when they could even catch one), the brothers
survived, clumsily and improbably, through two full winters. From the book:
“‘The penguins are coming ashore!’ Gustav shrieked with delight. ‘If only we
can get at them.’ Whether through their own weakness, or the superior instinct
of their prey during the first few days, they failed to kill a single bird.
Instead they found themselves pecked and once or twice even knocked over by the
vigorous antics of their opponents.”&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;After two years of being physically bested by
penguins, having killed only 19 seals (the pelts of which they traded for some
biscuits), and every few months refusing to be rescued, the Stoltenhoffs gave
up and went home. Having already been named and featured in atlases,
Inaccessible couldn’t be named after the Stoltenhoffs, but a tiny rock nearby
did not have a name when they were rescued, and was named Stoltenhoff Island,
after them. Nobody since the Stoltenhoffs have tried to live for any real
length of time on Inaccessible Island.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;Tristan da Cunha,
which owns Stoltenhoff and other nearby uninhabited islands, is in an unusual
situation with regards to coinage as well stamps editing. It is not an
autonomous or independent colony, being a part of the British overseas
territory with the rather unwieldy name of &quot;Saint Helena, Ascension and
Tristan da Cunha&quot;, yet the island has permission to strike its own
commemorative coinage. Officially, the currency used on the island is the
British pound, not the St Helena pound used in the rest of the territory.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRuHSMb-c-Y6zI4B25CRN18NtEBCyqmZQpd6r3noUNhQ9GiE_CfcA_qGkG-I7gGZgmgUQAIsfcK-y3xhHf6SHao54j1kvk8ss6sGjyIchb3J7lJiGrH2sd4uCLmSzO29xYov_Ojf7xhIqNRdI1ZjD56uVixo6ibaRqQYq9ey3Ucx6QLDjFLsADBRw-kwDm/s473/6546d26e01b8d7.14236691-original.jpg&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;470&quot; data-original-width=&quot;473&quot; height=&quot;199&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRuHSMb-c-Y6zI4B25CRN18NtEBCyqmZQpd6r3noUNhQ9GiE_CfcA_qGkG-I7gGZgmgUQAIsfcK-y3xhHf6SHao54j1kvk8ss6sGjyIchb3J7lJiGrH2sd4uCLmSzO29xYov_Ojf7xhIqNRdI1ZjD56uVixo6ibaRqQYq9ey3Ucx6QLDjFLsADBRw-kwDm/w200-h199/6546d26e01b8d7.14236691-original.jpg&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Apparently the Island&#39;s administrators believe their mandate to issue coinage
extends to issuing coins in the names of the uninhabited islands under its
control: Gough Island and Nightingale Island have also had coins issued in
their names. It&#39;s part of a broader push by certain private mints to appeal to
OFEC collectors by making &quot;coins&quot; in the name of places that
currently have no coinage of their own.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///F:/Maxf/Moje%20blogowanie/Artyku%C5%82y%20filat/potatoes/Crawford/Gough/Stoltenhoff%20Island.docx#_ftn6&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref6&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn6;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;[6]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;mso-element: footnote-list;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyH67CyDiqB92yKrJbSxSXHsDXctvSUyNzugRODaQUqIg0FJ4fBZGXHmj-Xxjs2rQlziKV583C-HmEX5RXUgqASHnNZMh3uS-2WCnMoJ2hkgvLFGTaiHgRvM28Rs02wA_zsxMyk3TanxY8nDI2Vpq8YDacY63kthg8RGLx9qXaP1HVRvZDoXUtgGkcGfAH/s478/6546d26ded6f48.59315387-original.jpg&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;478&quot; data-original-width=&quot;475&quot; height=&quot;200&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyH67CyDiqB92yKrJbSxSXHsDXctvSUyNzugRODaQUqIg0FJ4fBZGXHmj-Xxjs2rQlziKV583C-HmEX5RXUgqASHnNZMh3uS-2WCnMoJ2hkgvLFGTaiHgRvM28Rs02wA_zsxMyk3TanxY8nDI2Vpq8YDacY63kthg8RGLx9qXaP1HVRvZDoXUtgGkcGfAH/w199-h200/6546d26ded6f48.59315387-original.jpg&quot; width=&quot;199&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;

&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn1&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8cH7MPvK_DOwoJPzDywgf2zzp30GeWelwo1rn9pW2wIx9x1uGIRgrUqOqxuI-9lmC0Py8w71EcKuH8CKpi36GNTHWqYfVhC9hJlAo7nB6l_0VExE4OGPnWoJGHRGxawaXWybm7ozx5Ia9CiwgSM2Ne3121bVbnZJl1Hd_YO54odOKQpJYJe6uNb9RvVxe/s787/6wpsvsx8.png&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;677&quot; data-original-width=&quot;787&quot; height=&quot;275&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8cH7MPvK_DOwoJPzDywgf2zzp30GeWelwo1rn9pW2wIx9x1uGIRgrUqOqxuI-9lmC0Py8w71EcKuH8CKpi36GNTHWqYfVhC9hJlAo7nB6l_0VExE4OGPnWoJGHRGxawaXWybm7ozx5Ia9CiwgSM2Ne3121bVbnZJl1Hd_YO54odOKQpJYJe6uNb9RvVxe/w320-h275/6wpsvsx8.png&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSLmvDp-9kKvdRB2sJBBux7i54M6IkpSPseKUgAwn1UVllWtwhztiC7J5o7Rk_NxzBJ6P8obrTMRh-PoEon9cSPn79xJGCwOXiqBLs8cALvQfGcLfDsxx-Z0cdl79cSf-q4lIs7SFRYFKm3qICbrE7XewMWh-iQ_atzckVYdFvngQQYzWnPQdTyMm0WuXO/s250/244.jpg&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;135&quot; data-original-width=&quot;250&quot; height=&quot;135&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSLmvDp-9kKvdRB2sJBBux7i54M6IkpSPseKUgAwn1UVllWtwhztiC7J5o7Rk_NxzBJ6P8obrTMRh-PoEon9cSPn79xJGCwOXiqBLs8cALvQfGcLfDsxx-Z0cdl79cSf-q4lIs7SFRYFKm3qICbrE7XewMWh-iQ_atzckVYdFvngQQYzWnPQdTyMm0WuXO/s1600/244.jpg&quot; width=&quot;250&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuWsXrU3TG9lKlCbMnZ3yNONuwN93gAgAvC6-JsjAIY0GcUEd55-plXByvZkxHhGPp8zgRy6L_lSAg8swytZTmh82Yl4iJxPI8e3QQiiJSAC_yhZrmczq7UJ0DRwyzFKEOkrld37MUALOvM7uJbeFzFPCYqBcwMSe3uENPkZYA54ZGkxrvlfSRDd6RbdrP/s250/252.jpg&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;137&quot; data-original-width=&quot;250&quot; height=&quot;137&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuWsXrU3TG9lKlCbMnZ3yNONuwN93gAgAvC6-JsjAIY0GcUEd55-plXByvZkxHhGPp8zgRy6L_lSAg8swytZTmh82Yl4iJxPI8e3QQiiJSAC_yhZrmczq7UJ0DRwyzFKEOkrld37MUALOvM7uJbeFzFPCYqBcwMSe3uENPkZYA54ZGkxrvlfSRDd6RbdrP/s1600/252.jpg&quot; width=&quot;250&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; font-family: &amp;quot;Palatino Linotype&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 14.6667px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Inaccessible&#39;s north-east coast is 40 kilometres (25 miles) from Longbluff on Tristan&#39;s south-west coast. This view is from about 10 kilometres away, showing the sheer cliffs which give the island its forbidding name. Visible straight ahead is Salt Beach, where the German Stoltenhoff brothers attempted to colonise the island between 1871-3. Rev Wilde organised a &#39;5-year&#39; farming project at Salt Beach which failed to live up to its aims and was abandoned after he left Tristan in 1940, but islanders still occasionally visit to pick the apples planted in the 1930s.[7]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #2b00fe;&quot;&gt;About Tristan da Cunha read&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://arbitrage-international.blogspot.com/2024/11/gustav-and-friedrich-stoltenhoff.html&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;here&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///F:/Maxf/Moje%20blogowanie/Artyku%C5%82y%20filat/potatoes/Crawford/Gough/Stoltenhoff%20Island.docx#_ftnref1&quot; name=&quot;_ftn1&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: PL; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;English Wikipedia [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoltenhoff_Island]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn2&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///F:/Maxf/Moje%20blogowanie/Artyku%C5%82y%20filat/potatoes/Crawford/Gough/Stoltenhoff%20Island.docx#_ftnref2&quot; name=&quot;_ftn2&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn2;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: PL; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt; &lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;French Wikipedia [https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Ele_Stoltenhoff]&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn3&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///F:/Maxf/Moje%20blogowanie/Artyku%C5%82y%20filat/potatoes/Crawford/Gough/Stoltenhoff%20Island.docx#_ftnref3&quot; name=&quot;_ftn3&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn3;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: PL; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt; English Wikipedia [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nightingale_Island]&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn4&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///F:/Maxf/Moje%20blogowanie/Artyku%C5%82y%20filat/potatoes/Crawford/Gough/Stoltenhoff%20Island.docx#_ftnref4&quot; name=&quot;_ftn4&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn4;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: PL; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;Article by&amp;nbsp; Dan Nosowitz,&amp;nbsp;November
1, 2018 [https://www.atlasobscura.com/]&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///F:/Maxf/Moje%20blogowanie/Artyku%C5%82y%20filat/potatoes/Crawford/Gough/Stoltenhoff%20Island.docx#_ftnref5&quot; name=&quot;_ftn5&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: PL; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[5]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt; Picture from article by Anton Diakonov,
&lt;/span&gt;В мире есть остров с названием Инаксессибл &lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;[https://perito.media]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;ftn5&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///F:/Maxf/Moje%20blogowanie/Artyku%C5%82y%20filat/potatoes/Crawford/Gough/Stoltenhoff%20Island.docx#_ftnref6&quot; name=&quot;_ftn6&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: PL; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[6]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;
https://www.coincommunity.com/forum/topic.asp?TOPIC_ID=76791&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;Arial, sans-serif&quot; lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(234, 234, 234); font-size: 9.5pt;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;Posted&amp;nbsp;12/18/2010&amp;nbsp; 06:5 by Sap.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;[7]&amp;nbsp;https://www.tristandc.com/inaccessible.php&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://arbitrage-international.blogspot.com/feeds/4291950039738086230/comments/default' title='Komentarze do posta'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://arbitrage-international.blogspot.com/2024/11/gustav-and-friedrich-stoltenhoff.html#comment-form' title='Komentarze (0)'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5272638736307182735/posts/default/4291950039738086230'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5272638736307182735/posts/default/4291950039738086230'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://arbitrage-international.blogspot.com/2024/11/gustav-and-friedrich-stoltenhoff.html' title='Gustav and Friedrich Stoltenhoff'/><author><name>andreypl</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02921254140941802355</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='22' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgDcRY31HcnmAC-cbOB-_AF1DG4M51XEuq5CJBOuE2F7cXhzQvft0h8pSq_8YeSycI31J5nE6WixquAGFFlmL7qhSRLku1qQGETMKy6FmYkZNVMhsLxqRVnNty8LtWBUw/s220/ja.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhYF8M_nZNZP5zMG_aRFtJ5nXkiVjGz-E-d82ZFdxTIIc7kOyJbWSxRIOO3sAD27icCdD1bIZXSEtZNhNBJ1_S-XVNycEOFup91maZJzuoagnMF_DwVbiCBzAxkRq8b_8cXH9ajJcuuTLAt9awI0YaVYGmJUvnIouU2tx1PsKGY9WceYh30NaWR5tdgT_tO=s72-c" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5272638736307182735.post-6536155120121949753</id><published>2024-10-27T13:41:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2024-10-27T13:41:55.097-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Terry Pratchett: The Man Who Brought Wit, Satire, and Magic to Fantasy Literature</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Sir Charles Lavatory, a tradesman of Mollymog Street,
Ankh-Morpork. He is the current president of the Guild of Plumbers and
Dunnikindivers.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcyf0BQtZFymAu_vwjqPv0dllmWNf3GIHcV1MkH1h-_QM7jph0l4sTLVNuFpY3B6NjfPluO4n0nt6Bkm-FC_fChOYVL0Jhbt3iOtZnCklliIzwysmZE9SlQcE5K50EeucAffwSXndgSFCDGIEBsYUG6bnJxcy-wclEAMM2DVIpnurty2x5efgEFp-AaZgM/s1004/lavatory.gif&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: medium; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;1004&quot; data-original-width=&quot;883&quot; height=&quot;400&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcyf0BQtZFymAu_vwjqPv0dllmWNf3GIHcV1MkH1h-_QM7jph0l4sTLVNuFpY3B6NjfPluO4n0nt6Bkm-FC_fChOYVL0Jhbt3iOtZnCklliIzwysmZE9SlQcE5K50EeucAffwSXndgSFCDGIEBsYUG6bnJxcy-wclEAMM2DVIpnurty2x5efgEFp-AaZgM/w352-h400/lavatory.gif&quot; width=&quot;352&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;His firm, C.H. Lavatory and Son, manufactures and
markets the patented Lavatory device, which is a good idea in principle but
hampered by the fact that Ankh-Morpork is yet to (re)discover sewers. His
eponymous patented device cleans and flushes beautifully, but in keeping with
the general miasma of Ankh-Morpork, not to anywhere in particular. Therefore if
the house is nowhere near the Ankh and there isn&#39;t a dunnikin nearby nor space
to dig one, the whole point is somewhat lost. Still, the Ankhian ethos of
&quot;once it&#39;s out of the house it&#39;s somebody else&#39;s problem&quot; lives on.
The person whose problem it is almost certainly works for Harry King.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;The Lavatory device
is fast replacing the earlier model patented by a previous Guild luminary,
William de Privy. Perhaps the strangest client for the device was Death. The
toilet in the house of&amp;nbsp;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Death has a pretty arrangement of green and blue
flowers on the cistern.&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;When we think of the giants of fantasy literature, a
few names inevitably come to mind: J.R.R. Tolkien, C.S. Lewis, and George R.R.
Martin. But Sir Terry Pratchett carved a niche that none of these could quite
match—a realm that was equally fantastical, but infused with humor, wit, and
profound social insight. Through his ‘Discworld’ series, Pratchett not only
entertained millions but also made readers see the absurdities and beauty of
their own world reflected in his fantastical one. Let&#39;s dive into the life and
legacy of the man who dared to make fantasy laugh at itself.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;- Early Life and Writing Journey&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Born in 1948 in Beaconsfield, Buckinghamshire,
England, Terry Pratchett was an only child who showed an early love for reading
and writing. His love for literature led him to work as a journalist by the age
of 17. His first published novel, ‘The Carpet People’, came in 1971, a
children’s fantasy that he would later rewrite and republish to fit his evolved
style. But it was in the 1980s that Pratchett found his calling: the ‘Discworld’
series.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;- Enter ‘Discworld’: A Round World on the Back of a
Giant Turtle&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Pratchett’s most famous creation, ‘Discworld’, began
in 1983 with ‘The Colour of Magic’. The premise was simple but brilliantly
absurd—a flat world held up by four giant elephants who, in turn, stand on the
back of a giant turtle floating through space. From there, the ‘Discworld’
series grew into a sprawling collection of 41 novels, each filled with
hilariously flawed characters, outrageous plots, and clever commentary on
real-world issues.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;At first, ‘Discworld’ began as a parody of traditional
fantasy. Wizards, witches, heroes, and gods all made appearances, but in ways
no one expected. Rincewind, the cowardly wizard, is a terrible student at
Unseen University with only one spell in his mind and a knack for running away.
The Witches—Granny Weatherwax, Nanny Ogg, and Magrat Garlick—reveal that being
magical is as much about pragmatism as it is about power. Sam Vimes, head of
the City Watch, begins as a down-on-his-luck alcoholic but becomes a moral
compass for the city of Ankh-Morpork, where he faces crime and corruption with
a reluctant but deep-rooted sense of justice.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;- Humor with Depth: Why Pratchett&#39;s Style Resonates&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Pratchett had an extraordinary gift for blending humor
with insight. Through his comical prose, he explored topics ranging from
religion and death to politics and technology. His books were not merely
humorous fantasy; they were deeply satirical, often poking fun at human nature
and societal structures. Take, for instance, ‘Small Gods’, where he critiques
organized religion by following the journey of a god who’s lost his believers.
Or ‘Guards! Guards!’, which examines justice and the role of law enforcement in
a society that’s built on layers of corruption.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;His humor was distinctly British, often using irony
and understatement, but it appealed to readers worldwide because it was so
fundamentally human. Pratchett had a way of making readers laugh and think
simultaneously, a skill few writers ever master.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;- Building a Rich World with Beloved Characters&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;One of Pratchett&#39;s greatest strengths was his
characters, who felt real and multi-dimensional despite the fantastical
setting. His protagonists, such as the bumbling wizard Rincewind, the
no-nonsense witch Granny Weatherwax, and the determined Sam Vimes, were deeply
flawed, often grumpy, and sometimes downright rude. But they were relatable in
a way that fantasy heroes often aren’t—they felt like people you might actually
know (or at least hear about) in real life.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Ankh-Morpork, the city where many of his stories take
place, became one of the most famous fictional cities in literature. It was a
chaotic, multicultural, crime-ridden city with bizarre laws and an even more
bizarre police force. Yet Pratchett wrote it with such affection that readers
couldn’t help but love it. Through ‘Discworld’, he created a universe as
diverse and contradictory as our own.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;- Legacy and Influence&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Terry Pratchett’s impact on literature cannot be
overstated. He changed what people expected from fantasy, showing that the
genre could be funny, insightful, and critical. His unique take on fantasy
inspired many writers who wanted to break away from traditional tropes and
bring humor into speculative fiction.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;In 2007, Pratchett was diagnosed with early-onset
Alzheimer’s disease, specifically a rare form called posterior cortical
atrophy. Despite this, he continued to write, using voice recognition software
to dictate his stories as his condition progressed. Pratchett’s diagnosis
brought him into the public eye as an advocate for Alzheimer&#39;s awareness and
research, even contributing to documentaries about living with the disease.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;When he passed away in 2015, the world mourned the
loss of a true literary icon. Fans celebrated his life by raising awareness for
Alzheimer&#39;s research, creating fan works, and even posting ‘GNU Terry Pratchett’
online—a reference to the Discworld concept of keeping someone’s name alive
forever in the “clacks,” a system of telegraph-like communication.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;- Why We Still Love Terry Pratchett&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;Terry Pratchett’s work continues to resonate because
it goes beyond escapism. He didn’t just create a fantasy world; he created a
mirror that reflected the best and worst of our own. Through humor, he
encouraged readers to look at themselves and their societies with a critical,
yet forgiving eye. His books taught us that while the world may be ridiculous
and frustrating, it’s also worth laughing at—and worth fighting for.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;For readers discovering Pratchett today, the humor and
insights remain as relevant as ever. And for longtime fans, returning to ‘Discworld’
feels like visiting an old friend who still has plenty of stories to share. Sir
Terry Pratchett left us with a treasure trove of wisdom and laughter, and for
that, we are eternally grateful.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;- Where to Start with Pratchett?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;If you’re new to Terry Pratchett, ‘Discworld’ can seem
overwhelming due to its sheer volume. Here are a few great starting points
based on your interests:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;- „If you enjoy police procedurals”: ‘Guards! Guards!’
(The first book in the City Watch subseries)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;- „If you’re into witchcraft and folklore”: ‘Wyrd
Sisters’ (A good entry into the Witches subseries)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;- „For social satire with religious themes”: ‘Small
Gods’&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;- „If you want a taste of Pratchett’s take on academia
and magic”: ‘The Colour of Magic’ or ‘Equal Rites’&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;- Final Thoughts&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Terry Pratchett’s ‘Discworld’ series is not just a
collection of books; it’s a cultural touchstone. In an age where fantasy often
leans towards the dark and gritty, Pratchett reminds us that humor, warmth, and
humanity have a place in fantasy too. His writing is timeless, bridging gaps
between genres and readers of all kinds. If you haven’t yet explored the
wonders of Ankh-Morpork or traveled alongside Granny Weatherwax, now is the
perfect time to dive in. You may just find that you come back seeing your own
world a little differently—and with a lot more laughter.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://arbitrage-international.blogspot.com/feeds/6536155120121949753/comments/default' title='Komentarze do posta'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://arbitrage-international.blogspot.com/2024/10/terry-pratchett-man-who-brought-wit.html#comment-form' title='Komentarze (0)'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5272638736307182735/posts/default/6536155120121949753'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5272638736307182735/posts/default/6536155120121949753'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://arbitrage-international.blogspot.com/2024/10/terry-pratchett-man-who-brought-wit.html' title='Terry Pratchett: The Man Who Brought Wit, Satire, and Magic to Fantasy Literature'/><author><name>andreypl</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02921254140941802355</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='22' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgDcRY31HcnmAC-cbOB-_AF1DG4M51XEuq5CJBOuE2F7cXhzQvft0h8pSq_8YeSycI31J5nE6WixquAGFFlmL7qhSRLku1qQGETMKy6FmYkZNVMhsLxqRVnNty8LtWBUw/s220/ja.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcyf0BQtZFymAu_vwjqPv0dllmWNf3GIHcV1MkH1h-_QM7jph0l4sTLVNuFpY3B6NjfPluO4n0nt6Bkm-FC_fChOYVL0Jhbt3iOtZnCklliIzwysmZE9SlQcE5K50EeucAffwSXndgSFCDGIEBsYUG6bnJxcy-wclEAMM2DVIpnurty2x5efgEFp-AaZgM/s72-w352-h400-c/lavatory.gif" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5272638736307182735.post-3299607496779770799</id><published>2024-10-04T04:52:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2024-10-04T04:52:22.799-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Georg Hilz </title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;Georg Hilz - From Bavaria to Galicia&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;©&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;Andrzej Philips&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;While
searching for items related to Galicia, I came across a watercolor painting
titled &quot;Sunday Chat, Dristyow Galicia&quot; dated 15.10.1916, which now
corresponds to Poland, Ukraine, and Slovakia. The artist was identified as G.
Pilz.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiAVQVWo9omX8SSeWM3EIkoIiztyfJkj4PTONjdOcWV6ERY6BdXCyuxH2YV0t2rn2IPcT99y5VXurP9bg5r-ur5cpsyB5-nYZRbsThOLaqBQZbd7rKev_lH2heSqzKQKq-AGc8GpbGeluvE81WaHJn8LGy4TKr93RApns4FmYK2z2NwanyJa9Vp0XZk6_uE&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;761&quot; data-original-width=&quot;945&quot; height=&quot;515&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiAVQVWo9omX8SSeWM3EIkoIiztyfJkj4PTONjdOcWV6ERY6BdXCyuxH2YV0t2rn2IPcT99y5VXurP9bg5r-ur5cpsyB5-nYZRbsThOLaqBQZbd7rKev_lH2heSqzKQKq-AGc8GpbGeluvE81WaHJn8LGy4TKr93RApns4FmYK2z2NwanyJa9Vp0XZk6_uE=w640-h515&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;The painting Sunday Chat, Dristyow Galicia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;Attempts to identify the location
&quot;Dristyow&quot; or the painter &quot;G. Pilz&quot; (literally meaning
&quot;mushroom&quot;) were unsuccessful. A closer inspection of the signature
on the painting convinced me that it was actually &quot;G. Hilz.&quot; This led
to finding information about the artist Sepp Hilz. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;Sepp
Hilz&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt; (1906-1967)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Sepp Hilz was a renowned German painter. He
learned to paint from his father, Georg Hilz, who was also a painter and
restorer primarily working for Bavarian churches. Over time, Sepp began
assisting and collaborating with his father. He also benefited greatly from
copying works of old masters like Dürer, Cranach, and Altdorfer. From 1921 to
1927, Sepp Hilz lived in Munich, studying at the Kunstgewerbeschule while
privately studying graphic art under Moritz Heymann and painting under Xaver
Dietrich. He further honed his skills by making numerous copies of paintings by
Rembrandt, Vermeer van Delft, and Brouwer. During this period, he started
exhibiting his works regionally and working for Bavarian churches.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if gte vml 1]&gt;&lt;v:shape
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  o:title=&quot;&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgcd9lfVt8eDfZQSK0mZdlg08Xgy2_FgLTP-sLeAzxiwK3KA4W9HAxL-Han0VmtALsQmSmLjahk_MBMP3fKE01VbDpA-0dgHnXImY-gekezPdwsTq1JjKdKu6aM_OW3v7dk4sbi-FOlYa5KFcnHAMIXoyF4AyJxPok2Sy52KOjYArOg8LbDpV2v2XfQHCk8&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;561&quot; data-original-width=&quot;418&quot; height=&quot;640&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgcd9lfVt8eDfZQSK0mZdlg08Xgy2_FgLTP-sLeAzxiwK3KA4W9HAxL-Han0VmtALsQmSmLjahk_MBMP3fKE01VbDpA-0dgHnXImY-gekezPdwsTq1JjKdKu6aM_OW3v7dk4sbi-FOlYa5KFcnHAMIXoyF4AyJxPok2Sy52KOjYArOg8LbDpV2v2XfQHCk8=w477-h640&quot; width=&quot;477&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Self-portrait of Sepp Hilz&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[if gte vml 1]&gt;&lt;v:shape
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  o:title=&quot;&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj71-0gQKi7aUJCEzDd-gfKgBNql2c_4vb9smo0xhc-dfL0-8s4nMFVlCtVO4aiYTXcdqhuDUz7QWrYIF0GECUfaVZh8zDFJ_WUt8LiNkkEFGYJFJw3V-lbgTgN5KZCrgVX3O4Jvk1nOaqVO1KH7K5mTYCSCJlgzhiLTG6O9alDTqcld9sYm2N9FM7PIJw0&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;561&quot; data-original-width=&quot;475&quot; height=&quot;640&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj71-0gQKi7aUJCEzDd-gfKgBNql2c_4vb9smo0xhc-dfL0-8s4nMFVlCtVO4aiYTXcdqhuDUz7QWrYIF0GECUfaVZh8zDFJ_WUt8LiNkkEFGYJFJw3V-lbgTgN5KZCrgVX3O4Jvk1nOaqVO1KH7K5mTYCSCJlgzhiLTG6O9alDTqcld9sYm2N9FM7PIJw0=w541-h640&quot; width=&quot;541&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&quot;Old Peasant Woman with
Headscarf&quot; (Study for the painting &quot;Old Woman with Headscarf,&quot;
which brought Hilz his first success at the exhibition at the Haus der
Deutschen Kunst in Munich in 1938)&lt;a href=&quot;file:///F:/Maxf/Moje%20blogowanie/Malarze/G.%20Hilz/Georg%20Hilz%20(eng).docx#_ftn1&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref1&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn1;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;In 1928, he returned to his hometown of Bad
Aibling, where he organized exhibitions and cultural events with other young
painters. His works from after 1930 show influences of Wilhelm Leibl&#39;s art. He
soon gained recognition as an excellent portraitist, religious painter,
landscape artist, and primarily a genre painter depicting rural Bavarian life,
earning the nickname &quot;the peasant painter&quot; (Bauernmaler).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;From 1938 to 1944, Sepp Hilz participated in
the propaganda Great German Art Exhibitions at the Haus der Deutschen Kunst in
Munich, showcasing 22 works, including portraits, nudes, and genre scenes, such
as the iconic &quot;Peasant Venus,&quot; &quot;Vanity,&quot; and the triptych
&quot;Peasant Trilogy.&quot; These works were well-received and approved by
Nazi authorities; Joseph Goebbels bought one, and Adolf Hitler purchased two
others. However, this success had later repercussions. After the war, Hilz was
boycotted. For instance, his participation in a 1951 exhibition in Munich met
with protests. Only a few years later did his undeniable talent overcome these
objections, and from 1956, his paintings returned to exhibition halls, allowing
him to work again as a painter and restorer of church paintings. Today, Hilz&#39;s
works are primarily in private collections, with many having reached the United
States post-war. There are few of his works in German museum collections, with
a few pieces in the museum in Bad Aibling. Hilz&#39;s art continues to attract
interest, with a significant exhibition held in 1995 on Frauenchiemsee Island
(Lake Chiemsee in Bavaria)&lt;a href=&quot;file:///F:/Maxf/Moje%20blogowanie/Malarze/G.%20Hilz/Georg%20Hilz%20(eng).docx#_ftn2&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref2&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn2;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;However, the painting dated 15.10.1916 could
not have been by Sepp Hilz, and the &quot;G. Hilz&quot; signature aligns
perfectly with that of his father, Georg Hilz. It turns out that Sepp&#39;s father,
Georg Hilz, was also a well-known artist.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;Georg
Hilz&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt; (1881-1949)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;Georg Hilz was a prominent church painter from
Aibling whose works significantly contributed to the artistic heritage of
several churches in Bavaria. His most notable work includes the renovation of
the pilgrimage church of the Holy Cross in Thann in 1936. During this
renovation, Hilz created a fresco on the flat ceiling of the nave depicting the
Battle of the Milvian Bridge in Rome&lt;a href=&quot;file:///F:/Maxf/Moje%20blogowanie/Malarze/G.%20Hilz/Georg%20Hilz%20(eng).docx#_ftn3&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref3&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn3;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;,
a significant historical event where Emperor Constantine defeated Maxentius. He
also painted the altarpieces of the side altars which portray Saint Conrad and
Saint Elizabeth&lt;a href=&quot;file:///F:/Maxf/Moje%20blogowanie/Malarze/G.%20Hilz/Georg%20Hilz%20(eng).docx#_ftn4&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref4&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn4;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;a href=&quot;file:///F:/Maxf/Moje%20blogowanie/Malarze/G.%20Hilz/Georg%20Hilz%20(eng).docx#_ftn5&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref5&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn5;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[5]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;Georg Hilz&#39;s painting &quot;Sunday Chat,
Dristyow Galicia”, likely created during the German-Russian campaign in 1916 in
the locality of Dryszczów (now Nadrichne, Ternopil district, Ukraine)&lt;a href=&quot;file:///F:/Maxf/Moje%20blogowanie/Malarze/G.%20Hilz/Georg%20Hilz%20(eng).docx#_ftn6&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref6&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn6;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[6]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;,
adds significant historical context to the artistic legacy of both Georg and
his son, Sepp Hilz. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if gte vml 1]&gt;&lt;v:shape id=&quot;Obraz_x0020_2&quot; o:spid=&quot;_x0000_i1026&quot;
 type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot; alt=&quot;Hl. Kreuz Thann&quot; style=&#39;width:398.25pt;height:269.25pt;
 visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square&#39;&gt;
 &lt;v:imagedata src=&quot;file:///C:/Users/dell/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image007.jpg&quot;
  o:title=&quot;Hl&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi85kQd_u70AcVEgM2Wwb9-yttDbJbVqhnUmLQjkt5-4-9F8cc25SY1P0gFUYCGyu5KPAGqb1RBmVfsK6ucJNomsZkM75UZ74BzRnAEggvlyLHbOgT14-qoUH7ew-ZhDQqEsVH0vfM-5--RZpG-UojZdeAvK4NH2edSAUuOdqlhr7bLIpk2yMluyhajjG5C&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;561&quot; data-original-width=&quot;830&quot; height=&quot;432&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi85kQd_u70AcVEgM2Wwb9-yttDbJbVqhnUmLQjkt5-4-9F8cc25SY1P0gFUYCGyu5KPAGqb1RBmVfsK6ucJNomsZkM75UZ74BzRnAEggvlyLHbOgT14-qoUH7ew-ZhDQqEsVH0vfM-5--RZpG-UojZdeAvK4NH2edSAUuOdqlhr7bLIpk2yMluyhajjG5C=w640-h432&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;The altarpieces of the side altars, which
depict St. Brother Konrad and St. Elisabeth, were created by the Aiblinger
church painter Georg Hilz on the occasion of the renovation in 1936.&lt;a href=&quot;file:///F:/Maxf/Moje%20blogowanie/Malarze/G.%20Hilz/Georg%20Hilz%20(eng).docx#_ftn7&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref7&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn7;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[7]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;Georg
Hilz&#39;s Contributions:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;- Thann Church Fresco: One of his most notable
works is the fresco on the flat ceiling of the nave of the pilgrimage church of
the Holy Cross in Thann, depicting the Battle of the Milvian Bridge. This work,
created during the 1936 renovation, highlights his ability to blend historical
themes with religious art.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;- Altarpieces: He also painted the altarpieces
of the side altars in Thann Church, depicting Saint Conrad and Saint Elizabeth,
further showcasing his skill in religious painting.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;Style
and Legacy:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;- Artistic Style: Georg Hilz is known for his
detailed and expressive style that vividly brings religious scenes to life,
contributing significantly to the spiritual ambiance of the churches he worked
on.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;- Blending Old and New: His work in Thann is
particularly noted for blending old and new artistic elements, preserving the
historical integrity of the site while enhancing its visual appeal for
contemporary worshippers.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if gte vml 1]&gt;&lt;v:shape
 id=&quot;Obraz_x0020_5&quot; o:spid=&quot;_x0000_i1025&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot; style=&#39;width:453.75pt;
 height:408pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square&#39;&gt;
 &lt;v:imagedata src=&quot;file:///C:/Users/dell/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image009.jpg&quot;
  o:title=&quot;&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgq5QG9E5h4WZ80GVj_vRrWdEtlADJxjRuVc7VoxR1UFRRvME_2jb2hvS-LP8lmi1VAaHrLUxeh_4dbeFr1p_2KmyQQCysPMTeXGbfg_I95WQjeqsdE7FAFvf_5D3eDXLs5wupZ6im2hPygSx2Gt3AxumjNDPrgfEG1ckpso3Joq2DrTdn5YI4OZh5l-TWb&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;849&quot; data-original-width=&quot;945&quot; height=&quot;575&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgq5QG9E5h4WZ80GVj_vRrWdEtlADJxjRuVc7VoxR1UFRRvME_2jb2hvS-LP8lmi1VAaHrLUxeh_4dbeFr1p_2KmyQQCysPMTeXGbfg_I95WQjeqsdE7FAFvf_5D3eDXLs5wupZ6im2hPygSx2Gt3AxumjNDPrgfEG1ckpso3Joq2DrTdn5YI4OZh5l-TWb=w640-h575&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;Georg Hilz - Village Street with Telephone
Poles Leading to Willing near Bad Aibling&lt;a href=&quot;file:///F:/Maxf/Moje%20blogowanie/Malarze/G.%20Hilz/Georg%20Hilz%20(eng).docx#_ftn8&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref8&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn8;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[8]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;Genealogy
of Georg Hilz&lt;a href=&quot;file:///F:/Maxf/Moje%20blogowanie/Malarze/G.%20Hilz/Georg%20Hilz%20(eng).docx#_ftn9&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref9&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn9;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[9]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;- Birth: April 7, 1881, Mauern bei
Moosburg, Freising, Upper Bavaria, Germany&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;- Death: April 25, 1949, Mauern bei
Moosburg, Freising, Upper Bavaria, Germany&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;- Parents:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;- Father: Laurentius Hilz (1850 - 1914)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;- Mother: Agatha Lohmaier (1850 - unknown)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;- Siblings:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;- Maria Hilz (1882 - 1882)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;- Andreas Hilz (1883 - 1883)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;- Lorenz Hilz (1886 - 1918)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;- Franz Xaver Hilz (1887 - 1887)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;- Josef Hilz (1898 - 1898)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;- Family:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;- Wife: Maria Deckinger (1870 - unknown)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;- Son: Josef Georg Franz &quot;Sepp&quot; Hilz (1906 - 1967)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;Conclusion:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;Georg Hilz&#39;s work, characterized by its
detailed and expressive style, remains influential, with significant
contributions to Bavarian church art. His legacy, continued by his son Sepp
Hilz, highlights the importance of preserving cultural and historical elements
through art.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;mso-element: footnote-list;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot; /&gt;

&lt;hr align=&quot;left&quot; size=&quot;1&quot; width=&quot;33%&quot; /&gt;

&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn1&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///F:/Maxf/Moje%20blogowanie/Malarze/G.%20Hilz/Georg%20Hilz%20(eng).docx#_ftnref1&quot; name=&quot;_ftn1&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn1;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: PL; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; https://www.gailerfineartchiemsee.de/&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn2&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///F:/Maxf/Moje%20blogowanie/Malarze/G.%20Hilz/Georg%20Hilz%20(eng).docx#_ftnref2&quot; name=&quot;_ftn2&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn2;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: PL; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;https://www.agraart.pl/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn3&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///F:/Maxf/Moje%20blogowanie/Malarze/G.%20Hilz/Georg%20Hilz%20(eng).docx#_ftnref3&quot; name=&quot;_ftn3&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn3;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: PL; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;The&amp;nbsp;Battle
of the Milvian Bridge&amp;nbsp;took place between the&amp;nbsp;Roman
Emperors&amp;nbsp;Constantine I&amp;nbsp;and&amp;nbsp;Maxentius&amp;nbsp;on 28 October 312 AD.
It takes its name from the&amp;nbsp;Milvian Bridge, an important route over
the&amp;nbsp;Tiber. Constantine won the battle and started on the path that led him
to end the&amp;nbsp;Tetrarchy&amp;nbsp;and become the sole ruler of the&amp;nbsp;Roman
Empire. Maxentius drowned in the Tiber during the battle; his body was later
taken from the river and decapitated, and his head was paraded through the
streets of Rome &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;on the day following the
battle before being taken to Africa&lt;span style=&quot;background: white; color: #202122;&quot;&gt;.
The&amp;nbsp;Milvian&amp;nbsp;Bridge is a bridge over the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white; color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;&quot;&gt;Tiber&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white; color: #202122;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;in northern&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white; color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;&quot;&gt;Rome&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white; color: #202122;&quot;&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white; color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;&quot;&gt;Italy&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white; color: #202122;&quot;&gt;. It was an economically and strategically important bridge
in the era of the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white; color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;&quot;&gt;Roman Empire.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn4&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///F:/Maxf/Moje%20blogowanie/Malarze/G.%20Hilz/Georg%20Hilz%20(eng).docx#_ftnref4&quot; name=&quot;_ftn4&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn4;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: PL; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt; Heimat am Inn,
gegruendet von Anton Demp, Rosenheim 1951&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn5&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///F:/Maxf/Moje%20blogowanie/Malarze/G.%20Hilz/Georg%20Hilz%20(eng).docx#_ftnref5&quot; name=&quot;_ftn5&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn5;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: PL; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[5]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt; &lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;https://www.erzbistum-muenchen.de/pfarrei/stadtkirche-bad-aibling/cont/61646&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn6&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///F:/Maxf/Moje%20blogowanie/Malarze/G.%20Hilz/Georg%20Hilz%20(eng).docx#_ftnref6&quot; name=&quot;_ftn6&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn6;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: PL; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[6]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt; It is unlikely
that this is Dryszczów (now Podlisne, Chortkiv district, Ukraine).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn7&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///F:/Maxf/Moje%20blogowanie/Malarze/G.%20Hilz/Georg%20Hilz%20(eng).docx#_ftnref7&quot; name=&quot;_ftn7&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn7;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: PL; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[7]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;
https://www.erzbistum-muenchen.de/pfarrei/stadtkirche-bad-aibling/cont/61646&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn8&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///F:/Maxf/Moje%20blogowanie/Malarze/G.%20Hilz/Georg%20Hilz%20(eng).docx#_ftnref8&quot; name=&quot;_ftn8&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn8;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: PL; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[8]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt; &lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;Picture public domain,
https://artvee.com/&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn9&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///F:/Maxf/Moje%20blogowanie/Malarze/G.%20Hilz/Georg%20Hilz%20(eng).docx#_ftnref9&quot; name=&quot;_ftn9&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn9;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: PL; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[9]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; http://www.genealogie-oberbayern.de&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://arbitrage-international.blogspot.com/feeds/3299607496779770799/comments/default' title='Komentarze do posta'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://arbitrage-international.blogspot.com/2024/10/georg-hilz.html#comment-form' title='Komentarze (0)'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5272638736307182735/posts/default/3299607496779770799'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5272638736307182735/posts/default/3299607496779770799'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://arbitrage-international.blogspot.com/2024/10/georg-hilz.html' title='Georg Hilz '/><author><name>andreypl</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02921254140941802355</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='22' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgDcRY31HcnmAC-cbOB-_AF1DG4M51XEuq5CJBOuE2F7cXhzQvft0h8pSq_8YeSycI31J5nE6WixquAGFFlmL7qhSRLku1qQGETMKy6FmYkZNVMhsLxqRVnNty8LtWBUw/s220/ja.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiAVQVWo9omX8SSeWM3EIkoIiztyfJkj4PTONjdOcWV6ERY6BdXCyuxH2YV0t2rn2IPcT99y5VXurP9bg5r-ur5cpsyB5-nYZRbsThOLaqBQZbd7rKev_lH2heSqzKQKq-AGc8GpbGeluvE81WaHJn8LGy4TKr93RApns4FmYK2z2NwanyJa9Vp0XZk6_uE=s72-w640-h515-c" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5272638736307182735.post-7977999943310426144</id><published>2024-09-25T05:17:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2024-09-25T05:17:13.514-07:00</updated><title type='text'>The stamp commemorating Ada Blackjack</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;In my previous article about Ada Blackjack, published here on August 9, 2024, I wrote: “It&#39;s curious that no postal administration, particularly American, has ever dedicated a stamp to Ada Blackjack Johnson. I have submitted a petition to the United States Postal Service to issue a commemorative stamp in honor of Ada Blackjack Johnson.”&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Today, I received the following response to my petition:&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMbY_p1DUVvOb1XaDg1rshzzNKbNORGLAqWB5CnE7LekKvvTg4cb-EYPosG2L5gR-jaUGEK0MTEPZfC171i1yPzgw7EjaKayWrb3ZrR7CpzM16WSY1k3uLk8TrxI7YFWrnYwfoRQjM5WukbFfhuq8wNT4eWCOowgJRI66Zy6VTvlsrP2Wu4a2zQHPC0-W0/s3302/Skanowanie10003.JPG&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;3302&quot; data-original-width=&quot;2344&quot; height=&quot;640&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMbY_p1DUVvOb1XaDg1rshzzNKbNORGLAqWB5CnE7LekKvvTg4cb-EYPosG2L5gR-jaUGEK0MTEPZfC171i1yPzgw7EjaKayWrb3ZrR7CpzM16WSY1k3uLk8TrxI7YFWrnYwfoRQjM5WukbFfhuq8wNT4eWCOowgJRI66Zy6VTvlsrP2Wu4a2zQHPC0-W0/w454-h640/Skanowanie10003.JPG&quot; width=&quot;454&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Let’s hope that stamps featuring Ada Blackjack will be released.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://arbitrage-international.blogspot.com/feeds/7977999943310426144/comments/default' title='Komentarze do posta'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://arbitrage-international.blogspot.com/2024/09/the-stamp-commemorating-ada-blackjack.html#comment-form' title='Komentarze (0)'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5272638736307182735/posts/default/7977999943310426144'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5272638736307182735/posts/default/7977999943310426144'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://arbitrage-international.blogspot.com/2024/09/the-stamp-commemorating-ada-blackjack.html' title='The stamp commemorating Ada Blackjack'/><author><name>andreypl</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02921254140941802355</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='22' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgDcRY31HcnmAC-cbOB-_AF1DG4M51XEuq5CJBOuE2F7cXhzQvft0h8pSq_8YeSycI31J5nE6WixquAGFFlmL7qhSRLku1qQGETMKy6FmYkZNVMhsLxqRVnNty8LtWBUw/s220/ja.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMbY_p1DUVvOb1XaDg1rshzzNKbNORGLAqWB5CnE7LekKvvTg4cb-EYPosG2L5gR-jaUGEK0MTEPZfC171i1yPzgw7EjaKayWrb3ZrR7CpzM16WSY1k3uLk8TrxI7YFWrnYwfoRQjM5WukbFfhuq8wNT4eWCOowgJRI66Zy6VTvlsrP2Wu4a2zQHPC0-W0/s72-w454-h640-c/Skanowanie10003.JPG" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5272638736307182735.post-6231399291992828828</id><published>2024-08-09T09:27:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2024-08-11T03:09:21.410-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Ada Blackjack"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Arctic"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Vilhjalmur Stefansson"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Wrangel Island"/><title type='text'>Ada Blackjack</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;Surviving the Arctic: The Remarkable Journey of
Ada Blackjack&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;©&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;Andrzej Philips&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaB3L4iL97RcyXc8go7j6j64BBjwZ4ZD22kyWAM8xxItDN-yMAh2d6kXC13w1u6m5j7OF_el4kvU8A6ama3sPhXsiNrFR3FfowinAS2iTvkArvWUOeRook4HgakXRiBy3sLTcMyZCu11XZoXbmvWGqHKRbjh7lldUDPA29IHrdOlhNIcBpUfGS3_9dWUXc/s3200/ada_stem8_1_7_a-Colorized-Enhanced.jpg&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;3200&quot; data-original-width=&quot;2514&quot; height=&quot;640&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaB3L4iL97RcyXc8go7j6j64BBjwZ4ZD22kyWAM8xxItDN-yMAh2d6kXC13w1u6m5j7OF_el4kvU8A6ama3sPhXsiNrFR3FfowinAS2iTvkArvWUOeRook4HgakXRiBy3sLTcMyZCu11XZoXbmvWGqHKRbjh7lldUDPA29IHrdOlhNIcBpUfGS3_9dWUXc/w502-h640/ada_stem8_1_7_a-Colorized-Enhanced.jpg&quot; width=&quot;502&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;Ada Blackjack Johnson (1898-1983) was an
Inupiat woman who gained fame as the sole survivor of the ill-fated 1921
Wrangel Island Expedition. Her story is a remarkable example of resilience and
courage in the face of the harsh Arctic environment. Her role was to serve as a
cook and seamstress for a group of four men who were to conduct research on the
remote island located north of Siberia. Ada agreed to join the expedition
because she needed money to pay for her son&#39;s medical treatment.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;The was an ambitious but ultimately tragic
attempt to claim Wrangel Island, a remote Arctic territory, for Canada.
Organized by &lt;a name=&quot;_Hlk174117560&quot;&gt;Vilhjalmur Stefansson&lt;/a&gt;, a well-known
Canadian Arctic explorer, the expedition sought to establish a permanent
settlement on Wrangel Island, located in the Chukchi Sea, north of Siberia.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;The
Expedition Team&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;The
expedition team consisted of five members:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;- Allan
Crawford (20 years old): The leader of the group, a Canadian who had previously
worked with Stefansson.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;- Frederick
Maurer (28 years old): An experienced American sailor with Arctic experience.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;- Milton
Galle (19 years old): An American from Texas who served as the expedition&#39;s
assistant.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;- Lorne
Knight (28 years old): An experienced explorer who had already participated in Stefansson&#39;s
previous Arctic expeditions.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;- Ada
Blackjack (23 years old): An Inupiat woman hired as a cook and seamstress. She
was a single mother who joined the expedition out of financial necessity to
support her son.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Life on Wrangel Island&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;The team
arrived on Wrangel Island in September 1921, bringing with them a limited
supply of food and equipment. Stefansson had promised that a resupply ship
would arrive the following summer, but the harsh Arctic conditions made life on
the island difficult. The group had to rely on hunting for food, and the
expected resupply ship never arrived. As the months passed, the situation
became increasingly dire. By the summer of 1922, it became clear that the team
was in serious trouble. Their supplies were running low, and hunting proved
difficult in the harsh Arctic environment. The team was forced to eat the
meager game they could catch, but it wasn&#39;t enough to sustain them.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;The Tragic Outcome&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;In January
1923, three of the men—Crawford, Maurer, and Galle—attempted to reach the
Siberian mainland on foot across the ice in search of help, but they were never
seen again. Lorne Knight, who stayed behind with Ada Blackjack, became gravely
ill, likely from scurvy and malnutrition. Ada, despite her initial reluctance
and lack of experience in hunting, managed to take care of Knight for as long
as she could. Unfortunately, he died in June 1923, leaving Ada as the sole
survivor.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Ada Blackjack&#39;s Survival and Rescue&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;Ada
Blackjack spent several months alone on Wrangel Island, surviving through sheer
determination and the survival skills she had developed. In August 1923, she
was rescued by a relief party sent by Stefansson, who had finally realized the
dire situation on the island. Ada was the only survivor of the expedition.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Aftermath&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;The 1921
Wrangel Island Expedition ended in tragedy, with the deaths of all four men
involved. Stefansson&#39;s reputation suffered significantly as a result, as he was
widely criticized for the poor planning and lack of support that led to the
disaster. Ada Blackjack, who had joined the expedition out of desperation,
returned to Alaska and lived a quiet life, though her story eventually became
well-&lt;a name=&quot;_Hlk174118791&quot;&gt;known as a testament to human resilience and
survival.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;_Hlk174118791&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;_Hlk174118791&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Vilhjalmur Stefansson&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bookmark: _Hlk174118791;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;Vilhjalmur Stefansson&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///F:/Maxf/Moje%20blogowanie/Artyku%C5%82y%20filat/Wrangler/Ada%20Blackjack%20Eng.docx#_ftn1&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref1&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn1;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bookmark: _Hlk174118791;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bookmark: _Hlk174118791;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt; is widely known, with numerous publications dedicated to his life and
work&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///F:/Maxf/Moje%20blogowanie/Artyku%C5%82y%20filat/Wrangler/Ada%20Blackjack%20Eng.docx#_ftn2&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref2&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn2;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bookmark: _Hlk174118791;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bookmark: _Hlk174118791;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;. Besides the Wrangel Island expedition, Stefansson resumed his
explorations by sledge over the Arctic Ocean (locally known as the Beaufort
Sea), departing from Collinson Point, Alaska, in April 1914. On May 28, 1986,
the United States Postal Service issued a 22-cent postage stamp in his honor.
Similarly, Canada commemorated Stefansson&#39;s 1914 expedition in its 1989
&quot;Exploration of Canada&quot; series. The Marshall Islands also honored
Stefansson in their &quot;Arctic Explorers&quot; series, issued on April 14,
2009. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwRYIbMUN6_ixBFj3BVXmAWz-D_PBgdMC-SSoJHSM5oMzM190Y4w_dXkTyXOVPTYl-hmUxZJtvAzr95lfcE1gVdaLEdceZ5slsJ0tBkSN4Bg5Pp4I98l_x3RssdHWPTZGSBquaRkGtFwKNdUFDanuTJmXRQw22DXzN3WNjYs29pGyVi_aB2rqiPu7pzDMd/s450/US_2222.jpg&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;292&quot; data-original-width=&quot;450&quot; height=&quot;260&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwRYIbMUN6_ixBFj3BVXmAWz-D_PBgdMC-SSoJHSM5oMzM190Y4w_dXkTyXOVPTYl-hmUxZJtvAzr95lfcE1gVdaLEdceZ5slsJ0tBkSN4Bg5Pp4I98l_x3RssdHWPTZGSBquaRkGtFwKNdUFDanuTJmXRQw22DXzN3WNjYs29pGyVi_aB2rqiPu7pzDMd/w400-h260/US_2222.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;USA stamp commemorating Vilhjalmur Stefansson&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bookmark: _Hlk174118791;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcJhugAkqY5NXE9O2FXeSaYX0uwu5Mh2VnpcGJ5w7qndbV3bg2Eb-lfPuubQUJCdjz5QMcvuaICcKUj7mQ7PWopGMektVMymrA9EMWgJ5_LSzDByG_0ZTVv3ORA4Tfh1zAOZGmgYFEb9rwPOgw8B9Oe-5wHip3wcGHRDxCZ_nQCGxZD5dqrzfqGJYS78jJ/s640/304463.jpg&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;640&quot; data-original-width=&quot;499&quot; height=&quot;320&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcJhugAkqY5NXE9O2FXeSaYX0uwu5Mh2VnpcGJ5w7qndbV3bg2Eb-lfPuubQUJCdjz5QMcvuaICcKUj7mQ7PWopGMektVMymrA9EMWgJ5_LSzDByG_0ZTVv3ORA4Tfh1zAOZGmgYFEb9rwPOgw8B9Oe-5wHip3wcGHRDxCZ_nQCGxZD5dqrzfqGJYS78jJ/s320/304463.jpg&quot; width=&quot;250&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzHyn3lMmwT8YMA4y5u81kmaKaJtK6_aLXeJQ8dOhQdKG99C2Pkg0ybtwoQ88T3Jzccc9NLzNQRcUoYZWnsP8nBZaCXjJMxBgOdzXrcdIpyElFDLtPQbOwlE6Z51AaQIWNosiHuLXOF_aoC2lDpm_8HORIAM_E_mUQgBvm8oO_D-5-VF36282DeTlWNEDJ/s300/Arctic-Explorers.jpg&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;300&quot; data-original-width=&quot;231&quot; height=&quot;300&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzHyn3lMmwT8YMA4y5u81kmaKaJtK6_aLXeJQ8dOhQdKG99C2Pkg0ybtwoQ88T3Jzccc9NLzNQRcUoYZWnsP8nBZaCXjJMxBgOdzXrcdIpyElFDLtPQbOwlE6Z51AaQIWNosiHuLXOF_aoC2lDpm_8HORIAM_E_mUQgBvm8oO_D-5-VF36282DeTlWNEDJ/s1600/Arctic-Explorers.jpg&quot; width=&quot;231&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bookmark: _Hlk174118791;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;Stamp and the set “Arctic Explorers” edited by
Marshall Islands&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfDNX4B6QnyXXq4WagATwmTK2PI192uQe82U0s1LgxVhK3rOZejgUvHOUYNb4yq4tS1O1Qh3mXb7f3u4vRbeCJtnKmyX9AfAflf9Lnem59O-tKHSPB5Y_hCxupY1cBSoRu69R-rFSjxy88V1yoIwz91FvMQA0RXSMturxRcYXVFiWokLyPoBCV7rGVDg_D/s225/pobrane.jfif&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;225&quot; data-original-width=&quot;225&quot; height=&quot;400&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfDNX4B6QnyXXq4WagATwmTK2PI192uQe82U0s1LgxVhK3rOZejgUvHOUYNb4yq4tS1O1Qh3mXb7f3u4vRbeCJtnKmyX9AfAflf9Lnem59O-tKHSPB5Y_hCxupY1cBSoRu69R-rFSjxy88V1yoIwz91FvMQA0RXSMturxRcYXVFiWokLyPoBCV7rGVDg_D/w400-h400/pobrane.jfif&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;Canadian stamp commemorating&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;Vilhjalmur Stefansson&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIuSrVWsoNPGPLeLVzvdJzLZZXzvTLS9IuoWqXzX0KxaaDN9JOnGRYsGy2DbMnLEHCcW3u3w2jPscbSiiyNNB8k9br8oBsUmXFsWxOzYkCTbDTZHbKfQ_AU71mgUqYonQtT4uagxuJ2tauPvLliN6IJTjo9Xr5wc-KB0RbjAHxOW3mclMZq_QrJch5Jo_m/s269/pobrane%20(2).jfif&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;187&quot; data-original-width=&quot;269&quot; height=&quot;278&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIuSrVWsoNPGPLeLVzvdJzLZZXzvTLS9IuoWqXzX0KxaaDN9JOnGRYsGy2DbMnLEHCcW3u3w2jPscbSiiyNNB8k9br8oBsUmXFsWxOzYkCTbDTZHbKfQ_AU71mgUqYonQtT4uagxuJ2tauPvLliN6IJTjo9Xr5wc-KB0RbjAHxOW3mclMZq_QrJch5Jo_m/w400-h278/pobrane%20(2).jfif&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Full&amp;nbsp; Canadian
set&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiV1ZEpgxgcv1YoeqBGbSHPvIMN_3bEex16uH0uJ_p893cA6bMtPYk26aW8BXuh2h_KlCHL4oubOCa6AL-nVM6CrGW_SuvhkL4iY03GpNBgsQiyRt03pzLC6RmcpqBfZ5Fmt1Q8gPYKba5vq_yxn9MppflSMz1VBtTCAfIRsT4tv1rnrJTFbpW1i2WSal2U/s1280/USA-2220-23__12169.jpg&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;841&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1280&quot; height=&quot;263&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiV1ZEpgxgcv1YoeqBGbSHPvIMN_3bEex16uH0uJ_p893cA6bMtPYk26aW8BXuh2h_KlCHL4oubOCa6AL-nVM6CrGW_SuvhkL4iY03GpNBgsQiyRt03pzLC6RmcpqBfZ5Fmt1Q8gPYKba5vq_yxn9MppflSMz1VBtTCAfIRsT4tv1rnrJTFbpW1i2WSal2U/w400-h263/USA-2220-23__12169.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Full American set&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bookmark: _Hlk174118791;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;Petition
to United States Postal Service&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;It&#39;s
curious that no postal administration, particularly American, has ever
dedicated a stamp to Ada Blackjack Johnson. I have sent a petition to United
States Postal Service to issue a commemorative stamp in honor of Ada Blackjack
Johnson.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqr46dTsz6BnErj1UeOVSB4DmIaokI_SQ8z05c7FO8bfcghZa75eBGqEo5_QrPPCBuS4rPAhuYIeoUTEUW7n02SRynlMpsk-iAR3z9mDE1lnMZx_9sp031wgf1O4NOriZ-Gus5NMUSUEDZz_RBAzW0O6LwKIrXroobmTJAFBBrLpHIGHdjtclGwUUL_M7b/s3508/Skanowanie1.JPG&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;3508&quot; data-original-width=&quot;2480&quot; height=&quot;400&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqr46dTsz6BnErj1UeOVSB4DmIaokI_SQ8z05c7FO8bfcghZa75eBGqEo5_QrPPCBuS4rPAhuYIeoUTEUW7n02SRynlMpsk-iAR3z9mDE1lnMZx_9sp031wgf1O4NOriZ-Gus5NMUSUEDZz_RBAzW0O6LwKIrXroobmTJAFBBrLpHIGHdjtclGwUUL_M7b/w283-h400/Skanowanie1.JPG&quot; width=&quot;283&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;Early
Life&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;Ada
Blackjack was born in 1898 in a small Inupiat village in Alaska. Raised by
missionaries, she lost her parents at a young age and had to learn how to
survive in the challenging conditions of the Arctic. In 1917, she married Jack
Blackjack, with whom she had a son named Bennett. Their marriage ended in
divorce, leaving Ada as a single mother in Anchorage, struggling to support
herself and her son, who was suffering from tuberculosis.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;Return
to Civilization&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;Ada was rescued
in August 1923 by a relief party that found her as the sole survivor of the
expedition. Upon her return to Anchorage, she became a hero, though she was
reluctant to give interviews and avoided the spotlight.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Later Years&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;After her
return from the expedition, Ada continued to struggle with poverty and tried to
provide a better life for her son. She eventually settled in Seattle, where she
spent the rest of her life. Although she never achieved significant fame or
fortune, her story became a symbol of courage and perseverance.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;Ada
Blackjack passed away in 1983, leaving behind a legacy as a quiet hero whose
life was a testament to the extraordinary strength of the human spirit in the
face of overwhelming adversity. Her story was later chronicled in books and
films, ensuring that her remarkable life would be remembered by future
generations.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;More about
Ada Blackjack life you may read here:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;Ada
Blackjack: Forgotten Queen of Arctic Expeditions&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://oceanwide-expeditions.com/blog/ada-blackjack-forgotten-queen-of-arctic-expedition-survivors&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;https://oceanwide-expeditions.com/blog/ada-blackjack-forgotten-queen-of-arctic-expedition-survivors&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;and &lt;b&gt;Ada
Blackjack&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://raunerlibrary.blogspot.com/2012/04/ada-blackjack.html&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;https://raunerlibrary.blogspot.com/2012/04/ada-blackjack.html&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt; &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;mso-element: footnote-list;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot; /&gt;

&lt;hr align=&quot;left&quot; size=&quot;1&quot; width=&quot;33%&quot; /&gt;

&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn1&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///F:/Maxf/Moje%20blogowanie/Artyku%C5%82y%20filat/Wrangler/Ada%20Blackjack%20Eng.docx#_ftnref1&quot; name=&quot;_ftn1&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn1;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: PL; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilhjalmur_Stefansson&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn2&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///F:/Maxf/Moje%20blogowanie/Artyku%C5%82y%20filat/Wrangler/Ada%20Blackjack%20Eng.docx#_ftnref2&quot; name=&quot;_ftn2&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn2;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: PL; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
https://web.archive.org/web/20070823030952/http://www.harvardsquarelibrary.org/unitarians/stefansson.html&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://arbitrage-international.blogspot.com/feeds/6231399291992828828/comments/default' title='Komentarze do posta'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://arbitrage-international.blogspot.com/2024/08/ada-blackjack.html#comment-form' title='Komentarze (0)'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5272638736307182735/posts/default/6231399291992828828'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5272638736307182735/posts/default/6231399291992828828'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://arbitrage-international.blogspot.com/2024/08/ada-blackjack.html' title='Ada Blackjack'/><author><name>andreypl</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02921254140941802355</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='22' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgDcRY31HcnmAC-cbOB-_AF1DG4M51XEuq5CJBOuE2F7cXhzQvft0h8pSq_8YeSycI31J5nE6WixquAGFFlmL7qhSRLku1qQGETMKy6FmYkZNVMhsLxqRVnNty8LtWBUw/s220/ja.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaB3L4iL97RcyXc8go7j6j64BBjwZ4ZD22kyWAM8xxItDN-yMAh2d6kXC13w1u6m5j7OF_el4kvU8A6ama3sPhXsiNrFR3FfowinAS2iTvkArvWUOeRook4HgakXRiBy3sLTcMyZCu11XZoXbmvWGqHKRbjh7lldUDPA29IHrdOlhNIcBpUfGS3_9dWUXc/s72-w502-h640-c/ada_stem8_1_7_a-Colorized-Enhanced.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5272638736307182735.post-300004091461671812</id><published>2024-07-30T10:41:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2024-08-09T10:37:11.183-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Fernão Cabral"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="India"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Luís de Camões"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Os Lusíadas"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Portuguese Post"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Vasco da Gama"/><title type='text'>Luís de Camões</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #741b47; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Celebrating
500 Years of Luís de Camões: The Legacy of Portugal&#39;s Literary Giant&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;©&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;Andrzej Philips&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;This year
marks the 500th anniversary of the birth of Luís de Camões, one of Portugal&#39;s
greatest literary figures. Known for his epic poem *Os Lusíadas*, Camões&#39; work
has left an indelible mark on Portuguese literature and culture. His life and
writings continue to be celebrated for their profound influence and artistic
brilliance.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;The
Portuguese Post commemorates the 500th anniversary of Camões&#39; birth with stamps
(€0.65 and €1.30) and a block (€3.50) issued on July 10, 2024.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnuUBWApyTKXVj8iRJhCXABEZKTkvK1QR8Gxfbk1y_roPHDzaCy7ZYXjSCf-vwxCfMMKaUKNkwErfPHl7MSFpmBrh3HvxykwrKmXATNsq89Sdqr9vOvEDPHSSVMdU6z3bt4nKIDGsb9lZWUvOV3S7mveSSwbpoESHGjN9jtRV83GjN_MxWCFDH4Qh3P5CJ/s610/MCE,ITEM,LOJV,20241813191,IMAGE_ORIGINAL,0,610,610.jfif&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;430&quot; data-original-width=&quot;610&quot; height=&quot;453&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnuUBWApyTKXVj8iRJhCXABEZKTkvK1QR8Gxfbk1y_roPHDzaCy7ZYXjSCf-vwxCfMMKaUKNkwErfPHl7MSFpmBrh3HvxykwrKmXATNsq89Sdqr9vOvEDPHSSVMdU6z3bt4nKIDGsb9lZWUvOV3S7mveSSwbpoESHGjN9jtRV83GjN_MxWCFDH4Qh3P5CJ/w640-h453/MCE,ITEM,LOJV,20241813191,IMAGE_ORIGINAL,0,610,610.jfif&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiV0wvGcLKWbtQTg93kSGPAXpbtxH0pU09gVx3HjyANcCgDIeb0AR1LNQyc6hYlybUENFRrsxyqrm5FxXbuyaDPB9YFJD-SdnkSd6_Lav9D_CgrzV1nZ_IXrrzWW1tzHyo4mGOrNTpvhKYI_PxBAqGRCZVRIuvUEVRnaQ5FBG-QWg7V9hsnBG8SOkB5Hie4/s610/MCE,ITEM,LOJV,20241810195,IMAGE_ORIGINAL,0,610,610.jfif&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;610&quot; data-original-width=&quot;610&quot; height=&quot;320&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiV0wvGcLKWbtQTg93kSGPAXpbtxH0pU09gVx3HjyANcCgDIeb0AR1LNQyc6hYlybUENFRrsxyqrm5FxXbuyaDPB9YFJD-SdnkSd6_Lav9D_CgrzV1nZ_IXrrzWW1tzHyo4mGOrNTpvhKYI_PxBAqGRCZVRIuvUEVRnaQ5FBG-QWg7V9hsnBG8SOkB5Hie4/s320/MCE,ITEM,LOJV,20241810195,IMAGE_ORIGINAL,0,610,610.jfif&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;The €0.65 stamp presents a portrait of the poet
(the so-called &quot;Retrato a vermelha&quot;), and the €1.30 stamp shows an
extract from *Os Lusíadas* – Canto 1, verse 2. The souvenir sheet presents an
extract from *Os Lusíadas* – Canto 1, verse 1, and a painting by Alfredo Roque
Gameiro, &quot;A partida do Vasco da Gama a Índia em 1497&quot; [&quot;Vasco da
Gama&#39;s departure to India in 1497&quot;].&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzm2aJpIYiqrOfKU7XjIJiHotaxwYbc7swNg0Npx6KrehYuM8e0Dzzd3g8BHznEKt3aodHaPhG-6ori1XN0gnDe5V7R0ASsxT_BTL8uyvjZjgFrbWn7P9ppmuXr4t5znAHNDEQCvw8jumdh6-MsWJGPavHQ6dnfNWp7ZoHfoenvep-fGiorTxwRdzSWfyP/s610/MCE,ITEM,LOJV,20241812199,IMAGE_ORIGINAL,0,610,610.jfif&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;610&quot; data-original-width=&quot;610&quot; height=&quot;640&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzm2aJpIYiqrOfKU7XjIJiHotaxwYbc7swNg0Npx6KrehYuM8e0Dzzd3g8BHznEKt3aodHaPhG-6ori1XN0gnDe5V7R0ASsxT_BTL8uyvjZjgFrbWn7P9ppmuXr4t5znAHNDEQCvw8jumdh6-MsWJGPavHQ6dnfNWp7ZoHfoenvep-fGiorTxwRdzSWfyP/w640-h640/MCE,ITEM,LOJV,20241812199,IMAGE_ORIGINAL,0,610,610.jfif&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;The First
Day Cover presents the caravel of Fernão Cabral.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpKwc2m6aJM5r5vHbXTKWkpktOiJltG3ByAVrvWGKYHySKSZEj1sALV0rI8VtAsIUd1J5DJD3rTUvp6xntJecVfBPuuUyd0ghjwF-HyBeUkDVtbC5iIuy1IYDYoW9E-5XfjtiFNLpddm7vjW7N9P5-pHGKhlldb9FMY42zJiWKcLyS3pXagQlRZP6FqyFH/s610/MCE,ITEM,LOJV,20241813491,IMAGE_ORIGINAL,0,610,610.jfif&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;439&quot; data-original-width=&quot;610&quot; height=&quot;460&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpKwc2m6aJM5r5vHbXTKWkpktOiJltG3ByAVrvWGKYHySKSZEj1sALV0rI8VtAsIUd1J5DJD3rTUvp6xntJecVfBPuuUyd0ghjwF-HyBeUkDVtbC5iIuy1IYDYoW9E-5XfjtiFNLpddm7vjW7N9P5-pHGKhlldb9FMY42zJiWKcLyS3pXagQlRZP6FqyFH/w640-h460/MCE,ITEM,LOJV,20241813491,IMAGE_ORIGINAL,0,610,610.jfif&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;Canto
(book) 1, verse 2 (the stamps for €1,30)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;color: #c00000; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;Portuguese:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;E também as
memórias gloriosas&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;Daqueles
Reis, que foram dilatando&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;A Fé, o
Império, e as terras viciosas&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;De África e
de Ásia andaram devastando;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;E aqueles,
que por obras valerosas&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;Se vão da lei da morte libertando;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;Cantando
espalharei por toda parte,&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;Se a tanto
me ajudar o engenho e arte.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;color: #c00000; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;English:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;And also
the glorious memories&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;Of those
kings who expanded&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;The Faith,
the Empire, and the vicious lands&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;Of Africa
and Asia they devastated;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;And those
who by valiant deeds&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;Are
escaping the law of death;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;Singing, I
will spread everywhere,&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;If my
talent and skill help me to do so.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;Canto 1,
verse 1 (the souvenir sheet)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;color: #c00000; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;Portuguese:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;As armas e
os barões assinalados&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;Que da
ocidental praia Lusitana&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;Por mares
nunca de antes navegados&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;Passaram ainda além da Taprobana&lt;a href=&quot;file:///F:/Maxf/Moje%20blogowanie/Camoes/2024/Celebrating%20500%20Years%20of%20Lu%C3%ADs%20de%20Cam%C3%B5es.docx#_edn1&quot; name=&quot;_ednref1&quot; style=&quot;mso-endnote-id: edn1;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoEndnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoEndnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: PL; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;Em perigos
e guerras esforçados&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;Mais do que
prometia a força humana,&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;E entre
gente remota edificaram&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;Novo Reino,
que tanto sublimaram;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;color: #c00000; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;English:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;The arms
and the famed heroes&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;Who from
the western shore of Lusitania&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;By seas
never before sailed&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;Went beyond
Taprobana&lt;a href=&quot;file:///F:/Maxf/Moje%20blogowanie/Camoes/2024/Celebrating%20500%20Years%20of%20Lu%C3%ADs%20de%20Cam%C3%B5es.docx#_edn2&quot; name=&quot;_ednref2&quot; style=&quot;mso-endnote-id: edn2;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoEndnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoEndnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;In dangers
and wars strived&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;More than
human strength promised,&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;And among
remote peoples built&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;A new
kingdom, which they so exalted;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;The Life of
Luís de Camões&lt;/b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;Luís de
Camões was born in 1524, though the exact date and location of his birth remain
subjects of speculation. He lived during a time of great exploration and
change, with the Portuguese Empire reaching its zenith. Camões&#39; life was as
adventurous and tumultuous as the times he lived in. He traveled extensively,
including time spent in India, China, and Mozambique, experiences that deeply
influenced his writing.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;Despite his
contributions to literature, Camões faced numerous hardships, including
imprisonment and financial difficulties. His personal struggles and adventurous
spirit are reflected in his works, making his poetry rich with emotion and
experience.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Os
Lusíadas: A National Epic&lt;/b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&quot;Os
Lusíadas&quot;, published in 1572, is Camões&#39; magnum opus and a cornerstone of
Portuguese literature. The epic poem celebrates the voyages of Portuguese
explorers, particularly Vasco da Gama, and the discovery of the sea route to
India. Through this work, Camões not only glorified Portugal&#39;s maritime
achievements but also explored themes of heroism, patriotism, and human
endeavor.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;The poem is
a blend of classical and Renaissance influences, showcasing Camões&#39; mastery of
language and poetic form. Its enduring popularity is a testament to its
literary excellence and its significance in Portuguese culture.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Camões&#39;
Literary Legacy&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;Beyond &quot;Os
Lusíadas&quot;, Camões wrote numerous lyrical poems, including sonnets, elegies, and
eclogues. His lyrical poetry is characterized by its emotional depth, exploring
themes of love, loss, and longing. Camões&#39; ability to convey complex emotions
with clarity and beauty has earned him a place among the great poets of the
Renaissance.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;His works
have been translated into numerous languages, allowing his influence to extend
far beyond Portugal. Camões is often compared to other literary giants such as
Dante, Shakespeare, and Cervantes, highlighting his global significance.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Celebrating
Camões Today&lt;/b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;The 500th
anniversary of Camões&#39; birth is being celebrated with various events and
initiatives aimed at honoring his legacy. Literary festivals, academic
conferences, and public readings of his works are taking place in Portugal and
around the world. These celebrations are not only a tribute to Camões&#39;
contributions to literature but also an opportunity to explore the ongoing
relevance of his themes and ideas.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;The
Portuguese government and cultural institutions are also promoting educational
programs to introduce Camões&#39; works to new generations. By doing so, they
ensure that his legacy continues to inspire and influence future writers and
readers.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;Luís de
Camões remains a towering figure in the world of literature, his works
capturing the spirit of his time while continuing to resonate with readers
today. As we celebrate the 500th anniversary of his birth, we are reminded of
the enduring power of his poetry and the lasting impact of his artistic vision.
Through his epic tales of adventure and his poignant lyrical verses, Camões
invites us to explore the depths of the human experience and the heights of
creative expression.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;mso-element: endnote-list;&quot;&gt;

&lt;hr align=&quot;left&quot; size=&quot;1&quot; width=&quot;33%&quot; /&gt;

&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;edn1&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: endnote;&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoEndnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///F:/Maxf/Moje%20blogowanie/Camoes/2024/Celebrating%20500%20Years%20of%20Lu%C3%ADs%20de%20Cam%C3%B5es.docx#_ednref1&quot; name=&quot;_edn1&quot; style=&quot;mso-endnote-id: edn1;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoEndnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoEndnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: PL; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt; In &quot;Os Lusíadas&quot;,
&quot;Taprobana&quot; refers to the island of Sri Lanka, known in ancient and
classical literature as Taprobana or Taprobane. This name was used by Greek and
Roman geographers to describe the island, and it appears in various classical
texts. Luís de Camões includes this reference to emphasize the vast and
uncharted territories explored by the Portuguese during their voyages of
discovery.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;edn2&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: endnote;&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoEndnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///F:/Maxf/Moje%20blogowanie/Camoes/2024/Celebrating%20500%20Years%20of%20Lu%C3%ADs%20de%20Cam%C3%B5es.docx#_ednref2&quot; name=&quot;_edn2&quot; style=&quot;mso-endnote-id: edn2;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoEndnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoEndnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: PL; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; See the
end note above&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://arbitrage-international.blogspot.com/feeds/300004091461671812/comments/default' title='Komentarze do posta'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://arbitrage-international.blogspot.com/2024/07/luis-de-camoes.html#comment-form' title='Komentarze (0)'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5272638736307182735/posts/default/300004091461671812'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5272638736307182735/posts/default/300004091461671812'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://arbitrage-international.blogspot.com/2024/07/luis-de-camoes.html' title='Luís de Camões'/><author><name>andreypl</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02921254140941802355</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='22' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgDcRY31HcnmAC-cbOB-_AF1DG4M51XEuq5CJBOuE2F7cXhzQvft0h8pSq_8YeSycI31J5nE6WixquAGFFlmL7qhSRLku1qQGETMKy6FmYkZNVMhsLxqRVnNty8LtWBUw/s220/ja.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnuUBWApyTKXVj8iRJhCXABEZKTkvK1QR8Gxfbk1y_roPHDzaCy7ZYXjSCf-vwxCfMMKaUKNkwErfPHl7MSFpmBrh3HvxykwrKmXATNsq89Sdqr9vOvEDPHSSVMdU6z3bt4nKIDGsb9lZWUvOV3S7mveSSwbpoESHGjN9jtRV83GjN_MxWCFDH4Qh3P5CJ/s72-w640-h453-c/MCE,ITEM,LOJV,20241813191,IMAGE_ORIGINAL,0,610,610.jfif" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5272638736307182735.post-1965386947484828114</id><published>2024-07-21T08:28:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2024-07-21T08:28:58.465-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Otto Engelhardt - Kyffhäuser</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;metadata&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;Auf dem Treck&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///F:/Maxf/2Genea%20N/Artyku%C5%82y/GGD/Otto%20Engelhardt-Kyffh%C3%A4user,%20Auf%20dem%20Treck%20(1)%20(1).docx#_ftn1&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref1&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;metadata&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; of Otto&amp;nbsp;Engelhardt-Kyffhäuser&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;metadata&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;©
Andrzej Philips&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-line-height-alt: 11.75pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;metadata&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-line-height-alt: 11.75pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;metadata&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;In the “Remembrance of the resettlement of the
Galician Germans 1939/40”&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Erich Müller
writes “Heim ins Reich” - “Home to the Reich” was the slogan at the time, which
for the people of Galicia Palatinate meant the end of their 160-year history in
the East. At that time they followed this call almost completely, but did not
know that the majority of them had been chosen to push the Poles out of the
occupied western Polish areas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///F:/Maxf/2Genea%20N/Artyku%C5%82y/GGD/Otto%20Engelhardt-Kyffh%C3%A4user,%20Auf%20dem%20Treck%20(1)%20(1).docx#_ftn2&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref2&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn2;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;metadata&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;. Short time Afterwards, many of their men paid for
Hitler&#39;s campaigns with their lives. When the war led to Germany&#39;s defeat, they
found themselves as refugees or expelled people in the Germany that had once
called them home to the Reich.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-line-height-alt: 11.75pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;metadata&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;Further Erich Müller writes that the German Post in
the Generalgouvernement issued on October 26, 1940 a series of stamps depicting
the resettlement to mark the first anniversary of the Generalgouvernement. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-line-height-alt: 11.75pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;metadata&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;The article contains pictures of three stamps from the
General Government with resettlement motifs presenting three resettler heads -
those of a girl, a farmer&#39;s wife, and&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;a
farmer, which are supplemented by symbols. The drawing representing Marie
Eppler was&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;used as a stamp template.
Mrs. Marie Eppler’s (married Kraus) photo in the age of 75 is presented in&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;the Erich Müller’s article. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-line-height-alt: 11.75pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;metadata&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgIIe35opYuEhgaqKyYL4O-1Z2Juk_FM0M9sdxlRY-4-0BOXTbSXCNWrDwFLc0ZXBHks73q4aHPXUY6yGP-S7lc2GXISKCV4oWpqwTegxxe67S8NRlfNGEWXA1Ma2JUHegbI3rE8q-QgpqghXf3r58bOHOJ5B_am7PIaD8_6-PhsOJ5j8qCktpNl-j2UHrS&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;413&quot; data-original-width=&quot;551&quot; height=&quot;240&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgIIe35opYuEhgaqKyYL4O-1Z2Juk_FM0M9sdxlRY-4-0BOXTbSXCNWrDwFLc0ZXBHks73q4aHPXUY6yGP-S7lc2GXISKCV4oWpqwTegxxe67S8NRlfNGEWXA1Ma2JUHegbI3rE8q-QgpqghXf3r58bOHOJ5B_am7PIaD8_6-PhsOJ5j8qCktpNl-j2UHrS&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-line-height-alt: 11.75pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-line-height-alt: 11.75pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;metadata&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-line-height-alt: 11.75pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;metadata&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-line-height-alt: 11.75pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;metadata&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;The stamp with Maria Eppler presents also a plowing farmer who is predicted to have a sunny future under the swastika. The fate of the resettlers ended in catastrophe instead. The symbol of the third stamp with the farmer&#39;s head, which is also shown in color on the cover, shows a sleigh belonging to the Haulanders, who were also resettled. The picture is reminiscent to the wagons of the Galician German farmers who had resettled in the winter&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///F:/Maxf/2Genea%20N/Artyku%C5%82y/GGD/Otto%20Engelhardt-Kyffh%C3%A4user,%20Auf%20dem%20Treck%20(1)%20(1).docx#_ftn3&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref3&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;metadata&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-line-height-alt: 11.75pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhjDCGA2XAPLn5Nz53pHibueL86dYUc9vBBGVJPgWdYDPHvirdMN8xseGC2hB-iJLjLGqOnsEQEci8yHuaRodFJGT7v3XSAsa6Qecvia3ynbFgi7xtP5DA-l_inLBG4oyqOFdnY4nsLcRD6PWj_wFWtz8gq5BRDtD-IGPZjfyA_LYlaKP54dBEP-XYhsKXJ&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;413&quot; data-original-width=&quot;551&quot; height=&quot;240&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhjDCGA2XAPLn5Nz53pHibueL86dYUc9vBBGVJPgWdYDPHvirdMN8xseGC2hB-iJLjLGqOnsEQEci8yHuaRodFJGT7v3XSAsa6Qecvia3ynbFgi7xtP5DA-l_inLBG4oyqOFdnY4nsLcRD6PWj_wFWtz8gq5BRDtD-IGPZjfyA_LYlaKP54dBEP-XYhsKXJ&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-line-height-alt: 11.75pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;metadata&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-line-height-alt: 11.75pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-line-height-alt: 11.75pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;metadata&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;The stamps with farmer were also issued in four
different colours and face value&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;with
the inscription “Winterhilfswerk” (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.stampworld.com/stamps/General-Government/Postage-stamps/g0059/&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;background: white; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;Winter Welfare&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-line-height-alt: 11.75pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-line-height-alt: 11.75pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-line-height-alt: 11.75pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj5EyRTOEhwF6YBR-V6CBtfm0DTSJRU2VZOrexURYuHamwaayMPJ8ZmyhaHXqGSRzL_pwvfurGkm8S9nPTLzGRGpss5yUuLcLPKrUe0RgYFBTZI-xu5XZSCnxGnhdi8EzVWz3aLI8oKYja4Q91KZnLGGj15Mb_jlT2dLiAdsqVzTwbrwYDOvgt5mUFVG42D&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;472&quot; data-original-width=&quot;544&quot; height=&quot;240&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj5EyRTOEhwF6YBR-V6CBtfm0DTSJRU2VZOrexURYuHamwaayMPJ8ZmyhaHXqGSRzL_pwvfurGkm8S9nPTLzGRGpss5yUuLcLPKrUe0RgYFBTZI-xu5XZSCnxGnhdi8EzVWz3aLI8oKYja4Q91KZnLGGj15Mb_jlT2dLiAdsqVzTwbrwYDOvgt5mUFVG42D&quot; width=&quot;277&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjpPLEq7i5huNtg5iTkXoHfDEdjfuJKrxKTV2AXDyTxMfcIln2KMoo7E-H0nrjo-shF1My8LH2yTiDS6-K54JH2eX_MxMNFkCexfrkXKcsZpuQPn0mNr2C2SJupKKsLd6n6le3EX8jyXUD4KM9f52PiQpzKuhW5F7qsRQ1hIuxuD4FEyPff2xuusvCAAPhD&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;413&quot; data-original-width=&quot;551&quot; height=&quot;240&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjpPLEq7i5huNtg5iTkXoHfDEdjfuJKrxKTV2AXDyTxMfcIln2KMoo7E-H0nrjo-shF1My8LH2yTiDS6-K54JH2eX_MxMNFkCexfrkXKcsZpuQPn0mNr2C2SJupKKsLd6n6le3EX8jyXUD4KM9f52PiQpzKuhW5F7qsRQ1hIuxuD4FEyPff2xuusvCAAPhD&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj5EyRTOEhwF6YBR-V6CBtfm0DTSJRU2VZOrexURYuHamwaayMPJ8ZmyhaHXqGSRzL_pwvfurGkm8S9nPTLzGRGpss5yUuLcLPKrUe0RgYFBTZI-xu5XZSCnxGnhdi8EzVWz3aLI8oKYja4Q91KZnLGGj15Mb_jlT2dLiAdsqVzTwbrwYDOvgt5mUFVG42D&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-line-height-alt: 11.75pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;metadata&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;The stamps were based on drawings of Otto
Engelhardt-Kyffhäuser.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-line-height-alt: 11.75pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;metadata&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiTjHr9z9rHcXuCSR237NDiflcSp9Dsa7eRyXnV14pFRIst1RXBxlMsKsXy_KhZE_hQwOtW9n7w18yplw5w0ixRBmY5CV5XrppBeSSamM8Vto7m9Xle22VgLRaHwL9rPL-RyQr288K5FtsnHkQnlEcwBkA_GLBDnh30Jy2xwJYAdrQ8qk5n2-HLpfpQua80&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;413&quot; data-original-width=&quot;413&quot; height=&quot;240&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiTjHr9z9rHcXuCSR237NDiflcSp9Dsa7eRyXnV14pFRIst1RXBxlMsKsXy_KhZE_hQwOtW9n7w18yplw5w0ixRBmY5CV5XrppBeSSamM8Vto7m9Xle22VgLRaHwL9rPL-RyQr288K5FtsnHkQnlEcwBkA_GLBDnh30Jy2xwJYAdrQ8qk5n2-HLpfpQua80&quot; width=&quot;240&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;gmail-metadata&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;Otto Engelhardt-&amp;nbsp;Kyffhäuser&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;gmail-meta-nav&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;(born on&amp;nbsp; 5th January 1884 in Artern; died on 7th June
1965 in Göttingen) was a&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;gmail-metadata&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;German&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;gmail-meta-nav&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;painter and art teacher.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;gmail-meta-nav&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;Engelhardt, who came from the Prussian
province of Saxony (he received the nickname because of his birthplace near
Kyffhäuser&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///F:/Maxf/2Genea%20N/Artyku%C5%82y/GGD/Otto%20Engelhardt-Kyffh%C3%A4user,%20Auf%20dem%20Treck%20(1)%20(1).docx#_ftn4&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref4&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn4;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;gmail-meta-nav&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;),
trained at the art academies in Kassel from 1901-07, including Berlin and
Weimar, where he was a member of the Weimar etching association. In 1914 his
works were exhibited at the Kunstverein Darmstadt. During the First World War
he was a senior field hunter in the 4th reserve hunter battalion and a war
painter in the fighting troops. From 1919 to 1939 he worked in Görlitz, became
a teacher of art education at the Luisenschule there (today the
Joliot-Curie-Gymnasium) and appeared in public with numerous pen drawings,
etchings and paintings. In 1928, several murals he designed were ceremoniously
unveiled in the auditorium of the Görlitz Luisenschule. In 1930 he was a
co-founder of the Rotary Club of Görlitz. He joined the NSDAP and SS, came to
terms with contemporary propaganda needs, drew numerous war pictures and
portrayed several National Socialist greats.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;metadata&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;In January 1940, Engelhardt-Kyffhäuser accompanied a
trek of ethnic Germans at Himmler&#39;s request. These were resettled in the
Warthegau from Galicia and Volhynia, which were part of Soviet-annexed eastern
Poland. In order to create space for settlement here, 120,000 Poles had
previously been deported. Engelhardt-Kyffhäuser documented the trip with
numerous sketches and drawings, which were exhibited in Berlin on March 30,
1940 and published as a book in the same year. Engelhardt-Kyffhäuser published &quot;The
Book of the Great Trek&quot; (Vom Grossem Treck) together with Alfred Karasek,
the area representative in the resettlement staff, and Heinrich Kurtz from the
Krakow Office of the Governor General; SS Obergruppenführer Werner Lorenz
contributed a foreword. The images served as a template for the Nazi propaganda
film “Homecoming” by Gustav Ucicky, the creation of which he also documented.
The film in turn inspired him to create pictures.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;metadata&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;His drawing were also used for the propaganda cards
“Vom Grossem Treck” (Ther great treck). All these drawings are valuable sources
for the genealogy of Galician Germen because they contain also the description
of the drawn &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;persons,
including their personal date like place and birth date. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

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  o:title=&quot;&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjEjv-cXYCWFL68VDmet3t_-Z8M1HuRDP5f8yOJc-Dv6g8ZQuqs0aeMFfEdwiu7rZKlnj6IU59Gh_OgJDbkZajslQNr_H7q7OxPovgFeXFImUww8m9rhh9k00m-3ZKQBkzW2R4fc0d-qFMJH9xRctYIrYJx8UXIWgtAG4uCMk9jIIshJBPrj1nYSHW6QxQV&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;945&quot; data-original-width=&quot;652&quot; height=&quot;400&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjEjv-cXYCWFL68VDmet3t_-Z8M1HuRDP5f8yOJc-Dv6g8ZQuqs0aeMFfEdwiu7rZKlnj6IU59Gh_OgJDbkZajslQNr_H7q7OxPovgFeXFImUww8m9rhh9k00m-3ZKQBkzW2R4fc0d-qFMJH9xRctYIrYJx8UXIWgtAG4uCMk9jIIshJBPrj1nYSHW6QxQV=w277-h400&quot; width=&quot;277&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;Farmer Anton Steckbauer&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if gte vml 1]&gt;&lt;v:shape
 id=&quot;Obraz_x0020_3&quot; o:spid=&quot;_x0000_i1025&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot; style=&#39;width:453.75pt;
 height:313.5pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square&#39;&gt;
 &lt;v:imagedata src=&quot;file:///C:/Users/dell/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image013.jpg&quot;
  o:title=&quot;&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgPZKqQy79hypJNz-xTmvco67xfh8b_0WUCC884aRbfpoNGDs1Vll86ktwuzGp_VAVdzRq8MaOwpV_SxGHuT-dYPshBTgc4qFvh-qyujDLI_dghCQHzQwDPSzDkS9NMFTdNiZgiKSf5D4vu2CpBdYRipfXM4M9ZGDUU_HifnVIzBhunEHgF1dZqd5x-lg_N&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;653&quot; data-original-width=&quot;945&quot; height=&quot;276&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgPZKqQy79hypJNz-xTmvco67xfh8b_0WUCC884aRbfpoNGDs1Vll86ktwuzGp_VAVdzRq8MaOwpV_SxGHuT-dYPshBTgc4qFvh-qyujDLI_dghCQHzQwDPSzDkS9NMFTdNiZgiKSf5D4vu2CpBdYRipfXM4M9ZGDUU_HifnVIzBhunEHgF1dZqd5x-lg_N=w400-h276&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;The card describing Farmer Anton Steckbauer&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;For example, the card presenting Anton Steckbauer
contains his exact birthdate 6th May, 1896, and place – Ludwikówka, what
corresponds with data in OFB (Ortsfamilienbuch/Family Book&lt;a href=&quot;file:///F:/Maxf/2Genea%20N/Artyku%C5%82y/GGD/Otto%20Engelhardt-Kyffh%C3%A4user,%20Auf%20dem%20Treck%20(1)%20(1).docx#_ftn5&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref5&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn5;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[5]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;STECKBAUER (= Stekbauer), Anton, born on 6.5.1866 in
Ludwikówka&lt;a href=&quot;file:///F:/Maxf/2Genea%20N/Artyku%C5%82y/GGD/Otto%20Engelhardt-Kyffh%C3%A4user,%20Auf%20dem%20Treck%20(1)%20(1).docx#_ftn6&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref6&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn6;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[6]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
{Myslivka} (Dolina)/Gal. [UA], House Nr. 21., son of Anton Steckbauer and
FICHTEL (∞ Schaller, Steckbauer), Katharina born 1837 in Tarnów/Gal. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;metadata&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;Otto Engelhardt-Kyffhäuser successfully took part in
several exhibitions in Germany with his works, e.g.:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;metadata&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;metadata&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;at the Great German Art Exhibition of 1940 in the
House of German Art in Munich,&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;metadata&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;metadata&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;Exhibition “Repatriation of Germans from Galicia” from
February 2nd to 12th, 1940 in the Krakow Art Hall (it was the first exhibition
by a German artist in occupied Poland and the first exhibition about the
resettlement campaign).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;metadata&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;metadata&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;A separate exhibition of his pictures was opened under
the title The Great Trek 1940 in the Ständehaus Görlitz.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;metadata&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;metadata&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;The exhibition With Man and Horse and Carriage...
followed in 1941 in the Luisenschule in Görlitz.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;metadata&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;metadata&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;1941 exhibition Flanders and the Netherlands: People
and Landscape, Saarbrücken, organized by the VDA Gauverband Westmark and the
Saar-Palatinate Association for Arts and Crafts.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;metadata&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;metadata&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;At the exhibition German Artists and the SS in 1944 he
showed the picture “Before the Departure” in Breslau and the pictures “Trek
Rolls Over the Bridge at Przemysl” and “A Tank Hunter of the SS Pol. Div.” in
Salzburg.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;metadata&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;metadata&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;Works by Engelhardt-Kyffhäuser can be seen today in
museums in Görlitz and Bautzen. There is a mural by him in the Artern town
hall. Engelhardt-Kyffhäuser was married to Dorothea (née Weise)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///F:/Maxf/2Genea%20N/Artyku%C5%82y/GGD/Otto%20Engelhardt-Kyffh%C3%A4user,%20Auf%20dem%20Treck%20(1)%20(1).docx#_ftn7&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref7&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn7;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[7]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;metadata&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Soon after the last war,
Engelhardt was the first German painter to be invited to Paris to organize an
Engelhardt-Kyffhäuser exhibition. What he showed became a sensation for all art
connoisseurs in France. It was a new process in painting, the monotype, as he
called it. They outdid each other in Paris in enthusiastic appreciations. For
example, the &quot;Pariser Currier&quot; headlined his essay: &quot;With
melting oil paint&quot; and wrote: &quot;After long attempts, he finally found
a way that opened up completely new possibilities of artistic expression for
him. Above all, he was helped by a binder he discovered, which gives the
colours the greatest elasticity and suppleness. The work, applied to a
light-coloured metal plate, is heated to such an extent that the colours begin
to melt and often converge like enamel. The scraped out highlights and
contours, however, even if they are wafer-thin, do not merge, but remain
razor-sharp and correct. Extraordinarily powerful effects are achieved that
cannot be achieved by any other technique.&quot;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 3.6pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;&quot;La Revue moderne des arts et de la
vie&quot;, however, calls Engelhardt &quot;a real artist who is focused on
greatness&quot;. He is &quot;swept away by his inspiration&quot; and he is not
afraid to &quot;tackle even the most sublime subjects&quot;. And further:
&quot;It would be wrong to classify Otto Engelhardt-Kyffhäuser in any school.
His powerful personality is self-sufficient.&quot; This is followed by a
detailed appraisal of the individual &quot;masterpieces&quot; exhibited in this
prestigious journal and the conclusion: &quot;It is not possible to give in a
few dry sentences even a reasonably clear idea of such an abundance of
inspiration and imagination as these works reveal. How far we are from the
trimmed art of so many artists of our time, who are content with the limited
horizon of a café or a dance hall! Therefore, one must take one&#39;s hat off to
the work of Otto Engelhardt-Kyffhäuser without hesitation.&quot;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 3.6pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;While the Parisian press spoke of &quot;the most
sublime themes&quot;, such were also shown in particular in the exhibitions
that Engelhardt presented on the basis of his repeated travels to and through
Egypt. In 1960, as part of the new cultural agreement between the Federal
Republic of Germany and the United Arab Republic, he was invited to show his
large monotype exhibition with Egyptian and some German motifs in February at
the Kunsthalle Alexandriens. It was opened in Cairo by the Egyptian Minister of
Culture and the German Ambassador. The Minister of Culture acquired for the new
modern museum in. Cairo also has the image of the Erfurt Cathedral and the
Severi Church.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 3.6pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;While the &quot;most sublime subjects&quot; in
Egypt included many of the country&#39;s sanctuaries and buildings, which are
several thousand years old, Engelhardt-Kyffhäuser was invited to Rome to paint
the sites of Christian culture. Although a Protestant, he won friends through
his art in the &quot;Institutum Germanicuni&quot;. From this place he was given
a special place in St. Peter&#39;s Basilica, from which he could capture the Pope
in various positions in the middle of the service. All of his Roman paintings
are also of radiant colour and do not fail to have an effect on people of other
faiths.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 3.6pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Through such achievements and successes, Otto
Engelhardt-Kyffhäuser became one of Germany&#39;s best-known painters&lt;a href=&quot;file:///F:/Maxf/2Genea%20N/Artyku%C5%82y/GGD/Otto%20Engelhardt-Kyffh%C3%A4user,%20Auf%20dem%20Treck%20(1)%20(1).docx#_ftn8&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref8&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn8;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;[8]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;mso-element: footnote-list;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot; /&gt;

&lt;hr align=&quot;left&quot; size=&quot;1&quot; width=&quot;33%&quot; /&gt;

&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn1&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///F:/Maxf/2Genea%20N/Artyku%C5%82y/GGD/Otto%20Engelhardt-Kyffh%C3%A4user,%20Auf%20dem%20Treck%20(1)%20(1).docx#_ftnref1&quot; name=&quot;_ftn1&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn1;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: PL; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt; On the treck (German).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn2&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///F:/Maxf/2Genea%20N/Artyku%C5%82y/GGD/Otto%20Engelhardt-Kyffh%C3%A4user,%20Auf%20dem%20Treck%20(1)%20(1).docx#_ftnref2&quot; name=&quot;_ftn2&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn2;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: PL; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt; Erinnerung an die Umsiedlung der Galiziendeutschen 1939/40 (Remembrance
of the resettlement the Galician Germans 1939/40),&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Erich Müller, Zeitweiser 2009 der
Galiziendeutschen, p. 24&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn3&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///F:/Maxf/2Genea%20N/Artyku%C5%82y/GGD/Otto%20Engelhardt-Kyffh%C3%A4user,%20Auf%20dem%20Treck%20(1)%20(1).docx#_ftnref3&quot; name=&quot;_ftn3&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn3;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: PL; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt; &lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;Erich Müller, Zeitweiser 2009
der Galiziendeutschen, ibidem p. 26&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn4&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///F:/Maxf/2Genea%20N/Artyku%C5%82y/GGD/Otto%20Engelhardt-Kyffh%C3%A4user,%20Auf%20dem%20Treck%20(1)%20(1).docx#_ftnref4&quot; name=&quot;_ftn4&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn4;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;metadata&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;metadata&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: PL; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;metadata&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;
The&amp;nbsp;Kyffhäuser&amp;nbsp;sometimes also referred to as&amp;nbsp;Kyffhäusergebirge)
is a&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill_range&quot; title=&quot;Hill range&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;metadata&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;color: windowtext; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;hill range&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;metadata&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;in&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Germany_(cultural_area)&quot; title=&quot;Central Germany (cultural area)&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;metadata&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;color: windowtext; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;Central Germany&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;metadata&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;, shared by&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thuringia&quot; title=&quot;Thuringia&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;metadata&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;color: windowtext; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;Thuringia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;metadata&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;and&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxony-Anhalt&quot; title=&quot;Saxony-Anhalt&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;metadata&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;color: windowtext; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;Saxony-Anhalt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;metadata&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;, southeast of
the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harz&quot; title=&quot;Harz&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;metadata&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;color: windowtext; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;Harz&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;metadata&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;mountains.
It reaches its highest point at the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulpenberg&quot; title=&quot;Kulpenberg&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;metadata&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;color: windowtext; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;Kulpenberg&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;metadata&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;with an
elevation of 473.4&amp;nbsp;m (1,553&amp;nbsp;ft). The range is the site of
medieval&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyffhausen_Castle&quot; title=&quot;Kyffhausen Castle&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;metadata&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;color: windowtext; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;Kyffhausen Castle&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;metadata&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;(Reichsburg
Kyffhausen) and the 19th century&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyffh%C3%A4user_Monument&quot; title=&quot;Kyffhäuser Monument&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;metadata&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;color: windowtext; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;Kyffhäuser Monument&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;metadata&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;; it has significance in German traditional mythology
as the legendary resting place of Emperor&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor&quot; title=&quot;Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;metadata&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;color: windowtext; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;Frederick Barbarossa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;metadata&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn5&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///F:/Maxf/2Genea%20N/Artyku%C5%82y/GGD/Otto%20Engelhardt-Kyffh%C3%A4user,%20Auf%20dem%20Treck%20(1)%20(1).docx#_ftnref5&quot; name=&quot;_ftn5&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn5;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: PL; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[5]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;Ortsfamilienbuch/Family
Book, Manfred Daum, available by GGD&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn6&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///F:/Maxf/2Genea%20N/Artyku%C5%82y/GGD/Otto%20Engelhardt-Kyffh%C3%A4user,%20Auf%20dem%20Treck%20(1)%20(1).docx#_ftnref6&quot; name=&quot;_ftn6&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn6;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: PL; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[6]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt; The place was founded around 1820. The settlers came from Bohemia and
were Roman Catholics. The new independent municipality of Ludwikówka also
included the smaller settlements of Josephstal (founded in 1832) and
Leopoldsdorf (founded in 1870). In 1900 the municipality of Ludwikówka had 62
houses with 445 inhabitants, of which 391 were German-speaking. In 1946 the
name was changed to Myslivka. The place became part of the Kalush district in
Ukraine.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt; &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn7&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///F:/Maxf/2Genea%20N/Artyku%C5%82y/GGD/Otto%20Engelhardt-Kyffh%C3%A4user,%20Auf%20dem%20Treck%20(1)%20(1).docx#_ftnref7&quot; name=&quot;_ftn7&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn7;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: PL; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[7]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://de-academic.com/dic.nsf/dewiki/1062877&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;Otto Engelhardt-Kyffhäuser (de-academic.com)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn8&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///F:/Maxf/2Genea%20N/Artyku%C5%82y/GGD/Otto%20Engelhardt-Kyffh%C3%A4user,%20Auf%20dem%20Treck%20(1)%20(1).docx#_ftnref8&quot; name=&quot;_ftn8&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn8;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: PL; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[8]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;Heinz Sting &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://nordhausen-wiki.de/wiki/Kunstmaler_Otto_Engelhardt-Kyffh%C3%A4user&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;Kunstmaler Otto Engelhardt-Kyffhäuser – NordhausenWiki
(nordhausen-wiki.de)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://arbitrage-international.blogspot.com/feeds/1965386947484828114/comments/default' title='Komentarze do posta'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://arbitrage-international.blogspot.com/2024/07/otto-engelhardt-kyffhauser.html#comment-form' title='Komentarze (0)'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5272638736307182735/posts/default/1965386947484828114'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5272638736307182735/posts/default/1965386947484828114'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://arbitrage-international.blogspot.com/2024/07/otto-engelhardt-kyffhauser.html' title='Otto Engelhardt - Kyffhäuser'/><author><name>andreypl</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02921254140941802355</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='22' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgDcRY31HcnmAC-cbOB-_AF1DG4M51XEuq5CJBOuE2F7cXhzQvft0h8pSq_8YeSycI31J5nE6WixquAGFFlmL7qhSRLku1qQGETMKy6FmYkZNVMhsLxqRVnNty8LtWBUw/s220/ja.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgIIe35opYuEhgaqKyYL4O-1Z2Juk_FM0M9sdxlRY-4-0BOXTbSXCNWrDwFLc0ZXBHks73q4aHPXUY6yGP-S7lc2GXISKCV4oWpqwTegxxe67S8NRlfNGEWXA1Ma2JUHegbI3rE8q-QgpqghXf3r58bOHOJ5B_am7PIaD8_6-PhsOJ5j8qCktpNl-j2UHrS=s72-c" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5272638736307182735.post-776149871646764852</id><published>2024-06-22T02:34:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2024-08-28T05:02:00.051-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Henryk Rauchinger: An Austro-Polish Portraitist</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Is it worth collecting poster stamps?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;©&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt; Andrzej
Philips&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;What are poster stamps?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYDEihoo1O99b-h6Ytx8aSX71NRri-rqs2DfCpEDiqvEcaeQFmVS3xF2W8_OPJTO7-T7fffQhwSDQAVoWp4ntsCtQ2wafdBmdhxgLMh5klGzHE13P-AJUFxcmhKtkeP56KQQfKpiL4xEEMeLs_g1k11h2CHENqUs-Pp5K0T6P2TgaDfIcRmykNcRfL2N6m/s263/poster.jpeg&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;191&quot; data-original-width=&quot;263&quot; height=&quot;191&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYDEihoo1O99b-h6Ytx8aSX71NRri-rqs2DfCpEDiqvEcaeQFmVS3xF2W8_OPJTO7-T7fffQhwSDQAVoWp4ntsCtQ2wafdBmdhxgLMh5klGzHE13P-AJUFxcmhKtkeP56KQQfKpiL4xEEMeLs_g1k11h2CHENqUs-Pp5K0T6P2TgaDfIcRmykNcRfL2N6m/s1600/poster.jpeg&quot; width=&quot;263&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; Poster stamps, also known as Cinderella stamps,
hold a unique place in the world of philately. Unlike traditional postage
stamps issued by postal authorities for the purpose of mailing, poster stamps
are primarily designed for advertising, promotion, or commemoration. They often
feature colorful designs, artistic illustrations, and thematic imagery, making
them attractive to collectors.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;The term &quot;poster stamp&quot; originated
because these stamps often resembled miniature posters in their design and
aesthetics. Many poster stamps were either “poster-like” in appearance or exact
miniature replicas of larger street posters. Their colorful and detailed
artwork was especially eye-catching during the early 1900s, a time when color
printing was still relatively expensive and not commonly used. This vivid,
poster-like quality made these stamps stand out and quickly catch the public’s
attention.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;The decision to collect poster stamps
ultimately depends on individual preferences and interests. Here are some
factors to consider when determining if it&#39;s worth collecting them:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;1. Historical Significance: Poster stamps offer
insights into various aspects of history, including advertising trends,
cultural movements, and significant events. They can serve as valuable
artifacts, providing a glimpse into the past and shedding light on social,
political, and economic contexts.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;2. Artistic Value: Many poster stamps showcase
intricate artwork, innovative designs, and creative concepts. For art
enthusiasts, collecting poster stamps can be a rewarding pursuit, offering
exposure to a diverse range of artistic styles and techniques.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;3. Thematic Diversity: Poster stamps cover a
wide range of themes, including sports, entertainment, transportation,
politics, and more. Collectors have the flexibility to focus on specific themes
that align with their interests, allowing for a personalized and diverse
collection.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;4. Accessibility: Unlike traditional postage
stamps, which may have limited availability or require significant financial
investment, poster stamps are often more accessible and affordable. They can be
found through various channels, including online marketplaces, stamp shows, and
specialty shops.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;5. Community Engagement: Collecting poster
stamps can be a social and community-oriented activity. Enthusiasts have the
opportunity to connect with fellow collectors, attend stamp exhibitions,
participate in trading events, and engage in discussions about their shared
interests.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;6. Educational Value: Poster stamps offer
educational opportunities for both collectors and enthusiasts. Researching the
history, context, and significance of poster stamps can enhance one&#39;s knowledge
and appreciation of art, culture, and society.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;Ultimately, the decision to collect poster
stamps should be driven by personal enjoyment, curiosity, and passion. Whether
you&#39;re drawn to their historical significance, artistic appeal, thematic
diversity, or community engagement, collecting poster stamps can be a rewarding
hobby that offers both enjoyment and enrichment.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;Poster stamps are a unique category of
philatelic items resembling regular postage stamps but not used for postal
services. They encompass a broad range of subtypes, including revenue stamps
printed by national governments for tax payments, local stamps used for
regional deliveries, and most notably, privately printed stamps for advertising
or propaganda purposes. These privately produced stamps are the primary focus
for collectors and are known as poster stamps in the United States. They are
distinguished by their striking graphic designs, larger sizes, vivid colors,
and bold, eye-catching aesthetics, often mimicking the appearance of full-sized
posters.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;The term poster stamp refers to a type of
cinderella stamp that resembles a miniature poster. They are typically used for
advertising, propaganda, or commemorative purposes and are not valid for
postage. Below are translations of poster stamp in several languages:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;The poster stamps in other langauges: German:
Werbemarke, Vignette publicitaire or timbre affiche, Italian: Francobollo
pubblicitario, Spanish: Sello de publicidad or sello póster, Znaczek reklamowy,
Dutch: Reclamezegel, Portuguese: Selo de publicidade, Russian: Рекламная марка
(Reklamnaya marka)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;Poster stamps are a fascinating aspect of
philately and graphic design history, reflecting the cultural and commercial
trends of their times. They were particularly popular in the late 19th and
early 20th centuries, especially in Europe and North America. Collectors value
them for their artistic designs and historical significance.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;Wawel Gedenket der Flüchtlinge&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;blockquote style=&quot;border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgWGBSBPA0cNFNiwS4wERK9HoEj4oO8KS1MklB2teloWVeEfy4tDfUlBIoE4kWSYhU9J1YAGZU76E9eEwAXYk01Kwup35sfnunilQ0yC3YCB0t2nZRLun4TWCZxCWV8cCNy9wyhuQiDNCOCua8XIUcVedJjM6PLBzcgHjovv6Otc4xm2DOBQCmGXjYogz3Y&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgkFKylRJr9PuggcM-X7F4sQ8Y8kHTFX_Ep7YWdH_C7F45i5L3jmwlvDF2s5KJwus1akpyFRh8MflGbpWeUK950MEj7nExNOPqKz-cKEZM3hYbMCVd5fKLzx7-pTITV9X3BxrVZFGea1nnuxw3FKf_Lychv5r-lWnIi5ljNqupETW1aOGVkl0Ttsc04v3yA&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; display: inline; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;531&quot; data-original-width=&quot;430&quot; height=&quot;320&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgkFKylRJr9PuggcM-X7F4sQ8Y8kHTFX_Ep7YWdH_C7F45i5L3jmwlvDF2s5KJwus1akpyFRh8MflGbpWeUK950MEj7nExNOPqKz-cKEZM3hYbMCVd5fKLzx7-pTITV9X3BxrVZFGea1nnuxw3FKf_Lychv5r-lWnIi5ljNqupETW1aOGVkl0Ttsc04v3yA=w259-h320&quot; width=&quot;259&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;531&quot; data-original-width=&quot;439&quot; height=&quot;320&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgWGBSBPA0cNFNiwS4wERK9HoEj4oO8KS1MklB2teloWVeEfy4tDfUlBIoE4kWSYhU9J1YAGZU76E9eEwAXYk01Kwup35sfnunilQ0yC3YCB0t2nZRLun4TWCZxCWV8cCNy9wyhuQiDNCOCua8XIUcVedJjM6PLBzcgHjovv6Otc4xm2DOBQCmGXjYogz3Y=w264-h320&quot; width=&quot;264&quot; /&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Advertising stamps caught my interest when I
came across the following stamp. It depicts Wawel - write something about
Wawel.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Wawel is a historic architectural
complex in Krakow, Poland, renowned for its Royal Castle and Cathedral. It
served as the residence of Polish kings for centuries and is celebrated for its
blend of architectural styles, including Romanesque, Gothic, Renaissance, and
Baroque. Wawel&#39;s rich history and cultural significance make it a cherished
symbol of Poland&#39;s heritage.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;The stamp bears the signature of H. Rauchinger
in the bottom right corner. It was designed by Heinrich Rauchinger between 1915
and 1918. The inscription Gedenket der Flüchtlinge means Remember the Refugees).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;This poster stamp is a small yet poignant
artifact reflecting the historical context of its time. Designed by Heinrich
Rauchinger during World War I, it was created to draw attention to the plight
of refugees. The inclusion of the Wawel Castle, a symbol of Polish heritage and
resilience, underscores the national and cultural significance behind the call
to remember those displaced by the war.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;The stamp&#39;s design incorporates elements of
Autotype printing, which allows for detailed and nuanced imagery, suitable for
capturing the solemn and evocative message intended by Rauchinger. As a work of
art, it highlights Rauchinger&#39;s skill in combining visual elements with a
powerful social message.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;The signature of H. Rauchinger and the specific
mention of Wawel tie the object directly to Polish history and culture, making
it a valuable piece for collectors and historians alike. It reflects the
broader efforts during the early 20th century to use art and print media as
tools for social awareness and humanitarian appeals.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;Heinrich Rauchinger&#39;s poster stamp Gedenket der
Flüchtlinge serves as a historical document and an artistic expression,
reminding us of the humanitarian crises of the past and the role of art in
addressing social issues. Its preservation in a collection highlights its
enduring significance and the importance of remembering the past through such
artifacts.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;Henryk Rauchinger: An Austro-Polish Portraitist&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;Henryk Rauchinger, born on January 1, 1858, in
Krakow, embarked on a remarkable artistic journey that spanned the vibrant
cultural landscapes of Krakow, Vienna, and beyond. A painter of Polish descent,
Rauchinger&#39;s passion for art led him to study at the Krakow School of Fine Arts
under the esteemed Jan Matejko. Continuing his artistic education, he honed his
skills at the Academy of Fine Arts in Vienna, where he studied under August
Eisenmenger and Christian Griepenkerl.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;Rauchinger&#39;s talent as a portraitist
flourished, earning him recognition within artistic circles. He showcased his
works at exhibitions in Vienna and Krakow, including presentations at the
Society of Friends of Fine Arts in Krakow from 1883 to 1899. Notably, in 1894,
he participated in an exhibition of Polish art in Lviv (Lwów), where he
presented a portrait of Zenon Przesmycki, a Polish poet known by the pseudonym
Miriam.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjoaka1nD4BWpkxKvzBdSgS2MOPinjaOW-pIhkDcmKxC8D1TT-oZ5GdsHtzGTpTKRIwUybWzqYhkLgagruNzKGwJtrqJB-1zdLz_4qfdsDFDkoqnSKDeFDOuMgBCSUAcDm5K9gBzUo8MCvOEMzLyB_2T5WfQH_vrwewVheKxvEjm7Xhrjdhd03vQWV2fu0G&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;549&quot; data-original-width=&quot;451&quot; height=&quot;320&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjoaka1nD4BWpkxKvzBdSgS2MOPinjaOW-pIhkDcmKxC8D1TT-oZ5GdsHtzGTpTKRIwUybWzqYhkLgagruNzKGwJtrqJB-1zdLz_4qfdsDFDkoqnSKDeFDOuMgBCSUAcDm5K9gBzUo8MCvOEMzLyB_2T5WfQH_vrwewVheKxvEjm7Xhrjdhd03vQWV2fu0G=w263-h320&quot; width=&quot;263&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Portrait of Karolina Zakrzeńska
née Święcicka [wikimedia]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;Throughout his career, Rauchinger received
numerous accolades for his artistry. His portraits, characterized by meticulous
attention to detail and a profound sense of emotion, earned him widespread
acclaim. Among his notable achievements were portraits of prominent figures
such as Stefan Zweig and Bertha von Suttner, reflecting his ability to capture
the essence of his subjects on canvas.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi3czBSJpBY3BS7xp40Hop4Dkfu8sJ0dQgWsIz9ESLjX9rMAhEraMUhFnO3PUvBLjclrvDIlj3WvK3BogUMIUy1O3WMMbmUFHEntT49hLkiBt1KiBGddmaqclZMSYEJN1Rlt_jt4U9iolOSNZ6hFislz66RJ5Y-HnXNwTZdmXvT45QzAT7F2THRcZAiIiS6&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;604&quot; data-original-width=&quot;945&quot; height=&quot;256&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi3czBSJpBY3BS7xp40Hop4Dkfu8sJ0dQgWsIz9ESLjX9rMAhEraMUhFnO3PUvBLjclrvDIlj3WvK3BogUMIUy1O3WMMbmUFHEntT49hLkiBt1KiBGddmaqclZMSYEJN1Rlt_jt4U9iolOSNZ6hFislz66RJ5Y-HnXNwTZdmXvT45QzAT7F2THRcZAiIiS6=w400-h256&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;Henryk Rauchinger - In hard labor (exile to
Siberia) 1886 [National Museum in Krakow]&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggZ-jEdHvES-KMhFJLFvcfxKJ_zf-4s99xV_LTOJfgcDD8ZqJAQ-rjXUbQ_3gtczjTo2hOhG6Cjo_EJceK7yIleIKSSTxax60pwZZoQKRx6-vEdrg-eGAVXwW3e3JT_gtdX7niZBsE74QEPLMKZrLZe6KsBls53nkahKJ4iJOmevpzEC7_WwPRgU3bzYOF/s500/s-l960%20(1).jpg&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;391&quot; data-original-width=&quot;500&quot; height=&quot;250&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggZ-jEdHvES-KMhFJLFvcfxKJ_zf-4s99xV_LTOJfgcDD8ZqJAQ-rjXUbQ_3gtczjTo2hOhG6Cjo_EJceK7yIleIKSSTxax60pwZZoQKRx6-vEdrg-eGAVXwW3e3JT_gtdX7niZBsE74QEPLMKZrLZe6KsBls53nkahKJ4iJOmevpzEC7_WwPRgU3bzYOF/s320/s-l960%20(1).jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Despite his artistic success, Rauchinger&#39;s life
took a tragic turn with the onset of Nazi persecution. In 1942, at the age of
84, he was arrested and deported to the Theresienstadt concentration camp,
where he ultimately perished. His final days remain shrouded in uncertainty,
with his fate officially recognized by court order in 1948.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;Rauchinger&#39;s legacy endures through his art,
serving as a poignant reminder of the resilience of the human spirit in the
face of adversity. In 2018, his name was commemorated in an exhibition at the
Volkskundemuseum Wien, honoring his contributions to art and bearing witness to
the enduring power of creativity in the face of tyranny.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;Henryk Rauchinger&#39;s journey embodies the
transformative power of art, transcending borders and generations to leave an
indelible mark on the annals of history. Through his portraits, he immortalized
the souls of his subjects, ensuring that their stories endure as a testament to
the enduring power of the human spirit.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhKCk_QesZTiMZXoK3Rc_h-okhwIB_c5BxmwDLdl1an-Uu8_KVMj5FbEb6zNGWhxWb1Jd-KxmlePtl2oe9Q340FSKgZD81YfiDz9FME44NCrkEPTMHVgzrWfdPmvbz4VfgTExBrRcegCZV2npjgLsUFoP0bjprsKYW7k4pnAzustvLWZoYyHdux64OJ7sD-&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;454&quot; data-original-width=&quot;945&quot; height=&quot;154&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhKCk_QesZTiMZXoK3Rc_h-okhwIB_c5BxmwDLdl1an-Uu8_KVMj5FbEb6zNGWhxWb1Jd-KxmlePtl2oe9Q340FSKgZD81YfiDz9FME44NCrkEPTMHVgzrWfdPmvbz4VfgTExBrRcegCZV2npjgLsUFoP0bjprsKYW7k4pnAzustvLWZoYyHdux64OJ7sD-&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;Henryk Rauchinger was a notable Polish artist
known for his contributions to the journal Life (Życie), which played a
significant role in the Polish modernist movement. Rauchinger created the first
title vignette for the inaugural issue of Life in 1897, which set a visual tone
for the publication. His work, alongside other prominent Polish artists,
contributed to the visual and thematic identity of the journal.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Rauchinger&#39;s artistic involvement in Life was
part of a broader effort to establish a Polish voice within the modernist
discourse. The journal&#39;s illustrative content, including Rauchinger&#39;s
vignettes, often featured Symbolist and Art Nouveau influences, reflecting the
international trends in art while embedding a distinct Polish perspective.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;Throughout its publication, Life showcased a
variety of artistic styles and themes, including idealized femininity,
nostalgic landscapes, and allegorical motifs. Rauchinger and his
contemporaries, such as Stanisław Wyspiański and Teodor Axentowicz, contributed
to this rich visual program, which helped to legitimize and promote modernist
ideas within Poland.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiZ-FGM6EY3qVhZIX5cluioUmpQG7rGyf7pSqW1uFx7kmK37Y_smEPF7Co2_Kqu32DhyItwWUOzGTPOE4kHD3QTPE78hsSSDr4AiFDvOFqNOo6iCpvjsdA7bmdVqf6M6dHryOxeo4oQBsMOFMrXfaMKpmSqaPmM3EAnpRfTuZwW9okZuRpDwUJZR_1QhqPQ&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;1237&quot; data-original-width=&quot;945&quot; height=&quot;400&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiZ-FGM6EY3qVhZIX5cluioUmpQG7rGyf7pSqW1uFx7kmK37Y_smEPF7Co2_Kqu32DhyItwWUOzGTPOE4kHD3QTPE78hsSSDr4AiFDvOFqNOo6iCpvjsdA7bmdVqf6M6dHryOxeo4oQBsMOFMrXfaMKpmSqaPmM3EAnpRfTuZwW9okZuRpDwUJZR_1QhqPQ=w305-h400&quot; width=&quot;305&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;In summary, Henryk Rauchinger played a pivotal
role in the early visual direction of Life, helping to shape the journal&#39;s
aesthetic and thematic approach, which was crucial in integrating Polish
contributions into the broader narrative of modernism.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Following the trail of this poster stamp, I began to search for information about Henryk Rauchinger. In the National Museum in Krakow, there is a postcard with a portrait of Henryk Rauchinger. On the back, there is a note that reads, &#39;To beloved Dr. Jasienski and esteemed Mrs. Janina in memory of Henryk Rauchinger.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhqQIdOSda0Rz_aFP7rOEMHzdMMRwIAQEMxlQeqrmC44EzCnCZ2eR0marZFxjMOb93r3DSdrSJpXF8WL8YcJW2yHTuuYmuH9UMYHZZSZYzKYnkxH3_4w96WtMpt_0pLhsGvqht4zqIEiDLsPkvILGIoa20BkRGbAoLq-LlOwcIw9Iax6XUtp0TPRZ-ZZ--i&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;1237&quot; data-original-width=&quot;945&quot; height=&quot;400&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhqQIdOSda0Rz_aFP7rOEMHzdMMRwIAQEMxlQeqrmC44EzCnCZ2eR0marZFxjMOb93r3DSdrSJpXF8WL8YcJW2yHTuuYmuH9UMYHZZSZYzKYnkxH3_4w96WtMpt_0pLhsGvqht4zqIEiDLsPkvILGIoa20BkRGbAoLq-LlOwcIw9Iax6XUtp0TPRZ-ZZ--i=w305-h400&quot; width=&quot;305&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;A new question arises: Who is Dr. Jasieński?&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Garamond&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;Feliks Jasieński: A Patron of Art and Collector
Extraordinaire&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;a style=&quot;mso-comment-date: 20240524T2016; mso-comment-reference: AP_1;&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;Feliks Jasieński, bearing the coat of arms of
Dołęga, was born on July 8, 1861, in Grzegorzewice, Poland, into the esteemed
Jasieński family. His life&#39;s journey intertwined with the rich tapestry of
Polish history, marked by his significant contributions to the world of art as
a critic and collector.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhyleXAhLijteWPBn4PEAXSQC0Sfll5oqzzCHymPLFGgc0oV0mZQAYfTMTy0f7J-pRj4LUBM463nQyqMjUxD_KZlCRT6Xq948KyhG8dJvtcL4o4Ni_BdIK3dMsRQaC_x5Ox1oyCh0NlgCvnKsydSrLv0LpEcx7rt2Jf2qlyLJQZlNL7VRj8Dx1iVIvzpkFx&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;886&quot; data-original-width=&quot;765&quot; height=&quot;400&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhyleXAhLijteWPBn4PEAXSQC0Sfll5oqzzCHymPLFGgc0oV0mZQAYfTMTy0f7J-pRj4LUBM463nQyqMjUxD_KZlCRT6Xq948KyhG8dJvtcL4o4Ni_BdIK3dMsRQaC_x5Ox1oyCh0NlgCvnKsydSrLv0LpEcx7rt2Jf2qlyLJQZlNL7VRj8Dx1iVIvzpkFx=w345-h400&quot; width=&quot;345&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Wojciech Weiss, Portrait of Feliks Jasieński,
1903, National Museum in Krakow&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Descended from the illustrious Jasieński
family, renowned participants of the Four-Year Sejm and one of the most
affluent and influential landed gentry families in the Sandomierz region during
the 19th century, Feliks&#39;s upbringing was privileged yet tumultuous. His
educational path was unconventional, marked by challenges and interruptions.
Despite repeating the fourth grade, he completed his schooling without sitting
for final exams.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;Feliks&#39;s insatiable thirst for knowledge led
him to pursue higher education in Dorpat (now Tartu, Estonia). However, his
studies were cut short due to eye illness. Undeterred, he embarked on extensive
travels across Europe, Egypt, and Asia Minor, immersing himself in diverse
cultures and artistic influences. Residing at various times in Warsaw, Krakow,
and Lviv, he became an integral part of Krakow&#39;s artistic milieu, engaging with
the city&#39;s bohemian circles and participating in the famed Zielony Balonik (Green
Balloon) evenings.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;An accomplished writer, Feliks Jasieński
contributed articles and essays to prominent publications such as Chimera, and
Lamus, where he served as literary director. In 1901, he published a collection
of essays titled Manggha. Promenades à travers les mondes, l&#39;art et les idées,
showcasing his erudition and broad cultural interests. Collaborating with Adam
Cybulski-Łada, he co-authored the 1904 album “Sztuka Polska. Malarstwo” (Polish
Art. Painting), further cementing his reputation as a discerning critic and
promoter of Polish art.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;Feliks Jasieński&#39;s pseudonym, Manggha, derived
from a collection of woodcuts by the Japanese artist Katsushika Hokusai,
reflected his fascination with Japanese art. His extensive travels enabled him
to amass a diverse collection of European and Japanese artworks, textiles, and
antiquities. Settling in Krakow in 1901, he emerged as a patron of the arts,
nurturing the talents of young artists and championing the modernist movement.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;His eclectic collection, which included over
15,000 exhibits, was bequeathed to the city of Krakow in 1920, with the
condition that it would form an integral part of the National Museum in Krakow
and be accessible to the public. As the lifetime director of the donated
collection, he continually enriched its holdings, ensuring its significance for
future generations.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;Feliks Jasieński&#39;s legacy endures through the
Manggha Centre of Japanese Art and Technology in Krakow, established with funds
from Andrzej Wajda&#39;s Kyoto Prize in 1987. Named in his honor, the center
preserves and showcases his remarkable collection, serving as a testament to
his enduring passion for art and cultural exchange.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;Though Feliks Jasieński passed away on April 6,
1929, his contributions to the world of art continue to inspire and enrich the
cultural landscape of Poland and beyond. As his collection continues to
captivate audiences at the Manggha Centre, his vision of art as a bridge
between nations lives on, transcending boundaries and fostering understanding
in an ever-changing world.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;Janina Jasieńska: A Partner in Passion for Art&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;Beside Feliks Jasieński stood Janina Jasieńska,
nee Biegel, a woman of grace and refinement whose presence illuminated the
vibrant circles of Krakow&#39;s artistic milieu. Born in 1870, Janina shared Feliks&#39;&amp;nbsp;passion for culture and creativity, enriching their shared journey
with her intellect and elegance.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;Married to&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Feliks Jasieński in 1887, Janina
played an integral role in her husband&#39;s life, providing unwavering support for
his endeavors as a critic and collector. Together, they fostered an environment
of artistic exploration and appreciation, hosting gatherings that brought
together luminaries of the Polish cultural scene.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;Janina&#39;s influence extended beyond the confines
of their home, as she actively participated in cultural events and initiatives
alongside&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Feliks&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;. Her keen intellect and refined taste complemented&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Feliks&#39; bold vision, contributing to the couple&#39;s enduring legacy as patrons of the
arts.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;Though her life remains somewhat veiled in the
shadows of history, Janina&#39;s presence undoubtedly enriched Feliks&#39; journey,
serving as a steadfast companion in his pursuit of artistic excellence. In
commemorating Henryk Jasieński&#39;s legacy, let us also honor Janina&#39;s
contributions as a partner in passion for art, whose grace and elegance left an
indelible mark on the cultural landscape of Krakow and beyond.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;Teresa Jasieńska and Henryk Jasieński: the
Guardians of Cultural Heritage&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;After the death of Janina, Feliks Jasieński married
Teresa Jasieńska, nee Łabęcka. Born into the noble Łabęcki family, Teresa
shared Feliks&#39;s passion for culture and creativity, enriching their shared
journey with her grace and elegance.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;Henryk Jasieński, son of Feliks Aleksander Jan
Jasieński and Teresa Jasieńska, was born on October 9, 1888, in Kielce-Pisary.
He inherited a rich legacy of art and culture from his esteemed parents and
dedicated his life to preserving and promoting cultural heritage.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;Growing up in an environment steeped in
artistic fervor, Henryk absorbed his parents&#39; passion for creativity and
cultural exploration. Their home in Krakow served as a vibrant hub of
intellectual discourse and artistic exchange, nurturing Henryk&#39;s innate
curiosity and love for the arts from an early age.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;Following in his father&#39;s footsteps, Henryk embarked on a mission to safeguard Poland&#39;s cultural heritage. With deep
reverence for art and history, he became the custodian of his family&#39;s
extensive collection, ensuring its preservation for future generations. His
commitment to cultural stewardship extended beyond the confines of his familial
legacy as he actively engaged in initiatives to protect and promote Poland&#39;s
rich artistic heritage.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;In addition to his role as a guardian of
cultural heritage, Henryk was also a devoted husband to Halina Magdalena
Jasieńska, sharing with her a passion for art and culture. Together, they
continued the Jasieński family&#39;s tradition of patronage and philanthropy,
supporting various cultural endeavors and initiatives.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;Henryk Jasieński&#39;s legacy is one of
unwavering dedication to preserving Poland&#39;s cultural heritage and fostering a
deeper appreciation for its artistic treasures. His tireless efforts as a
custodian of art and culture continue to enrich the cultural landscape of
Krakow and Poland, ensuring that future generations inherit a legacy of beauty,
creativity, and cultural enlightenment.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;And all of this we deduced from a small stamp
with the following dimensions:&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;hight:
3.5 cm, width: 2.8 cm. Is it worth collecting poster stamps?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;_Hlk169944938&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;color: red; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;The article is subject to
copyright - use requires attribution of the author and source of the article&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;color: red; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;div class=&quot;msocomtxt&quot; id=&quot;_com_1&quot; language=&quot;JavaScript&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-comment-author: &amp;quot;Andrzej Philips&amp;quot;; mso-comment-providerid: &amp;quot;Windows Live&amp;quot;; mso-comment-userid: c137575b6714ba4c;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportAnnotations]--&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;_msocom_1&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;

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&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://arbitrage-international.blogspot.com/feeds/776149871646764852/comments/default' title='Komentarze do posta'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://arbitrage-international.blogspot.com/2024/06/henryk-rauchinger-austro-polish.html#comment-form' title='Komentarze (0)'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5272638736307182735/posts/default/776149871646764852'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5272638736307182735/posts/default/776149871646764852'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://arbitrage-international.blogspot.com/2024/06/henryk-rauchinger-austro-polish.html' title='Henryk Rauchinger: An Austro-Polish Portraitist'/><author><name>andreypl</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02921254140941802355</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='22' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgDcRY31HcnmAC-cbOB-_AF1DG4M51XEuq5CJBOuE2F7cXhzQvft0h8pSq_8YeSycI31J5nE6WixquAGFFlmL7qhSRLku1qQGETMKy6FmYkZNVMhsLxqRVnNty8LtWBUw/s220/ja.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYDEihoo1O99b-h6Ytx8aSX71NRri-rqs2DfCpEDiqvEcaeQFmVS3xF2W8_OPJTO7-T7fffQhwSDQAVoWp4ntsCtQ2wafdBmdhxgLMh5klGzHE13P-AJUFxcmhKtkeP56KQQfKpiL4xEEMeLs_g1k11h2CHENqUs-Pp5K0T6P2TgaDfIcRmykNcRfL2N6m/s72-c/poster.jpeg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5272638736307182735.post-4851849639200746401</id><published>2024-06-06T09:08:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2026-06-09T01:12:03.733-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Rihards Zariņš - a Latvian graphic artist</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: times; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;Belarus, Ilya Muromets and Rihards Zariņš&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-outline-level: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: times; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;©Andrzej Philips&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt; mso-ligatures: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: times; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;blockquote style=&quot;border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtuvId6EuEQr-6Y6BcIUqmv11rAixycn74YQO6Zct7lx-et6k55hb1HWSDgEAgh8n5zrhoUzrj3dAoSYPtrWFS2m6NusU2cZiGp8Aidi8gOsRVvU5nnAZfH6U6dz51FosCbQ4K1Apgd4vQFea_OJN7N6fUa9etC1hkyS338qEKyejrxeQfekP7NsHGq_K1/s534/1920_Belarusian_Peoples_Republic_Bulak-Balachowicz_Brigade_PERF_5k.jpg&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: times; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgz5MQiqeVtZiiyTYNipk-V12Wqmm334ewMDNb3kZibOcuCk_hdYsLmNU8xSn8O3XKI3-LgqoGce7SF5ctQcP5Q5uyRWY50USQONQgHU-JUc0bptN-B9ItudxTA4WJ4c2b6d702s4VPWx5i_d_0nffPBITeZgnQwWE9jo3HBVp0HtSm0K8gZ3GJxwB7uUDK/s615/1920_Belarusian_Peoples_Republic_Bulak-Balachowicz_Brigade_PERF_1r.jpg&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;615&quot; data-original-width=&quot;523&quot; height=&quot;320&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgz5MQiqeVtZiiyTYNipk-V12Wqmm334ewMDNb3kZibOcuCk_hdYsLmNU8xSn8O3XKI3-LgqoGce7SF5ctQcP5Q5uyRWY50USQONQgHU-JUc0bptN-B9ItudxTA4WJ4c2b6d702s4VPWx5i_d_0nffPBITeZgnQwWE9jo3HBVp0HtSm0K8gZ3GJxwB7uUDK/s320/1920_Belarusian_Peoples_Republic_Bulak-Balachowicz_Brigade_PERF_1r.jpg&quot; width=&quot;272&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;534&quot; data-original-width=&quot;449&quot; height=&quot;320&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtuvId6EuEQr-6Y6BcIUqmv11rAixycn74YQO6Zct7lx-et6k55hb1HWSDgEAgh8n5zrhoUzrj3dAoSYPtrWFS2m6NusU2cZiGp8Aidi8gOsRVvU5nnAZfH6U6dz51FosCbQ4K1Apgd4vQFea_OJN7N6fUa9etC1hkyS338qEKyejrxeQfekP7NsHGq_K1/s320/1920_Belarusian_Peoples_Republic_Bulak-Balachowicz_Brigade_PERF_5k.jpg&quot; width=&quot;269&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: times; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;blockquote style=&quot;border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: times; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;In September 2006, I posted an article on my blog&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://byelarus.blogspot.com/2006/09/coming-soon.html&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Belarus&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; about the first Belarusian stamps. I wrote
there: “In the summer of 1919, the Belarusian detachment of the Western Army
separated from the main army to operate independently. The commander, Colonel
Bulak-Balachowitsch&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///F:/Maxf/Moje%20blogowanie/Artyku%C5%82y%20filat/Muromec/zarins/Rihards%20Zari%C5%86%C5%A1.docx#_ftn1&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref1&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;, with
the approval of his government (see above...), promoted himself to Major
General and placed his unit under the Estonian high command. The Belarusian
unit was deployed at Marienburg in Livonia, in the gap between the Estonian and
Latvian fronts.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: times; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;blockquote style=&quot;border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyUYIKUTy-d5ftDjz21ntell0RChefl8brLI3lYGZ-HiGGnvuPY-Ug3tU4Ctw2JUkhSAp1INedIr9d-thNA8RTafajdO1SIIcBMqrCA5ePeTsIWUFV5f3VuwFhiAsCtS31Fi5a2OdIFp9K6TCpaotRnP9aOtIRGCdnHUCFYFwaSKoL9fzqiN6coQzgAAxD/s552/1920_Belarusian_Peoples_Republic_Bulak-Balachowicz_Brigade_PERF_50k.jpg&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: times; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;552&quot; data-original-width=&quot;443&quot; height=&quot;200&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyUYIKUTy-d5ftDjz21ntell0RChefl8brLI3lYGZ-HiGGnvuPY-Ug3tU4Ctw2JUkhSAp1INedIr9d-thNA8RTafajdO1SIIcBMqrCA5ePeTsIWUFV5f3VuwFhiAsCtS31Fi5a2OdIFp9K6TCpaotRnP9aOtIRGCdnHUCFYFwaSKoL9fzqiN6coQzgAAxD/w161-h200/1920_Belarusian_Peoples_Republic_Bulak-Balachowicz_Brigade_PERF_50k.jpg&quot; width=&quot;161&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: times; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAbvcLiwsVnCdvKFoXmIgPych7XviIdeXKMQZtOORpB89mX-1qr-WB36ht82mdy7yXI1gseArO09qxOvkD2InDszG87aaeFtSZ4BiHKp64hbOcwNV4GP5xz2nCXb0174-ZKWA9uR3RYJhZhzLQEk9y1t-xfSq5-pPOafeFa3UI6PrEqip6CddvQHhyjAx6/s634/1920_Belarusian_Peoples_Republic_Bulak-Balachowicz_Brigade_PERF_10k.jpg&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;634&quot; data-original-width=&quot;515&quot; height=&quot;200&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAbvcLiwsVnCdvKFoXmIgPych7XviIdeXKMQZtOORpB89mX-1qr-WB36ht82mdy7yXI1gseArO09qxOvkD2InDszG87aaeFtSZ4BiHKp64hbOcwNV4GP5xz2nCXb0174-ZKWA9uR3RYJhZhzLQEk9y1t-xfSq5-pPOafeFa3UI6PrEqip6CddvQHhyjAx6/w163-h200/1920_Belarusian_Peoples_Republic_Bulak-Balachowicz_Brigade_PERF_10k.jpg&quot; width=&quot;163&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEic4qc9r9dttOSXn0Z0Jz4XvUV3TbNbEAaGAMxuHs_6Gi5Qsq8r9DFJ0d2NPj9bkLFqkcDmgxDI7UPJww_3UZ4k7iOP9ZCZ-Vpqbd7Zj_MkiYIz7eh0EXN0nMH9qlryK2fN32fPLjqOddZmUj9tUMo0ufIn5SBsfyQj06VX5HeVQg3Wp9AAwx8u0A5BOgFO/s527/1920_Belarusian_Peoples_Republic_Bulak-Balachowicz_Brigade_PERF_15k.jpg&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;527&quot; data-original-width=&quot;432&quot; height=&quot;200&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEic4qc9r9dttOSXn0Z0Jz4XvUV3TbNbEAaGAMxuHs_6Gi5Qsq8r9DFJ0d2NPj9bkLFqkcDmgxDI7UPJww_3UZ4k7iOP9ZCZ-Vpqbd7Zj_MkiYIz7eh0EXN0nMH9qlryK2fN32fPLjqOddZmUj9tUMo0ufIn5SBsfyQj06VX5HeVQg3Wp9AAwx8u0A5BOgFO/w164-h200/1920_Belarusian_Peoples_Republic_Bulak-Balachowicz_Brigade_PERF_15k.jpg&quot; width=&quot;164&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;blockquote style=&quot;border: none; margin: 0 0 0 40px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;blockquote style=&quot;border: none; margin: 0 0 0 40px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;blockquote style=&quot;border: none; margin: 0 0 0 40px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;blockquote style=&quot;border: none; margin: 0 0 0 40px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: times; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: times; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: times; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;On January 19, 1920, the military-diplomatic mission
in Latvia requested the Latvian Ministry of Finance to support the issuance of
a postage stamp series for the Belarusian army post. By February 15, the proof
sheets of the stamps were handed over to the commissioners. Field post offices
where these stamps were used were located in Marienburg&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///F:/Maxf/Moje%20blogowanie/Artyku%C5%82y%20filat/Muromec/zarins/Rihards%20Zari%C5%86%C5%A1.docx#_ftn2&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref2&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
and Alt-Schwanenburg&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///F:/Maxf/Moje%20blogowanie/Artyku%C5%82y%20filat/Muromec/zarins/Rihards%20Zari%C5%86%C5%A1.docx#_ftn3&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref3&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;.
These stamps were valid for postage (accepted in Latvia and Estonia) from March
16, 1920, to April 22, 1920.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: times; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;This issue is particularly notable for its visual
quality. The designs for the stamps were created by the famous Russian/Latvian
stamp designer Prof. Richard Zarins, who also designed numerous stamps for the
Russian Empire and the Republic of Latvia&lt;a href=&quot;file:///F:/Maxf/Moje%20blogowanie/Artyku%C5%82y%20filat/Muromec/zarins/Rihards%20Zari%C5%86%C5%A1.docx#_ftn4&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref4&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn4;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;”.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: times; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;In 2006, while writing about the Belarusian postage
stamps from 1920, I did not know that Richard Zarins was also the designer of
Russian stamps, including the 1914 Ilya Muromets stamp, which I mentioned in my article&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://interestinghobbi.blogspot.com/2024/05/ancient-russian-knight-bogatyr-ilya.html&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Ancient Russian Knight, Bogatyr Ilya Muromets&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: times; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;Rihards
Zariņš (1869–1939) was a Latvian graphic artist, researcher of Latvian folk
art, and university professor. He was known for his diverse contributions to
the visual arts, including the design of Latvia&#39;s coat of arms, numerous
ex-libris, book illustrations, postage stamps, banknotes, and coins for various
entities such as the Russian Empire, the Belarusian People&#39;s Republic, Latvia,
and the Soviet Union.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: times; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Zariņš
began his artistic journey studying at the Imperial Academy of Arts in St.
Petersburg and later joined the Stieglitz Central School for Technical Drawing.
He was instrumental in the formation of the artist group &quot;Rūķis&quot; and
later graduated with honors, which led to study tours across Europe. Upon his
return to St. Petersburg, he worked at the Imperial State Paper Factory before
eventually returning to Latvia after its independence, where he became the
director of the State Printing House and later a professor at the newly
established Latvian Academy of Arts.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: times; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;His
artistic style was influenced by German Romanticism and Latvian folk art, often
incorporating elements of Art Nouveau. Zariņš&#39; notable works include
illustrations for publications, particularly his series of etchings titled
&quot;The Rustling of the Latvian Forest&quot; based on Latvian folklore. He
also made significant contributions to graphic design, creating numerous
ex-libris for individuals and institutions and designing postage stamps for
various entities.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: times; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Zariņš&#39;
legacy extends beyond graphic arts; he was also a prominent figure in the study
and preservation of Latvian folk culture. He collected and documented folk art,
including songs, tales, and material artifacts, contributing to the
understanding and appreciation of Latvia&#39;s cultural heritage.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: times; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Privately,
Zariņš was married to Eva Sundblad, and they had four children. Despite
suffering a stroke towards the end of his life, which left him unable to speak,
he continued to draw until his passing in 1939. Today, his works are held in
museums and private collections, serving as a testament to his lasting impact
on Latvian art and culture.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: times; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Rihards
Zariņš was a versatile artist whose works spanned various fields of art and
design, including:&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: times; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;1.
Graphics: Zariņš was known for creating etchings, lithographs, posters, book illustrations,
as well as designing graphics for banknotes, coins, and postage stamps.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDd5GG-fvFfX7O0mHar_kaqRg3-fhHFemJNh_7nrZhN8IBPGYvh5kq5KW7lFvdopedf-RLvyUH6ytc1zN69inWMnkDwg6BboBzXheppcQota30YuGXQPnSfz_Mc9n_OOL5KZKCUSWwpslk0NN5vsdvkhcXS76_Vh0ZO6l17vZsQVn4XtuckmhcGiWs4Qlh/s600/Rihards_Zari%C5%86%C5%A1,_Bookplate_Eva_Zari%C5%86%C5%A1_(&#39;Ex_Libris_Eva_Sarrinc&#39;),_1898.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;font-family: times; font-size: large; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;600&quot; data-original-width=&quot;399&quot; height=&quot;320&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDd5GG-fvFfX7O0mHar_kaqRg3-fhHFemJNh_7nrZhN8IBPGYvh5kq5KW7lFvdopedf-RLvyUH6ytc1zN69inWMnkDwg6BboBzXheppcQota30YuGXQPnSfz_Mc9n_OOL5KZKCUSWwpslk0NN5vsdvkhcXS76_Vh0ZO6l17vZsQVn4XtuckmhcGiWs4Qlh/s320/Rihards_Zari%C5%86%C5%A1,_Bookplate_Eva_Zari%C5%86%C5%A1_(&#39;Ex_Libris_Eva_Sarrinc&#39;),_1898.jpg&quot; width=&quot;213&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: times; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;2.
Exlibris: Zariņš designed many bookplates for himself, family members, and
representatives of Latvian culture and art, such as painters, writers,
composers, and archaeologists.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: times; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;3. Postage
stamp design: He authored numerous postage stamp designs for the Russian
Empire, the Belarusian People&#39;s Republic, as well as for Latvia and the Soviet
Union.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: times; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: times; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdj9Enm5ZZyNBbeftJmJDc94LnLq_WhVREPVg-QTltSgCyk-jrasV70CBLl0cfF84HaZgQW-DDjBzshzVByAqRIcylSjH5udZ-YCOr6MWrMVTXKJqrurnY5Kg-q7NBkVJBwSC8xyq82Gdbj89H6weCYgk9uBVsyYXJJQX_n9MZLEBzbbSw4jC-U2jEmX7G/s745/25_9%20(1).png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;334&quot; data-original-width=&quot;745&quot; height=&quot;143&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdj9Enm5ZZyNBbeftJmJDc94LnLq_WhVREPVg-QTltSgCyk-jrasV70CBLl0cfF84HaZgQW-DDjBzshzVByAqRIcylSjH5udZ-YCOr6MWrMVTXKJqrurnY5Kg-q7NBkVJBwSC8xyq82Gdbj89H6weCYgk9uBVsyYXJJQX_n9MZLEBzbbSw4jC-U2jEmX7G/s320/25_9%20(1).png&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: times; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;In 1905,
the first charitable issue stamps of 1905 were released, &quot;For the Benefit
of Orphans of the Active Army.&quot; Talented graphic artists Gustav Frank and
Rihards Zariņš worked on the designs of these interesting stamps. Many Russian
stamps were produced by Rihards Zariņš, including the stamps of the charitable
issue of 1905 &quot;For the Benefit of Orphans of the Active Army.&quot; R.
Zariņš authored three stamps in this series, with denominations of 5, 7, and 10
kopecks.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: times; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: times; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi22zLB9wIlJWkv-mk0hga_nxfKOhUrIBHAtKv0Q-vC3OnTsFVPQiOS7BRwl0g3stpEFPW0aN9JWM3lfsEZBGGgRfz56FqH6nzkgJyH8pTaK7YTkgIQYd0E5KnNAsHnIiPMDwWqflLH2WFcSGmpWQIAtIGE5QumWyv0ByMXrxmgicKiTi-oBmt7s8gmZV0y/s336/1922_CPA_50-53.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;294&quot; data-original-width=&quot;336&quot; height=&quot;280&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi22zLB9wIlJWkv-mk0hga_nxfKOhUrIBHAtKv0Q-vC3OnTsFVPQiOS7BRwl0g3stpEFPW0aN9JWM3lfsEZBGGgRfz56FqH6nzkgJyH8pTaK7YTkgIQYd0E5KnNAsHnIiPMDwWqflLH2WFcSGmpWQIAtIGE5QumWyv0ByMXrxmgicKiTi-oBmt7s8gmZV0y/s320/1922_CPA_50-53.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGBsqe3ZL05iZueSMq7To1lMtwUdydu2IyLhjxPYYROMaHYcXB6ONXrGQuhjCLKdNbJtpP02klSJP2vEn7KFpRg5lBp5UCfL97iP7rWh7j1gHmtOzCBP3ebAALvvpVxWXVCINL37CHEp5xJyPjrKg_-d1NYgkIMTb8_S3YTFquE6qQwEQk9bJ3k4JKUhfk/s321/Russia_stamp_1906_5r.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: medium; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;321&quot; data-original-width=&quot;280&quot; height=&quot;320&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGBsqe3ZL05iZueSMq7To1lMtwUdydu2IyLhjxPYYROMaHYcXB6ONXrGQuhjCLKdNbJtpP02klSJP2vEn7KFpRg5lBp5UCfL97iP7rWh7j1gHmtOzCBP3ebAALvvpVxWXVCINL37CHEp5xJyPjrKg_-d1NYgkIMTb8_S3YTFquE6qQwEQk9bJ3k4JKUhfk/s320/Russia_stamp_1906_5r.jpg&quot; width=&quot;279&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsu0ziM16hOgMz_B4A33aNryfECMbBgHTFunEoJYbT2yBaVWsS1XLDWsPZtycHkKStjnIadeOLuODyPm5GLcbe2txiahQMnR7DFCrIaFK_uyjgh7q6CUWehDVVQx4Y307-fgSy_OBhiaH2pn0nAGvjCQM8cz80XYjthrv8UTzeHR7l13dqVXrmWGKaT-VL/s582/Russia_1918_CPA_1_-_2_stamps_(October_Revolution).jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;362&quot; data-original-width=&quot;582&quot; height=&quot;199&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsu0ziM16hOgMz_B4A33aNryfECMbBgHTFunEoJYbT2yBaVWsS1XLDWsPZtycHkKStjnIadeOLuODyPm5GLcbe2txiahQMnR7DFCrIaFK_uyjgh7q6CUWehDVVQx4Y307-fgSy_OBhiaH2pn0nAGvjCQM8cz80XYjthrv8UTzeHR7l13dqVXrmWGKaT-VL/s320/Russia_1918_CPA_1_-_2_stamps_(October_Revolution).jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;blockquote style=&quot;border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoLGf_Vq_JacjnU3JtPbkPQLoA7yIDr5Rimqt8U4J5s4JWMnNVnmIn7zdoNPoL7Rk4-qO4fM8ujmTNYCaA-fjv73m-iMsqiOzQEgfJjJeN7tANY65w8OUe8AYLpGJV7rwJxSxQWsCtofp3xIMsvBQvALiZB2lfcy4Mr-f-tAE1h1Mpxv3lKZAl_RL6Lf0s/s1024/Russian_Empire-1912-Bill-500_rubles-Obverse.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;blockquote style=&quot;border: none; margin: 0 0 0 40px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;blockquote style=&quot;border: none; margin: 0 0 0 40px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;blockquote style=&quot;border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoLGf_Vq_JacjnU3JtPbkPQLoA7yIDr5Rimqt8U4J5s4JWMnNVnmIn7zdoNPoL7Rk4-qO4fM8ujmTNYCaA-fjv73m-iMsqiOzQEgfJjJeN7tANY65w8OUe8AYLpGJV7rwJxSxQWsCtofp3xIMsvBQvALiZB2lfcy4Mr-f-tAE1h1Mpxv3lKZAl_RL6Lf0s/s1024/Russian_Empire-1912-Bill-500_rubles-Obverse.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoLGf_Vq_JacjnU3JtPbkPQLoA7yIDr5Rimqt8U4J5s4JWMnNVnmIn7zdoNPoL7Rk4-qO4fM8ujmTNYCaA-fjv73m-iMsqiOzQEgfJjJeN7tANY65w8OUe8AYLpGJV7rwJxSxQWsCtofp3xIMsvBQvALiZB2lfcy4Mr-f-tAE1h1Mpxv3lKZAl_RL6Lf0s/s1024/Russian_Empire-1912-Bill-500_rubles-Obverse.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoLGf_Vq_JacjnU3JtPbkPQLoA7yIDr5Rimqt8U4J5s4JWMnNVnmIn7zdoNPoL7Rk4-qO4fM8ujmTNYCaA-fjv73m-iMsqiOzQEgfJjJeN7tANY65w8OUe8AYLpGJV7rwJxSxQWsCtofp3xIMsvBQvALiZB2lfcy4Mr-f-tAE1h1Mpxv3lKZAl_RL6Lf0s/s1024/Russian_Empire-1912-Bill-500_rubles-Obverse.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; display: inline !important; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;608&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1024&quot; height=&quot;190&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoLGf_Vq_JacjnU3JtPbkPQLoA7yIDr5Rimqt8U4J5s4JWMnNVnmIn7zdoNPoL7Rk4-qO4fM8ujmTNYCaA-fjv73m-iMsqiOzQEgfJjJeN7tANY65w8OUe8AYLpGJV7rwJxSxQWsCtofp3xIMsvBQvALiZB2lfcy4Mr-f-tAE1h1Mpxv3lKZAl_RL6Lf0s/s320/Russian_Empire-1912-Bill-500_rubles-Obverse.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3dS3dnkLiZA4STN9A7B_40M2z48b2lj2l8r3U8Am4qGTCm06DIBPxF-3XeMVJJl_dXfk2CdhaRSehDiG9zrgAWpR0D0ifYUduIa5tjUvy8Fbb1HBEzSppDzXK1QsOSgKl8GTAx1bct7dCKrdohiFViQqK0JoVVS2WqenfsyeE3ZkQijCNOCvSt9yXETvf/s615/Latvia_SC60_Laid_Paper%20(1).jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;615&quot; data-original-width=&quot;464&quot; height=&quot;320&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3dS3dnkLiZA4STN9A7B_40M2z48b2lj2l8r3U8Am4qGTCm06DIBPxF-3XeMVJJl_dXfk2CdhaRSehDiG9zrgAWpR0D0ifYUduIa5tjUvy8Fbb1HBEzSppDzXK1QsOSgKl8GTAx1bct7dCKrdohiFViQqK0JoVVS2WqenfsyeE3ZkQijCNOCvSt9yXETvf/s320/Latvia_SC60_Laid_Paper%20(1).jpg&quot; width=&quot;241&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgA9SaIhKeKW1n7bd3KnJYYXqn_sbIOVut2Muoso-R3COWYpVcVTAJ6pKDNSj1lWuWvIU3MMpEkyNT-9S_iY5wtGYPkT4WdjI0fUNWNO2qWGRLKmJQ3CFZ4dHj2NVAZC-SHQLhcjD1fW2hfEQLUV0Loe8FStUa_Wm6QUGDiw-BElinYiVgDfysKR8Vb7V4E/s331/StampLatvia1919-12-16.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;331&quot; data-original-width=&quot;251&quot; height=&quot;320&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgA9SaIhKeKW1n7bd3KnJYYXqn_sbIOVut2Muoso-R3COWYpVcVTAJ6pKDNSj1lWuWvIU3MMpEkyNT-9S_iY5wtGYPkT4WdjI0fUNWNO2qWGRLKmJQ3CFZ4dHj2NVAZC-SHQLhcjD1fW2hfEQLUV0Loe8FStUa_Wm6QUGDiw-BElinYiVgDfysKR8Vb7V4E/s320/StampLatvia1919-12-16.jpg&quot; width=&quot;243&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEho-CW8mXjFL4Ex48LWrLjcKKYfGui03MTCYQuQlG2Xg_yDi8VsgztvhojGWMATmDHdgVv1WSMmbXZPZ3npqbrx1CBFEfN_tewHHhDda2VaEvUZS0wzKfzjDPaS__jpKdoajQw0P4aUhSFq36Ak47kj-cFpCMQZhTkCtnwek_Vn5CZjCeIdg-huNYi0DGN9/s683/Rossia_1913_116.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;683&quot; data-original-width=&quot;558&quot; height=&quot;320&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEho-CW8mXjFL4Ex48LWrLjcKKYfGui03MTCYQuQlG2Xg_yDi8VsgztvhojGWMATmDHdgVv1WSMmbXZPZ3npqbrx1CBFEfN_tewHHhDda2VaEvUZS0wzKfzjDPaS__jpKdoajQw0P4aUhSFq36Ak47kj-cFpCMQZhTkCtnwek_Vn5CZjCeIdg-huNYi0DGN9/s320/Rossia_1913_116.jpg&quot; width=&quot;261&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1_NlHi2VymkahQatQTZ0s1IvEOtfA-QvqF6rMr3DeMekm4dVE449BrROKnotqqpt6wRbQIkfyIdJLXVxn3QGMEJTqBnjwe9vVFV1_yY2Vn1wfUCKZSTbjLhEP2BYy_UYN8BB5YyGyzIPSyItDk4PH4I7Dj3kwXPBA5R5V9Vh45tM4X2Perq8JFMAEnVC7/s613/Russia_stamp(project)_1917_10(5)k.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;613&quot; data-original-width=&quot;484&quot; height=&quot;320&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1_NlHi2VymkahQatQTZ0s1IvEOtfA-QvqF6rMr3DeMekm4dVE449BrROKnotqqpt6wRbQIkfyIdJLXVxn3QGMEJTqBnjwe9vVFV1_yY2Vn1wfUCKZSTbjLhEP2BYy_UYN8BB5YyGyzIPSyItDk4PH4I7Dj3kwXPBA5R5V9Vh45tM4X2Perq8JFMAEnVC7/s320/Russia_stamp(project)_1917_10(5)k.jpg&quot; 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width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgeS2qk9CbYvB2ubCnDcM8j7H2x10gki5pBJ-IUcKOG2_Mezakwznorih-VnzpKfMPbu0mrbQBmHVZPHFGLZ17x_gUIGCqs6fyCRGTf4U4pKBblpQZfX3O1104L_yszBt88ArRIa6lQ6E1VXKTG_5zsdbIYZWrFkVDSgIcvg0t0GTSstEBxIqLvJRO2hxfg/s615/250_Ruble_Note_1917_verso.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;356&quot; data-original-width=&quot;615&quot; height=&quot;185&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgeS2qk9CbYvB2ubCnDcM8j7H2x10gki5pBJ-IUcKOG2_Mezakwznorih-VnzpKfMPbu0mrbQBmHVZPHFGLZ17x_gUIGCqs6fyCRGTf4U4pKBblpQZfX3O1104L_yszBt88ArRIa6lQ6E1VXKTG_5zsdbIYZWrFkVDSgIcvg0t0GTSstEBxIqLvJRO2hxfg/s320/250_Ruble_Note_1917_verso.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: times; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: times; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;4. Banknote design: As the artistic director of printing houses in St. Petersburg and Riga, Zariņš designed banknotes for various countries, including the Russian Empire and the Republic of Latvia.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: times; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh40swXXCIJHyNb7jzj1cPHb4yidcHBh8TWPvQaXxT-1BpGzYVk2rV9CWcDN6Trh6QGIib2-4G37PN5VdifIAqKrTXInUr4y0Bps0yWr7NnbjQ73FE4B4men5_B6R-uwjnRhi3jneJJBSPUDXXXXaVC-uTH5_Jg6OMVQUflja6dOxStygkfwGzweE3G4nc9/s787/10_lats_in_1933_reverse.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;339&quot; data-original-width=&quot;787&quot; height=&quot;138&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh40swXXCIJHyNb7jzj1cPHb4yidcHBh8TWPvQaXxT-1BpGzYVk2rV9CWcDN6Trh6QGIib2-4G37PN5VdifIAqKrTXInUr4y0Bps0yWr7NnbjQ73FE4B4men5_B6R-uwjnRhi3jneJJBSPUDXXXXaVC-uTH5_Jg6OMVQUflja6dOxStygkfwGzweE3G4nc9/w320-h138/10_lats_in_1933_reverse.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: times; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: times; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: times; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;5. Coin design: Zariņš designed many coins, including the famous 5 Lati silver coins minted between 1929 and 1932.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: times; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: times; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0b2JlYhstXmgBp3TuYhyw_BzvkH9phuJzwAzdflULG7EJwpHxS-n3cKPRqj-7qsNIne9FBlULx2tNbHu9jhk353s_PiBoFcSpqAv9AIQguBNyeeJX3D2XJTTRRva4aU_oguPoMKvT-83jV7TdidiDMVngW-A5hobiLTzgRG9aJ5sDKuVdqG86OzDYShOP/s816/800px-Old_five_lats_reverse.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; display: inline !important; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;816&quot; data-original-width=&quot;800&quot; height=&quot;320&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0b2JlYhstXmgBp3TuYhyw_BzvkH9phuJzwAzdflULG7EJwpHxS-n3cKPRqj-7qsNIne9FBlULx2tNbHu9jhk353s_PiBoFcSpqAv9AIQguBNyeeJX3D2XJTTRRva4aU_oguPoMKvT-83jV7TdidiDMVngW-A5hobiLTzgRG9aJ5sDKuVdqG86OzDYShOP/s320/800px-Old_five_lats_reverse.jpg&quot; width=&quot;314&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0b2JlYhstXmgBp3TuYhyw_BzvkH9phuJzwAzdflULG7EJwpHxS-n3cKPRqj-7qsNIne9FBlULx2tNbHu9jhk353s_PiBoFcSpqAv9AIQguBNyeeJX3D2XJTTRRva4aU_oguPoMKvT-83jV7TdidiDMVngW-A5hobiLTzgRG9aJ5sDKuVdqG86OzDYShOP/s816/800px-Old_five_lats_reverse.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: times; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: times; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnrwDsCEbjk3OZuNiEAs2jVxtBbp2uJIVgGXn0ermmPIMW1YMbxHSeqmXzx7Ug8oMHxuPAuzXp_y2noceS8-LB2zqIu9O1I3kdNBhcYJ5lCvmHoen11pdbkR2_FTrUA8ZgtszVtP0EbMnT90psbcfiyIVfHLeniIyb41twEOrJOY5rl3hRCYErBNEKClcg/s764/5santimi_1922latvia.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;399&quot; data-original-width=&quot;764&quot; height=&quot;104&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnrwDsCEbjk3OZuNiEAs2jVxtBbp2uJIVgGXn0ermmPIMW1YMbxHSeqmXzx7Ug8oMHxuPAuzXp_y2noceS8-LB2zqIu9O1I3kdNBhcYJ5lCvmHoen11pdbkR2_FTrUA8ZgtszVtP0EbMnT90psbcfiyIVfHLeniIyb41twEOrJOY5rl3hRCYErBNEKClcg/w200-h104/5santimi_1922latvia.jpg&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGtVwei1HbIxzBSURcKeXMvAvllWES_cMd6-zHxO5ETMROO0wt75kyn50PkhpWEa1FLFmsSkUnTUmsGx48voXbkpga9z99s1EZR1OIlj7Zv9eXsdY2nlJD78ywIFf75JRJI81-OHJrZa4MGPQFgA4aXnzQawiH88ydE57lO5-qHQZr1TnN1dExjibiLofD/s800/800px-Old_5_lats_obverse.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;797&quot; data-original-width=&quot;800&quot; height=&quot;319&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGtVwei1HbIxzBSURcKeXMvAvllWES_cMd6-zHxO5ETMROO0wt75kyn50PkhpWEa1FLFmsSkUnTUmsGx48voXbkpga9z99s1EZR1OIlj7Zv9eXsdY2nlJD78ywIFf75JRJI81-OHJrZa4MGPQFgA4aXnzQawiH88ydE57lO5-qHQZr1TnN1dExjibiLofD/s320/800px-Old_5_lats_obverse.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: times; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: times; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: times; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: times; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: times; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: times; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: times; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: times; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: times; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: times; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: times; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: times; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: times; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: times; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: times; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;6. Research
on folk culture: He was interested in Latvian culture and conducted research on
folk beliefs, legends, and art, which was reflected in his works.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: times; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: times; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-eh4afYGadUXejQbp2VLoef7lTU8H0zIDRrOKcPNzKBGzRsYwJWLRkD1ZJuIpC8QBo8TZjExyZ8cH0mtCnhfKehQI06viixZM7UK55YbjdzmMnHxRH5svg3hr6jM-fJshndMiH_VVI3fzGMDYVSCI8w0SLp0c_-d9o3pBn3ZM2FM7WFK64JpaHx6JaLzo/s800/Rihards_Zari%C5%86%C5%A1,_&#39;Dievs_dod_t%C4%81dem_mul%C4%B7isem_augt_uz_visem_cinisem&#39;,_1920.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;800&quot; data-original-width=&quot;527&quot; height=&quot;320&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-eh4afYGadUXejQbp2VLoef7lTU8H0zIDRrOKcPNzKBGzRsYwJWLRkD1ZJuIpC8QBo8TZjExyZ8cH0mtCnhfKehQI06viixZM7UK55YbjdzmMnHxRH5svg3hr6jM-fJshndMiH_VVI3fzGMDYVSCI8w0SLp0c_-d9o3pBn3ZM2FM7WFK64JpaHx6JaLzo/s320/Rihards_Zari%C5%86%C5%A1,_&#39;Dievs_dod_t%C4%81dem_mul%C4%B7isem_augt_uz_visem_cinisem&#39;,_1920.jpg&quot; width=&quot;211&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: times; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgCYzE0pAqluA5QN2V1naNLA5jSPhyZxaMdrf-tGewFQPBlTpo6AqNXgbLmTb5S2FZ_0T7vxQksg9et4Q5oL4OAhSY1iw6e47MvLL-IWDnjF5RUKDFSlXyAW-AjAIUaH8wWGXRdyi5PqW0brrn_ctOcPADQjEixbO6z9uaaBj6ipe1_BDb0xwyH5qXNM2S/s1223/Russian_poster_WWI_049.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;1223&quot; data-original-width=&quot;800&quot; height=&quot;320&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgCYzE0pAqluA5QN2V1naNLA5jSPhyZxaMdrf-tGewFQPBlTpo6AqNXgbLmTb5S2FZ_0T7vxQksg9et4Q5oL4OAhSY1iw6e47MvLL-IWDnjF5RUKDFSlXyAW-AjAIUaH8wWGXRdyi5PqW0brrn_ctOcPADQjEixbO6z9uaaBj6ipe1_BDb0xwyH5qXNM2S/s320/Russian_poster_WWI_049.jpg&quot; width=&quot;209&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;7. Posters:
He designed promotional, political, and artistic posters that reflected his
interests and socio-political beliefs.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgygVS8bP8uYVWAT1ppxE2DwHke_fGwlyj03sfQnUb1UToZY-OUVSI-4ZJdF4b7VLgPgwq1GvQKm9pqAuMSwTSp2rzE2eF1tMGNwCcs6JXfaLysxL9n05dUrW2gqaBPrANnfCNGu26QcjQBbnfstTo5_Apibekpsv7BiYzCMa3f0sEUaMXJTG6H_X3j6DaA/s800/800px-Zelma_Brauere_by_Rihards_Zari%C5%86%C5%A1,_1929-11-19.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;800&quot; data-original-width=&quot;800&quot; height=&quot;320&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgygVS8bP8uYVWAT1ppxE2DwHke_fGwlyj03sfQnUb1UToZY-OUVSI-4ZJdF4b7VLgPgwq1GvQKm9pqAuMSwTSp2rzE2eF1tMGNwCcs6JXfaLysxL9n05dUrW2gqaBPrANnfCNGu26QcjQBbnfstTo5_Apibekpsv7BiYzCMa3f0sEUaMXJTG6H_X3j6DaA/s320/800px-Zelma_Brauere_by_Rihards_Zari%C5%86%C5%A1,_1929-11-19.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: times; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: times; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;8. Other
works: His works also included book illustrations, portraits, and even designs
for seals.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: times; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: times; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLeUQPTgQ0Sd2kDyltsZkGaJf0Lyoa87rOKiulWzZSEbmUiZxaJUzOfSsE0lRpODQrjWGTnMF7HwFZo9LRIApVnd05CgcZqud3k2fgWLctDany_aJCqUBZKYN2uGIU5dc7C_0kRUlDo9OHhuDIRhdJz8MQ31hcH8_5pvSJv1BIlym1AmPNufkpyo-BMGls/s451/Rihards_Zari%C5%86%C5%A1_2019_stamp_of_Latvia%20(1).jpg&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;451&quot; data-original-width=&quot;362&quot; height=&quot;320&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLeUQPTgQ0Sd2kDyltsZkGaJf0Lyoa87rOKiulWzZSEbmUiZxaJUzOfSsE0lRpODQrjWGTnMF7HwFZo9LRIApVnd05CgcZqud3k2fgWLctDany_aJCqUBZKYN2uGIU5dc7C_0kRUlDo9OHhuDIRhdJz8MQ31hcH8_5pvSJv1BIlym1AmPNufkpyo-BMGls/s320/Rihards_Zari%C5%86%C5%A1_2019_stamp_of_Latvia%20(1).jpg&quot; width=&quot;257&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: times; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: times; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;Zariņš was
not only a talented artist but also one of the key figures in Latvian culture
and art, whose work played a significant role in shaping the national identity
and cultural heritage of Latvia.&amp;nbsp;In 2019, he was honored by the Latvian Post with a commemorative postage stamp.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: times; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: times; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;The article is subject to copyright - use requires the author and the
source of the article. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;Artykuł
podlega prawom autorskim - korzystanie wymaga podania autora i źródła artykułu.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;mso-element: footnote-list;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: times; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot; /&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;hr align=&quot;left&quot; size=&quot;1&quot; width=&quot;33%&quot; /&gt;

&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn1&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: times; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///F:/Maxf/Moje%20blogowanie/Artyku%C5%82y%20filat/Muromec/zarins/Rihards%20Zari%C5%86%C5%A1.docx#_ftnref1&quot; name=&quot;_ftn1&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn1;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt; &lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;Stanisław Bułak-Bałachowicz
(10 February 1883 – 10 May 1940) was a Polish-Belarusian general and veteran of
World War I, the Russian Civil War, Estonian War of Independence, Polish-Soviet
War, and the Invasion of Poland at the start of World War II. He is remembered
as a national hero of the Belarusian opposition and of the Belarusian minority
in Poland.[wikipedia]&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn2&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: times; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///F:/Maxf/Moje%20blogowanie/Artyku%C5%82y%20filat/Muromec/zarins/Rihards%20Zari%C5%86%C5%A1.docx#_ftnref2&quot; name=&quot;_ftn2&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn2;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Marienburg
(name until 1917), now &lt;span style=&quot;background: white; color: #202122;&quot;&gt;Alūksne,
Latvia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn3&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: times; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///F:/Maxf/Moje%20blogowanie/Artyku%C5%82y%20filat/Muromec/zarins/Rihards%20Zari%C5%86%C5%A1.docx#_ftnref3&quot; name=&quot;_ftn3&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn3;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt; &lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;Schwanenburg (and Alt-Schanenburg, the name used until
1917), now Gulbene, Latvia&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn4&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: times; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///F:/Maxf/Moje%20blogowanie/Artyku%C5%82y%20filat/Muromec/zarins/Rihards%20Zari%C5%86%C5%A1.docx#_ftnref4&quot; name=&quot;_ftn4&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn4;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt; After &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://philaforum.com/&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;https://philaforum.com/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;, user &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://philaforum.com/user/332-lacplesis/&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Lacplesis&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt; &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: times; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: times; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: times; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://arbitrage-international.blogspot.com/feeds/4851849639200746401/comments/default' title='Komentarze do posta'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://arbitrage-international.blogspot.com/2024/06/rihards-zarins-latvian-graphic-artist.html#comment-form' title='Komentarze (0)'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5272638736307182735/posts/default/4851849639200746401'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5272638736307182735/posts/default/4851849639200746401'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://arbitrage-international.blogspot.com/2024/06/rihards-zarins-latvian-graphic-artist.html' title='Rihards Zariņš - a Latvian graphic artist'/><author><name>andreypl</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02921254140941802355</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='22' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgDcRY31HcnmAC-cbOB-_AF1DG4M51XEuq5CJBOuE2F7cXhzQvft0h8pSq_8YeSycI31J5nE6WixquAGFFlmL7qhSRLku1qQGETMKy6FmYkZNVMhsLxqRVnNty8LtWBUw/s220/ja.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgz5MQiqeVtZiiyTYNipk-V12Wqmm334ewMDNb3kZibOcuCk_hdYsLmNU8xSn8O3XKI3-LgqoGce7SF5ctQcP5Q5uyRWY50USQONQgHU-JUc0bptN-B9ItudxTA4WJ4c2b6d702s4VPWx5i_d_0nffPBITeZgnQwWE9jo3HBVp0HtSm0K8gZ3GJxwB7uUDK/s72-c/1920_Belarusian_Peoples_Republic_Bulak-Balachowicz_Brigade_PERF_1r.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry></feed>