Architectural Research and Practice-建築研究與實踐

The application of current digital modeling technology in related fields of architecture and design creation (links to various software tool platform resources/continuously updated until 2023.1.10) by Anqi Yang

noreply@blogger.com (Atticus (Anqi Yang)) — Wed, 10 Nov 2021 06:17:00 +0000

Note: The appendix is in the end of this article which includes a large number of links to third-party resources/free or paid design software and application platforms, the tools/software can be referred or used according to specific situations.

About Digital Modeling

technical background

Since CAD technology entered the architectural design industry in the last few years of the last century, digital modeling has almost always dominated or influenced the development of this industry and its related industries. It is not only widely used in the architectural design industry, but also in other related industries. It has great potential and commercial value. Over the past two decades, the human lifestyle has undergone several profound changes, and the use of digital and intelligent equipment has long been a part of people's life and work development. In the field of architecture, the significance of digital modeling has also gone far beyond the modeling category that was only used as a tool in a certain stage of architectural design. Now it has been deeply infiltrated by many other related new technologies. Its significance and value It also profoundly affects architectural design and related industries. From the original two-dimensional drawing and simple 3D modeling to the current parametric modeling, digital sculpting, physical performance simulation, virtual construction, real-time dynamic rendering, VR/AR technology and enhancement technology, voxel modeling and rendering technology , Based on game architecture engine modeling technology, artificial intelligence, machine learning in architectural/interior/product/landscape design and urban planning various visualization parameter simulation applications (architectural generation, generative design, style migration, GAN, AI Generated Art , planning review), etc. Many new technologies have developed explosively in recent years, which has brought great challenges to designers and related practitioners. For example, AI technology, which has made major breakthroughs in recent years, has completely shocked the artistic creation of planes, products, illustrations, clothing, etc. industry, and even spread to interior design and interaction design. At the same time, the real-time interaction technology of the game engine, such as the rendering technology based on Unreal 5, has basically subverted the traditional rendering industry and the old design process. Game VR interaction scene. For another example, parametric design technology has further changed the original design process and methods, and has already begun to be applied to the preliminary design of a simple small store (see the AutoDesk generative design case below). Digital modeling and design simulation, scheme generation technology iterations are accelerating, and some aspects are accelerating rapidly, which is the main feature of the current digital modeling technology ecosystem based on the design and creation industry.

definition

It is true that the industries that support the development and operation of these new technologies go far beyond the architectural design industry itself, and are the result of the participation of countless scientific and technical talents, business leaders, experts in various industries, scholars, entrepreneurs, venture capitalists, etc. within organizations such as the global computer/smartphone and other mobile device manufacturers, the computer/Internet graphics industry, the Internet technology industry/advertising industry, the VR/AR wearable device industry, the industrial design industry, the game industry, the movie industry, various national policy-making and administrative bodies, and other organizations. The result is the joint participation of numerous scientific and technical talents, business leaders, experts, scholars, entrepreneurs, venture capitalists, etc. within organizations such as computer/Internet graphics industry, Internet technology industry/advertising industry, VR/AR wearable device industry, industrial design industry, game industry, film industry, various national decision-making administrative agencies, top academic institutions, and huge architectural planning companies. On the one hand, many architectural design entities are still stuck in the traditional design method, and their understanding of digital modeling remains in a narrow scope, only using digital modeling technology to do some 3D modeling and rendering display work, but not really using digital modeling technology throughout the whole process of planning, design, construction and operation. It should be pointed out that digital modeling in the architectural design industry is usually defaulted to the visualization and simulation of architectural models, but the concept of digital modeling itself is not preset to be visualized. Each industry has its own digital modeling technology, for example, the modeling in the built environment engineering is usually done by filling in the form of simulation calculations, and finally the desired model (to derive the indexes and parameters of each component of the building) is derived through continuous adjustment. The following section describes the specific aspects of digital modeling in the architectural design industry and related industries.

Specific applications of digital modeling in architectural design and construction-related works

Simulation of Building Physical Performance and Its Economic Benefits / Key words: building performance simulation / building economic benefits / building energy consumption simulation / sunlight analysis / lighting design

Architectural digital modeling is essentially a digital simulation of architectural objects. Building physical performance can be estimated, predicted, simulated, and data visualized through various abstract or specific modeling and analysis methods. 3D demonstrations can be as small as the thermal performance of a building skylight and roof envelope, or the comfort evaluation of a living room, as large as the aerodynamic thermal performance of a residential neighborhood or a central business district. Specific objects to be simulated include, but are not limited to, the thermal performance of a single building structure, wall-to-window ratio analysis, sunlight angle change, roof solar energy index, light intensity, dry and wet temperature of the project location, air fluid analysis between buildings, and overall lighting Radiation analysis, HAVC indoor environment simulation analysis, etc. Although there will be some differences between the simulation process and the actual project, the purpose of the simulation process is to ensure that the environment and physical performance of the proposed project are reliable and controllable, and provide developers, investors, owners, designers, builders, and creditors, relevant administrative departments and third-party professional certification organizations a common and feasible dynamic building simulation index platform. Whether the building is an existing project, especially a building project that has been used for many years and needs to be renovated, or a proposed project, it is extremely meaningful to use digital modeling simulation combined with cloud computing big data and even VR/AR technology for analysis and projects evaluation.

Samples: Take the detached residential buildings in the United States as an example. Several years ago, the U.S. Department of Energy, the University of California, Berkeley, the U.S. Department of the Environment and other national departments have jointly developed an online detached residential energy performance economic benefit evaluation system (Home Energy Saver) [2], through extremely detailed Input the basic parameters of the building, and guide the owner step by step on how to carry out the transformation of the envelope structure, such as the replacement of the outer wall insulation layer, how to optimally configure the indoor appliances to achieve the most economical energy consumption, and how to carry out comprehensive management and operation based on the day, month, quarter, and year A guide to the building and other systems. The basic control parameters can be the general plan and size of the existing or proposed detached houses, the surrounding conditions of the neighborhood, the size of each section of the outer wall, the wall material, thickness, the type of insulation layer material (for different building structures), construction Year, floor/roof materials, thermal insulation coefficient of doors and windows, proposed indoor cooling/heating plan, parameters of cooling and heating equipment, parameters of water heaters and related indoor appliances, parameters of lighting fixtures, etc. Any homeowner or potential investor can use this online assessment system to conduct a lifetime energy economics analysis of a detached residential property. Of course, it is also necessary to combine the local city/county/state and federal government's relevant preferential policies/deduction and tax exemption policies, as well as the parameters provided by energy-saving product suppliers/manufacturers to conduct a comprehensive assessment. For example, according to the personal tax laws of the US Internal Revenue Service, the following situations may qualify for Non-Business Residential Energy Credits, including but not limited to qualified solar/wind/geothermal/battery/energy-saving sector certifications Doors and windows/external wall insulation materials/other enclosure structures:
Qualified solar electric property costs / Qualified solar water heating property costs / Qualified small wind energy property costs / Qualified geothermal heat pump property costs / Qualified biomass fuel property costs / Qualified fuel cell property costs / Subsidized energy financing / Qualified energy efficiency improvements.[3]
Environmental simulation software is required in the architectural design process or the evaluation process of existing buildings, such as the commonly used 3D visualization simulation software and platform BIM360 for physical performance of buildings, Autodesk’s own online green building energy consumption simulation platform Green Building Studio, or based on trimble A series of environmental simulation plug-ins for sketchup, such as energyplus recommended by the U.S. Department of Energy and the well-known energy consumption simulation plug-in openstudio, as well as passive house design software designPH[4], and 6 free lighting simulation software based on Windows, MIT sustainable Design Lab’s architectural environment simulation tools (free) and The MIT Design Advisor, also developed by MIT, are a series of digital design tools or platforms for simulating the internal and external environments of various buildings. For example, The MIT Design Advisor, an online evaluation system, is actually a set of smart forms. The modeling idea is similar to that of Home Energy Saver but extremely simplified. It can only analyze a single indoor room in a building. By inputting climate, equipment/number of people, HVAC Generate energy consumption reports for system categories, enclosure structure insulation layer categories, building perimeter dimensions, door and window parameters, etc. In addition, there are a series of targeted professional lighting design free software such as Relux, DIALux, VELUX and other professional analysis systems developed by European countries, such as VELUX can quickly generate sunlight plane/section/perspective photo rendering and sunlight illuminance/brightness Analyze diagrams and reports, and can automatically combine each parameter of the corresponding lighting standards of European countries to judge whether the design meets the standards.

The beneficiaries of this kind of software are not only architectural design professionals and related technical personnel, but house owners can also learn related concepts and knowledge and use this kind of software to simulate and model their own houses, so as to better understand their living conditions. environment and know how to improve and maintain it. Just like many car enthusiasts and professionals know the performance of their cars very well, property owners, especially those who are keen on real estate sales, should also know the performance of their properties better than others. I wrote before An article on a comprehensive performance assessment method for existing detached real estate properties.

Reverse Engineering / Keywords: market analysis/case analysis

Through 3D scanning of the building's outdoor volume or building's interior space, it is restored to a common 3D model format for research, disassembly and redesign. Carry out 3D modeling through the existing drawings that need to be referred to, and then detail scrutiny, and if necessary, 3D printing of components, so as to analyze the real object to find the problem. The same components, the same appearance, or even two buildings with the same appearance may have completely different exterior wall structures, structures, interior component details, materials, and internal facilities such as kitchens and bathrooms.

For example, the details of project A are very sophisticated, the materials and craftsmanship are very high-quality, and the decorative components of every detail are not ignored, while the appearance of project B looks the same as A, but the details lack rigorous design, lack of necessary interior components and details, all The built-in furniture integrated kitchen and bathroom are made of stock materials and stock design drawings, and the walls are poor in sound insulation, moisture resistance and heat insulation. This kind of work is to analyze those projects that seem to be of the same type, but why the design quality, materials, detail components, and degree of customization are very different between the two. The detached residential buildings developed and constructed by many developers and builders are often directly constructed with stock plans (Stock Plan) [5], or directly redesigned with some popular well-known architectural drawings, but often The lack of systematic detail design is far from meeting the customized design standards, resulting in rough construction of this type of building, details that cannot withstand scrutiny, and poor materials. The physical performance of the building envelope may only meet the basic standard requirements , or even worse. This kind of problem is more acute in the self-built houses in the suburbs or outer suburbs of those cities in China. This kind of problem is not so difficult to solve. In fact, through reverse engineering modeling, research on those mature architectural projects or products, section analysis of components, combined with those original high-standard drawings (especially architectural detail drawings), redesign the entire Architectural projects to create physical works.

Digital modeling based on 3D printing/CAD/CAM/intelligent construction / Key words: intelligent construction technology/integration of design and construction/digital programming

The integration of design and manufacturing has always been a main direction of the construction industry's continuous upgrading, and many technologies have already matured in the market. However, taking 3D printing as an example, although there are only a handful of actual construction projects that can achieve 3D printing in the construction industry, it does not mean that 3D printing technology is difficult to be widely used in the actual construction process, so it is only a matter of time. At least, in the current situation, 3D printing can be widely used in the manufacture of architectural components and architectural scale models as a reference medium for design evaluation. When it comes to CAD/CAM, that is, using professional CNC machine tools and corresponding integrated design and manufacturing software, many building components can be processed by CNC, especially special-shaped building components, exterior wall covering materials, and special-shaped structures can be processed by machine tools . A considerable number of designers and design companies have adopted this technology to design and manufacture indoor and outdoor hanging walls, interior partition walls and ceilings, which are widely welcomed by the market. Similarly, in industries such as interior furniture design and manufacturing, which have been highly standardized and modularized, CAD/CAM kitchen cabinet design and manufacturing platforms such as 2020SPACE can also be used to process various customized cabinet panels with the help of professional complete sets of machine tools. For flow production and processing. Smart construction is a relatively new concept, but it has been around for a while. In short, intelligent construction technology is to use various programmable machines such as robots/mechanical arms/drones that can be used for engineering to construct buildings, such as installing several large robotic arms on tracks through predetermined programs They can carry out construction projects on designated bases, so a large-scale 3D printing equipment is assembled, and the raw materials conveyed and extruded or grabbed by the robotic arm can be bricks, special polymer fiber materials, concrete, etc. Relying on highly customized parametric digital modeling and continuously upgraded programming development procedures, combined with advanced construction equipment and Internet of Things systems, intelligent integrated design and manufacturing technology will further improve the level of high-quality customized design and high-efficiency and high-quality In terms of construction mode, it challenges the traditional building construction and engineering methods.

3D rendering simulation and real-time interaction / Keywords: commercial rendering/rendering platform/real-time rendering/VR/AR interaction/ray tracing/cloud rendering

3D rendering is the core value of digital modeling in the architectural design industry. Almost all architectural/interior/landscape design companies and individuals are using 3D rendering simulation technology. In addition, this technology has also been adopted to a certain extent. Builder/contractor applications in terms of customized architectural design platforms. Rendering simulation work often runs through the entire architectural preliminary design process and the entire process of interior design. Professional rendering engines such as VRAY/C4D/OCTANE/ENSCAPE, Lumion, the most popular rendering software for architectural exteriors, and VR/AR development platforms include UNITY, Epic Game's Unreal 5[6], and Twinmotion. These software combine parametric plug-ins, powerful professional building/furniture/component/landscape model libraries on the network platform and PBR material syntax, as well as the global GIS 3D map system, to quickly simulate almost any complex construction results.

For example, a living room with an open kitchen can be quickly simulated and dynamically rendered in real time based on the customer's requirements, including various customized furniture equipment, PBR materials and a lighting system based on actual lamps and their parameters. Today's 3D rendering simulation can be done through game or movie production software, or 3D modeling and rendering simulation can be performed on a third-party professional network platform. Some designers have started modeling and rendering simulations on some game platforms.
For another example, in the game "Minecraft", ray tracing rendering technology (Ray Tracing) is set to achieve realistic dynamic real-time photo-level rendering [7]. Using the game "My World" to achieve voxel modeling and rendering is completely different from other types of modeling and rendering. Traditional architectural 3D rendering simulation results are often presented in the form of pictures and animations. Such output is inefficient, and the viewing angle is single and fixed. For example, the camera position must be set for static rendering, and the route for animation rendering has been set. Customers and other third parties provide the medium of interaction. The current and future architectural 3D rendering simulation technology is based on the VR platform technology and realizes gamification, that is, users can "enter" the world where the architectural project is located as a player with a wearable device to achieve free experience in any direction, and can simultaneously Other players participate in the design and construction process of the building, and at the same time can simulate life and work in this parallel world, which is also one of the core goals of the "Metaverse" mentioned above.
Here it is necessary to focus on UE5 under Epic Game and MetaHuman Creator, an online creation platform for digital human beings. The reason for mentioning these two platforms is that the combination of the two platforms can create virtual human beings. The object is to model and interact with human beings. Most digital modeling in the design industry is aimed at objects, not people. And people are the terminal of design, and experience is the terminal. Some games have been doing this for many years. For example, the SIM game series, the main body is people, and buildings and communities are just the scenes where stories happen. Talent is the protagonist. The space of the built environment, together with the factor of time, allows events to happen, creating a virtual parallel world with a time axis. Players use virtual characters to "build a family, build a house, have children, work and play and make friends" together with other virtual characters played by real people. Combining the two, digital modeling can be applied to the following scenarios:

Create Image Storyboards
Quick Creation of Movie/Animation Characters
Virtual anchor/virtual idol creation (real-time motion capture or pre-recording)
Quick generation of game main characters/quick generation of game background characters
Create virtual characters or avatars for VR/AR scene interaction, and participate in real-time interactive scenes (virtual meetings, telecommuting, virtual gatherings, virtual shopping, virtual online games, virtual weddings, virtual online social networking, VR virtual offline games, virtual house viewing, virtual building/indoor and entertainment space experience, etc.)
Demonstration of virtual plastic surgery and beauty makeup process (MetaHuman Creator beauty makeup function)
Integrate the latest AI technology into virtual and visualized virtual humans to create commercially meaningful, customized and visualized virtual intelligent humans (I believe it will be popularized soon)

Restoration of Architectural Research/Urban Settlement Simulation / Key words: planning research/architectural protection and renovation/digital architectural archivist, creating a commercially meaningful and visualized virtual intelligent person (I believe it will be popularized soon)

Background studies can be widely applied to existing architectural projects, but are not limited to existing buildings and historic buildings, and can also be applied to those buildings that exist only in blueprints and have never been built. For example, the process of 3D modeling and restoration of a destroyed historical building requires the collection of a large number of relevant documents and archives for modeling analysis, and even the post-modeling based on on-site exploration of 3D scanning ruins.

3D scanning of historical buildings to better study the buildings, or as a reference for future reconstruction/repair, or to establish 3D digital online museums of famous historical buildings, such as the 3D scanning VR dynamic display of the interior space of the Paris Opera House , using the Photogrammetry technique. The well-known British architectural illustrator Simon Edward used 3DCGI modeling technology to restore the IRT Powerhouse, a dedicated power station in Manhattan, New York, which was built a hundred years ago to supply power for the New York City subway, in 3D. The restoration method is based on historical archive photos and construction drawings. In addition, His team used the same open style to restore London Bridge in the seventeenth century in London, England. Furthermore, for those buildings that have been rebuilt many times, the original appearance restoration modeling can be carried out, especially the various colors, patterns, materials, original interior space layouts and decorations of those historical buildings can be simulated and restored.

The empirical building/settlement simulation can be deduced in any settlement/town of a certain scale in the world. This technology can be widely used in building site selection, project evaluation, urban planning and design, land resource management, urban research, etc. For existing building projects such as those neighborhoods in a certain city, field and GIS surveys, satellite images, open map resources, data collection, literature search, analysis and classification of relevant local building types (including floor plans), and existing photos can be used. and other reliable data to draw charts and 3D modeling, combined with relevant parameter data and reference information such as the population, ethnicity, social and cultural background, customs, building utilization rate, green coverage rate, Building volume ratio, residential land ratio, regional network, traffic network form (road grid), sunshine, natural environment data model, after systematic sorting and data modeling, the possible economic indicators of various buildings in the neighborhood can be deduced backwards, Important parameters such as the number of households, per capita area, green area, floor area ratio, total building volume (Cube Meter), derived building/residential floor plan, etc.

For example, take downtown Los Angeles as an example. Like most other American cities, the downtown area of Los Angeles is composed of high-rise/super-high-rise large-scale business office buildings, surrounded by high-rise and multi-storey medium-to-large-scale residential hotel apartments and commercial buildings, surrounded by a large area of small-scale low-rise buildings Commercial single-storey or multi-storey buildings are surrounded by private residential communities. The volume of all building blocks can be extracted only through satellite imagery/Google Earth and GIS open system (of course, it needs to be corrected in combination with the general height of the building). Combined with on-site investigation and related data, it is easy to get the theoretical number of users/businesses that can be accommodated by each building type of these different types of blocks, combined with the current tax data, income distribution, and ethnic distribution of various local districts in downtown Los Angeles And the real estate market and other relevant information can understand the actual population living and usage conditions in each area of the city. Comparing the relationship and gap between the two, we can see at a glance the problems of population loss that have existed in this city for a long time.

Advertising and Media / Keywords: streaming media / interaction design / storytelling / architectural project promotion

Not only traditional static 2D advertisements, but also static 3D, 3D animation, and interactive 3D namely VR/AR advertisements. In the above cases, the value of 3D rendering simulation in the design industry has been explained. If we look at the market of this technology beyond the design industry as a whole, we can understand that the huge industry of advertising media promotion system has long-term growth in architectural rendering simulation technology. demand. Combining rendering, animation, VR and even interactive results, as well as traditional 2D diagrams, architectural plans, axonometric drawings, and necessary dynamic interaction effects, guide the Storytelling of architectural projects step by step.

Sketchfab is currently an influential online VR/AR dynamic display platform on the Internet. It uses PBR textures or baked textures to achieve real-time rendering. Customers can enter this virtual world to feel the architectural space very intuitively. For example, the platform shows the author's recent A completed residential building transformation hotel project located in a tourist attraction, you can set up VR to enter every important place of this long-term rental residence, and understand the design significance of every part of the building through the accompanying text description.

Although all parties involved in the planning and design of an architectural project often have a high and professional level of expression and communication, once the project is completed and delivered, almost no one will mention the story behind its design and construction. Unless the project is from the hands of a certain master, or is a key historical landmark, or has other important social or cultural influences, it is possible to be published in a book, or by any local news media It was reported, or some niche professional magazine forums or salons reported on this grand event. However, many well-known developers and builders are very familiar with their own project promotion, such as building a website for a certain project, compiling brochures, and even publishing books to tell stories.

For example, every small project of Walt Disney and Universal Studios has unique and fascinating original fairy tales, movies, novels, and related works as a large number of background foreshadowing. Those Hogwarts castles built in Universal Studios are all in the Harry Potter stories and movies. Tourists have implanted the impression of the building in movies or literary works in advance, and finally come here in person to actually Experience has greatly stimulated people's curiosity and desire to explore the world that does not exist in reality. One of the magic things about people is that they like to compare the virtual image and the actual image of the same thing, and they are often very curious about this comparison, which can partially explain all visual art or related works such as many paintings, movies, and animations. , soap operas, photography, dance, opera, fashion shows, reality shows, etc. can attract people's attention for a long time.

The theme park theme hotel resorts built are the by-products of the film entertainment of Disney and Universal Pictures, and complement the mainstream film and television entertainment and media of these two companies; as ordinary public construction projects, they often lack the other half of this complement, namely That by-product cannot form a situation where the two interact. The building recognized by the owners and users is only a physical constructed structure, and there is no virtual interactive image of the building, and even some of the most basic information and history of the building are hidden consciously or unconsciously.

I recently participated in the design and reconstruction of a historical residence in San Francisco (county). Since the urban planning department does not have the building to determine whether it is a historical protection project, the author needs to personally apply for the HRA evaluation form (HISTORIC RESOURCE ASSESSMENT) to the city (county) planning department, waiting for their assessment, and then start the next step of building renovation design and construction. The application process needs to collect a lot of relevant historical materials of the building - nearly a hundred years of homestead files, title change files, construction drawings/designer materials, etc. Most of these materials are scattered in several government departments in the city (county) of San Francisco in the form of original files, and it is still a bit troublesome to find them. In fact, if it is put into the present, each newly built building should have a corresponding virtual 3D model and related digital files, which is very convenient for the demand side to call and use at any time according to its special password, and can even be redesigned and redesigned. Build seamlessly.

In fact, as a general requirement, the construction investment leader of the building can still tell the society according to the story behind its building project, construction motivation, design concept, human settlement thought, social practice, or just tell the story of the building in its The dynamic demonstration of virtual modeling on the official website aroused great curiosity and interest from the outside world and potential investment partners. As Internet terminals, especially mobile Internet users account for the vast majority of Internet users, how to effectively promote to such mobile Internet users is a very important issue in the design and delivery of digital media advertisements.

AI/Machine Learning/Generative Design Digital Modeling / Key words: intelligent design of buildings, A.I. Generated Art, artificial intelligence, generative design

This is a brand-new field, which is developing rapidly and widely used in architectural design and related industries.

For example, SAAS Xiaoku Technology, which focuses on the development and evaluation of real estate projects, is based on the AI-BIM-CLOUD linkage. It only needs to import the CAD drawings of the site, and the intelligent platform can use the cloud database, especially the linkage with local construction planning regulations, to complete the base evaluation online. Intelligent design planning and drawing review intelligence. By inputting the basic architectural parameters of the project to be built, such as volume ratio, sunshine time, green coverage and other basic constraints, the system can generate several design schemes, and can also generate 3D modeling in real time to approve buildings according to local construction conditions. The specification automatically generates multiple sets of residential planning models/general plans, and can be evaluated and edited based on the generated models for synchronous real-time lighting and other strong conditions.
AUTODESK has also developed its own intelligent design platform, which is called architectural derivative design. By inputting relevant building construction control parameters, it can quickly generate a large number of design schemes that meet the requirements of the initial parameters for evaluation by designers/investors. The official website of the system introduces the overall workflow as follows: 1. Generating schemes based on parameters; 2. Analysis; 3. Evaluation/scoring; 4. Evolution. The designer indicates the evolution direction of project schemes for the system, and the system generates new schemes again. ; 5. Explore the new scheme and compare it with the old scheme; 6. Select the final scheme and integrate it into the design [8]. The department can be applied to areas such as commercial storefront interior design/optimum economical furniture arrangement, and architectural planning such as residential real estate development/economical budget work.
Of course, there are also some platforms that use the RHINO building intelligence generation system developed by the GRASSHOPPER plug-in, and have related settings such as structure/architecture/interior design inside. According to the settings and input parameters, specific types of architectural drawings/3D models can be dynamically generated. For example, some plug-ins are specially designed to generate residential buildings, and some plug-ins can quickly and dynamically generate 3D stadiums.
In interior design, generative design is also applied. The designer parametrically models many needs of customers, and obtains a series of results for evaluation. For example, basic design elements such as the size, spacing, location, shape, and unit price of a commercial building’s interior space display cabinet, the ratio of the storage room to the sales space, the location of the cashier, and the length/time of the customer flow line, etc., set values one by one (parametric / digitization), then modeling (establishing a mathematical decision-making model), and then integrating each independent data into an organic whole, making dynamic adjustments, obtaining a series of results (in the form of parameters), and then scoring, and repeating this process until Get satisfactory results. [9]

In addition to the above-mentioned several categories of intelligent building design methods that can be operated and used in practice, the following introduces some design methods that apply machine learning technology. At present, the School of Architecture and the School of Computer Science in many colleges and universities are jointly researching and developing the application of machine learning in architectural design, such as using the method of style transfer for style intervention design.

Architectural Intelligence, founded by several Chinese scholars, displayed their latest research results. For example, a former Penn University architecture student named Hang Zhang published an article called "3D Architectural Form Style Transfer through Machine Learning", trying to let the machine learn/train the building of Notre Dame de Paris (Gothic style) After the section and overall appearance, they were transferred to the Sydney Opera House and the Spanish Guggenheim Museum in 3D respectively. Based on GAN (Generative Adversarial Network) generation confrontation network technology, the migration of 3D architectural style at the macro and micro levels is realized by training the machine on two types of 2D data (section fragments and architectural appearance). For example, the Graduate School of Architecture at the Vienna University of Applied Arts allows students to train machines to learn residential architectural design languages such as Corbusier and Wright, and then migrate to other 100 well-known modern and contemporary detached residential projects to generate new architectural forms in batches.
Artificial intelligence generation art technology has made significant progress in 2022, the most well-known such as Midjourney, OpenAI's DALL-E-2, and StableDiffusion. Combining OpenAI's latest artificial intelligence system ChatGPT and artificial intelligence generation art search engines such as Lexica.art, and referring to the above-mentioned specific prompt word generators and operation manuals for each type of artificial intelligence platform, such as the instructions for use of DALL-E-2, and adjusting Relevant parameters (such as StableDiffusion, which can be adjusted with a high degree of freedom) use cloud rendering technology to quickly generate results. Combining some 2D drawings or even hand-painting, and constantly feeding back to AI, such iterative adjustments, it is very easy to get the plan expected by the designer/customer in the end. At present, these artificial intelligences have mastered a huge creative language of architectural/interior/landscape design, and are very familiar with modern residential architecture and parametric architectural design, as well as stylized architectural interior space and furniture/layout design. For example, based on the facade of a detached house or the living room of a modern house (as a reference), these AI platforms can change some of the layout or elements according to the given prompts in line with expectations or even extremely creatively, such as replacing or moving Remove some furniture, or just change the position of these furniture, or replace a wall with a floor-to-ceiling door and window facing a forest and a lake. The output result styles and styles are almost infinite, and can be easily generated and combined with one or more styles/styles (including almost all styles in the history of art development, contemporary digital art styles, etc.), settings/setting (such as camera angle, focal length, aperture, lighting, clarity, rendering pixels, renderer type, strokes, post-effects, etc.), style/type (such as hand-drawn, axonometric, perspective, conceptual scheme, sketch, various renderings, concept Illustrations, photos, animations...), at the same time, you can tell OpenAI's ChatGPT specific ideas and design ideas, it can also give a lot of specific and very professional tips and settings, especially a lot of very effective Tips for professional imaging terminology.

In short, artificial intelligence/machine learning/derivative design and other related intelligent design technologies have always been a hot spot in the architectural design industry. Combining the complex computer logic structure and language architecture behind it, digital modeling for architectural design and related design creation industries Opened up a new high-tech development direction.

Professional Architectural Design Modeling / Keywords: modeling software / polygon modeling / voxel modeling

As a conventional production tool and internal communication tool in the architectural design industry and related industries, it includes various technical means such as simple conceptual models, parametric models, building information modeling BIM, and voxel modeling. The operating platforms in the current architectural design industry include AUTO CAD drawing software, BIM series software such as REVIT/ArchiCAD, structural design software, basic 3D modeling platforms such as SKETCHUP series, SAAS online interior design platform, advanced 3D modeling software such as Blender/MAYA/RHINO with GRASSHOPPER, 3D sculpting modeling software such as ZBRUSH, particle modeling and high-quality real-time rendering platforms such as "My World" MINECRAFT with RAY TRACING. Considering that too many industries, enterprises, and brands are currently working on digital modeling platforms for the construction industry, here are just a few examples. Some SAAS online interior design platforms have integrated the integrated function of parametric modeling, rendering and drawing, combined with the brand model library and various modular design models in the powerful cloud computing/storage function of the online platform, can quickly complete a A set of standard residential unit interior space design, and can enter the VR mode. Kujiale and Sanweijia are two SAAS interior design platforms that dominate the market in China. In addition, some large enterprises have also developed an exclusive SAAS online interior design platform, such as IKEA online platform design system [10], which is divided into kitchen design platform, bathroom design platform and wardrobe design platform, including all the company's various Various types of cabinets, wardrobes, hardware and other related facilities. Nowadays, the design industry has also begun to popularize the method of voxel modeling to construct architectural models.
Except for ZBRUSH, all the software platforms mentioned above apply polygonal modeling. The advantages of polygonal modeling are also very prominent, such as the designer's good sense of operation and easy control of model accuracy. However, the disadvantages of polygonal modeling are very obvious, such as these models essentially only have a hollow volume (MASS) and the cumbersome UV MAP is often used in the modeling process. In comparison, voxels in voxel modeling are three-dimensional pixels. In three-dimensional space, each block particle has a volume, and the built models are all solid models. The created model can be built or changed and dismantled at will in a game/software platform such as MINECRAFT. Of course, voxel modeling needs to rely on powerful hardware support. For example, the above-mentioned MINECRAFT ray tracing real-time rendering technology requires NVIDIA RT series or higher graphics cards and high memory support. It is undeniable that games modeled by voxels occupy a growing market in today's video game industry. The biggest factor is that it greatly mobilizes the enthusiasm of players/users and allows them to participate in the game through Internet interaction. To be part of game development. In the architectural design industry, the traditional modeling software platform will also face greater challenges due to the voxel modeling method, especially the revolution from the latter's advanced real-time rendering technology and VR/AR interactive technology, which is essentially facing Challenges to new attitudes and thinking methods. The development of technology is unstoppable, and voxel modeling technology will definitely occupy an important place in architectural design and related industries.

Reference

^Israel Institute of Technology: A doctoral dissertation on the application of building performance simulation modeling in design, detailing the dialectical relationship between building performance and design process https://grobman.net.technion.ac.il/files/2013/03 /final_phd_thesis-92008-web.pdf

^Professional decision-making tool for detached house design/construction/renovation/refurbishment/new equipment for the development of comprehensive energy consumption/return on investment in the building life cycle

^Internal Revenue Service Explanation of Energy Incentives for Non-Commercial Residential Energy Design/Retrofit/Loan Credits https://www.irs.gov/newsroom/energy-incentives-for-individuals-residential-property-updated-questions-and-answers

^designPH is a professional passive house design plugin https://passipedia.org/planning/tools

^Stock Plan of ordinary detached houses in the United States, covering almost all architectural styles/styles popular in the market, convenient for customers to choose

^10 Creative Ways to Make Money with Unreal Engine 5 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=POzfbGXnjFw&t=741s

^Diduhui: "The Changes of Tiananmen Square in 72 Years", using "My World" to model a virtual Tiananmen Square, and ray tracing to render the animation in real time https://weibo.com/tv/show/1034:4687958855581726? from=old_pc_videoshow

^This is the basic description of the derivative design operation process on the AUTODESK official website, and the specific operation method depends on the specific project

^Stamhuis designs entire stores in minutes with generative design https://www.autodesk.com/solutions/generative-design/architecture-engineering-construction/stamhuis

^In addition to the IKEA online design platform, there are many similar online interior design platforms that are also very popular with customers

Appendix / external links, platform and tools sources

AutoDesk Series (BIM/CAD/3D Modeling/Rendering)

ArchiCAD (BIM/CAD)

Unreal Engine (Renderings/Animations/Games)

Twinmotion (VR/Renderings/Animations)

Blender (3D Modeling/Renderings/Animations)

Lumion (Rendering/Animation)

D5 Render (Rendering)

V-Ray (Rendering/VR)

Enscape (Rendering/VR)

Rhino (3D Parametric Modeling/Rendering)

Chief Architect (Professional Residential BIM)

Minecraft (Open world 3D modeling/Rendering)

SketchUp (General 3D Modeling)

Coohom (SAAS Interior Design/Rendering/VR)

RoomSketcher (SAAS Interior Design)

IKEA Kitchen Planner (online)

IKEA Bathroom Planner (online)

IKEA PAX (online cabinet design)

StableDiffusion (one of the online platforms of StableDiffusion)

Dall-E-2 (OpenAI)

XKool (AI Real Estate Project planner)

Sketchfab (Online 3D Projects Gallery)

2020Spaces (BIM/CAM for kitchen cabinetry)

HomeEnergySaver (Online Energy Simulation for SFH in US)

OpenStudio (Energy Simulation Tool)

DesignPH (Passive House Design Tool)

ReluxNet (Light Planner)

Velux (Day Light Planner)

美国普通建筑外墙构造及材料介绍(持续更新)

noreply@blogger.com (Atticus (Anqi Yang)) — Mon, 24 May 2021 19:36:00 +0000

前记：基于美国的建筑产业/设计相关的标准及本人多年美国建筑/地产实践经验，本文第一部分简要的介绍最普遍的建筑外墙构造及组件材料cavity wall systems and barrier wall systems（中空墙系统和防渗墙系统）。

-两类外墙系统构造示意

TYPE I 中空墙系统外墙基本构造如下：

1 Exterior Cladding (Natural or Synthetic) 也就是覆盖层，装饰层，采用天然或人造材料

2 Drainage Plane(s) 排水面层，使用各种防水膜/建筑纸（Building paper）

3 Air Barrier System(s) 空气格断层

4 Vapor Retarder(s) 汽水缓凝措施/材料层，使用防水气膜或相关材料

5 Insulating Element(s) 隔热保温材料层

6 Structural Elements 墙体结构

图1 中空墙系统通用构造（仅作为示例，不作为比例材料参考）图片来源：美国国家建筑科学研究院www.nibs.org

TYPE II 防渗墙系统基本构造如下：

外墙承重/非承重结构，防水防潮膜，隔热保温层，汽水缓凝层，室内非承重构造墙体

图2 防渗墙系统通用构造（仅作为示例，不作为比例材料参考）图片来源：美国国家建筑科学研究院www.nibs.org

中空墙系统为双墙构造，两层墙体构造间有空气层，便于水汽的冷凝排出以及通风干燥，保护干燥的内墙保温层，延长其使用寿命。的优势包括1，有效的阻止雨水渗透，在雨水在进一步的渗透到“干燥区”之前就被外覆层吸收。2，一旦雨水进一步渗透到排水中空层时，水分会被该层的雨水收集构件吸纳，同时由于空气流动防止负压产生而避免水分进一步通过细小的孔洞组件渗透到干燥区。3，由于干湿区物理隔离，具有优秀的隔热保温性能。4，较好的隔音效果。该类墙体系统的缺点有1，对于设计、承包方技术人员要求很高2，构造复杂，节点多，由于墙体的隐蔽性，导致容易出现渗透问题而不易察觉3，一旦需要维修，需要高昂的维修费用，甚至对建筑立面有一定的破坏影响。

防渗墙系统为单墙系统，没有中空层，所有的材料压实在一起。该类系统的优势包括1，建造较简便2，造价较低。缺点包括1，由于没有中空层，无法蒸发或冷凝多余的水汽，一旦做工密闭不严，非常容易导致雨水潮气向内墙渗透，极大的降低了隔热保温材料性能。2，需要持续的维护开支。该系统可以说是一种高度干燥的系统，对于整体的工艺要求颇高，因此，一旦在设计，安装或建造工程方面的出现任何缺陷都可能导致该围护系统的各种性能失效。

-外墙构造设计需要考虑的因素（通用）

1，热工性能（Thermal performance）要考虑热传递的几类方式，传导，对流，及辐射对建筑外墙的热工性能影响，同时需要协同HAVC系统综合评估计算。

2，防潮措施，要考虑空气流动，潮湿流动两大因素。由于空气是比水蒸气流更大的水分传递机制，所以需要严控空气流动在墙体内产生，杜绝室外空气的浸润、室内空气渗出及室内外空气发生混合。潮气在墙体内形成与传递有多种机制，每一种机制需要深入分析。墙体构造设计又可被分为三个要素加以单独分析：湿区、潮气储存、干燥（wet zone, storage of moisture, drying of the enclosure）。建筑外墙构造中排水面层或防水层外侧被称为湿区，这部分墙体允许水汽/水在此范围运动（见图1）。干燥，干燥的方式有蒸发和解吸，影响干燥的因素有如下几类：构件/材料的潮湿程度，室内和室外环境温度和相对湿度，材料/构件自身的物理性质，外墙系统或组件每一层的各自蒸气渗透率，外墙系统或组件的整体蒸气渗透率，整体系统中通风空气的流量状态。分析每个项目应结合该建筑所在相应的地理区域（见美国其后分区图，能源部），气候，该建筑外墙的朝向和暴露程度综合评估。材料及组件的潮气吸储力/吸湿力（moisture storage capacity)，要尤为注意材料/组件在不同环境下随着时间变化的潮气吸湿力会产生改变甚至被破坏，比如风化、霉菌生长等。一般的将具有较高潮气吸湿力的材料/组件安装或建造在湿区。另外，还需要结合行业数据、材料供应商数据及实验数据结果，对材料组件进行逐项分析，类别包括但不限于材料的毛细管作用、扩散蒸气流、预测湿气流、对流湿气流、风雨测试等。

3，其他方面，比如防火措施，隔音措施，使用者的工作效率/无害材料的使用，材料的耐久，墙体构造易于围护等相关因素。

-常见外墙覆层材料(Exterior Cladding)（低层、独立式住宅建筑）

常见外墙覆层材料主要有：包括有木/砖/砌体/混凝土/陶瓷/石材/复合板材/金属板材/塑料等

美国私人住宅类建筑常见木制外墙覆层也可以划分为以下几大类：

-木制覆层。其中最常见最广泛使用的一类便是木制覆层。木制覆层容易替换翻新，具有较好的隔热保温功能和声学性能，同时造价及维修相对低廉，样式非常多样，也具有较好的美学品质。这种实用的外墙覆层有很多种类、等级、样式结合实际需求加以选择，通常而言，木制外墙覆层可以细分为以下几类：

木板/木板条。

木瓦，也称为木瓦，是薄而轻的锥形木片。

隔板，也称为斜面，搭接或挡风板，它们是水平安装的细长薄板，略有重叠。

吊板，与隔板类似，每个水平放置的板的顶部都安装在板顶部边缘的凹槽中。

垂直板，系列宽板垂直放置，中间有一系列窄板。

木板护墙板–简单的胶合板板用于外墙，通常用于廉价建筑物。

原木：采用原木建造，因此外部以互锁设计彼此堆叠在一起。

-砖覆层。常见的住宅建筑外墙覆层。虽然砖材厚重，施工较复杂，而且价格过高。但目前有更多的外墙砖覆层选择。它们拥有近似普通砌筑砖墙的外表，而占用的空间却小得多，需要的支撑也少得多，也往往便宜得多，这使得砖覆层具有相当的竞争力。

薄砖贴面覆层：薄砖通常由与传统砖石相同的粘土制成，各种系统将金属背衬附着到结构护套上，然后将薄砖分别放置在背板上的支撑中。

预制混凝土板：完成后的预制混凝土板可以看起来像砖墙，这些预制墙组件可以在现场完全成型。

砌筑砖外覆层：传统现场砌筑砖外墙，是真正的一座外层砖墙，不同于上述的砖饰面墙。当然，目前也可以在现场组装并作为预制面板安装。

Flexbrick品牌砖覆层：Flexbrick是一种创新产品，利用缆线连接薄砖，从而形成类似于砖织物的曲面薄层网格。

-金属覆层。很多住宅类建筑广泛使用各类外墙金属覆层，因为它们的很多特殊性质及优势。比如，金属覆层往往非常耐用，是一个非常理想的外墙覆层补充，无论是美学设计方面还是经济性能方面都具有相当的优势。金属覆层往往拥有现代感的外观，结合自身特殊的质感与色彩以及外墙其他传统材质构件，是一件与众不同的建筑作品。还有一个因素便是环保，因为金属覆层被认为是建筑的可持续材料之一，帮助减少能耗，而且容易回收利用，而且回收利用后可以仍然保持其物理性质。一般的，金属覆层可以根据其构造方式、材质、性能、材料饰面四个因素进行分类。如构造方式可以分为立缝（Standing seam），弹簧锁（Snap Lock），连锁（Interlocking），平锁（Flatlock）和Shingle铺装方法五大类。而根据材料划分可以分为铝、锌、铜、不锈钢、镀锌钢、耐候钢、波纹钢等。每种材质类别需要根据实际情况区别对待，比如，铝本身很轻巧而坚固，又是一种软金属，它具有较高的可成型性。需要注意的是，其材料厚度对于提高铝制覆层的耐用性和使用寿命至关重要，设计施工时应着重考虑。铝覆层的防水性质很好，可有效防止潮气侵袭，因此很多沿海住宅建筑外墙往往采用了铝覆层。就经济而言，铝制覆层没有较高的维护费用及需求，同时也非常容易重新粉刷。对于每种材质覆层这里做一个归纳：

铝制覆层，轻质具有一定的强度，防潮防水性能佳

锌制覆层，用途广泛，柔软且具有延展性，可以灵活地构造。极高的耐用性和低维护成本，具有抗氧化性，从而使其平均使用寿命约为60至80年。

铜制覆层，一种永恒的材料，随时间增长，会产生美丽的铜绿，非常耐用，回收率100%。

钢制覆层，其中不锈钢覆层具有抛光的外饰面，镀锌钢则曾现出一种斑驳的美学特征，赋予一种特殊的质感；耐候钢则随着时间增长而形成铁锈质感一样的外保护层。

-陶瓷覆层/壁板。具有耐候、耐紫外线、色牢度高、不燃、坚硬且耐刮擦、低维护、环境友好、可持续生产和可回收、具有良好的装饰效果等优点。陶瓷覆层的最大优势是它的使用寿命非常长，有的甚至可以持续100年而不需要太多维护。同时，陶瓷覆层具有相当高的色彩稳定性而数十年来不会变色。陶瓷覆层的自然色变化范围非常广，从浅奶油到深灰色都覆盖到。陶瓷覆层材质可分为上釉及无釉两大类。

-混凝土面板。混凝土预制面板造价相对经济，同时具有很高的耐用性，防火性能佳，易维护，除此之外，业主及设计师建造方可以自由自定义各种形状、尺寸、洞口、细节来实现各种精细化立面设计与施工。

-石材覆层/面板。

玄武岩覆层，作为一种深蓝灰色的火山石，玄武岩适用于内墙和外墙砌面，其外表相当细致织密，同时具有极高的绝缘力。

花岗岩覆层，最广泛的石材之一，其拥有很高的耐用性。花岗岩具有特殊的颜色和纹理特征。

耶路撒冷石覆层（Jerusalem Stone）：耶路撒冷石是建筑中使用的最古老的石头之一，它是由灰白色的石灰石和白云石制成的。这种石头非常致密，比其他石灰石耐风化得多。

石灰石覆层：石灰石因其美学多样性和使用的灵活性而倍受赞誉。颜色范围广，石灰石的范围从纯白色，米色到微妙的棕色或带有蓝色。质地也变化多样。石灰石是建筑外墙覆层的绝佳选择，一个重要原因就是它可以相对容易地加工成形。

大理石覆层：常用的建筑外墙材质，具有特殊的纹理外饰面。

板岩覆层：一种细颗粒的石材，可用于建筑内外墙覆层的一种理想建筑材料。由于其优雅精致的外观，高耐用性，出色的耐水性和低维护成本，板岩已成为现代设计中的杰出建筑元素。

-固体表面外墙覆层。固体表面覆层由丙烯酸，颜料和树脂的混合物制成，形成一种均匀的材料，可以在不削弱其结构或耐水性的情况下进行切片，划线，雕刻和打磨等各种加工，营造出独特具有极简现代主义的时尚艺术外表皮。

-纤维水泥覆层。纤维水泥覆层是木材和石材等更奢侈的覆层耐用且低成本的替代品。该类覆层其实具有独特的建筑美学，通过有规律的整齐平铺其灰色图案板材来实现。具有防水性能，适用于潮湿的天气，并且不易翘曲或开裂。

参考资料

美国国家建筑科学研究院——全建筑设计指南外墙系统 Wall Systems | WBDG - Whole Building Design Guide

美国能源部——保温隔热材料类别 Types of Insulation | Department of Energy

Krigger, J., & Dorsi, C. (2013). Residential Energy Cost Savings and Comfort for Existing Buildings. Pearson.

Cover Images：Gammel Dam / CCY Architects | ArchDaily，Draper White Photography

美國高端獨立式住宅設計思想

noreply@blogger.com (Atticus (Anqi Yang)) — Wed, 09 Sep 2020 22:48:00 +0000

本人坐標舊金山灣區，作為建築設計師一直參與當地高端私人住宅開發設計及相關工作。目前參與重建一處當地高端獨立式住宅項目，現通過第一手資料以及美國現當代獨立式住宅建築發展史及潮流，藉此來簡要的介紹北美地區加州高端獨立式住宅設計及室內空間佈局要點，同時可以作為國內高端獨立式定制化住宅設計及建造的參考。

項目簡介：該項目位於是矽谷核心地段，身處在一片緊鄰太平洋的坡地森林中，風景秀美，是當地著名的豪宅區。此項目改造重建（只留了外牆和少部分結構）及設計費用為3千萬美元）。該建築風格為法國羅曼底風格城堡式莊園，始建於1924年，9860平方英尺建築面積，2.5英畝佔地面的，景觀為美國著名的景觀建築師Thomas Church設計。目前我們的任務是將該建築及其周邊的園林景觀全部進行現代化改造。

以下為該項目所在地Hillsborough Ca的一片山崗中，可見周邊有不同風格類住宅群，遠處山後為太平洋：

建築佈局：建築分為三層，底層有6大功能分區組團，分為浴室SPA區，底層門廳Lower Foyer, 娛樂室Rec room，底層長廊Lower Hall及附屬房間，主人辦公室Office及附屬房間，客人房及附屬房間，樓梯大廳及設備室。二層則有5大功能分區組團，分為帶壁爐的家庭室Family Room及中島式廚房，走廊及主餐廳Dining Room，主入口處的門廳，帶壁爐的圖書館Library及起居室Living room，以及其他服務空間。三層主要是私密空間，比如主臥室Master Bedroom和兒童臥室kids Bedrooms，茶水間Cafe Bar，主浴室SPA及Master Wardrobe帶中島的主更衣室等。底層這六大功能分區滿足了業主的工作學習、休閒娛樂、服務、客人居住的四大需求。二層的5大功能分區則為業主提供了家庭互動、社交、就餐的三大需求，由於二層起居室家庭室外佈置了寬敞的代壁爐的露臺，延伸了室內視覺空間與功能空間。三層則滿足了業主一系列良好的私密性的臥室洗浴更衣空間，並能夠同其子女們進行親子互動，從三層的各個房間都可以眺望窗外的莊園與森林。

比如，在一層佈局中，浴室SPA功能空間是由大庭Hall，普通儲藏間Reg Storage，泳池儲藏間Pool Storage，淋浴室Shower，底層浴室Lower Bath，及衛生間wc組成。之所以這裡設置這樣一個功能齊全的SPA房間組團是因為該空間緊鄰室外平台的長方形游泳池。 Lower 底層門廳Foyer是一樓入口處的大廳，通過鞋帽間Mud Room則進入底層長廊Lower Hall長長的廊道，盡頭便可以通過樓梯上到二樓。 Rec Room靠近一樓門廳Lower Foyer，是一個動態空間，擁有一組半島式廚房，方便客人及家人在此娛樂休閒的室內空間。功能服務類房間則依次在底層長廊Lower Hall排開，比如這裡的房間就包括鞋帽間Mudroom，底層洗衣房Lower Laundry，儲藏間Storage，設備間Mechanical，在底層長廊Lower Hall的盡端佈置了高端大宅不可或缺的葡萄酒恒溫儲藏室Wine Storage。主人辦公室Office實則為女主人的學習工作室，環境私密，緊貼推拿室Massage。

以下是維基百科獨立式住宅建築房間條目及解釋：

建築設備：該項目的建築設備，基本上按照當地的規范進行設計組裝，由於該項目較大的建築面積，該建築設備的設計佈置則類似於大型會所類公共建築那樣佈局，除了基本的強弱電、給排水系統，HVAC系統智能新風系統及全屋地暖系統外，還有各類通訊設備、智能室內娛樂系統（超過一半以上房間）、智慧建築系統等。所有的設備及室內室外維護結構構造都需要達到加州最新的綠色建築標準。

建築室外室內工程：高端住宅同樣的要滿足一些很高的設計工程及採購指標，包括1）建築外牆圍護結構及構造系統的設計選材與施工，極為精細而工程性能及美學兼顧的設計選材，尤其是建築外牆屋面節點設計，門窗五金的品牌選擇（如一些很多公司專注於高端建築門窗的指定化設計及生產）。這裡需要指出的是，美國建築外牆構造往往非常多樣化，且常以雙牆為主，分為內外牆中間以空氣層隔開具有較好的防潮保溫功能，外牆往往是磚構，內牆是木構填充保溫材料。中國本土住宅建築外牆往往是在加氣塊表面上直接外鋪防水保溫及飾面。 2）同時設計工程參與方都將大量的精力花在了室內hardware、finishes、furnishing尤其是built in furnishing的高端定制化設計及選擇上面。比如，小到一個木工把手的材質與節點設計都需要反复的評價與微調，在軟裝方面，甚至更為繁瑣。再比如，Living Room中所有的各類家具需要高端定制，甚至是fabric的捲邊圖案都要去挑選搭配，一方面可能需要廠家COM（fabric匹配），或者直接找第三方定制。家具的設計必須與建築室內外環境風格及該房間的功能及硬裝相匹配，如在美國長期受歡迎的Mid Century Style的家具識別度很高，而又有強烈的室內氛圍感，此風格的建築及家具具有高度的融合性統一性。很多因素，在美國高端住宅中，定制化高端家具往往是客戶非常願意投資的地方。

小結：在美國建築策劃設計與建造是一個極為繁瑣的過程，高端住宅類項目則更不例外。比如上述的住宅建築，雖然是古典風格城堡式莊園住宅，但是在重建改造過程中，需要將其建築轉變為一處外部古典而內部古典兼現代的建築。建築設計方及客戶往往也極為重視建築風格的高度協調性，如以此項目為例，強調建築整體的沿襲法國諾曼底風格建築古典平面及立面佈局和元素，從外牆的質感、色度、構造裝飾、坡屋頂細節到室內的空間序列、牆地面天花板的木工裝飾、以及軟裝的家具陳列都在一種話語體系中和諧而不衝突，結合當代風格的廚衛及現代化設施方能體現出亦古典亦現代的高端住宅項目。總之，該項目早已超出了主持該項目的建築設計方施工方的工作範疇，期間成套的室內木工shop drawings需要第三方專業深化及建造，整個項目的圍護及防水構造需要全套專業設計（一般的有專業圍護構造設計施工方深化節點圖紙並進行選材施工），全建築室內軟裝需要知名設計師團隊參與設計、採購、定制...幾乎每個分部工程都需要專業深化設計及選料採購定制。

在美國，高端獨立式住宅的設計與建造模式，多年來就有一整套非常完善的體系，這個體系涵蓋了很多各類建築業界（建築業及相關產業界）設計界學界政界（各類專業組織及學會及每個縣市政府城市規劃部門）及市場（藝術拍賣、私人業主，房地產投資等）共識標準，比如學界很早就對所該國有的住宅類建築室內外進行風格歸納（建築材料、結構空間佈局、家具風格、室內材質等），對於建築語言也有詳細的百科全書式的資料（涵蓋幾乎所有的建築構造及裝飾風格要素），設計精英圈子也一直延續了下來，他們除了建築師室內設計師，還有很多是家具設計師藝術品設計與藝術家布料設計師建築評論家出版商建築記者等等。很多住宅建築風格和特徵具有明顯的地域性時間發展線，如加州現代風格建築體系中的北加州Sea Ranch Style體系，承襲加州戰後時期的Mid Century體系，而加州住宅的現代化又是戰後美國的建築現代化運動的延申。從宏觀來觀察，建築學及其周邊的作品著作等（廣義的）有些類似於佛教中的經、律、論三大體系；建築活動中有史以來的經典（作品與著作）類似於經（聖典），建築活動中當前的所有建築活動操作規範流程及呈體系的各類技術規格類似於律（律法），各類建築學說以及流傳下來所有的具有相當影響的作品與相關著作評論類似於論（對經典的解釋與闡釋）。寫這些話，這裡絕不是說高端獨立式住宅就相當於“論”，這裡只是說，建築學及其周邊（廣義的）的“經律論”確實應該是所有從事該行業及相關行業的專業人士的事業航標，是非常值得研究、實踐與傳播的。雖然當今無論是中國還是美國很多大型地產類建築的建造活動與“經”沒有多大關係（大都注重投資方業主或是其他的經濟因素），但是其建成的質量和性能往往取決於“律”，有沒有遵守確實大不一樣。

那麼，先對美國現當代獨立式住宅建築史進行簡要回顧，以作為住宅設計的重要依據參考（下文簡稱住宅，其分類方法主要參考了Virginia Savage McAlester所編寫的著名建築參考書“A Field Guide to American Houses“第二版）

前文已經提到，每個時期美國高端住宅建築尤其是具有風格要素的建築，都比較如實的反映出其同時代建築的風潮及該住戶階層的生活風貌及價值觀，既多元而又高度的統一，具有高度的識別性。往往某種具有新穎的建築流派剛剛產生后，通過各大媒體雜誌開發商以及學界的宣傳與詮釋，或者是因為政府政策的影響，則迅速的在全國範圍內遍佈并流行一段時間，可參考Ranch住宅，Mid Century住宅的興起與流行。

美國建築美國住宅現代化通常以20世紀初期（1900年前後）賴特的住宅建築風格/類型為開端。賴特早期住宅建築主要是草原風格Prairie，很多同時期其他的住宅建築也開始效仿此類風格。這類住宅建築基本特點有：矮錐形坡屋頂、對稱或非對稱立面佈局、屋簷大進深、一層或兩層層高、佈置門廊並有寬大屋頂、注重屋簷門窗墻線的裝飾、強調建築立面各類要素的整體水平感等。此類住宅建築在芝加哥及美國中西部地區流行，直到一戰前後開始衰落。幾乎在草原風格誕生的同時期，南加州Craftsman風格開始興起，其風格的起源可以追溯到加州的Greene兩兄弟，而他們的啓發來自于英國藝術與工藝運動、以及東方的木構建築（主要指日本19世紀末典型建築）。此類風格一直流行到上個世紀20年代末。該類住宅建築特徵為：矮山牆設入口、開放式暴露結構的坡屋頂、屋頂墻交界處佈置假梁、佈置門廊等。

到了上個世紀20年代，現代主義建築風潮開始影響美國住宅建築風格，這類風潮包括了藝術裝飾主義及柯布西耶及密斯式的現代主義（在這裡或稱之為國際主義）。這兩類主義主要體現在當時美國公共建築及商業項目中非常流行，反而在獨立式住宅建築中卻沒有那麼時興。期可能的因素主要是，美國的各個地方城市及住宅行政機構的管理與法規對於建築風格的限制，大多數民眾的接受程度或品位，以及該類建築高昂的造價與推廣程度。導致了該類建築往往局限在某幾個地區，比如國際主義住宅建築在北加州某些地區的精英階層比較受歡迎。同時，當代風格Contemporary住宅建築如今已經漸漸取代了原來的國際主義住宅建築。順便提一下，美國民眾尤其是純英德法及北歐後裔相當重視其私人住宅的精神文化在建築藝術與風格的綜合反映，這與其民眾所在的階層沒有太大關係，可能與地域民族有關。比如在美國東北新英格蘭及麻省地區、一直到佐治亞南卡北卡地區，其獨立式私人住宅都有強烈的地域分佈差異與其文化背景的體現。大多數新建的高端住宅建築風格都是風格化建築（仿古建築），很多既有建於十九世紀之前的住宅建築則為純正的歷史建築如佐治亞風格、殖民風格（聯邦風格）住宅建築，這一點與美國西海岸的住宅建築有很大的區別。

1940年前後，由於美國大蕭條以及二戰因素，美國各地興建了大量的Minimal Traditional極簡傳統風格住宅，此類建築最大特點是占地面積非常的小，而且盡可能的簡化了住宅的裝飾元素但盡可能的保留了其風格的識別性，簡化了坡屋頂構造及立面裝飾。因此造價便宜而且工程簡化迅速，容易獲得貸款。該建築的需求來源主要是二戰退伍軍人及其家屬，該類住宅建築在美國各大大都會區非常常見，如舊金山灣區、紐約長島、丹佛等地區。Minimal Traditional極簡傳統風格住宅本質上是簡易房，具有過渡性質，在50年代逐漸被Ranch住宅取代。Ranch住宅的特徵是，往往為一層、低矮坡屋頂、屋簷懸挑、入口在正立面一側，并配有大窗及車庫，整體建築有強烈的水平感，建築後方配備獨立花園，少數有泳池露臺。該類建築被稱為”傳統的外部，現代的內部“。在二戰期間，美國聯邦住宅管理局FHA指定Ranch風格住宅為唯一符合該局貸款融資條款的住宅類型。起初該類住宅出現在南加州但是建築非常的小，隨後隨著該局對該類型的貸款條件逐漸寬鬆，Ranch風格住宅便在全國各地遍佈開來，這背後又有線管的各類媒體、嬰兒潮、汽車高速公路的發展有很大的關聯。該類住宅建築開發熱潮在上世紀70年代逐漸衰落。Ranch風格住宅應該是美國所有的現當代住宅中被建造最多的一類也是最受歡迎的一類建築。

當代風格住宅建築（Contemporary）流行于1945年至1965年期間，當然其風格延續一直持續到1990年前後新建的住宅，這類住宅建築也就是業界常說的Mid Century建築，建築形式承襲于賴特的住宅設計理念。作為美國住宅建築發展史上重要的一筆，當代風格住宅建築有一些根本上的革新，該類住宅的設計是從室內空間開始向外開展的。相比于之前所提到的美國住宅建築（除了國際主義住宅建築外），這類住宅建築是真正意義上符合了現代建築的幾個重要設計理論甚至是有所創新與發展。具體的建築特徵如下：1，由室內空間開始逐步向外擴展設計，以功能佈局為前提而不是視覺與傳統的房間佈局為指導；2，每個室內空間結合其特定的室外空間一同規劃，相互產生關聯，極大的延伸了室內空間感并將室外庭院景致帶入室內，如結合大面積的玻璃窗牆，室內材質及構造如屋頂、硬質鋪磚延伸到數英尺的室外以營造室內空間的連續感；3，減少部份的建築圍護實心體塊，增添或轉化成半圍護空間，減少封閉感并增強了建築空間藝術性與功能需求如採光及視野；4，重視半室外及室外空間設計佈局，靈活多樣性將建築室內空間融合到庭院中去，比如利用分散式建築佈局將庭院切割成數塊；5，很多建築擁有錯層，極大的豐富了室內空間和室外的建築藝術感；6，坡屋頂，會帶有天窗開口；7，多元化定制化的室內外材質及構造，形成豐富的室內室外介面的質感。該類住宅建築的風格影響于日式傳統建築，並在加州得到了發展，影響尤為大的是加州的開發商Joseph Eichler于上個世紀中葉在舊金山灣區開發建造上萬座可負擔的此類住宅建築。尤為可貴的是每座建築都是精心規劃與設計建造，讓種制定化設計與建造的高級住宅建築也能為廣大的民眾所投資使用。

Shed風格住宅建築，出現於1965年一直流行於上個世紀90年代。起源於舊金山以北125英里的一處住區，名為”Sea Ranch“住宅區。還類型住宅特徵非常的容易識別，住宅由兩個或兩個以上的分開的單坡屋頂組合而成，外層為木質外牆、包裹的門窗。就目前的當代住宅建築發展潮流而言，主要是以21世紀現代主義建築（21st Century Modern）為主導。這類住宅建築廣泛的運用新材料與技術于室內外空間及設施，如充分發揮木質牆面及大面積窗墻的組合方式，自由的空間體塊組合形式，結合智能化系統及生態節能技術，更加進一步的以人為本的室內設施細節設計，極為注重奢華與極簡構造，重視建築與其所在場地的自然及社區的各種關係。

最後介紹的一類住宅建築就是所謂的”風格化住宅“（Styled Houses），自從上個世紀初葉這類住宅建築持續的被建造，也是今日房地產商建築承包商及建築師相當熱衷於開發設計與建造的一類住宅項目。

（未完待續）

標題背景圖：舊金山費德曼建築事務所現代主義住宅作品之一，Feldman Architecture - San Francisco Architects

Reference Source:

Elizabeth A. T. Smith, Case Study Houses (Basic Art Series 2.0) , TASCHEN

Pierluigi Serraino, NorCalMod: Icons of Northern California Modernism, Chronicle Books; First Edition edition (July 27, 2006)

Paul Adamson, Eichler: Modernism Rebuilds the American Dream Hardcover – Gibbs Smith, November 30, 2002

Virginia McAlester, A Field Guide to American Houses: The Definitive Guide to Identifying and Understanding America's Domestic Architecture, Knopf; Revised, Expanded edition (July 29, 2015)

基於建築，房地產開發和商業業界觀點的中小型住宅類項目投資的風險與決策策略（一）

noreply@blogger.com (Atticus (Anqi Yang)) — Thu, 04 Oct 2018 21:58:00 +0000

基於建築，房地產開發和商業業界觀點的中小型住宅類項目投資的風險與決策策略（一）

（持續更新）

作者：Anqi Yang

主題與關鍵詞
風險型決策，房地產經營策略，房地產投資評價體系，數學分析，數據採集，運籌學，房地產估價，房地產交易，融資，房地產稅與開發策略，市場營銷分析，項目模擬與分析，逆向工程，建築檢查及評估，數據和營銷決策分析，建築設計策略，建築環境控制，生命週期成本分析，工程造價估算，投資財務分析，運營和回報，系統工程，建築策劃

簡介：小型私人住宅物業生命週期概貌

通常，對於房地產開發商來說，房地產項目開發有六個核心階段：可行性分析和收購，設計，融資，建設，營銷和租賃，最後是運營和管理。如果從更大的視野和時間軸來看，則開發商在小型到中型項目中最初花費的時間通常大約需要兩到三年。考慮到房地產項目生命週期的時間相對較長，其大部分時間被業主和租戶佔用。舉例來說，一旦一個制定化設計的獨立式住宅被售罄，每隔些年業主可能會去做些翻修改造，並可能在一段時間後出售。銷售人士或上市代理經紀將進行營銷和新的管理流程。再次，該物業戶頭轉變為新的業主，新的業主會有不同的家庭規模或財產計劃，例如，將該物業轉變為度假屋或租賃財產。在改造期間，業主可能需要時間和預算來更新一些設施和構件，甚至是內部佈置。這個週期將需要相當長的時間，直到該地區的一些法律政策發生變化，或新投資者購該處買土地與房產，拆除和重建整個項目。因此，直到此刻，該處物業最終完成了它的整個生命週期。

這是一個簡化的出租物業生命週期表
第一階段，投資者購買房產，如果是土地，則轉至階段三
第二階段。拆除物業，或進入第六階段
第三階段，投資者根據開發策略開發土地
第四階段，銷售推廣
第五階段，出售或出租物業
第六階段，如果出租，投資者或委託第三方管理財產
第七階段，每隔段時間進行維修翻修或改造
第八階段，重複IV至VII;如果改進被拆除，則進入第二階段

物業投資者投機的全過程是高度複雜的，這是因為不僅整個地產交易流程充滿了各種混合類型的策略，例如選址策略，房屋檢查，抵押貸款經紀人選擇，建築師和工程師方面的評估，還有必要的文書工作，協議和其他在房地產活動的整個或部分過程中涉及到的法律文件的都需要非常謹慎地逐一審核。整個投資行為推動了多個專業領域的充分互動和深度合作。除了交易經紀人等第三方專業人士協助的服務外，房地產投資者如何利用一些建築和房地產開發工具的優勢來對該項目進行評價和深入調查？舉個例子，房產買家可不可以在投資的早期階段在沒有任何第三方參與的情況下通過評估項目的基本能源消耗情況來比較兩個單戶住宅的嗎？買家是否有可能在實地考察之前的很短時間內全面了解預選項目的場地和建築條件？大數據如何以及在多大程度上可以在自然因素，人為的影響以及與其他相關因素上給予房地產交易過程的參與方幫助？是否有一個實時計算平台可以輕鬆顯示投資與利潤之間的關係，從而將項目的生命週期能源消耗，維護性及常規開支，稅收和土地價格綜合數據整合在一起？是否有一個簡單的平台，根據收集的信息和文件，為一處獨立式住宅項目提供生命週期成本分析（LCCA）？本文將基於建築和房產開發專業的觀點對於中小型住宅投資風險和決策的一些評估策略進行詳細研究，包括但不限於AHP分析工具 - 一種廣泛用於商業領域的數學分析工具，場地分析策略 - 廣泛在房地產行業專業人士運用的基本場地條件評估策略，建築能源模擬 - 建築設計過程中廣泛使用的環境分析工具，建築環境設計模擬 - 建築設計過程的核心工作流程，幫助投資者在三維視圖平臺中看到和感受提案或現有房產的內部和外部環境。

對於開發商而言，住宅類型房產的典型開發過程始於項目可行性和收購，其次是設計，融資，建築，營銷和租賃。項目可行性包含四個主要活動：市場分析，選址和工程可行性，監管審批和財務可行性。通常，第三方公司將負責市場分析階段，該工作是預開發過程中最重要和最核心的部分。市場分析側重於項目策劃和市場趨勢分析的工作；例如，市場分析人員需要摸清哪些類型的產品最具吸引力和其背後的原因，目標市場是什麼，市場中哪些（潛在的）競爭者，以及市場需求和人口統計學數據。在設計過程中，建築師致力於預設計，方案圖生成和設計，建築設施設計和工程繪製。建築設計原理參照證據與事實，同時也完全基於項目可行性階段的市場分析。

購買房產和投資過程的決策策略的最終目標不僅是獲得理想的選擇，而且還要係統地強化批判方法 - 能夠分析事實並探索潛在和隱藏的有價值的信息。相關概念，趨勢和想法對於理解事實具有重要意義。例如，買方願望清單中每一項的實際市場價值是多少？有關房產的房地產稅，維修費，公用事業費的歷史記錄是什麼？找出建築圍護結構能效歷史使用至關重要，它可能已經積累了巨大的能源開支。在更廣泛的理解之後，不難接近事物的根本，確定因素和特徵，這將全面和系統地加速決策過程。對於開發商和投機者而言，對現有或潛在的房產項目投資的系統，科學和邏輯決策技術只是整個投資週期的幾個序列而已，但它起著如此重要的作用，體現了對整項目個投資週期的價值。

數學分析策略（運籌學）

運籌學研究通常用於解決房地產活動中的複雜任務，尤其是改善或優化現有系統的效率。作為現代應用數學的一個分支，運籌學專注於生產，開發，管理，銷售以及通過數學方法和形式科學解決的其他活動中出現的操作問題。運營研究員工採用各種方法，如統計，數學模型和算法，以實現複雜問題的最佳或接近最優的解決方案。數學規劃（線性/非線性），風險決策模型，如層次分析法，馬爾可夫鏈，決策樹和損失矩陣，是房地產投資活動中最典型的運營研究策略或工具。

例：層次分析法（AHP）

對於個體買家，他們必須組織各種方式收集各種與潛在目標相關聯的信息，為AHP解決方案做好準備。 AHP是一種結構化技術，該技術基於數學、心理學組織和分析複雜的決策。它不是要找到正確的答案，相反，它可以幫助買家找到“最符合他們目標和理解問題的目標”。它為構建決策問題，表示和量化其要素，將這些要素與總體目標相關聯以及評估替代解決方案提供了全面而合理的框架。 “（1）AHP的用戶只是將他們的決策問題分解為更容易理解的子問題的層次結構，每個子問題都可以獨立分析。決策問題的要素是有形的或無形的......一旦層次結構是建立起來的，決策者通過比較它們對層次結構中它們之上的元素的影響，系統地通過一次兩個地比較它們的各種元素來進行評估。“（2）

通常，購買物業的買家的主要目的是搬遷，賣掉舊房或物業投機。無論他們如何得出最後一點，很明顯，整合他們擁有的數據和信息是交易的理想方法。在買方購買房產的AHP層次結構中，目標可能是在多個選項方案中選擇最佳房產。以下是在交易開始之前需要考慮的一些因素，初始成本和補充成本，鄰域，當地服務網點，交通和住房率等指標作為做出決定的參考標準。他們可能會將成本標準細分為購買價格，能源成本，維護成本，財產稅，保險和轉售價值。

簡而言之，AHP策略的流程路徑圖可能如下所示：

第一步，第一手和第二手信息採集，信息可以是互聯網房地產研究，當地法律信息，服務網點，市場價格變化，稅務，當地社區和人口統計信息。在線和書籍可以找到一些常見的方面比較列表，例如建築特徵條件列表和當地環境。

第二步，弄清楚參考標準，這是需要認真對待的邏輯步驟

第三步，構建層次結構

第四步，運行AHP程序，分析和評估

第五步，總結並做出結論，或者如有必要，重複第二步到第四步

以下是用於評估和分析與房地產投資相關的策略的一個例子，例如，一對夫婦和他們的孩子正在尋找一個全新的房產來解決。當買家是一個新區域時找到一個房產，這意味著他們處於劣勢，因為他們沒有足夠和有價值的信息來幫助他們找到一個理想的房子，在一個合理的位置以合理的價格。傳統上，有許多在推測過程中涉及到的方面和特徵需要進行層次化和邏輯化的推導。在房地產開發和建築設計專業方面，地理位置在他們的實踐中處於非常獨特的位置。作為開發和設計實踐的策劃一個要素，項目的地理位置的概念體現了一系列有意義且有價值的市場數據，鄰域狀態的資料，基礎設施以及法律，歷史，政治和自然特徵。如果買方將決策標準的各個方面縮小為單一方面，就像位置一樣，它可能看起來像這個圖表，如下圖所示。

圖1-1，AHP層次結構在三處房產項目備選項的應用典型示例，其中關於離地位置選址的參考標準有交通，城規區域，社區，微氣候，感官條件；關於房產物業的屬性參考標準有費用（報價，能耗，轉售價），建築佈局，設備條件，戶外條件，建築朝向。作者繪製

圖1-2，AHP層次結構矩陣平台示例，上表顯示三個項目權重依次由大到小為項目二，項目一和項目三，由作者分析。平臺系統由http://bpmsg.com/,K. D. Goepel支持

物理環境分析與模擬策略

房地產投資和購買決策的另一個重要方面是能源消耗和相關的建築特徵。在華特迪士尼幻想工程（WDI），也就是沃爾特迪斯尼樂園和度假酒店的開發核心和領導部門，有一個名為環境設計和工程（ED＆E）的子部門，涵蓋了與感官和物理環境相關的所有領域。雖然ED＆E的主要職責是與其他部門在基礎設施，建築項目開展合作，但事實上，他們的責任遠遠超過了可視的範疇。它在建築開發和運營的環境方面比傳統的人們想像的要廣泛得多。通常，在開發商的角度，環境特徵涵蓋了項目對自然，能源和源消耗的長期影響，以及可見的外部和內部建築環境。

如果沒有親自到實地考察和調查，在沒有第三方檢查員助理的情況下，買方在交易過程的早期階段可以了解能源消耗記錄和潛在物業的一些基本情況嗎？開發商和建築設計方長期應用各種有用的第三方工具和平台，這對於想要在目標資產上獲得大致的瞭解的潛在購房者也很有意義。基本工作流程可能如下所示：一旦買方通過房地產交易搜索引擎在線確定了幾個潛在的房產信息，就可以將一些有價值的數據應用於模型構建，例如一般信息模型建立，建築信息模型（BIM），或任何其他三維可視化方法。類似於在軍事和製造領域中廣泛使用的逆向工程，建模過程從具有數據的現有對像開始。該建模集成並體現了來自地理信息系統繪圖技術（GIS）的本地地理數據，來自國家氣候數據庫的數據以及建築維護結構性能信息。

根據建築性能分析（BPA）模型，建築設計師和專業人士能夠學習如何使用數字設計工具將高性能建築設計融入其工作流程中。雖然BPA是專為建築專業設計的，但它是應用於現有建築物性能分析的理想方法。通常，BPA模型涵蓋了氣候/天氣，太陽能數據，風/氣流，採光，整體建築能源優化的設計分析和策略。（3）

以下是建築規劃，位置/場地，經濟效益，設計，施工，銷售，管理/運營和重建的分析和策略工具的不完整列表：

Revit Architecture（BIM）環境分析，建模和能耗模擬

在線實時建築/建築設計和模擬平台

Sketchup結合插件進行設計分析建模，場地和遮陽分析

BPA建築性能分析的效率設計策略

LEED建築設計策略與LBC策略

氣候顧問，建築節能設計參考策略

麻省理工學院設計顧問，按每個房間進行模擬能耗分析

Ecotect，建築能耗分析和太陽能研究平台

Google地球專業版，城市分析，天氣，自然條件，場地分析，太陽分析

人口統計分析，數據採集，人口統計數據收集

FLUX建築設計平台解決方案

GIS分析景觀，場地結構，地理數據

RSMeans建築施工成本計算數據

開源大數據平臺，地理數據信息數學建模分析

圖1-3，Google Sunroof太陽能計算平台，對舊金山兩個地區的房屋屋頂太陽能發電量進行比較，雖然是比較太陽能發電量，但實質上是太陽輻射總量的比較，左圖也就是舊金山日落區/金門公園一帶的太陽輻射總量分佈情況顯然要低於右圖中顯示的舊金山米慎灣一帶。Google Project Sunroof系統支持，https：//www.google.com/get/sunroof#p=0

圖1-4，建築節能設計策略可以由第三方平台提供，由氣候顧問軟件提供，由作者建模，由加州大學洛杉磯分校開發的系統

圖1-5，這是一個表示場地分析的示例，更詳細的信息和過程在場地分析主題中討論，由作者分析。軟體由Autodesk開發

圖1-6，建築牆體太陽路徑和陰影分析，位於大洛杉磯地區，由Autodesk支持的軟件，由作者分析

感官環境模擬策略

通常，通過使用專業設計軟件和平台，建築設計師和規劃人員可以比以往任何時候都更容易地向客戶呈現模擬的三維視覺現實建築環境。由於更新技術，許多在線住宅室內/室外設計平台變得比以往任何時候都更受歡迎，與大數據，雲計算和VR技術相結合，客戶能夠訪問，修改，重新渲染和“在裡面走動” “隨時隨地通過工具。在沒有親自進入房地產的情況下，潛在買家仍然可以“走進建築物”，使用不同的家具設置。通常，這將是很有用的，因為買家可能想要在沒有他們不喜歡的家具的情況下在空間上體驗，或者他們可以容易地在平台中進行內部裝飾和家具替換。

通過設計-建造工作的全週期，感知環境模擬策略通常廣泛應用於微觀的建築項目和宏觀城市，鄉村或自然環境的研究和評估，這有助於決策者在邏輯上、適應性的和全面地進行判斷。由於最近不斷發展的相關技術，許多感官環境模擬工作可以隨時隨地通過個人計算機輕鬆完成。借助逆向工程技術 - 現有建築和環境測量以及模擬複現的新方法作為基礎，通過三維建模，依託線數據庫和地理數據平台，決策者能夠重現已建成項目以檢查有關此產品性能，其組件規格，成本估算和可能的專利侵權的基本情況。例如，決策者可以整合來自城市規劃或許可部門的在線數據庫，GIS，城規的測量圖紙，建築技術使用情況和真實照片圖像，以重現具有基本特徵的基本三維質量模型，並評估和分析建築內部環境控制仿真平台的能耗狀態。在所有模型複製過程中，決策者無需到達現場，甚至不需要實地考察並調查整個房產。對私人進行調查有時並不太難，特別是當地法律不是很嚴格，當然，對感官環境模擬策略進行現場調查更有價值。

圖1-7，3D數字化建模模擬住宅內部櫥櫃及設備感官環境，這些類型的平台的一個突出特點是高效率和先進的設計質量，結合Quickbook迅速報價，作為更新資產有效便捷的評估手段，由作者設計和建模

圖1-8，3D數字化建模模擬住宅內部高檔衣櫥感官環境，這些類型的平台的一個突出特點是高效率和先進的設計質量，結合Quickbook迅速報價，作為更新資產有效便捷的評估手段，由作者設計和建模

圖1-10，由於採用了GIS技術，太陽能和陰影分析對於住宅物業非常重要，這使得決策者可以輕鬆分析世界各地的太陽能狀況。該圖像顯示了位於加利福尼亞灣區的現有房產的光照模擬，該區域佔據了山區的大面積斜坡區域。由作者建模

圖1-11，城市及城市結構分析為現有項目提供必要的背景數據平臺，通常研究現有城市街區和街道的規模和城區體塊。由作者建模和分析

建築策劃

在大數據技術的驅動下，開發商或業主能夠在市場可行性分析期間獲得第三方的基本設計特徵信息和建議。實際上有一個接口與可行性分析結果（輸出）和設計力（輸入）相連，建築規劃的策略最有可能涉及這種情況。根據美國建築師協會AIA標準協議，建築策劃通常由業主和開發商負責，但是，在某些情況下，業主可能無法完成建築開發策劃並且必須依靠建築策劃顧問提供服務。作為研究和決策過程，建築策劃探索了需要通過設計解決的問題。整個過程體現了研究過程，收集，分析和記錄相關信息並得出結論，同時，該方法為設計方案建立了適當的標準。

通常，典型的架構編程有十四個步驟：
1，策劃表2，策劃內容3，預備4，執行摘要5，價值觀和目標6，設計考慮因素7，項目要求8，空間識別和分配9，關係矩陣和圖表10，空間策劃表11，預算和成本分析12，項目進度表13，設計分析14，附錄（6）（9）

建築策劃系統地為整個項目設計構建過程的信息系統做出貢獻，並且策劃中的每個階段都有子策略和分析工具的分支。例如，從步驟5到步驟7，開發方可以整合來自市場分析結果的信息，該信息為項目分配每種類型的市場趨勢。通常，市場分析的數據來源可能由房地產行業的第三方提供，如房地產交易機構，房屋建築商，經紀人和房地產經紀人，以及來自在線信用和大量數據。市場分析人員需要利用數據庫中的大數據研究工具，建立人口統計特徵 - 金融趨勢和狀態結構的數學模型，這就是開發商在策劃階段不依賴建築師或承包商的諮詢的原因。一旦目標建築產品粗略確定，建築師和設施設計師可以幫助開發商完全編制策劃流程中的這些步驟。

以下網絡圖闡明了某處8單元城市居住項目中每個分配的常量和可變組件的功能和關係結構。與通用可視計算機編程平台類似，該程序允許用戶通過移動，連接或斷開，構建或刪除組件來輕鬆構建大量結構模型。在該示例中，存在十種類型的建模組件，其由不同的顏色或形狀標識。該架構圖還呈現了CRS分析模型的結構，該模型是基於上個世紀引入的矩陣系統的架構編程工具。 CRS鼓勵決策者通過研究設計目標，性能要求和層次緊密的設計要求來評估有價值的設計元素。

圖1-12，8單元住宅項目設計策劃展示了高度詳細的室內裝修邏輯結構和關係的總體規劃，由作者建模和組織

圖1-13，舊金山城市區劃搜索系統，左側窗口顯示分區控製表和規範，右上方窗口顯示特定物業地塊的詳細信息和數據，右下方窗口顯示鄰域的細節俯視地形和物業土地編號，由美國法律出版公司提供

圖1-14，聖克拉拉縣GIS系統，一個包含各種人口層的地塊圖，由美國法律出版公司提供支持

圖1-15，阿什維爾，RAD鄰里改造，北卡羅來納州的混合用途住宅項目預設計圖的建築規劃，作者分析

圖1-16，阿什維爾綜合用途住宅項目的人口統計分析，基於統計技術和數據收集的RAD鄰里改造，北卡羅來納州，作者分析

圖1-17，,一個典型的工作流原理 - 程序演示了基於數據的決策編程策略，由作者建模和設計

建築生命週期成本分析方法

作為開發商或投機者，必須了解和估計房產的生命週期成本，無論是未建成的土地還是現有房產。根據整體建築設計指南（WBDC），國家建築科學研究所（美國）的一項計劃，“評估設施所有權總成本的方法。它考慮了獲得，擁有和處置的所有成本。建築物或建築系統。“（4）這是LLC方法的等式：

LCC = I + Repl-Res + E + W + OM＆R + O.
LCC =給定備選方案的現值（PV）美元的總LCC
I = PV投資成本（如果在基準日發生，則不需要打折）
Repl = PV資本置換成本
Res = PV剩餘價值（轉售價值，殘值）減去處置成本
E =能源成本的PV
W =水費PV
OM＆R =非燃料運行，維護和維修成本的PV
O =其他費用的PV（例如，ESPC或UESC的合同費用）

用於架構生命週期分析的另一個重要估算工具是LCA方法。根據國際標準ISO 14040，LCA是“產品系統在整個生命週期中對輸入，輸出和潛在環境影響的彙編和評估。”作為建築設計和開發評估工具，LCA“允許建築師和其他建築專業人員了解與建築物所有生命週期階段相關的能源使用和其他環境影響：採購，建設，運營和退役。“（5）

建築綜合檢查評估策略

在房產投資行為中，房屋檢查這一工作往往被很多買家所忽略，而這個工作卻是不動產投資行為相當重要的一部份。忽略的結果就是信息不對稱，給買家日後造成了持續的經濟上、人力上、生活質量以及體驗上的問題，甚至直接影響到整個投資收益，後患無窮。這類建築常見問題是牆面屋頂或地下室滲水、屋內陰冷潮濕內牆發黴、基礎外牆開裂、冷暖設備老化導致功率低高耗能、下水管道排水困難、櫥櫃等嵌入式傢具設備遠超折舊年限、因為牆體內部材料及門窗老化或根本就不符合現階段的建築設計及工程質量材料標準而導致因熱損失導致的用電能耗過大。比如，一般美國的超過五十年歷史的住宅建築並沒有外牆保溫防潮構造(Wall Insulation)，如果這類建築坐落在一些低溫潮氣大的地區，而買家有意購買這類建築，就應特別注意該建築存在的圍護結構問題。這類建築隱藏的種種問題直接影響到買家的利益。而這一個過程，處於利害關係，賣家當然想儘快出手，因此這類建築往往影藏著很多賣家並不願意透漏的信息，而房產經紀人往往迫不及待的想完成交易拿到傭金。作為買家應當尤為注意這個問題。對於買家而言，如果此處住宅曾經被用作出租屋或商業用途，就要盡可能多瞭解住宅的歷史NOI以及房屋年度基本開支及折舊情況，房屋的年度的能耗開支可以在很大程度上反映出該建築物的節能性能，尤其是維護構造的性能。同時應瞭解該建築物的一些翻修記錄及開支，尤其是冷暖、屋頂、維護構造保溫層更換等分部及分項工程是否有相關主管部門的許可（permit）。有些建築的翻修加建工程不一定獲得了相關的工程許可，買家對這類情形應引起足夠的注意。建築的傢具設備折舊算法信息可以直接在美國國稅局出版物找到，比如出租用住宅廚房整體櫥櫃的折舊一般為5年，該數字可作為建築設備傢具及構築物的損耗參考。

這裡歸納一下，需要對一處建築項目做檢查的部份基本上可以分為如下幾類。第一類，即建築外部特徵，包括場地的地貌、土壤、植被、車庫、地面的鋪面、建築屋頂煙囪、外牆圍護構造及採光構造如天窗；第二類，即建築室內的設備傢具部份，包括櫥櫃排煙設備、浴室設施、強弱電管線設備基本情況、管道及冷暖通設備；第三類，即建築結構及構造部份，比如地下室圍護牆體結構、坡屋頂外牆體系結構與構造部份。除了對建築及所有權的基地進行檢查評估，還應當對其資產所在的地段通過社會方面和地理情況分別進行分析，前文已經給出了相關的分析原理。即使在一個範圍很小的區域，不同區域的建築所經受的自然環境的影響有很大的差異，比如舊金山的兩個區——日落區(Sunset District)和米慎區(Mission District)的自然物理環境有非常明顯的差別，基於Google Sunroof的衛星遙感數據，前者的年日照強度明顯低於後者。與此同時，基於現有的觀測數據，前者有霧的天氣以及年度風力強度也明顯多於後者；由於前者緊鄰太平洋，空氣中的鹽度也高於後者。那麼，從光照強度、潮濕度、風壓、鹽度幾個方面就可以綜合評估兩個地區的自然環境，這幾大因素結合起來直接影響建築使用者以及建築本身的構造；前者地區的建築相對於後者要遭受更多的海鹽侵蝕問題，以及風壓潮濕低溫對住宅的屋面牆體的衝擊，這些因素導致了住戶額外的能耗及翻修開支，更重要的是直接影響到了居住的舒適度與健康。很多買家過分關注其土地升值潛力和社區環境，而忽略了資產所處的地理自然環境所帶來的持續而非人為的負面影響，這樣的投資決策顯然有失偏頗。

房屋檢查一個重要的意義在於，買家或者是賣家通過檢查過程可以對該建築物及相關物業的各個構件部位的性能狀況有一個全局的瞭解，根據將建築物業的每一構件及部位對比它們對應的當前最新住宅建築設計工程及相關規範，便可以基本掌握這些建築物構件部位的折舊年數、性能狀況、參數、規範符合情況，從而做出客觀的風險決策。上文提到過，在美國很多建造于上個世紀五十年代前的住宅建築外牆構造裏面並無保溫層（Wall insulation），市面上的玻璃纖維、聚氨酯泡沫是常見的建築外牆保溫層材料。雖然很多建于十多年前的住宅建築外牆雖然有保溫防層，但是其保溫性能會隨著時間逐漸降低，尤其是一旦雨水進入了保溫層以後會迅速損害其保溫功能，同時，多年前的建築工程處理方式及材料往往難以符合現在最新的建築及能耗規範標準。外牆及屋頂保溫層的性能幾乎決定了一處住宅建築的能耗性能，以及極大的影響到住戶的用戶體驗，建築圍護結構保溫層的檢查工作就顯得額外重要了。根據建築熱工學原理，建築的保溫層有一個重要參數指標，即熱阻R值，某種材料的R值越大，代表該材料的絕熱性能越好，不同材料有各自的R值，而且它們的施工方式及放置牆體的位置不盡相同應區別對待。根據當前的建築規範標準，凡是與外界接觸的維護構造都需要鋪設保溫層，也就是說，地下室的底板、地下室四周外牆、地面以上建築外牆、雙層中空節能窗、外挑層樓地面、平屋面或坡屋面等構造部位都需要進行隔熱防潮處理。美國能源部根據各地氣候及暖通情況對全國不同地區的住宅建築R參考值進行了1-8個區域劃分（zone1 to zone8），區域編號越大，對應的R參考值區間也就越大。比如佛羅里達及德州南部為第2區，加州及南方諸州大部份為第3區，而新英格蘭地區為第6區。對於非新建的住宅，就應該仔細的檢查上述各個建築構造部位的R值，對照R值區域表對應的參考R值，進行相應的計算從而得出增添保溫層的工作量及預算。其實，新增置保溫層R值及材料的算法原理並不複雜，但考慮到住宅建築的構造結構乃至設備材料的複雜性、建築生命週期成本分析（見上一個話題）、不同地區的氣候因素、各種能耗開支價格、不同住戶對於不同住宅使用功能的偏好、以及諸多不確定參數對於建築生命週期能耗影響，改造增置維護構造隔熱保溫層就要縱觀全局來考慮。美國能源部聯合全國權威研究機構部門推出了Home Energy Saver在線計算平臺就是這樣的一個諮詢系統，依託功能完備的計算平臺、大數據、集成化智能技術，為住宅建築業主不僅提供詳盡的建築維護構造保溫層的增置方案，而且攘括該建築週期能耗全局的性能評估及改造管理運營建議。

圖1-18，Spectora房地產建築檢查軟件，該軟件智能化程度高介面簡潔流暢，並且利用云儲存技術，使得房產交易中的買賣方查閱建築問題非常的方便。上圖顯示的一個案例中，該物業屋頂存在一些問題，全部在此對話框中顯示得非常詳盡，其中需要立即處理的問題的被標上了紅色。Spectora系統支持，https://www.spectora.com/

圖1-19，房地產建築檢查基本清單，涵蓋了建築物的基本幾個部份，比如外牆，保溫防潮防水，屋頂，廚衛，水電，照明，冷暖通風等。表格由martinforfreedom提供，https://martinforfreedom.com

圖1-20，美國氣候分區圖，一共分為8個不同的氣候區，該圖顯示了其中的7個區域。表格由美國能源部提供，https://basc.pnnl.gov/images/iecc-climate-zone-map 原圖來源International Energy Conservation Code（IECC國際能源管理規範），https://codes.iccsafe.org/content/IECC2012/chapter-3-ce-general-requirements

圖1-21，Home Energy Saver在線分析系統, 由美國能源部提供。上表顯示某住宅增建方案。方案結合了項目種類性質及數量、預估價、年節約能耗額度、投資回報期及額度、CO2減排額，http://hes.lbl.gov/consumer/

財務分析策略

本節將繼續論述整個單戶住宅投機活動中財務方面的一些最重要的決策策略，並深入挖掘實現利潤最大化和風險最小化的底線。投資者面臨的最大挑戰是確定房產和土地價值的最高和最佳用途。對於開發人員而言，一般財務分析體現了以下技術和方法，這些技術和方法在早期開發階段中扮演著非常重要的角色。另一方面，財務分析對於需要獲得貸款用來翻修改建其房產的業主來說非常重要，而這一過程通常由評估師和會計師進行，他們將為未來的銷售價格報告和開發現金流量報告給貸款機構重建現有房產（7）。

簡要回顧一下房屋投資者的觀點，這些觀點可能會在決策過程中的特定情況下更加深入。當投資者多年前已經購買了房產並且他想從銀行獲得貸款，因為他計劃出售更高的價格。需要為物業重建貸款準備項目開發業務計劃，該貸款通常包含評估報告的內容，改造物業的成本，重建的利潤和損失預測，項目開發現金流量預測。

一般的，項目開發有五個階段的財務分析。第一階段應用了NOI的簡單資本化，它呈現了租金和銷售收入狀況，並提供了一份可以支持穩定項目租金和費用的聲明。第二階段將進行經營期穩定現金流量期間年度現金流量的貼現現金流量（DCF）分析，這被視為整個財務分析中最重要的部分。開發期間的開發和運營以及月度現金流量的綜合分析適用於第三階段和第四階段，最後階段為投資者進行DCF分析。

任何業主/投資者都需要他們的預算來跟踪項目的開發，建設和運營方式。在業主的預算分析中，業主可以跟踪和檢查整個項目開發中的每個類別。業主預算分析有三個主要部分：建築成本，項目成本和生命週期成本。業主能夠在整個項目開發過程中了解每個類別中包含的適當成本。一些二手房地產投資者可能會忽略房產的歷史運營，業績或能源記錄，而所有這些體現成本被稱為生命週期成本，佔據了整個成本的大部分。具體而言，評估師通常可以通過計算NOI和資本化率來應用收益法來找出房產的價值。通過比較其他屬性可以找到資本率，通過它們的銷售價格和每年的NOI來計算。以下是一些方程式，用於確定有效總收入（EGI），運營成本，資本化率和NOI（8）之間的關係：
有效總收入減去營業費用等於NOI，
有效總收入等於潛在總收入減去空缺和收款損失。
NOI除以上限費率等於財產價值

當下普遍使用的租賃物業運營費用和收入跟踪表格稱為NOI（淨營業收入）表，與國稅局IRS 1040表E類似。淨營業收入等於租賃物業的所有收入（有效總收入）減去所有合理的營業費用。以時間表E為例，以便更好地總結房產的年度運營費用和總收入。業主需要記錄每日或每月一般費用，責任或與出租物業相關的任何其他費用的一些基本費用，其中列為清潔/維護，維修，保險，抵押權益，房地產稅，物資，折舊，公用事業。通常，折舊金額與財產成本，任何新安裝的固定裝置和設施以及財產恢復成本的日期相關。 NOI是房地產評估，購買和開發貸款申請以及建築壽命成本分析的關鍵依據。通常，NOI出現在房產的收入和現金流量表中。

圖1-22，alamode是一款功能強大的房地產估價師專用軟件，該軟件為地產估價提供一整套專業并基於大數據的解決方案，上圖為房地產市場分析報告，直接對接MLS。此分析表格列舉了歷年當地某目標區域平均銷售價格走勢，中位價和房屋供應統計數據。由alamode提供技術支持，https://www.alamode.com/

圖1-23，2016年個人聯邦納稅申報表1040 Schedule-E第I部分，其中列出了出租物業的一般扣除清單。與房產估價師估價報告中對應的表格相比，這裡的某些類別需要在物業經營報表中進行調整。該圖表上的淨租金收入大致被視為營業收入淨額NOI

圖,1-24，一個房地產投資分析表，它計算財務估算的各個方面。作者：Fort Lowell，Fort Lowell房地產和物業管理經紀人www.flraz.com

圖1-25，財務可行性分析，1a階段，租賃和銷售收入摘要。該圖表顯示了每個公寓單元的租金收入概況，由Ch4電子表格支持

Notes

(1) Madurika H and Hemakumara G. (2015) Gis Based Analysis For Suitability Location Finding In The Residential Development Areas Of Greater Matara Region. International Journal of Scientific & Technology Research 4: 96-105.

(2) Saaty, Thomas L. (June 2008). "Relative Measurement and its Generalization in Decision Making: Why Pairwise Comparisons are Central in Mathematics for the Measurement of Intangible Factors – The Analytic Hierarchy/Network Process" (PDF). Review of the Royal Academy of Exact, Physical and Natural Sciences, Series A: Mathematics (RACSAM). 102 (2): 251–318. doi:10.1007/bf03191825. Retrieved 2008-12-22.

(3)Autodesk Sustainability Workshop https://sustainabilityworkshop.autodesk.com/building-design/concepts

(4)Life Cycle Cost Analysis, Wold Building Design Guide, by the National Institute of Building Science, https://www.wbdg.org/resources/life-cycle-cost-analysis-lcca

(5)AIA Guide to Building Life Cycle Assessment in Practicehttps://www.brikbase.org/sites/default/files/aiab082942.pdf
(6)Yasser Osman Moharam Mahgoub, Architectural Professional Practice-Programming, https://www.slideshare.net/ymahgoub/architectural-professional-practice-programming?qid=7f2288bf-1b75-49d6-a5dc-406e04541428&v=&b=&from_search=1

(7)Richard Peiser and David Hamilton, Professional Real Estate Development: The ULI Guide to the Business, 3rd Edition. see Chapter 3
(8)Ventolo, William L., and Martha R. Williams. Fundamentals of Real Estate Appraisal. La Crosse, WI: DF Institute, Inc, D/b/a Dearborn Real Estate Education, 2015. see Chapter of Capitalization Approach
(9)According to WBDG, architectural programming contains the following six steps:
1. Research the project type, 2. Establish goals and objectives, 3. Gather relevant information, 4. Identify strategies, 5. Determine quantitative requirements, 6. Summarize the program. According to Architectural Programming and Predesign Manager by Robert G. Hershberger, there are three main methods for the decision making and evaluation 1, Investigation &Research, 2, Qualitative Judgment, 3, Quantitative Judgment

Some important departments, associations, and institutes for this topic:
本專題涉及的部份重要部門及協會

Urban Land Institute城市土地學會
National Institute of Building Sciences(NIBS)美國建築科學研究院
Commercial Real Estate Development Associations(NAIOP)美國商業地產開發協會
U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development(HUD)美國住房和城市發展部
Building Owners and Managers Association International(BOMA)國際建築業主與管理者協會
American Institute of Certified Planners美國註冊規劃師協會
U.S. Green Building Council(USGBC)美國綠色建築委員會
American Institute of Architects(AIA)美國建築師協會
National Association of Home Builders(NAHB)全國房屋建築商協會
California Bureau of Real Estate(CalBRE)加州房地產局
International Property Measurement Standards(IPMS)國際房地產測量標準聯盟
California Bureau of Real Estate Appraisers(MBREA)加州估價師局
National Association of Realtors(NAR)美國房地產經濟協會
California Association of Realtors(CAR)加州房地產經紀協會
R.S. Means美國工程造價數據庫
U.S. Department of Energy美國能源部
EPA美國環保署
ICC國際規範委員會

The essential terms relative to this topic
本專題涉及的部份專有名詞

Metropolis, or Rural大都會/郊區

Urban Planning Zone城市規劃分區

Neighborhood and Community鄰里和社區

racial, income, demographic flow, crime人口分析/種族/收入/犯罪率/遷入遷出
Gross population density人口毛密度

utility, infrastructure, public traffic system基礎設施/公共交通系統
street system/ network道路系統/道路網
street hierarchy/ 道路分級
civic and business networks市民和商業網點
Public space公共空間

Downtown下城區

Midtown中城區

Uptown上城區

Suburb市郊

Zoning分區

Marginal area邊緣區域

community, Sub-community社區

transition過渡區域
Smart Growth精明增長

Topographic contours地形圖

Architecture orientation建築朝向

Site analysis場地分析

Existing natural features自然景觀

Lot area基地面積

Gross floor area總建築面積

Building footprint建築面積

Usable Floor Area(Net internal area)可用面積

Gross internal area內部總面積

Volume rate容積率

Density or Floor Area Ratio(FAR)建築面積密度

Building coverage ratio建築密度

Building Coefficient建築係數

Site utilization factors場地利用係數

Architecture site layout建築佈局

Green ratio綠地率

Regional Demography Analysis區域人口分佈統計分析

Neighborhood Context鄰里社區

Man-made features人造物

Sensory環境感官（視野，噪音）

Utility公共事業（公共水電氣網絡設備）

Land cost/sales price土地價格/交易價格

Asset price for land and improvement土地資產價格/建築物資產價格

Geometrical analysis, water table, pollution, weather facts, solar rate, precipitation, wind condition, humidity地理環境分析/地下水線/污染/氣象/光照條件/降水/風象/濕度

site condition, vegetation, landscape場地條件/植被/景觀
Orientaton建築朝向
water drainage system/plumbing/sewers排水系統
Electrical systems強弱電系統
Facilities建築設備
Finishing建築內飾

Architecture Style建築風格

Typology and Hierarchy類型與層級

Detached Single Family House獨立式獨戶住宅

Mid-rise, and high-rise Apt多層及高層公寓

Housing types建築類型

form and program, style, built year建築形式/策劃，風格/建造年份

Home inspection/conditions房屋檢查/房屋狀態

Depreciation房屋折舊
Energy efficiency ratio(EER)建築能耗效率
Capitalization rate資本化率
Environmental Impact Report(EIR)環境評估報告
Highest and best use最有效使用原則
Tax rate稅率
Capital gain資本收益
Adjusted Gross Income(AGI)調整后總收入
Net Operating Income(NOI)凈營業收益
Effective gross income(EGI)有效總收益
Operating expense運行開支
Recapture rate資本返還率
Rental ratio租售比
Amortization Loan分期還款

Architecture energy consumption simulation建築能耗模擬建模
BIM建築信息建模
MLS美國房地產房源共享系統
GIS地理信息系統
Information systems信息系統
LEED Certificate美國綠色建築委員會認證
Market consultants市場顧問
Economic consultants經紀顧問
Land use attorneys土地使用律師
Environmental consultant環境顧問
Architecture programming建築策劃
Schematic design方案設計
Design development擴充設計
Construction Document施工圖/合同
Bidding or Negotiation投標
Administration of the Construction Contract工程管理
Sales brokers銷售經紀
Appraising估價
Property management房產管理
Landuse Regulations土地使用法

Some essential building code
一些重要的建築法規

2018 International Building Code2018國際建築法規
California Building Code加州建築法規
2018 International Residential Code2018-國際住宅建築法規
2018 International Green Construction Code2018-國際綠色建築法規
2018 Existing Building Code2018國際既有建築法規
California Residential Code 2.5加州住宅建築法規2.5
UP CODES美國建築法規查詢系統
2018 International Energy Conservation Code2018國際節能法規

Some essential external links to property performance consulting, simulation and analyzing, infrastructure data searching, environmental analyzing and financial strategy calculator platform relative to this topic
本專題一些重要的外部鏈接：建築物性能及能耗模擬分析平臺、基礎設施數據查詢、環境分析和投資財務金融策略計算平臺

Home Energy Saverhttp://hes.lbl.gov/consumer/
MIT Sustainable Design Lab Softwaresustainabledesignlab
MIT Design Advisorhttp://designadvisor.mit.edu/design/
ArcGIShttps://www.arcgis.com/index.html
Energy consumption for residence, PG&Ehttps://www.pge.com/

Water and Sewer Service San Franciscohttp://www.sfwater.org/index.aspx

Google Sunroof, San Francisco solar energy calculation platform, https://www.google.com/get/sunroof#p=0

Google Earth, applied on site analysishttps://www.google.com/earth/desktop/

Environment condition, which includes toxic waste and air pollutionwww.scorecard.org, water pollutionwww.swrcb.ca.gov

demographic, city-data.comhttp://www.city-data.com/

urban/architecturehttps://www.lvblcity.com/blog/2017/10/free-digital-tools-for-urban-planners

mortgage interest calculatorhttps://www.mortgagecalculator.org/

individual tax ratehttp://www.moneychimp.com/features/tax_calculator.htm

financialmentor.comhttps://financialmentor.com/calculator/real-estate-calculator
single family house construction cost calculator estimate tool (building cost net)http://legacy.building-cost.net/

San Francisco Zoning Map http://sf-planning.org/zoning-maps

Some essential external links to professions and legal institutes
一些重要的專業及機構部門的外部鏈接

AIA DC, American Institute of Architects, hire an architecthttps://www.aiadc.com/page/why-hire-architect

LEED, USGBC, United States Green Building Councilhttps://new.usgbc.org/leedrealtor.com

IRShttps://www.irs.gov/forms-pubs/about-publication-527

DPZhttps://www.dpz.com/
OpticosDesign https://opticosdesign.com/,
DPZ http://www.smartcodecentral.org/#intro
Form-based codes Institute http://formbasedcodes.org/
Congress for the New Urbanism https://www.cnu.org/

The Center for Applied Transect Studies https://transect.org/index.html

Further online official source and online documents/Asset GIS map relative to this topic
關於本話題額外的在官方線文獻文檔/Asset GIS MAP

Greening Apartment Buildings - San Francisco Bay Area Planning and Urban Research Association(SPUR)
https://www.spur.org/sites/default/files/publications_pdfs/SPUR_Greening_Apartment_Buildings.pdf
Multifamily Design Guidelines - City of Fremont, Ca
https://fremont.gov/DocumentCenter/View/18609/Multifamily-Design-Guidelines-Amended-March-2018?bidId=
Form-Based Codes: A Step-by-Step Guide for Communities
https://formbasedcodes.org/content/uploads/2013/11/CMAP-GuideforCommunities.pdf
South Hayward BART/Mission Boulevard Form-Based Code, City of Hayward, Ca
http://www.cityofhayward-ca.gov/CITY-GOVERNMENT/BOARDS-COMMISSIONS- COMMITTEES/PLANNING-COMMISSION/pc/2012/pca041212-P02.pdf
Central Petaluma Specific Plan, City of Petaluma, Ca
http://cityofpetaluma.net/cdd/pdf/cpsp/CentralPetalumaSpecificPlan.pdf
Louisiana Speaks: Pattern Book, Urban Design Associates
https://static1.squarespace.com/static/536d55f1e4b07afeea8cef61/t/552e8dbbe4b0498e9c4b36c7/1429114299306/LA_Speaks_Pattern_Book_final.pdf
San Francisco Residential Design Guidelines, San Francisco Planning Department http://sf-planning.org/sites/default/files/FileCenter/Documents/5356-resdesfinal.pdf
Building Life Cycle Assessment, AIA, http://aiad8.prod.acquia-sites.com/sites/default/files/2016-04/Building-Life-Cycle-Assessment-Guide.pdf
Single Family Residential Design Review Handbook, City of Saratoga, CA, 2014 http://www.saratoga.ca.us/DocumentCenter/View/88/Residential-Design-Review-Handbook-PDF?bidId=
Alan F Macdonald, What Does Property Type Mean? - Real Estate Definition, http://www.gimme-shelter.com/property-type-50046/

Marin County Single Family House Design Guidelines https://www.parks.marincounty.org/~/media/Files/Departments/CD/Planning/CurrentPlanning/Publications/SingleFamilyDesignGuidelines/Single_family_Residential_Design_appendices.pdf

Property and Permit Information Portal https://symbium.com/

Alameda County Asset Map (GIS) https://www.acassessor.org/parcel_viewer/

Marin County Asset Map (GIS) https://www.marinmap.org/dnn/

LA County Asset Map (GIS) https://maps.assessor.lacounty.gov/m/

San Mateo County Asset GIS Map https://gis.smcgov.org/Html5Viewer/?viewer=raster

Santa Clara County Asset GIS Map https://geoess.sccgov.org/discovergis/sccmap

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The Risk and Decision Making Strategies on Small and Medium Size Residence Investment at Architectural, Real estate Development and Business Professions' Point of View (I)

noreply@blogger.com (Atticus (Anqi Yang)) — Wed, 18 Jul 2018 21:37:00 +0000

The Risk and Decision Making Strategies on Small and Medium Size Residence Investment at Architectural, Real estate Development and Business Professions' Point of View (I)

(updating and continued)

by Anqi Yang

Keywords and topic

Risk Type Decision/decision making under risk, Business strategies on real estate, Real estate investment evaluation system, Mathematics analysis, Data collection, Operation research, Real estate appraising, Real estate transaction, financing, tax, and development strategies, Marketing analysis, Site, and condition analysis and simulation, Reverse engineering, Data and analysis for marketing decisions, Building design strategies, Building climate control, Life-cycle cost analysis, Construction cost estimate, Financial analysis on investment, Operation and return System Engineering, Architectural programming

Introduction: A full picture of a small size private residential property's life cycle

Normally, for real estate developers, there are six core stages of developing a real estate project: feasibility and acquisition, design, financing, construction, marketing and leasing, and finally is operation and management. While if zone out to a larger picture and time range, a developer occupies at the very beginning of the time period, usually around two to three years for a small to a mid-size project. considering a relatively long time for a property's life, the majority of its life is occupied by the occupancy and tenants. As an example, once a customed built single-family house is sold out, the owners will modify it several couples of years and may sell it after a certain time. A marketing and new management process will occur, either by the seller or the listing agent. And again, it transformed to the new landlord, with different family sizes or plans for the property, for instance, transform it into a vocation or rent a property. During the transformation, the landlord may take time and budget to restore some facilities and fixtures, even the interior arrangement. This cycle will take a quite a long time until some legal policy has changed on the zone for the lot, or the new investor purchase the land with the property, demolish the improvement and rebuild the entire real estate property. As a consequence, until this point, the improvement finally finishes its entire life cycle.

Here is a simplified rental property lifecycle table,
Stage I, an investor purchase the property, if a land, go to III
Stage II. demolish the improvement, or go to Stage VI
Stage III, the investor develop the land under the development principles
Stage IV, marketing for sale or leasing
Stage V, property sold, or rent out
Stage VI, if rent out, investor or third party manage the property
Stage VII, restore the property in a couple of years
Stage VIII, repeat IV to VII; if the improvement is demolished then go to Stage II

The entire process of the properties speculating for the property investors is highly complicated, that's because not only the whole transaction workflow is full of mixture types of strategies, such as the strategies on the location selection, housing condition inspection, and mortgage brokers choices, evaluation on architects and engineers, but also there are branches of essential paper works, agreements, and other legal documents need to be examined very carefully within the entire or partial process of real estate activities. The entire investment action drives multiple professions and fields sufficiently interaction and deep collaboration. Besides the services assisted by third parties such as the transaction brokers, what could the real estate investors take advantage of some architectural and real estate development tools to test and get to the deep water? Take an example, could a property buyer compare the two single-family houses alternatives by evaluating their basic energy consumption facts roughly at the early stage without any third parties participating? Is it possible for the buyers to have a full picture of the alternatives' site and architectural condition in a very short time before the field trip? How and how far could big data assist those participate in the property transaction process with natural and artificial influences and facts relative to the alternatives? Is there a real-time calculation platform that easily shows the relationship between investment and profit which integrates comprehensive data from life long-term energy consumption, miscellanies expense, tax, and land price rate? Is there an easy platform to present out the Life-cycle cost analysis (LCCA) for a single-family property based on collected information and documents? The article will examine carefully on some evaluation strategies of the risk and decision-making for small and medium residence investment at architectural and development professionals' points, which include but not limit to AHP analysis tools—a mathematical analysis tool widely used in business and commerce field, Site Analysis Strategies—a widely applied fundamental site conditional evaluation strategy in R.E. professionals, Architectural Energy Simulation—the environmental analysis tool widely used in the architectural design process, Architectural Environmental Design Simulation—the core workflow on architectural design process which helps investors see and feel the proposal or existing property's interior and exterior environment in three-dimensional visualization platform.

For the developers, the typical development process for the residential type of properties begins with project feasibility and acquisition, followed by design, financing, construction, marketing, and leasing. Project feasibility contains four main activities: market analysis, site selection, and engineering feasibility, regulatory approvals, and financial feasibility. Usually, a third-party firm will take responsibility for the market analysis stages, which are the most essential and core part of the pre-development process. The market analysis concentrates on the problems with programming and market trends; for instance, the market analysts need draft out what types of products are most attractive and the behind reasons, what is the target market, what are (potential) competitors in the market, and the facts for market demands and demographics. In the design process, architects work on the pre-design, schematic design, facility design, and working drawing process. The design principle is evidenced-based and in the meanwhile, based entirely on the market analysis in the project feasibility stage.

The ultimate objective of decision-making strategies on the properties purchased and investment process is not only to get the ideal choices but also to sharpen critical method systematically-to be able to analyze the facts and explore potential and hidden valuable information. Relative concepts, trends, and ideas are significant to the understanding of facts. For instance, what is the real market value for the alternative which is in the buyer's wish list? What are the historical records of the property's real estate tax, maintenance, utility fee? It is critical to figure out the building enclosure energy efficiency performance facts, which may have accumulated enormous utility balance. After a broader understanding, it is not hard to get close to the origin, determine factors and characteristic limitations, which will speed up the decision-making process comprehensively and systematically. For the developers and speculators, the systematically, scientifically, and logically decision techniques for investment on the existing or potential properties are only a few sequences of the life long-term investment cycle, which plays such an essential part and embodies the value on the entire life term investment cycle.

Mathematics Analysis Strategies (Operational research)

Operations research is often used to solve complicated tasks in real estate activities, especially to improve or optimize the efficiency of existing systems. As a branch of modern applied mathematics, Operational research focuses on the operational problems that arise in production, development, management, sale, and other activities that are solved by mathematical methods and formal science. Operational research employs a variety of approaches such as statistics, mathematical models, and algorithms to achieve the best or near-optimal solution to complex problems. Mathematical planning(Linear/nonlinear ), risk decision modelings such as the Analytic hierarchy process, Markov chain, Decision Tree, and Loss Matrix are some of the most typical operation research strategies or tools in property investment activities.

Example. Analytic hierarchy process(AHP)

For the individual buyers, they must organize their own information collected by various means to get ready for the AHP solution. AHP is a structured technique for organizing and analyzing complex decisions, based on mathematics and psychology. It is not about finding a correct answer, instead, it helps buyers find "one that best suits their goal and their understanding of the problems." It provides a comprehensive and rational framework for structuring a decision problem, for representing and quantifying its elements, for relating those elements to overall goals, and for evaluating alternative solutions. "(1) Users of the AHP just decompose their decision problem into a hierarchy of more easily comprehend sub-problems, each of which can be analyzed independently. The elements of the decision problem are tangible or intangible......Once the hierarchy is built, the decision-makers systematically evaluate its various elements by comparing them to each other two at a time, with respect to their impact on an element above them in the hierarchy."(2)

Usually, the major purposes of the buyers purchasing the properties are relocation, exchanging old houses, or property speculating. No matter how they get the final point, it is obvious that integrate the data and information they have is an ideal method for the transaction. In an AHP hierarchy for a buyer buying a property, the goal might be to choose the best property among the number of alternatives. Here are some considerations that need to be taken prior to the transaction begin, initial cost and supplementary cost, neighborhood, local services, traffic, and occupancy as the criteria for making the decision. They might subdivide the cost criterion into the purchase price, energy costs, maintenance costs, property tax, insurance, and resale value.

In short, the process path map for AHP strategy might look like this:
Step one, first hand and second-hand information collection, the information could be the internet real estate research, local legal information, services points, market price rate, tax facts, local neighborhood, and demography information. There are some common aspects comparison lists that could be found online and books, such as the list of architecture features conditions and local environments.
Step two, figure out criteria, this is the logical step that needs to be carefully treated.
Step three, build the hierarchy
Step four, operate the AHP program, analyze and evaluate
Step five, summary and make the conclusion, or if necessary, repeat step two to step four

Here is one of the tremendous examples applied to the evaluation and analyzing strategies relative to real estate investment, for instance, a couple with their children are looking for a totally new property to settle. Finding a property when the buyers are new to an area, which means they are at a disadvantage since they don't have enough and valuable information to help them locate an ideal house, in a congenial location at a fair price. Conventionally, there are many aspects and features of the speculating actions need to be examined hierarchy and logically. In real estate development and architectural design professions points, the aspect of location is at a quite unique position in their practice. As a programming strategy of development and design practice, the concept of location embodies series of meaningful and valuable data of the market, evidence of the neighborhood's existing condition, infrastructure, and facts of legal, historical, political, and natural features. If the buyer narrows down the aspects of decision-making criteria into a single aspect just as location, it may look like this diagram as shows the following figures.

Fig. A typical example of AHP hierarchy on location and property decision-making for three properties, modeled by the author

Fig. An example of the AHP hierarchy matrix platform, analyzed by author, system supported by http://bpmsg.com/ , K. D. Goepel

Physical Environment Analyzing and Simulation Strategies

Another essential aspect of property investment and purchase decision-making is energy consumption and relevant architectural features. In Walt Disney Imagineering (WDI), the core and leader development department of Walt Disney Parks and Resorts, there is a sub-department called Environmental Design and Engineering (ED&E), which covers all the fields related to the sensory as well as the physical environment. Although the main responsibility for ED&E is collaborating with other departments on solid infrastructures, buildings, and architecture projects, while, in fact, that they are in charge much more than the solid world. The environmental aspect of architectural development and operation in WDI is much broader than people thought traditionally. Normally, at the developer's point, the environmental features cover the effects brought to nature, energy, and source consumption by the project as a long-term period, and the visible exterior and interior built environment.

Without taking a field trip and investigation in person, what could a buyer know about the energy consumption history and facts of a potential property in the early stage of the transaction process without a third-party inspector's assistant? There are various useful third-party tools and platforms applied by developers and designers for a long time, which are also meaningful for the potential homebuyers who want to get rough pictures on the target properties. The basic workflow might look like this: once the buyer has determined several potential properties information online by the real estate transaction search engine, some valuable data could be applied to the model building, such as general information model establishing, building information modeling(BIM), or any other three-dimensional visualization methods. Similar to reverse engineering widely used in military and manufacture fields, The modeling process begins from an existing object with existing data. The modeling integrates and embodies local geography data from Geographic Information System Mapping Technology(GIS), data from the national climate database, and building enclosure performance information.

According to the Building Performance Analysis (BPA) model, architectural designers and professions are able to learn how to incorporate high-performance building design into their workflows with digital design tools. Although BPA is designed for professions, while it is an ideal method to apply to the existing buildings' performance analysis. Typically, the BPA model covers the design analysis and strategies on climate/weather, solar measurements, wind/airflow, daylighting, whole-building energy optimization. (3)

Here is an incomplete list of the analysis and strategies tools for architectural programming, location/site, finance, design, construction, sale, management/operation, and reconstruction:
Revit Architecture (BIM)Environment Analysis, Modeling, and Energy Consumption simulation
Online real-time architectural/building design and simulation platforms
Sketchup Design Analysis with plugins, Modeling, and solar shading analysis, site analysis
BPA-Building Performance Analyzing for efficiency design strategies
LEED Architecture Design Strategy & Living Building Challenge
Climate Consultant, energy efficiency building design strategy
MIT Design Advisor, energy consumption simulation by room
Ecotect, architectural energy and solar studies platform
Google Earth Pro, Urban analysis, weather, natural condition, site analysis, solar analysis
Demography Analysis, data facts, demography data collection
FLUX Building Design Platform Solution
GIS analysis of the landscape, site fabric, geographic data
RSMeans Data for building construction cost calculation
Open source big data platform, geographic data information mathematic modeling analysis

Fig. Google Sunroof solar energy calculation platform, makes a comparison on the property roof solar energy rate between two areas in San Francisco. Although the schedule expresses the facts on solar energy in the two districts of San Francisco, in facts, which demonstrates the hidden secrets of the total amount of solar radiation in both areas. Supported by Google Project Sunroof, https://www.google.com/get/sunroof#p=0

Fig. Building energy efficiency design strategies could be supplied by the third-party platform, by Climate Consultant Software, modeled by the author, system developed by UCLA

Fig. This is an example expresses the site analysis presentation, more detailed information and process are discussed in the topic of site analysis, analyzed by the author, software developed by Autodesk

Fig. building wall solar path and shading analysis, located in the Greater Los Angeles area, software supported by Autodesk, analyzed by the author

Sensory Environment Simulation Strategies

Normally, by employing the professional design software and platforms, architectural designers and planners could present a simulated three-dimensional visual reality built environment to clients much easier than ever in history. Thanks to the updating technologies, many online residence interior/exterior design platforms are becoming more popular than ever, integrated with big data, cloud calculation, and VR technologies, clients are able to access, modify, re-render, and "walk around inside" anytime anywhere through the tools. Without entering into real property, the potential buyers can still "walk into the building" with a different furnishing setting. Usually, this will be helpful because the buyers may want to have an experience in the space without the furniture which they don't like, or they can easily make the exchange the interior finishing and furnishings in the platforms.

The sensory environmental simulation strategies are normally and widely applied in the micro building elements as well as macro urban, rural or natural environment researches and evaluations through the entire life term of the design-built-operation process, which assists to the decision-makers deliver the judgments logically, adaptability and comprehensively. Thanks to the updating technologies recently, many sensory environment simulation works could be easily done by a personal computer anywhere at any time. With the aid of reverse engineering technology-a, the new methodological base for the existing architectural and environmental surveying and representation, employed by three-dimensional modeling, online data pool, and geographic data platforms, the decision-makers are able to reproduce the existing project to examine the basic facts on this product performance, the specifications of its components, costs estimating and potential patent infringement identify. For instance, a decision-maker may integrate the online data pool, GIS, inspection drawings, building technologies, and real photo images from the city planning or permit the department to reproduce the fundamental three-dimensional mass models with essential features, and evaluate and analyze the interior energy consumption facts by the building climate control simulation platforms. During the all model reproduction process, the decision-makers no need to get to the site, or even take a field trip and survey the entire property. Take a survey for a private is sometimes not too hard, especially the local law is not very strict, and of course, it is more valuable to take an onsite survey for the sensory environment simulation strategy.

Fig. The 3D modeling simulates a residence interior sensory environment, one outstanding feature for these types of the platform is high efficiency with advanced design quality, designed and modeled by the author

Fig. solar gain and shadow analysis are quite essential for residence property, thanks to the GIS technique, which allows decision-makers to easily analyze the solar condition anywhere around the world. The image indicates the reproduction of an existing property located in the Bay area of California, which occupies a large area of slope area at the mountain. Modeled by author

Fig. The luxury property located on a slope of a hill, Bay Area California. Photo resource is from Refin

Fig. Urban or city fabric analysis presents the necessary context data and facts for the lot or existing project, which usually examines the scale and mass of the existing urban blocks and street. Modeled and analyzed by the author

Architectural Programming

Driven by big data techniques, the developers or owners are able to get the basic design feature information and suggestions from the third party during the market feasibility analysis. There shall be a bridge that connects with the feasibility analysis results (output) and the design forces (input), and the strategy of architectural programming is most likely to be involved in this condition. Based on the standard AIA agreements, programming is normally in charge by the owner and developer, however, in some cases, the owner may not able to develop the program and must use the services of a programming consultant. As the research and decision-making process, architectural programming explores the issues which need to be solved by design. The entire process embodies the research process to collect, analyze, and document relevant information and draw a conclusion, in the meanwhile, the method establishes the appropriate criteria for the design solutions.

Generally, there are fourteen steps for typical architectural programming:
1, Program form 2, Program content 3, Preliminaries 4, Executive summary 5, Values and goals 6, Design considerations 7, Project requirements 8, Space identification and allocation 9, Relationship matrices and diagrams 10, Space program sheet 11, Budget and cost analysis 12, Project schedule 13, Design analysis 14, Appendix (6)(9)

Architectural programming systematically contributes to the informational system of the entire project design-built process, and each stage in the programming has the branch of sub-strategies and analysis tools. For instance, from step 5 to step 7, the developer may integrate the information from the market analysis results, which allocate each type of market trends for the project. Generally, the data source for market analysis may be contributed by the third parties of real estate professions, like the real estate transaction agencies, home builders, the brokers and realtors, and enormous data from online credits and records. The market analyzers need to take advantage of big data research tools on the data pools, build the mathematical model on the demographic-property feature-finance trends and facts structures, and this is the reason why the developer shall not rely on the architects or contractors consults in this strategy. Once a target product is roughly determined, the architects and facility designers may assistant the developer full fill those steps in programming.

The following network diagram clarifies out the functions and relationship structure on each assigned constant and variable component for an eight-unit urban dwell project. Similar to the general visual computer programming platform, this program allows users to easily build numbers of structural models by moving, connecting, or disconnecting, building, or deleting the components. In this example, there are more than ten types of modeling components, which are identified by different colors or shapes. The following diagram also presents the structure of the CRS analysis model, which is an architectural programming tool based on a matrix system introduced last century. CRS encourages decision-makers' evaluation of the valuable design elements by researching design goals, performance requires and design requires hierarchically and tightly.

Fig. The eight-unit residential property design programming demonstrates the master plan to highly detailed interior finishing logic structure and relationship, modeled and arranged by the author

Fig. San Francisco city zoning search system, the left window presents the zoning control table and codes, and the top right window demonstrates the detail information and data for a specific lot, and the downright window shows the high detail sky view for the neighborhood with topography and lot number, powered by American Legal Publishing Corporation

Fig. Santa Clara County GIS system, a parcel map embodied with the variety of demographic layers, powered by American Legal Publishing Corporation

Fig. Architectural programming on a mixed-use residential project pre-design diagram in Asheville, RAD neighborhood renovation, Nc, analyzed by the author

Fig. Demographic analysis of a mixed-use residential project in Asheville, RAD neighborhood renovation, based on the statistic technique and data collection, Nc, analyzed by the author

Fig. a typical workflow principle-program demonstrates the data-based decision making programming strategy, modeled and arranged by the author

Life Cost Analysis Method

As a developer or speculator, it is essential to understand and estimate the life cycle cost of a property, whatever it is unbuilt land or existing property. According to Whole Building Design Guides (WBDC), a program of the National Institute of Building Sciences (United States), "a method for assessing the total cost of facility ownership. It takes into account all the costs of acquiring, owning, and disposing of a building or building system."(4) Here is the equation for LLC method:

LCC = I + Repl - Res + E + W + OM&R + O
LCC = Total LCC in present-value (PV) dollars of a given alternative
I = PV investment costs (if incurred at base date, they need not be discounted)
Repl = PV capital replacement costs
Res = PV residual value (resale value, salvage value) less disposal costs
E = PV of energy costs
W = PV of water costs
OM&R = PV of non-fuel operating, maintenance and repair costs
O = PV of other costs (e.g., contract costs for ESPCs or UESCs)

Another important estimate tool for architecture life cycle analysis is the LCA method. According to International Standard ISO 14040, LCA is a “compilation and evaluation of the inputs, outputs and the potential environmental impacts of a product system throughout its life cycle.” As building design and development estimating tool, LCA "allows architects and other building professionals to understand the energy use and other environmental impacts associated with all life cycle phases of the building: procurement, construction, operation, and decommissioning."(5)

Financial Analysis Strategies

This section will continue to argue some of the most essential decision-making strategies of the finance aspects among the entire single-family residence speculating activity, and drill down to the bottom line for maximizing profit and minimize risks. The investor's biggest challenge is to identify the highest and best use of the property and land value. For the developers, the general financial analysis embodies the following techniques and methods which occupy quite significant roles in the early development stages. On the other hand, the financial analysis is quite essential for the property owners who need to get a loan to restore their properties, and the process usually is undertaken by the appraiser and the accountant, who would present out for the future sales price report and development cash flow report to the loan agency for re-construction the existing property(7).

Take a brief look at the views from the house investors, which may drive more deeply in a specific situation in the decision-making process. When the investor already purchased the property years ago and he wants to get a loan from the bank since he plans to get a higher price for sale. A project development business plan needs to be prepared for the property reconstruction loan, which normally contains the content of appraising reports, costs to remodel the property, profit, and loss forecast for remodeling, project development cash flow forecast.

Normally, there are five stages of financial analysis for project development. Stage one applies the simple capitalization of pro-foma NOI, which demonstrates the rental and sales revenue summary and contributes a pro-foma statement that estimates the stabilized project rents and expenses. In stage two will present out the discounted cash flow (DCF) analysis of annual cash flows during stabilized cash flows of the operating period, which is considered as the most essential section among the entire financial analysis. The combined analysis of the development and operating and the monthly cash flows during the development periods are applied by stage three and stage four, and the final stage justifies DCF analysis for investors.

Any owners/investors need their budget to track how the project is developed, constructed, and operated. In the owner’s budget analysis, the owner could track and examine each category within the whole project development. There are three main sections in the owner’s budget analysis: construction costs, project costs, and life-cycle costs. The owner is able to understand the appropriate costs embodied in each category during the entire project development. Some second-hand property investors might ignore the history operation, performance, or energy records of the property, and all these embody costs are called life-cycle costs which occupy a large scale of the entire costs. For specific, appraisers normally can apply the income approach to find out the value of the property by calculating the NOI and capitalization rate. Cap-rate can be found by comparison between other properties, calculating by the price they were sold and their NOI per year. Here are some equations which identify the relationship between the effective gross income (EGI), operating costs, cap-rate, and NOI(8):
Effective gross income minus operating expenses equal NOI,
Effective gross income equals the potential gross income minus vacancy and collection loss.
NOI divided by cap rate equal the property value

A widely used rental property operating expense and income tracking schedule is called the NOI(Net Operating Income) table, which is similar to the IRS 1040 schedule E. Net operating income equals all revenue from the rental property (Effective Gross Income) minus all reasonably operating expenses. Take an example for schedule E in order to make a better summary of the property's annual operating expense and overall income. The owner needs to take record some essential costs on the daily or monthly general expense, liability, or any other fees relative to the rental property, which itemized as the cleaning/maintenance, repair, insurance, mortgage interests, real estate tax, supplies, depreciation, utilities. Usually, the amount of depreciation is relative to the date with the property costs, any newly installed fixtures and facilities, and property restore costs. The NOI is key evidence for property appraising, purchase, and development loan application, and architectural life cost analysis. Usually, NOI appears on the property’s income and cash flow statements.

Fig. 2016 individual federal tax return 1040 Schedule-E section I, which indicates the general deduction lists for rental properties. Compared to the R.E. appraiser's estimate, some categories need to be adjusted in the property operating statement. The net rental income on this chart is roughly considered as NOI, the net operation income

Fig. a real estate investment analysis form, which calculates various aspects of financial estimating. by Jim Collopy, Broker for Fort Lowell Realty & Property Management www.flraz.com

Fig. financial feasibility analysis, stage 1a, the rental, and sales revenue summary. The chart indicates the overview of the rental income by each apartment unit, supported by Ch4 spreadsheets

Topics and relevant topics to this article
本專題話題與相關話題

Property site analysis建築場地分析
Architecture life cycle analysis/LCA method建築生命週期全過程經濟分析

structure, facilities, interior condition, sustainable design strategy結構/設備/可持續建築設計策略

Urban design and development城市設計與規劃

the real estate development principles房地產開發原理

the architectural plan and design principles建築策劃與設計原理
operations research on real estate房地產運籌問題
Real Estate Investment and Portfolio Theory房地產投資組合理論
IRS regulations for the home transaction and occupation 國稅局（聯邦）對於房產交易與使用的政策稅法
State, and personal energy suppliers' (California) latest code and policies for property energy
州（加州）州政府及能源提供方的最新政策、條例
the typical individual real estate transaction process房產交易流程

Title insurance, Insurance, Property tax, Mortgage interest on the fixed-rate and adjustable rate房屋保險/地稅/貸款利息

Property operation/management物業運營/管理

The essential terms relative to this topic
本專題涉及的部份專有名詞

Metropolis, or Rural大都會/郊區

Urban Planning Zone城市規劃分區

Neighborhood and Community鄰里和社區

racial, income, demographic flow, crime人口分析/種族/收入/犯罪率/遷入遷出
Gross population density人口毛密度

Downtown下城區

Midtown中城區

Uptown上城區

Suburb市郊

Zoning分區

Marginal area邊緣區域

community, Sub-community社區

transition過渡區域
Smart Growth精明增長

Topographic contours地形圖

Architecture orientation建築朝向

Site analysis場地分析

Existing natural features自然景觀

Lot area基地面積

Gross floor area總建築面積

Building footprint建築面積

Usable Floor Area(Net internal area)可用面積

Gross internal area內部總面積

Volume rate容積率

Density or Floor Area Ratio(FAR)建築面積密度

Building coverage ratio建築密度

Building Coefficient建築係數

Site utilization factors場地利用係數

Architecture site layout建築佈局

Green ratio綠地率

Regional Demography Analysis區域人口分佈統計分析

Neighborhood Context鄰里社區

Man-made features人造物

Sensory環境感官（視野，噪音）

Utility公共事業（公共水電氣網絡設備）

Land cost/sales price土地價格/交易價格

Asset price for land and improvement土地資產價格/建築物資產價格

Geometrical analysis, water table, pollution, weather facts, solar rate, precipitation, wind condition, humidity地理環境分析/地下水線/污染/氣象/光照條件/降水/風象/濕度

Architecture Style建築風格

Typology and Hierarchy類型與層級

Detached Single Family House獨立式獨戶住宅

Mid-rise, and high-rise Apt多層及高層公寓

Housing types建築類型

form and program, style, built year建築形式/策劃，風格/建造年份

Home inspection/conditions房屋檢查/房屋狀態

Notes

(3)Autodesk Sustainability Workshop https://sustainabilityworkshop.autodesk.com/building-design/concepts

(4)Life Cycle Cost Analysis, Wold Building Design Guide, by the National Institute of Building Science, https://www.wbdg.org/resources/life-cycle-cost-analysis-lcca

Some essential external links to property/site analyzing and finance calculator platform

Energy consumption for residence, PG&Ehttps://www.pge.com/

Water and Sewer Service San Franciscohttp://www.sfwater.org/index.aspx

Google Sunroof, San Francisco solar energy calculation platform, https://www.google.com/get/sunroof#p=0

Google Earth, applied on site analysishttps://www.google.com/earth/desktop/

Environment condition, which includes toxic waste and air pollutionwww.scorecard.org, water pollutionwww.swrcb.ca.gov

demographic, city-data.comhttp://www.city-data.com/

urban/architecturehttps://www.lvblcity.com/blog/2017/10/free-digital-tools-for-urban-planners

mortgage interest calculatorhttps://www.mortgagecalculator.org/

individual tax ratehttp://www.moneychimp.com/features/tax_calculator.htm

financialmentor.comhttps://financialmentor.com/calculator/real-estate-calculator
single-family house construction cost calculator estimate tool (building cost net)http://legacy.building-cost.net/

San Francisco Zoning Map http://sf-planning.org/zoning-maps

Some essential external links to professions and legal institutes

AIA DC, American Institute of Architects, hire an architecthttps://www.aiadc.com/page/why-hire-architect

LEED, USGBC, United States Green Building Councilhttps://new.usgbc.org/leedrealtor.com

IRShttps://www.irs.gov/forms-pubs/about-publication-527

The Center for Applied Transect Studies https://transect.org/index.html

Further online source and online documents

Greening Apartment Buildings - San Francisco Bay Area Planning and Urban Research Association(SPUR)
https://www.spur.org/sites/default/files/publications_pdfs/SPUR_Greening_Apartment_Buildings.pdf
Multifamily Design Guidelines - City of Fremont, Ca
https://fremont.gov/DocumentCenter/View/18609/Multifamily-Design-Guidelines-Amended-March-2018?bidId=
Form-Based Codes: A Step-by-Step Guide for Communities
https://formbasedcodes.org/content/uploads/2013/11/CMAP-GuideforCommunities.pdf
South Hayward BART/Mission Boulevard Form-Based Code, City of Hayward, Ca
http://www.cityofhayward-ca.gov/CITY-GOVERNMENT/BOARDS-COMMISSIONS- COMMITTEES/PLANNING-COMMISSION/pc/2012/pca041212-P02.pdf
Central Petaluma Specific Plan, City of Petaluma, Ca
http://cityofpetaluma.net/cdd/pdf/cpsp/CentralPetalumaSpecificPlan.pdf
Louisiana Speaks: Pattern Book, Urban Design Associates
https://static1.squarespace.com/static/536d55f1e4b07afeea8cef61/t/552e8dbbe4b0498e9c4b36c7/1429114299306/LA_Speaks_Pattern_Book_final.pdf
San Francisco Residential Design Guidelines, San Francisco Planning Department http://sf-planning.org/sites/default/files/FileCenter/Documents/5356-resdesfinal.pdf
Building Life Cycle Assessment, AIA, http://aiad8.prod.acquia-sites.com/sites/default/files/2016-04/Building-Life-Cycle-Assessment-Guide.pdf
Single Family Residential Design Review Handbook, City of Saratoga, CA, 2014 http://www.saratoga.ca.us/DocumentCenter/View/88/Residential-Design-Review-Handbook-PDF?bidId=
Alan F Macdonald, What Does Property Type Mean? - Real Estate Definition, http://www.gimme-shelter.com/property-type-50046/

All images and works © 2015-2019 by Anqi Yang. All rights reserved. No part of this website may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the author. 所有圖像和作品©2015-2020作者：Anqi Yang。版權所有。未經作者事先書面許可，不得以任何形式或方式（電子，機械，影印，錄製或其他方式）複製或傳播本網站的任何部分。

The Essential Techniques in Visual Art of Architecture Design Practice: Definition and Significance (I)

noreply@blogger.com (Atticus (Anqi Yang)) — Fri, 01 Sep 2017 00:01:00 +0000

The Essential Techniques in Visual Art of Architecture Design Practice: Definition and Significance (I)

by Anqi Yang

San Francisco and Bay Area, 2017

"Architects were once noted for their ability to visualize through drawing and this set them apart from engineers or technicians"

The Duet of Gothic and Caribbean, 2016, normally, graphics and design techniques reflect on a promotion artwork for business and commercial purposes, designed and illustrated by Anqi Yang. All rights reserved

This article will argue some of the most primary visual arts techniques applied in architecture design practice, also it will examine the significance of each technique by sample works or projects. With the development of segment markets in the architecture industry worldwide, the architectural visualization field is one of the fantastic and significant branches of the working flow of the architecture design practice, which celebrates a diversity of classical and brand new methods and techniques.

A prevalent opinion is that all fine art is a subset of visual art, which indicates that some visual artworks do not belong to fine art. Visual arts in architectural design practice is quite important due to the dramatical exchanges and evolution of the new business model during a recent couple of years; operating branches of visual arts tools, platforms, and media, professionals, and clients in this industry communicate much more frequently and diversity than before. Here are some typical samples of visual arts application in architectural design practice and relevant fields:

-For property developers/third party agents: programming, planning, concept design/planning, branding, initial idea presentation, marketing strategy purpose, legal documentation, magazine and publicity, sale, publications
-For architecture design firms: branding purpose, projects/products general/performance demonstration, legal documentation, marketing strategy purpose, projects/products showcase, design stage/process presentation and visualization, idea delivery, competition, concept art, exhibition
-For architectural related fields and public departments: historical preservation and Academy research, documentary, civic management, publications, standards promotion
-For public general: education, publication, fine arts/applied arts composition, popularization knowledge

Fine Arts and Commercial Arts in Architectural Visualization

The purposes of the two are very different. Fine Arts are judged for their beauty, meaningfulness, everlasting spirits, specifically, painting, sculpture, drawing, watercolor, graphics, and pure architecture are considered as typical fine arts; performing, music, poetry and theater are also considered as fine arts. Fine arts works are normally respected and highly individualized. Conversely, commercial artworks include advertising, graphic design, branding, logos, and book illustrations, usually are reproduced industrial products, in contrast, fine art defines the appreciation value to permanently collection. Not all architectural visualization works in nowadays market and design market could be categorized into fine arts, meanwhile, the majority of them are repetitive manufactured based commercial artworks. As an illustration, by occupying the most advantages of digital instruments, an architecture designer is able to create a branch of high-quality rendering pages even the animations within a day, however, an architectural artist may take one week even a month to draft a single architecture visual art piece, which could be a painting, an illustration artwork, or a mixed media drawing. The obvious difference between the both is that fine arts works embrace the artist's personal mood, sense of art, touch, emotion on the work, personality, special styles and personal painting techniques, and any initial soul and original spirits relative to this single piece. Compared to fine artworks, the commercial visual artworks for architecture usually don't have enough hybrid elements and especially the designer's or artist's individual art tastes, since the draft man presents very limited human sense and personal tastes into the solo digital media-based design visualization. As a consequence, it is not easy to build a relationship between the draftsman and their digital-only-based visualization works for those audiences or readers.

Traditional Architectural Illustration/ Visual Art
Traditional illustration employees various old-school instruments and techniques to create two-dimensional visual arts covers a series of classical media, such as pastel, pen and ink, pencil, watercolor, oil, etc.

Digital/Mixed Media Illustration
Nowadays, the practice of architectural design is largely digital and informative oriented than ever. Living in the digital period, professionals are accustomed to digital architectural visualization in the architecture practice. The advantage of digital visualization is obvious: many software packages supply the real-time visualization solution for highly complex structures and architecture projects in any view, and the whole rendering process takes much less time than the traditional methods. So how about the traditional craftsman techniques application the modern period? Just imagine the "right point" when traditional media meets the latest digital rendering techniques, the result is compromise and charming. There are many examples of digital and mixed media illustration and visualization in architecture design practice and academic fields, still, designers and illustrators sometimes would like to present the mixed-media visual artworks because they would benefit from various tools and integrate their intention, conscious and unconscious into a single art piece.

The Live-work Project for Artists, River Art District, Asheville, 2015, was designed, modeled, and illustrated by Anqi Yang, this work is occupied by BIM modeling and simulation with traditional drawing techniques. All rights reserved

Drawing and Painting

Distinguish with painting and considering it as a subcategory of visual art, drawing is created through a variety of drawing instruments marked on the two-dimensional medium, presenting the outlining and shadows. Painting is the practice of employing paint, pigment, color, or other colorful mediums to a two-dimensional solid surface.

Paraline Drawing: Isometric Drawing and Axonometric Drawing

The Principle of parallel was systemically developed by French engineer Gaspard Monge, who invented the whole techniques of descriptive geometry. Descriptive geometry is a branch of geometry that allows the representation of three-dimensional objects in two dimensions media.

There are four basic types of axonometric projections: Oblique, Dimetric, Isometric, and Trimetric.

Axonometric Projection (drawing) is referred to as a projection as they do not have vanishing points as the conventional perspective drawing. glossary-tag Consequently, all lines on a common axis are drawn as parallel. Drawing prepared by using the projection method requires three views of the object, which tends to be more time-consuming and complex than drawing by the direct measuring method.

There are some characters of this type of graphics technique for architectural drawing:

-The drawing is a whole design process, which requires high concentration and fully experienced for the drafters;

-One-piece paper is able to present all the plants, sections, and elevations of the same project;

-The drawing could be used as a design reference document, which presents detailed materials, structures, textures and decorations in the early design stage; All these analog materials are quite useful for later digital modeling and rendering

-The drawing itself may be promoted into a fine artwork

-More flexible and accurate than a linear perspective drawing, Dimetric and Trimetric represent the object's real dimensions on each dimension within a three-dimensional Cartesian coordinate system.

Axonometric Drawing of Chartres Cathedral, 2008, a study drawing for the French Gothic architectural fly wall-arch structure, sculptures, elements order, and proportion, studied and illustrated by Anqi Yang. All Rights Reserved

A Proposal of the Luxury Boutique Hotel in the Carrabine Sea Area, Axonometric projection, 2015, took around ten days to finish, Concept idea was composed by WDI architecture design department, this is one version of the concept pool which was designed and illustrated by Anqi Yang. All rights reserved. external links:

Freehand Linear Perspective Technique Drawing/ Painting

The early perspective technique applied in architectural drawings and paintings was found in the literature and ruins of the ancient Roman Empire, the ancient Chinese oblique perspective paintings, and Medieval artists' manuscripts in Europe. were aware of the general principle of varying the relative size of elements according to distance, but even more, than classical art was perfectly ready to override it for other reasons. Buildings were often shown obliquely according to a particular convention. The use and sophistication of attempts to convey distance increased steadily during the period, but without a basis in a systematic theory.

With the improvement of mathematics and geometrical methodology, the linear perspective technique was systematically developed by some of the most important Italian Renaissance painters and architects including Filippo Brunelleschi, Masaccio, Paolo Uccello, Piero Della Francesca, and Luca Pacioli, wrote treatises on it, and incorporated it into their artworks, thus contributing to the mathematics of art. During the past twenty decades, this old-school craftsmanship has been replaced by digital modeling techniques in architectural design practice around the world.

Although it is quite simple to build a three-dimensional linear perspective platform by digital modeling method, the principle and the cultural heritage of the classic technique is very worth to be inherited by nowadays generations.

The Perspective View of a Local Single Family House, permanently collected by the property owner. compared to live sketching and photocopy painting, this work is occupied by the classical perspective drawing technique, which means the illustrator only needs to get the elevation and layout information from the online 3D map, designer, and field trip. by Anqi Yang, 2012, All rights reserved

Artist's Impression

The technique of a representation method for those objects which could not be photographed or observed. In Architectural visual arts, typically, it is applied in historical architecture or urban landscape recovery.

Live Sketching

Live sketching requires drawers to stay and observe the objects on-site, and markdown what the drawer saw and got to knew from the object in his/her own way. Unlike taking photography, on-site live sketching really needs the personal discovery of the new things from the real object in a limited time rather than from second-hand information, such as an image from the internet, or photography. Within a very limited time, the drawer needs to concentrate on the architecture, go around look around the site and the project. All these actions may help him/her find the ideal angle and position to present the image of the project. Sometimes, the drawer could explore some unknown details of this architecture. The process of the live sketching would push the drawer to build the image of the form, styles, order, and layout of the entire three-dimension mass in the heart. The whole process of live sketching is a journey of discovering and learning new things that haven't been discovered. A temple, church, sanctuary, historical heritage are the ideal projects to be sketched on-site, and the objects are not limited to architecture exterior, but also the interior of a single architecture, a detail of structure formation, the surrounding landscape, people, urban fabric or neighborhood. Live sketching is a part of survey sketching, the critical thinking sketching technique.

Oblique Projection / Parallel Projection

Oblique projection is a type of parallel projection, which is a basic technique of parallel graphical projection used for representing a three-dimension object by producing a two-dimension drawing. Oblique projection historically was widely used in ancient Chinese painting arts.

The aim of this technique is to explore how to freehand drawing could enhance the level of understanding of the complexities of different types of architecture and structure projects. The study objects could be the urban and city fabric, town corner, landscape, the facade of buildings, structures, building performance, interiors, history and archaeology, and other relevant fields. The process of studying sketching itself is a critical analysis of the elements of architecture. Embracing digital modeling and photography, this technique is usually applied in design innovation and architectural proposal representation (1).

Concept Art

As a form of illustration, concept art has been used to present a specific initial idea of a product in the early design/programming/directing stages, and this form of art is quite popular in the entertainment industry, such as films, video games, animation, comic books, themed parks, or other media. Fine artists, industrial designers, animators, or even special effects artists may work as concept artists.

Walt Disney Parks and Resorts, the most famous leading themed luxury resorts and parks developer in the world, is considered as the pioneer of conceptual art practice on entertainment and resort development. As a sub-department of Walt Disney Parks and Resorts, Walt Disney Imagineering successfully has been occupied this design philosophy throughout their practice in themed products, architecture, themed parks, and urban planning. The core spirit of concept art composition is to maximize the magic world before the workflow begins, and artists and designers don't want to limit their creativity at the very beginning, applying these technique methods, they are able to set their thoughts and abilities free.

Turning back to architecture design practice, we shall ask ourselves do we really drill that deep and wide of our imagination before every project gets started? Is there something immeasurable or priceless matter getting a birth a long time before the physical matter is made? Why concept art is so popular and occupies an essential role in film, animation, game, illustration, fashion, luxury design, interactive design, industrial design, and many other relevant fields rather in the architecture design practice? Hundreds even thousands of concept artworks are created for a single piece painting for a themed interior project, a model kits model or toy, a facade of a destination/attraction building, even a sculpture and a simple iPhone mobile game app, a shortcut of a piece of video advertisement, while, how many this type of artworks are usually created for a public building even a single-family house at its early design stage? Aren't the single-family houses not designed for customized? Don't the owners demonstrate their individual tastes, culture, lifestyles, and social class value through their own properties? Aren't they considered themed design? Maybe this is the exact reason why it is unreasonable and doubtful to classify many "so-called" architecture projects into the architecture category rather than the category of architectural engineering. Besides the engineering techniques, there is something more valuable and significant for architecture design practice, and its name is ART.

Hong Kong RD&E Project, for WDI Walt Disney, concept design imagination work

Design Sketching & Creative Design Sketching

A quick, freehand drawing, usually not intended as a finished work, is sometimes called a sketch. The term Design Sketching is originally referenced from the industrial design field, which includes the entire design process of design sketches techniques. Industrial design practice extreme concentrate on the early design idea generating and studies through the techniques of various sketches, freehand sketch, and digital modeling & rendering is equally important in this industry. Compared to architectural sketch, industrial design sketch embraces, even more, contents and techniques and occupies a more crucial role in the design practice. According to Dr. James Self and Eujin Pei's speech at the International Association of Societies of Design Research Conference 2015 in Australia, gave the following opinions:

"The focus on the designer as the sketcher, however, is reflected in the four taxons of explorative, persuasive, explanatory and prescriptive sketches that then see sketching through the lens of the purpose of output rather than referencing the inherent characteristics of the different sketches themselves or the stage which they are used."(3)

The four categories of design sketching include thirteen different sketching techniques, and everyone demonstrates specific function and purpose. For instance, in the category of explanatory, there are three types of methods of presentation: scenario storyboard, info sketch, and explanation sketch. Under a sequential arts manner, the scenario storyboard sketches may illustrate the use process of the products or instruction for a new product; an info sketch is the best tool to explain the whole function and performance of a product with a diagram or database; an explanation sketch could move further than info sketch, which delivers more comprehensive information to clients, designers, public or customers.

The illustration as Fine Arts

An illustration is a decoration, interpretation or visual explanation of a text, concept or process, designed for integration in published media, such as posters, flyers, magazines, books, teaching materials, animations, video games, and films. Illustration defines a much broader objective than architectural visual arts, suggests that anything is existing or non-existent could be marked on the two-dimensional media. A fine arts illustration work could be a piece of storytelling sequential work, a drawing of a person, sketching of an event, a painting of a landscape and nature, man-made machines, and structures.

Hybrid Drawing/ Diagram

This is not a new term for architectural professionals, while it might not be very popular to the public and some other fields. In Hybrid Drawing: Techniques by Complementary Architects and Designers, Haleh Uddin explained that the hybrid drawing integrates multimedia within one piece of drawing presentation, with diversity drawing and demonstrating media, "have become valuable artifacts beyond their information merit."(2) hybrid drawing mixes diversity types and styles of drawing or images that create and superimposes a variety of ideas, techniques or media into a new, meaningful image.

Design Proposal Technique Drawing

The proposal idea for an architectural designer might demonstrate enough depth and valuable information within one page and be finished in a very short time, and the design proposal technique drawing would be an ideal choice. Compared with digital drawing and modeling, the freehand technique drawings embrace the idea of generating a history. The early design proposal technique drawing could be used as reference materials, drafting documents, and analog information sources.

Design Proposal Drawing for Utopia: The Steel Mill in the Antarctic Ocean, ASAI AIP 29 award project, selected for global exhibition 2014-2015, designed and illustrated by Anqi Yang. All rights reserved.

The Open Source & Transformable Mobile Prefabricated Micro House Group Solution-I, a diagram presents the relationship between occupancy and the living-work block, machinery, building components, and equipment.

Proposal Technique Drawing for The Performance Center of SCAD, 2013, Savannah, Georgia, the United States. This drawing explores the relationship between the existing building and new construction. Design and Illustrated by Anqi Yang. All rights reserved

Endnotes
(1)Refer page vii, RIBA, and ARB has recognized the importance of the freehand drawing techniques for architects practice. Edwards, Brian. Understanding architecture through drawing. New York: Taylor & Francis, 2008
(2)Refer the original statements on page 8, M. Saleh Uddin, Hybrid Drawing: Techniques by Complementary Architects and Designers, New York, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1999
(3)The typical design sketches for industrial design are Idea sketch, study sketch, usability sketch, memory sketch, sketch rendering, inspiration illustration, presentation rendering, scenario& storyboard sketch, info. sketch, explanation sketch, prescriptive sketch, detail drawing, and technique illustration.
For specific definitions of each term describes above, and architecture drawing techniques with standards, please refer AIA Architectural Graphic Standards, 11th edition, Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2007

Reference and further readings

Edwards, Brian. Understanding architecture through drawing. New York: Taylor & Francis, 2008.
Paul Laseau, Graphic Thinking for Architects & Designers, third edition, Wiley, 2000
Nigel Cross, Engineering Design Methods: Strategies for Product Design 4th Edition, Wiley, 2008

Walt Disney Imagineering Concept Arts works

Beth Dunlop, Building a Dream: The Art of Disney Architecture, Disney Edition, 2011

All images and works © 2015-2019 by Anqi Yang. All rights reserved. No part of this website may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission of the author.

中國現當代建築的一些思考——對於奢侈與永恆的辯論（未完待續） Some Reflections on Contemporary Chinese Architecture - A Luxury and Eternal Debate on Architecture

noreply@blogger.com (Atticus (Anqi Yang)) — Tue, 04 Jul 2017 07:25:00 +0000

中國當代建築設計理論的一些思考——關於廣義的奢侈與永恆的辯論（未完待續）

The Reflections on Modern and Contemporary Chinese Architecture - A Luxury and Timeless Debate on Architecture (Chinese Version)

Original was published in 2014, edited in 2015, 2017 (unfinished)

By Anqi Yang

San Francisco and Silicon Valley, CA

Hidden Valley House, Zhejiang province, China. Designed by SU Architects, photo by Yilong Zhao

我們在建築歷史書籍的古代建築分冊中所了解到的眾多著名建築與園林，無論是在中國或是西方建築史學書上所舉的例子，幾乎都是為歷史上的王公貴族宗教祭祀而建的。當然，這類建築物更是歷史上同時期的文化、藝術、技術乃至政治國力的集中體現，是無法取代的研究建築歷史藝術文化歷史的參考來源。隨著西方的中世紀城鎮大量興起，文藝復興與啟蒙運動所產生了革命性的影響，在建築與城市發展商體現得淋淋盡職，比如大量的市政項目和城市公共空間的建造，道路的整體規劃，乃至房地產的開發行為，翻天覆地的改變了西歐的城市規劃與建築形式。緊接著在第二次工業革命後期，以柯布西埃為代表的現代主義運動在歐洲乃至東歐的列寧時代的蘇俄開始興起，現代主義建築從一誕生幾乎就披上了社會主義意識形態的外衣，畢竟現代主義的理論宗旨是反對曾經的教條、權威、權貴、等級化的建築形式。柯布西埃（Le Corbusier）的新建築，否定了過去的學院主義建築教條思想，當然也否定了新的建築只為權貴服務的這種價值觀。這類整體規劃的無差異化的建築體制和原型，在三十年代尤其是戰後得到了幾乎是全球範圍的推廣，尤其是那些發展中國家和戰爭中重創的國家，從法國巴黎，北歐的瑞典芬蘭，再到德國柏林，東歐的波蘭華沙，東到蘇聯時期的列寧格勒、莫斯科，再到遠東的中國沈陽、北京，朝鮮的平壤，延伸到南亞的印度昌迪加爾，中東的伊朗德黑蘭，以及非洲大陸的內羅畢，及至拉美的巴西利亞（1），當然還有美國的紐約、波士頓和聖路易斯城（2）。及至今日及未來的相當一段時間，現代主義建築及規劃理論仍舊指引著世界上部分國家地區的建設，比如最近中國在非洲安哥拉援建的羅安達新城。當然，西方學術界對於現代主義建築與城市規劃理論進行了部分的批判（3），即使是在中國，社會民眾對於這樣千篇一律的城市規劃與住宅樣式也甚為反感，它們往往沒有反映出文化特征與個性，無差異化而缺乏人情味。這裡並不是說現代主義建築理論缺乏人文關懷，絕不可否認，現代主義住宅建築理論上恰恰是強調形式多變與創新，打破條條框框的古典規矩的新樣式，正如柯布西埃所繪製的方案那樣，但是往往在實施起來不可能如此的完全將理想轉化為現實，設計的多元化因素大量的減少，住宅單元千篇一律，初期符合經濟效益卻極大的忽視了複雜的社會人文問題。像巴西利亞這樣龐大的項目，之所以沒有能建立一個理想的社區，是由於該項目忽略了社區種族多元，人口流動率大，社群文化歸屬等一系列的社會科學問題，當然也就不可能完全依靠行政規劃出的一個這樣的“共同社區”來實現。

總而言之，僅僅實施純粹的現代主義理論在建築與規劃上當然是不可行的，哲學方面二十世紀初的結構主義遭到了隨之而來的解構主義的衝擊，建築方的這種變化面當然也有相當的體現，比如建築中的後現代主義及解構主義運動（4）。二十世紀後期到二十一世紀，解構主義開始盛行，提出“反中心，反權威，反二元對抗，反非黑即白。”互聯網的發展與運用是個非常好的例子，沒有中心，都是以個體為單位沒有預設的方式交流，消除了結構的差異與等級的限制。這裡的一張簡表，反映了西方古代到現當代時期的歷史政治社會與建築發展的關聯性。

-古埃及兩河流域文明，神權王權，對應宏大的神廟，紀念性、祭祀建築

-愛琴文明，古希臘時期，希臘哲學、政治及美學，對應希臘城邦形態，神廟類宗教建築

-古羅馬時期，羅馬宗教、共和政體，對應羅馬城市規劃，公共建設，行政機構，紀念性建築

-中世紀，封建君主，基督教，對應教會建築如教堂與修道院，及封建城鎮堡壘和莊園

-發現新大陸，宗教改革，新教傳播，民主政體，貿易發展，對應殖民城鎮、港口，地方政府

-啟蒙運動，哲學繁榮，政治學，美學影響，對應古典主義城市規劃與建築，市政工程

-第二次工業革命，帝國主義，未來主義，社會主義，資本主義，結構主義，對應大規模城市擴張，現代建築，產業化住宅，工業建築，商業地產崛起

-戰後，第三次工業革命，冷戰時期，國際主義，現代主義，對應國際主義現代主義建築，大規模城市化，商業地產繁榮

-個人互聯網信息智能化時代，解構主義，後現代主義，自然主義，經濟一體化，公民意識，網絡信息時代，多元化，去中心化，尊重差異與個體，對應差異化的建築、產業化建築，批判地域主義建築，可持續建築，定制化建築等（32）

同樣的，若把時空縮小到中國大陸內地範圍，大致可以作出如下的分類

-華夏文明誕生，黃河流域文化，仰韶與龍山文化，氏族社會，原始崇拜，神話，對應早期聚落，祭祀類建築構築物

-先秦時期，王國誕生崛起，諸侯爭雄，國家制度建立，社會階級化，對應宮殿與祭祀類建築大量興建，城市誕生與發展

-秦朝至晚清帝國，封建專制統治時期，中央集權國家政體，生產力極大提高，農業得到長足發展，文化經濟繁榮，儒家獨特至高地位，其他宗教讓位於儒教，週期性的朝代衰亡與興起，週期性的農民起義，貫穿諸多內戰與外來戰爭，各民族交流融合頻繁，對應文化交融，城市建設空前巨大，城堡莊園園林規模巨大，宮殿輝煌，廟堂祭祀類建築採用宮室建築形式，體量宏大皇家及地方貴族陵墓建築大量持續興建，佛教道教建築繁盛，木構建築登峰造極，晚期磚石類建築流行繁榮

-晚清及民國時期，帝國衰落，封建專制逐步瓦解，西方資本主義國家入侵，半封建半殖民時期，停留小農經濟農墾社會，經濟落後，基督教天主教傳人，輸掉諸多戰爭，割地賠款，洋務運動，民國誕生，引入憲政思想，三民主義，對應租借與殖民城市，城市現代化電氣化，工商業地產興起，教會建築，公共事業建築與項目，咨議局議院類建築，學院類建築項目

-四九年中華人民共和國成立至文化大革命前夕，戰後重建，社會主義國家制度建立，提出五年計劃，工業化發展較快，無產階級專政意識形態，對應經濟適用可能的美觀建築，集合式標準化住宅社區，適應基本需求，蘇式城市規劃工業建築，斯大林美學建築中國化，這種社會主義建築形式表現在幹部樓，會館，政府部門，賓館等重要項目

-改革開放至今，國家開放市場經濟，部分私有化，土地商業化，重點放在經濟發展上，工商業蓬勃發展，製造業極大發展，招商引資，對應大規模城市化，舊城區改造，新區開發，商品房異常繁榮，高端項目，建設項目繁多，大型及超高層乃至巨型建築繁盛，文化類建築大量興建，娛樂酒店度假類項目流行，建築品牌化娛樂化，面臨能耗過高，污染，粗放生產，建造管理相對落後，質量，整體技術產業升級等問題

-未來趨勢，一定數量的私人項目興起，由高大全轉向為小而精，定製化，主題化，差異化，更關注室內設計與體驗，模塊化盛行，預製預裝，可移動化，智能化，信息化，低耗能與輕型化，高度專業化，多元化

中國過去近一個世紀的建築創作環境一直存在一些客觀上的問題，比如建築學術相對西方國家起步晚，長期以來建築師及專家們在國家的經濟基礎狀況差以及遭受到戰爭動亂中艱難成長，長期的建築政治現象，集體的建築創作環境導致建築往往缺乏獨特的意義、高質量與影響力，同時也絕不能否認建築設計在國民經濟建設上取得了大規模的建設成就。在過去半個多世紀中，長期以來中國的建築師在建築創作中往往偏向於遵循中庸辯證的設計思想與方法，有著傳統情結和文化使命，注重於建築的形式而沒有形成完善的建築理論與哲學體系（30）。這裡需要重點研究的是現當代和未來一段時間的中國的建築設計發展可能存在的突破點，也就是在互聯網信息化時代背景下的一系列的討論。中國與美國國情的差異是顯而易見的，中國雖幅員遼闊但因資源分佈不均及人口眾多而一些重要資源相對短缺，人均資源擁有的比重遠小於美國甚至是世界平均水平，耕地面積已經逼近甚至是要下降到“十八億畝紅線”以下（5），國家對於獨立式住宅開發有著相當嚴厲的限制。很多學術報道中也指出，中國的建築與城市發展不能走美國曾經走過的高能耗掠奪式發展的老路（6）。中國目前最大的問題之一當屬環境問題，幾十年的城市擴張侵佔了大量淡水耕地資源，水土流失嚴重，生態逐漸惡化，環境污染較為嚴重，部分地區乾旱沙漠化，地下水位下降導致的缺水與鹽漬化等問題。建築產業本來就是高耗能的，而中國多年普遍實行的鋼筋混凝土建築施工與材料的生產運輸過程消耗了大量的資源，尤其是水資源，同時產生了嚴重的污染包括粉塵污染。總之，落後粗放式的生產建設模式已經與生存可持續性相悖，新技術節能生態友好的多元化的生產建造模式應該得到推廣與鼓勵發展，比如建築結構多元化，可採用各種預製模塊化的輕質填充材料如各種砌塊、木構、合金、化學填充模塊及輕鋼結構，而非單一的推行鋼混現澆結構，因地制宜，充分考慮當地的經濟效益，盡可能的在有限的條件下得到多元化的最優化方案。還有一個不能忽視的，是全國貧困地區的基礎建設問題。建築技術水準的問題，決不能將眼睛僅僅放在國內的主要大中城市上，更要注意廣大地級偏遠的甚至是城市周邊的地區上。經濟發展不均，建築建造水平差異大，很多落後地區尤其是那些赤貧地區的居民仍舊住在簡易破舊的房屋，這一點在各個地區住宅建築上體現得非常強烈。中國中央人民政府在二零一六年“十三五”規劃綱要中提出“全面建設小康社會”，用五年時間幫助七千萬貧困人口脫貧，這裡提到了七千萬貧困地區的人口問題，包括他們的生存環境、基本住房安置項目，“...對於未能城鎮化的較偏遠農村持續開展建設新農村房舍改造補貼，鼓勵改建磚瓦老房為現代水電平房，增加生活水準......”（37）（38）當然具體的情況是應通過經濟水準，地理數據、城市建設數字信息等依照統計學來進行分析與研判。

這裡舉個例子，在美國，由於政體因素，廣大的公民意識非常強大，互聯網在個人事務的決策與管理上起著很大的作用，知識信息共享程度高，當然依靠著完善高水準的住宅建造體系與工業基礎，比如自建住宅（Private Single Family House）方面，少有項目壟斷的情況（7）。當然，美國的土地私有制度在這裡起著關鍵因素。中國往往是樓盤住宅開發，即使是獨立式住宅也是成片的開發，缺乏與客戶的直接溝通。其結果就是，建築設計與建造的過程在私宅規劃與建設方面，就被解構掉了，換句話說，就是物業業主可以設計建造任何法律法規規定下的任意住宅。這就創造了建築的多元性，沒有統一的標尺去評價，每座住宅建築都是獨具的唯一的，很多城市尤其是美國東海岸一帶的城市如亞特蘭大地區，當地相關政府甚至規定私人自建住宅建築不得有雷同的情況。美國的典型獨立式住宅建築，往往採用木結構，當然這種做法和當地的政策，傳統，文化，承包商，經濟和技術條件密不可分。具體構造與規範與做法往往嚴格按照承包商與設計方提供的標準施工，承包商分包商往往都有自己的施工規範，建造方式非常多元化。如同公共項目，美國獨立式住宅的設計與建造方面得到了長足的發展，依託強大的工業基礎及相關的行業規模，共同成了一個極為龐大的體系。住宅建築形式不僅包括各類經典與歷史的建築樣式，更包括擁有歷史式樣的現代，純現代、後現代、有機、生態、可持續、零碳、預裝、微型住宅等。建造方式極為多元化，包括了幾乎所有的當代建築的建造方式，包括傳統的木構，到輕鋼圍護結構，磚混，混合結構，整體裝配，預製解構等所有的類型。

現當代建築，雖然其理論並沒有極大的關注極為複雜的歷史、地域和文化因素，但無法否認的是現代主義建築思想理論伴隨的國際主義建築與城建運動所帶給二十世紀人類的社會進步與成就，建築的策劃設計建造過程與當前不斷進步的技術與創新有比以往任何時候更著緊密的聯繫。當今世界上每個國家及地區的存在的實際情況往往不一樣，同一國家發展指數也不盡相同，同一國家可能會因為不同政黨所影響的建設規劃政策也大為不同，各個國家發展水平也難在一個級別與階段。必須承認發展中國家與發達國家的各種差距，尤其是影響到個人家庭級別的生活水平差距。因此，發展中國家也不能照搬發達國家所流行的建築理論與思想，比如現代主義建築思想理論結合批判地域主義將繼續的在欠發達國家長久的繁榮，那些連生存溫飽與安全都不能解決的國家地區，怎麼可能去效仿一些發達國家與地區的建築設計工程理論與技術，比如集成參數化建築藝術與工程以及高標準的設計建造規範？總部位於華盛頓的美國綠色建築委員會（USGBC）出台的LEED標準在美國一直作為綠色建築的評定標準，但是這套系統是建立在美國大排放高能耗的工業水平上的，是建立在完善的建築空調工業水平上的；對於那些不是建築高能耗的地區與國家，完全照搬這套標準評價建築能耗當然是不妥的。根據清華大學建築節能研究中心教授中國工程院院士江億的研究成果表明，中國城市建築建成后的使用能耗是遠低於發達國家的。並指出，主要原因不是由於中國民用建築節能技術比較發達與技術已經普及，而是與中國經濟發展和人均生活指標有關。當然還有一個重要原因是建築熱損失率大於美國為主的西方國家同類建築（42）。然而在建造過程中，中國建築建造能耗極為驚人，甚至每年有遞增趨勢，建築產業能耗問題突出（43）。中國國務院住建部于2016年發佈了《住房城鄉建設事業 “十三五”規劃綱要》明確提出大力發展裝配式建築，綠色建築等低能耗建築。

後現代主義的一些思潮的偉大在於重新發現并定義了一系列的現象、理論，批判了結構主義所主導的絕對化預設的價值體系。雖然現代主義建築早在上個世紀中葉得到了全球性的推廣，但有一個無法迴避的事實就是，世界上百分之七十的人口的住房問題仍舊沒有完全解決，他們仍生活在極為簡陋的貧民窟里（8）。顯然，現代主義理論的核心價值的結構主義思想是無法解決這個嚴峻的問題的，只能留給後現代的思想方法嘗試去改善。而在另一個方面，真正有永恆價值的建築，尤其是具有藝術性體現工匠水平，以及那些濃縮人文價值與精神或說是靈魂的新建的建築項目越來越少（9）。相當多的新建的建築項目變得趨同、炫技，輕浮，商業功利目的遠大於建築精神體現，豪華但絕非永恆物價。當然，建築市場占絕對主導地位的房地產項目以及大量建造的工業項目更屬於建築產品，還不能說是建築藝術（10）。

高岩在他的“後理論時代實用主義的中國當代建築設計”提出，中國當代建築學屬於后批判（Post-Criticality）或者實用主義（Pragmatism），並且已經得到了充分的驗證。“世界已處於后理論時期，需要的是更適應變化發展的新理論作為前進的方向，是實證的、不斷修正的結論和建議，是以建設批判性的態度面對從事現實，促進發展大方向的后批判......”同時，高岩引用了編輯路易居普利斯坦尼基普格里亞“建築設計”《理論溶失》（Architectural Design-"Theory Meltdown"）一篇關於后理論時期的中國建築發展的四個方向。一個就是建立在抽象、精神的、純粹與審美的、非物質的建築，這類建築以日本建築師妹島和世為代表。第二個方向則體現在“表現性能的新功能主義”建築上，這類建築是現代建築理論的延續，強調簡潔與理性，經濟與實用性質，可持續建築生態建築當屬於此類。第三個方向是“超越建築本體的，探討圍繞人、社會展開的空間關係，建築已成為一種媒介，而不再是最終目的。”第四個方向則是純藝術審美上的建築藝術，比如依託于數字化的“現代巴洛克”具有強烈表現主義特征的建築，同時有著未來主義的氣息。高岩補充了另外兩個發展方向——以建築的構件材料建造技術與工藝為角度的建築思想，以及參數化智能化背景下的建築發展（31）。相對於發達國家而言，建築批評體系的缺失，整體建築業水平不高，建設及行政法規的不完善或是執行力的問題，都是目前中國當代建築發展的首要瓶頸。

中國歷史上長期以來，歷史並沒有給予建築設計師及工程師應有的地位，建築的形式與構造並沒有像歐洲建築歷史發展那樣，產生革命性的突破與創新；歷史上的皇家宮廷建築群，以及典型的四合院，其建築形制和佈局，都脫胎于位於今日陝西境內岐山鳳雛村建於西元前11至8世紀的西周建築群，幾千年來中國典型的建築形制並無本質的變化。這種現象與中國的地理因素、歷史的環境、政治體制、文化信仰等等都有極大的聯繫。中國傳統哲學不同於西方古典哲學那樣機具邏輯抽象推理與被稱之為“形而上”的思辯，相反中國傳統哲學價值是實用的，接地氣的，也就缺乏對理論研究不懈追求的探索精神與動機。這也反映在中國傳統音樂的變化較之於歐洲不斷發展的古典音樂體系幾乎是靜止不變的，創作理論與技術體系也沒有後者那樣豐富。同樣的，中國傳統建築理論研究是匱乏的，著名的《營造法式》、《園冶》更多的傾向於記錄與頒布現有的建築規範，實踐方法；歷史上一直缺乏對純建築創作理論的探索的著作，這也不可避免的使得建築創作有著很大的審美因素，而忽視了對創作過程中的建築原理與理論的研究與參考。法國哥特式主教堂建築對於當地羅曼式建築的整體革新式的再創造——墻體變得通透漂浮與劵拱的應用，使得教堂內部更加輕盈、使得光在教堂內部闡釋了人們心目中神的形象與不同於早期羅馬風堡壘式建築的新意義，這類歐洲中世紀教會建築的建造，往往同經院神哲學、邏輯學數學有著極大地聯繫。即使是中國的古代宗教建築，其形制與風格完全照搬了宮廷院落建築式樣，中國古代的宗教之於建築形制與風格上的影響遠沒有歐洲宗教之於建築形制與風格的影響那樣深刻。當代中國社會對於建築評價標準，至少在某些官方與公眾層面上，仍然難以擺脫以建築形式為評判依據，對於當代建築批評的感性因素遠多於其理論與學術上的落實。比如公眾對於中國優秀當代建築評選，往往集中在一些具有象征意義、宏大體量、強烈的視覺衝擊，并繼承了“中國元素”的公共建築項目，比如在中國頗為流行的地標類建築與豪華商業項目，MAD設計的“北京駿豪·中央公園廣場”就曾被選為中國當代十大建築（34）。相比之下，美國建築師協會每年評審的年度建築獎作品，卻是那些並不起眼的，樸實簡約，充滿人文關懷與環境意識的普通商業與市政項目，典型的項目比如學院教學實驗樓，長期護理敬老院，為無家可歸者建立的住宅公寓樓等（35）。美國很多房地產開發商並不是關注與所謂地標性的建築項目開發，普遍而言，是關注新開發的建築產品與人文關懷、社區環境、城市精明增長、新城市主義的落實，這在美國城市土地協會（Urban Land Institute）為美國房地產開發商和建築商出版的權威指導書籍《專業房地產開發》（“Professional Real Estate Development”）中有所體現（36）。這兩種截然不同的建築評價體系，正好反映出中美兩國社會在當代建築的定義與認同上有著顯著的差異，值得令人反思。

中國歷史上不缺少古代經典建築，即使歷史上曾多次遭受到大規模的劫難與破壞，但是相當一部分仍保存完好。目前幾乎完好的保留了諸多至唐、宋、遼、金時期以來的建築原物。比如以山西晉中晉北一帶為代表的宋遼金寺廟建築群以及明清時期的貴族莊園，安徽江西境內的中世紀傳統民居古鎮聚落，北京河北一帶的帝王建築宮廷園林陵墓群，江蘇境內的江南古典園林建築群，當然還有西南一帶頗具傳統文化與地域風格的少數民族古鎮聚落，如貴州境內保存完好的侗族古鎮聚落，等等。還有及至上個世紀五十年代還大量留存的建於中世紀時期甚至更早的中心城鎮，比如老北京城，西安古城，南京古城，武昌古城等等。如今完全完整的保留下來的這樣的古城，只有平遙這樣的北方重鎮了。只是可惜的是，大規模的城建活動在戰後展開，古跡和歷史遺留的建築經典大規模的遭到了毀滅。歐洲國家，在建築歷史文化保護方面，做出了巨大的貢獻。戰後的歐洲各大城市千倉百孔，不計其數的建築經典被無情的毀壞，比如德國的科隆、漢堡、紐倫堡、奧地利維也納、波蘭華沙等大城市，但是當地政府組織了人民去嚴格的在原址上復原重建這些建築，完全的按照檔案館的圖紙去一絲不苟的複製這些建築，這些建築當然有其不可替代的價值，它們傳承的是千百年來的文化精神，更是民族魂與符號。這裡要指出的是，一處建築之所以經典而賦予極高的價值，和其建設的年代的久遠沒有多大關係，相反，其價值之高低，與建築的設計水平，施工質量，材料品質，藝術性以及設計建造背後的諸多意義——人文政治因素有莫大的相關。關於建築的經典與價值性，美國內政部（United States Department of the Interior）出台的美國國家歷史遺跡登錄評估標準給出了非常全面的解說。

當前，中國國內的當代建築的發展方向可以大體上歸納為四個具有有價值探索的方向，或稱之為“四類建築”一說。是指作為常見的典型的建築類別，可以分為奢侈建築、紀念意義建築、實驗或先鋒建築和批判地域現代主義住宅建築四大類。實驗建築包括哲學、宗教或是藝術、文化上具有先鋒性質的新建築，公認的知名建築大家事務所與藝術家的作品與研究往往歸納到此類，而批判地域主義的現代住宅建築可以參照一些北歐西歐發達國家的優秀實例。這篇文章，僅討論前兩類建築的主題——奢侈與永恆在建築學範疇中的詮釋。

第一類，是被稱之為“奢侈建築”（Luxury Architecture），往往是定制的建築，是由有一定影響力的設計師建築師藝術家工匠同業主合作完成的項目，能夠反映出很高的精神品味與鑒賞價值的建築藝術，是建築藝術、工藝、品質以及一定深刻的時代思想的集中體現。這類建築的設計建造注重項目的選址，整體規劃及作坊式的傳統作業方式，強調手工作業、藝術創作、材料的選配，是融會貫通的美。因此工期往往長，人力物力投入較大，突出建築設計哲學、理論的實踐，傳承既有的文化、技術技藝，同時有非常新穎和迷人的創造與創新，整個項目對於項目的參與方素質要求很高。比如那些部分知名品牌旗下的頂級度假酒店莊園建築，以及稱得上是經典私宅的項目等。當然也不可忽略那些中國五十年代早期的高級住宅項目。在一九五零年左右，也就是朝鮮戰爭爆發的“一五”期間，位於上海的西北郊區規劃建設了一處具有跨時代意義的工人階級住宅社區，參考了歐洲發達國家及蘇聯的住宅設計，建築的平面佈置、細節處理、整體與局部規劃、綠化及人文關懷對於整個國家的住宅工業發展水平是很高的。雖然在今日的眼光看來其建築設計集質量已經早已落後，但在一個以建議住宅乃至貧民窟為主要住宅的時代，卻是顯得極為“奢侈”的（11）（12）。這裡，有必要區分一下關於“奢侈”這個詞的更廣義意義。需要注意的是要區分奢侈與媚俗的根本區別。“奢侈”的概念，廣義狹義之分。狹義上的“奢侈”，可參考韋伯斯特詞典上的定義那樣，是“令人愉悅與舒適的非必需品”，廣義上的奢侈定義，涵蓋著稀缺與經典的意義。今日的任何一件商業化的電子產品，如蘋果電腦，在七十年代末，則為稀缺物件，比如當時產量很少的蘋果I型及蘋果2型電腦。凡是可以被大規模生產的，就不是奢侈品。奢侈所能涵蓋的內容與意義，在西方國家人眼裡，往往更加普世化與個人化，更多的是指代一種特有的獨具價值的事物，往往有著創造性創新的精神而非一味地去效仿仿製；雖然創作作品的素材元素來自於傳統，這些元素乃是樸質甚至是看似平凡之物，但卻賦予時代精神與再創作（13）。在美國，一些宣傳奢侈的網站雜誌除了將奢侈生活方式分為名車，名酒，名飾，豪宅莊園，度假勝地，旅遊方式外，還有大量的關於令人愉悅而愜意的生活方式，儉樸而充滿田園風格與大自然讚美的家庭和情侶生活。雖然這些生活方式看似遠離華麗與富貴，但這樣的生活品質與態度真正詮釋了奢侈的本來面目。長期以來，奢侈文化在大眾看來，往往感到不可攀而難以企及的原因，是因為他們認為奢侈是需要用大量的金錢去換得。當然，在中國國內，廣義的奢侈品很容易被歸納與權勢與富人的專屬文化，這有它自己的邏輯。可是，一旦當社會發生了翻天覆地的變革，人類的社會取得了質的階段的進步，這種傳統關於奢侈的定義缺乏最根本的邏輯而顯得站不住腳（14）。

比如，在一個私家車相對稀少的社會里，能夠每天開私車工作是件相對與大多數買不起車的人來說，是奢侈的；但是，在一個人人幾乎每天要被迫開車工作的發達社會里（注意，這裡用社會更具有限定性與地域性），每天僅需步行或是騎車工作，相對於前者，當然是極為奢侈的事。在一個少有現代化鋼混集合式花園住宅社區的貧困社會里，而大多數人都擠在難以忍受髒亂不堪的瓦棚戶里，前者相對於後者是奢侈的。而在一個幾乎被千篇一律的現代集合式住宅佔據的城市里，人們往往會嚮往著田園式的農莊生活，即使農舍建築沒有豪華與價值連成的裝飾，是木構而非混凝土，自然的材質往往更貼近人，後者相對於前者是奢侈的。在中國過去的半個多世紀，諸多農村和近郊地區百年建築因各種因素被隨意的損毀，如今倖存的一些零星歷史建築只是它們所處整個建築群的冰山一角，但是在一些國家，上百年的建築群落都被列為國家保護範圍，因為歷史建築代表著社會共同的記憶，精神，見證，更是特有文化身份的認可，而這本身就是稀缺而奢侈的。奢侈的確是反映出感官的愉悅，但是更深層廣義的奢侈，本質上，除了感官，更是屬於精神上的反映，高尚的生活方式，一種堅守與品質，以及心神愉悅與嚮往，沒有這些因素的結合與矜持，就絕不會有持久而保值甚至是無價的奢侈事物被創造。綜上而言，廣義上的奢侈，恰與金錢社會地位沒有直接聯繫，對於奢侈的追求從外界社會對自己的看法轉而對於精神品質內在靈魂的感悟追求，確實是不一樣。這份奢侈，人人都能發現，擁有，與體驗。精神是先於物質高於物質，而為了物質而物質，是世俗的奢侈追求，不可避免的走上了拜物的道路。為了精神與心靈上的淨化與升華，虔誠付之於一趟行動，而產生的無意識的感悟，方可稱之為奢侈之旅（15）。

這種奢侈並不是一時而短暫的歡愉與享樂，不是僅僅是感官上的感觸；這個狀態更是把人帶到一個相當深處的一份心靈的慰藉，感官成分並不是最主要的，重要的是讓個人的一種超價的信仰得以實現，並連接著人生當中每個令人喜悅歡樂與感動的節點。比如，散發著檀香的檀木手工裝飾衣櫃是小的時候和小夥伴們捉迷藏的地方，推開會發出哐哐響的厚厚的倉庫門一定是從農場工作完回家的父親，下雨時眼睛老望著雨水順著屋簷流進了天井的石板水溝，手裡端著熱氣騰騰的菜，聽著姥姥在一旁講過去的故事。這些場景與意象雖然在個人的腦海中顯得模糊，但因為一處似曾相識的事物或環境，甚至只是氣味與聲響，都足以引起個人的愉悅點而產生興奮與。不同於先入為主的設計與規劃模式，這種設計方式是從該建築的使用者心裡與精神角度出發，發掘屬於精神情感的那部分，通過篩選從新排列而創造出既新亦舊的項目。作為國際頂級主題娛樂與度假酒店開發運營商，子部門華特迪士尼幻想工程部是大規模實際運用這種設計方法的先驅。不可否認幻想工程部的產品開發與規劃的架構是目前世界上頂尖的運營模式。當前世界上各種奢侈品牌競爭異常激烈，奢侈度假型酒店更是商家必爭之地。迪士尼旅遊度假酒店能做到脫穎而出正因其系統性的主題品牌與特有的影視娛樂文化推廣與植入，影視娛樂屬於精神愉悅範疇的，當那些讓人懷念感動精神情感的基因移植到了這些奢侈酒店建築的創作與建造運營中，建築幫助個人勾勒出隱藏在腦海與心中難以表述卻一直存在的情感與精神愉悅點，這種力量對於很多迪士尼的忠誠消費者來說確實是難以抗拒的。這就是迪士尼主題公園與度假酒店集團旗下的奢侈度假酒店項目比那些其他的競爭對手所不具有的優勢，而這一點也同樣反應到迪士尼的遠洋郵輪的開發設計理念上。這類國際頂尖奢侈酒店的策劃到運營，始終都圍繞著其項目的品牌核心價值，比如像迪士尼主題公園及旅遊度假部門，是整個迪士尼文化帝國的策劃者更是執行者與參與者，每個執行環節無縫銜接而不會出現最終的產品與服務同精神初衷有任何隔閡與不一致。該部門的座右銘是“一個讓您夢想變為現實的地方”，“世界上每一座迪士尼樂園奇幻世界里，您將會體驗到終生難忘的激動之旅，世界級的度假酒店以及與家人在一起愉悅的節假日。”作為令人愉悅精神的第一要義，在迪士尼酒店項目得到了充分的體現，這裡的度假酒店建築，是主題樂園的延伸，而主題樂園是迪士尼動畫媒體的延伸，而所有的一切都源於其華特迪士尼先生的一句名言，最接近的反映出迪士尼的核心價值——“如果我們有勇氣追求，我們所有的夢想都會成真。”（39）

決定一處建築項目的奢侈品味與品質，除了創作的立意，更重要也複雜得多的是項目具體的設計建造實施。必須指出的是，如同歐美日這些國家建築業那樣，相當重視建築的建造過程與質量，開發管理、建造與設計過程高度的綜合統籌與相互滲透。這些像四季匯酒店，悅榕莊酒店，迪士尼酒店等國際頂級奢侈酒店品牌旗下酒店的開發設計及建造，是參照工業項目管理的系統工程的運用，建築項目的設計建造全過程依託高度完善制度化的操作流程與管理機制。繁雜但有條不紊的進行工程的每一項任務，比如建築的室內設計與裝飾工程會依照該酒店項目部內部的酒店室內設計標準和工程施工方案標準，比如主客房室內的入口處墻面完成面的顏色選擇與搭配，客房入口處的硬鋪面瓷磚或石材的物理係數及品質，匹配的踢腳板材料質感、物理性質及顏色選擇，以及墻體上的木飾線轉角保護的措施，木飾線的防潮處理及油漆顏色同室內的匹配問題等極為細緻制度化的建造規範，這些規範往往又隨著室內不同風格的設計裝飾變化和而隨時進行調整以配合一間客房乃至客房中某個地方的設計或建造調整與影響而必須隨時匹配，可以想象其設計工程作業所涉及到的因素是相當繁瑣甚至是繁複的。雄厚的資本，國際頂尖的酒店開發與設計團隊，系統工程管理體系，遠高於同類建築的高標準的設計與工程規範，考究的選材，配以分工高度專業化的高素質工程作業單位，才保證了這類頂尖的奢侈酒店從方案構思中得以成為現實。當然，項目落成對於該建築的生命之旅而言才剛剛開始，酒店的運營過程才是驗證其酒店方真實的展示與眾不同的品牌的方式，酒店奢侈品牌則體現在僱員高標準的服務與客人的參與體驗之中，而建築則在這整個過程扮演了極為重要的角色。

近年來在中國開發規劃的國際頂級度假酒店不同於過去的國內所常見的豪華度假酒店那樣，規劃設計思想以及精神境界與工藝水準比往日的同類項目提高了很多，恰到好處的呈現出對於奢侈品牌本身的定位以及背後的人文價值與思想、藝術、與當時的市場因素，這裡的度假酒店已經遠遠不是僅以“豪華”二字所能夠表述的，也絕不是僅僅使用名貴材料、動用著名的藝術家及工匠，以及所謂感官上的氣派與號稱“驚世駭俗”的設計所能夠定義的。

比如知名悅榕莊酒店特地的幾乎完美的融入那些西南古村落，以及西湖畔的杭州西子湖四季酒店（Four Seasons Hang Zhou Hotel at West Lake），較理想的回應與詮釋了奢侈意義的酒店類建築園林，這類度假酒店的經營理念在於生態旅遊與度假，比如首家榕莊酒店就是建立在一片污染治理的一片生態荒地而改造而成的，這類度假奢侈酒店建築凸顯濃郁的地域主義，建築風格雖自然樸素但仍含蓄的保留了一些現代建築特征與元素，盡可能的就地取材，而且柔和當地藝術與工藝；規劃的建築組群如同當地的聚落，融入當地人文環境，尊重原住居民的風土人情（16）（17）。比杭州西子湖四季酒店的整體規劃脫胎于中國傳統古典園林的佈局，低層粉墻黛瓦的江南建築圍合園林佈局，幾乎每間客房面向戶外，朝著窗外望去的是珍貴的樹木與花叢，不遠處聞名於世的中國古典畫般的西湖及其園林的景致映入眼簾，此時充滿著無窮的意境與野趣幾乎完美的結合著建築室內外時尚的現代設計元素，讓人流連忘返。正如這家酒店的宣傳所說的那樣，正是一處“江南庭院式的园林和建筑宛如一幅散发着墨香的泼墨山水小品”的“以畫入園，因畫成景”園林建築。

人造物的建築與大自然有機融入一個整體，也恰恰是千百年來中國傳統建築所追求的境界，無論東西方的建築造園的理論與思想，幾乎都是殊途同歸，也恰如黑格爾在《美學》第三卷所指出的那樣，“討論到真正的園林藝術，我們必須把其中繪畫的因素和建築的因素分別清楚，花園並不是一種正式的建築，不是運用自由的自然事物而建造成的作品，而是一種名繪畫，讓自然事物保持自然的形態，力圖摹仿自由的大自然。它把凡是自然風景中能令人心曠神怡的東西集中在一起，形成一個整體......”美學意義乃是建築創造的起點與終點，無價的建築一定是合乎美學的，及至上升到哲學層面。

在美國太平洋西海岸的三个州總是充滿著異域風情，不僅是自然氣候完全不同於美國大西洋沿岸的建國十三州，而且兩者的人文風情也大相徑庭，自然人們對建築的審美與價值觀也顯得有著本質上的區別。从潮湿阴冷的华盛顿州俄勒岡州到南方温暖的加州，比如南加州，尤其是在那些城市周邊的充滿野趣的地方，比如靠近落基山脈的邊緣地帶的一片林地或山坡，可以看見很多現代的私人住宅建築相當的別緻新穎，顯然不同於美國東部的許多風格化以及正統的歷史建築，雖然這裡的建築採納了看似隨意但極具考究的現代風格，卻似乎雜糅了相當的自然主義與工匠精神，充滿了主人對於生活的熱愛，對自然的讚美的精神與情感。不同於大眾所認知的那些美式西海岸典型的豪華住宅——標準的古典風格或是新古典主義建築立面，寬敞高雅的大廳，整體高檔定制的廚衛，高檔石材與木質內飾面，配以昂貴的編織物和家具擺設，室外擁有私家園林和一大片水池，甚至包括一片林地和坡地，以及一片高爾夫球場草場等等，這類看似樸質無華但匠心獨運的私家住宅建築卻無不展現著它們主人的心血與藝術品位；深褐色木板帶著入口和小窗戶的山墻，因木板的邊緣留著曲線，使得有著粗糙的木質面卻有著不規則性和流動性，打破了原有較為規整的建築山墻。入口正對的房間留著一處空間極小但容得下兩個人的露台，正對著正午后的陽光，遠眺著森林和海灣。建築入口處，被一個小巧但精緻充滿對生活讚歎的花園所包圍著，地面的鋪質磚石有些開裂，花園裡的澍掉落的花蕊與葉子鋪滿了小路，而路的兩邊長滿了花卉，一切都是充滿著“無名的特質”而“生機勃勃”，自然而不做作，一切是人為但卻是如此的具有與生俱來的品質。也正所謂運用這些所有的看似極為變化無常而複雜的原始建築構成要素，經過一次次修煉與升華的“精進”過程——恰似禪宗所道出的那樣，隨性與隨喜之心來感觸這個世界的沙石乃至宇宙。正如"The Poetics of Gardens"這本園林設計著作所指的，在一個項目設計之前，乃首先去發現找出每一個場地自身極為特別的品質與特征，無論是那些石頭、泥土和水，還有花草樹木，空氣的味道，光與影子，包括那些人造或是自然的聲音，甚至是氣息與微風，都一一去體會與感觸，於是希望就在它們裡面誕生...雖是說園林設計，但實質上園林與建築彼此異曲同工。

說到美國住宅建築，就不能不再次提及現代美國建築的奠基人——賴特。早在近百年前，這位瑰寶級建築大師就已經廣泛涉獵各種建築風格與圖像語言，形成了自己獨創了獨立於當時傳統美式住宅的全新的建築語言。一方面，他走在時代前沿跟隨沙利文做摩天樓，一方面也吸收同時代流行于歐美的美術工藝運動，十九世紀後期美國建築大師理查德森的羅馬復興風格，同時也柔和了當時日本的傳統建築形制、材料、哲學與風格，當然還有中南美洲原居民創立的瑪雅印加文明的建築文化，當然，賴特設計思想最重要的來源，正是美國傳統富有多樣性的建築風格這個龐大的文化母體。賴特繼承了美國本土既有的建築精神，同時發揚了同時期重要的藝術運動與先鋒的建築理想與思想（工藝美術運動，廣畝城市，有機建築），探索了開創性的高層綠色建築、結合自然的現代主義奢侈住宅，甚至是典型的未來主義建築，植根于美國建築史，而不斷借鑒了來自日本、美洲傳統建築文化藝術，形成了國際的跨時空跨文化的交融（40）。賴特緊握時代的脈搏，雖然借鑒很多傳統的建築要素，但他絕沒有搞建築復古或是拘泥于古典建築語言中，相反，他吸納同時代的偉大建築理念與思想，主動吸納異域文化，活在當下，非過去，也非將來。

賴特的建築作品，大都發映出美國同時期上層乃至少數階層的賦予高雅藝術性的自然與田園生活價值觀，在相當長的一段時間內都是“具有典型美國特征的”奢侈建築的坐標，為眾多中產階層無不嚮往；那麼，中國的當代奢侈建築的定義又如何呢？同樣的，若是效仿賴特當初那樣對於基於二十世紀早期的當代建築定義，中國的當代奢侈建築一定會植根於龐大的中國古典及傳統建築文化與精神母體而非去拋棄，同樣的去發揚或是繼承當今世界上具有深遠意義的藝術運動與思潮；在設計理論與工程技術上，當然也應當不至於落後而緊隨前沿，時刻的保持探索與創新精神，比如三維打印與視覺藝術與可再生材料的開發運用，基於智能化虛擬化視覺藝術的建築空間探索，當然需要有領先於國內絕大多數的建築設計標準與工程水準；再就是對待建築設計要素的時空包容性要很強，主動吸收與接納異域的精神文明，融入到本土的建築母體中。比如長期以來，中國流行的“歐陸風”被遭到社會很多層面的激烈指責，國人喜愛歐洲古典樣式的建築無可厚非，但是這類被指責的建築往往來源於業主方設計方對於歐洲經典建築形制的東拼西湊甚至是遭到隨意篡改，傳承了數千年的希臘羅馬古典建築範式容不得半點改動。吸納西方經典建築精神，應該做的事，是去吸納歐洲古典建築的精神與內在的哲學價值——最具有價值的那部分比如“崇高”，雕塑感與複雜的內部空間組織形態，立面嚴格的比例等建築創作手法，進行深入的哲學乃至神學層面的思考，而非取其表象的風格，這裡，可以參考上個世紀後期盛行于歐美國家理論界的後現代主義建築。繼承、發揚、探索與借鑒（融合）這四個方向也正是中國目前普遍建築設計與建造水準難以得到長足的發展的瓶頸。

雖然中國從不缺乏當代奢侈建築與品牌建築，大量的當代奢侈建築近一二十年雨後春筍的被建造，但是必須指出的是，這類建築往往是城市地標類建築，或是國際奢侈品牌旗下建築項目，業主是品牌與產業持有人，或是政府，但是面向廣大中高收入的公眾化私人擁有的奢侈建築仍舊徘徊在一個較為初級的水準。賴特的“草原住宅”和“有機建築”開創了當時美國新貴一個全新的生活方式與理念，雖然賴特的建築建造數量較之於那些同時期房地產開發數量可以說是忽略不計，但其建築帶來的影響卻是驚人的，而為世人所效仿與發展。公共的建築行為，與私人的建築行為，兩個方向都不應缺失，而私人的，公眾的層面代表著普世意義。

第二類，是被稱之為“紀念意義的建築”（Monument Architecture），該類建築往往是永恆和無價的。這類建築都是經典建築，在建築史學的書籍已經有極為詳實的介紹了。這類建築的策劃與建造背後往往有著特殊的社會與政治意義，重大的歷史意義文化價值，或是對於宗教與信仰的追尋，反映著某種宗教信仰或政治信仰與意識形態及至公共價值觀，或僅僅是有著同時代相對其他建築與眾不同的建築特征。它們會有著跨時代的意義，是特定年代的見證，是對於特定的一個社會層面的某種具有普遍意義或意識的反映。具有紀念意義的建築和創所和其體量和規模沒有關係，而和其建造背景、事件、建造的立意動機，創新，隱藏的哲學宗教政治意義等有著莫大的聯繫。

今天的人，往往會從那些偉大的歷史遺跡中，去讚歎人類歷史長河中的偉大文明，貼近古代那個時期與文明所發生的事件，甚至是那些真實存在或僅僅是傳說神話中英雄史詩般的傳說與事跡，聆聽與觸摸歷經千百年的滄桑但仍舊充滿著生命力與精神的紀念物，那閃爍而永遠釋放迷人的文明被永遠的隨同那些考古發掘的寶藏銘刻記錄在這些先輩生存的遺址上，成為人類文明史甚至是地質史的一個燦爛的浪花。每個時期的人們都抱有極大的熱情與動機對於他們的歷史不懈而不知疲憊的追問與發掘，這追尋的，不僅僅是消逝的文明與輝煌先輩們的生活方式，更是去不斷的探索那些偉大的精神——他們的祖先先輩們的人生值觀與信仰。歐洲歷史上多次出現了不同程度的歷史復興運動；中世紀晚期的文藝復興起源於對於古希臘文明的重新發現，建築創作主體回歸到了人文主義為背景的精神觀。法國大革命，皇室遭到了肅清，該國的公共建築及主流藝術曾廣泛的吸取象征著公正民主的希臘古典主義風格，希臘眾神、哲學與具有強烈紀念性的希臘建築範式影響了整個時代，宏大的古典建築風格一掃之前一度被認為是代表著矯飾而造作的洛可可巴洛克風格。再到十九世紀中后葉英國，工業廠房帶來的污染破壞了原有的環境，精英貴族們開始厭倦了產業化的城市面貌，開始追求屬於他們精神的理想社會圖景，最後，他們在中世紀的人文風貌找到了精神的歸宿，紛紛建造了哥特式的莊園城堡，建築藝術的哥特復興運動由此興起，以及以英國的比亞茲萊、拉斯金、拉斐爾前派為代表的影響後世相當深遠的工藝美運動。哥特復興與工藝美術運動甚至是影響到同時期的美國文化，典型的就是美國十九世紀晚期二十世紀早期的頗有工藝裝飾風格的紐約芝加哥早期摩天樓建築，建築的投資財閥與業主們爭先恐後的將中世紀哥特式風格移植到高層的摩天樓的表皮與風格上。二十世紀中葉前後，以蘇聯為主導的社會主義陣營崛起，東方陣營下的社會主義國家的公共建築多少受到以斯大林為指導的“社會主義內容、民族形式”的建築創作理論（41）。建築風格回歸到各個國家的傳統與歷史風格中，對於蘇聯而言，建築創作的要素回歸到俄國沙皇時期的卡捷琳娜及彼得大帝時期的宮廷建築風格中；高高的尖頂配上古典柱廊，建築形象具有很強的紀念性。斯大林建築美學從此在建築風格上誕生與傳播，取代之前被批判的俄國早期興起的構成主義風格建築。二十世紀晚期流行于歐美的後現代主義哲學，也正是對於現代主義的否定，而在建築設計上，則體現出鮮明的歷史主義與片段拼貼的特征，又一次的部分回歸到歷史中。歷史早已證明，一座偉大的建築與其建築風格沒有多大的關聯，這就是為什麼建築界需要警惕在風格上一味地追求“新運動”與“新風格”。這類建築通常採用了新技術新結構，而表皮或是風格移植了歷史風格與元素，這類建築不乏有相當多經受了時間的考驗成為了經典之作。建於1913年位於紐約曼哈頓的沃爾伍茲大廈，為國家重要歷史文物，是典型的哥特復興主義高層商業建築，用料考究工藝高超，在距今一百多年前就幾乎完美的闡釋了建築的奢侈與永恆的雙重意義。雖然人類歷史上已經經歷這麼多次涉及到藝術人文乃至整個社會價值層面的“復興”與“回歸歷史”運動，但每一次的回歸並不是真正的回歸，而是對當時的一些問題進行歷史性的審視與某種失去的價值重新發現。每個民族的文明自誕生以來，都有自己不可替代的價值與特有的品質精神與智慧，每個時期創造了與之相符相呼應的建築及紀念碑，而這種永恆的精神與民族魂隨著歲月的變遷由於外族的入侵或是自身遭到了各種政治版圖的更迭，日積月累對於該民族的民族認同感顯得愈發顯得有意義，而這些歷史上經歷了時間考驗與歲月洗禮的建築與紀念碑更接近民族圖騰的意義。民族的精神品質具有永恆性，不會隨著外界的不斷改變而改變，不會隨著物質文明的發展而產生了質變。這也決定了一處建築作為該民族精神面貌綜合體現，確切的說，是建築的永恆性體現。

人們往往將現代主義建築大師路易斯康的作品與思想和神聖與永恆聯繫到了一起，他的建築充滿了肅穆和紀念性，而康曾在題為“靜謐與光明”的演講中多次提到大學的神聖性，指出了大學是個聖所，而這種神聖性是一些列有著像徽意義的場所與建築物，追溯到古希臘城邦的廣場與城市公共建築的要素中（18）。大學的神聖性在於同宗教與智慧的直接聯繫，西方的大學起源於早期的羅馬天主教會，因此西方大學從一誕生起就和世俗世界是二維對立的。至今很多知名的西方大學仍舊是世人所嚮往的朝聖之地——無論是從牛津劍橋還是哈佛耶魯，校園內的宗教建築一直是學院的精神聖所直到今日和未來。近代中國的一些重要的大學同樣和一些十九世紀末二十世紀初的英美基督教會和羅馬天主教會有著莫大的關聯（19）。很多學院的規劃與建築往往脫胎于英美著名大學規劃——如弗吉尼亞理工大學的整體規劃，這些建築的風格（Style）採用了當時少見的中國傳統古典建築的復興樣式，而建築的形制（Form）卻柔和了當時英美大學流行的新古典主義平面佈局。當然，除了教會大學，民國時期還有一些國立大學，有些大學建築相對於今日有著特殊的歷史遺跡價值（20）。相對與近現代中國建築史，一些建於中國民國期間的大學建築對於當代中國社會的紀念意義不言而喻。由於其獨特的歷史地位與設計建造背景，它們隨著歷史的時光流逝，都成為了一個國家歷史的重要文化遺產（25）。這類建築提取了中西方經典建築的構成元素進行了重新的整合，形成了中國早期的折衷主義的建築類型，又有著捐贈方創辦人的創校使命，而這類建築對於中國來說卻是全新的，然而其建築表達的圖像與符號使得其建築形象較容易的受到社會的認同，雖然建築的構圖要素往往是西方的，但是其風格上可以毫不疑問的在中國近現代建築史中被歸為有著“中國固有之形式”的中國民族建築（26）。一九四九年中國共產黨開始執政于中國大陸，這些教會大學建築在一九五零年代前後都併入了公立高校校產，原來的教會大學遷入國民黨執政的台灣繼續辦校。在中國大陸，雖然這類建築的使用功能及擁有者被改變，過去的建築符號自行喪失了示意對象功能——即以西方神學為價值體系的教育制度，但是建築本身在另一層面繼續表達著新的意義——作為以社會主義價值體系的教育制度。“建築符號之所以能自行喪失功能，原因在於其存在條件的改變使之失去了原有的示意對象，但作為符號載體的建築物或表現體仍然是客觀存在的實體，必將在新的存在環境中產生另一層面上的某中新意義......”（28）這些客觀的歷史因素都決定了中國近代教會大學建築在該國建築史上能夠長存而受到社會各界及歷史上的執政黨的足夠重視（28），以及重要且無法取代的地位（29）。這類建築之於中國歷史的價值與意義，對於今日中國當代建築創作在永恆性與紀念性的方向上有著長久的啟示性。

特征鮮明而且具有設計風格與形制獨一性的建築，北京天主教輔仁大學建築可以說是這類建築，而隱藏在這座建築背後的創校、辦校與教學的歷程——涉及到當時意大利、美國的天主教領袖乃至羅馬教宗的參與，經歷了大半個二十世紀的滄桑歷史——包括在侵華日軍殉難的教職人士與學生，北師大併入輔仁大學台灣復校等一系列事件，使得這座建築背景的政治歷史宗教與特殊年代的精神意義遠遠超過其建築層面的意義。對於今日而言，成為了頗具紀念意義的歷史建築（24）。輔仁大學的建築在中國近代建築史上地位非常特殊，龐大的建築群體被設計成中國皇宮城堡樣式，軸線都是按照故宮的北海來確定的，建築的平面佈局形制參照了西方傳統的修道院的佈局，廊道式的房間佈置圍合成了兩個庭院；建築的四個角處佈置了設計嚴謹具有考究的角樓，台基、歇山屋頂、漢白玉大拱門、斗拱、須彌座等傳統中國建築元素都被運用到建築構成部分。啟發與中國傳統建築的經典樣式——城樓、宮墻與城門，整座建築有著“高低起伏的體量組合和豐富多變的陰影效果”（23）。

當然，有一類紀念意義的建築，是按照中國文化和傳統國人往往不願提及的一類忌諱的建築物——殯儀建築及墓園。西方文化因宗教的緣故，注重往生，大量的宗教紀念性建築被建造并作為人生儀式的場所，比如那些歐美市鎮中心的基督教天主教教堂座堂，不僅主持了個人出生浸禮、主日崇拜、彌撒與團契，結婚儀式，及至為死亡而舉行的彌撒，甚至這些教堂本身就是靈骨堂——比如位於舊金山諾布山頂（Nob Hill）上的恩典座堂（Grace Cathedral），不僅是舊金山最大的主教堂，更是該市一處位於市中心的骨灰堂。教堂尤其是座堂建築，本身就是歷史建築，神聖性與紀念性，崇高而莊重。關於建築的崇高性與紀念性，英國著名作家學者拉斯金有過詳細的論證。這類建築往往更像是紀念碑，雕塑，散發著雋永的美，令人感動的，賦予生命力的，超越時空的，體現著大眾利益普世價值的而非個體的利益，是道義的，是屬於精神範疇的，充滿詩意與哲理的，令人敬畏與宗教般的崇敬，神聖而不可侵犯，具有很強的凝聚力。這類建築如拉斯金在《建築的七盞明燈》中提到一座建築的美，除了來自來自文化的美，重要的美是屬於心靈與精神，他在這裡稱為崇高或壯美（Sublime）但是建築還有一件事情是無用之用，建築的無用部分應是最重要的，建築最重要的精神都來自於那些沒有用的東西。那些沒有用的東西是創作者利用作品奉獻給心靈或是神的東西，拉斯金認為建築物是世俗的，而建築是神性的。沒有“獻祭”與“奉獻”的品質，建築只會淪為建築物，這是要區分的地方。

值得一提的是，日本建築師往往對於殯葬類建築有著很深刻的理解，一些知名的日本日裔建築師比如建築大師安藤忠雄、楨文彥、伊東丰雄所設計與建造的殯儀建築，無不頗具深度的描繪了日本人對於生與死的世界觀，或者說是日式的禪宗人生觀的建築語言在時空，材質，光幾個方面演繹了完美轉譯，或者說是對生命終結後的未知世界的幻想與宗教意味的架構，建築語言平和而豐富，賦予哲理與對人生感悟的永恆意義。正如奧地利古典音樂家海頓“悼念”交響曲那樣的結構與內涵，四個樂章似乎是表達著不同情感色彩並各自有著不同的風格與主題，每個樂章賦予整部作品層次感，頗具有儀式性（21）。比如第一樂章是燦爛的快板，E小調奏鳴曲，宛如噩耗傳來而親人陷入巨大的悲痛，急促的音符劇烈的跳躍著，仿佛陷入了無盡的黑暗；隨後的第二樂章，作為E小調小快板小步舞曲，間歇性節奏，充滿異于舞蹈性的悲劇，仿佛親屬們短暫的擦乾了眼淚，似乎要接受親人離去的事實，音樂並不那麼黑暗，似乎有些光；接著的第三樂章轉變為慢板，E大調二段式奏鳴曲，音符舒緩起來，明亮得多甚至是神聖的，看見了天堂于美麗，述說著逝者生前的美好；第四樂章也就是終曲又回到了E小調，急板，二段式奏鳴曲。強烈急促的音符充滿著光芒，仿佛馬上就要消失掉，而感染著每個人，督促著每個人送完逝者最後一程，天堂的門即將關閉，愿逝者永遠安息而放心離開家屬們到達彼岸。如同這首偉大的音樂一樣，楨文彥的「風之丘」火葬場作為二十世紀最偉大的建築之一，這兩部偉大作品有著驚人的共性。台灣建築報導雜誌社有一篇題為《昇華有形，如煙似風──關於日本的瞑想之森、風之丘與光明寺》的文章，通過時間流線為參考的敘述方式展開對這座建築空間的回顧。

“「風之丘」內部平面的節奏豐富細膩，一進入入口，有兩條通道分別通往告別室與禮拜堂，沿著中庭草坪旁的通道走，接著進入火葬場。家屬一開始最先接觸到的空間是告別室，封閉式的空間只餘微光透入，這裡是與往生者的大體最後告別的地方；厚重的石牆，斗大的暗室，是在這裡與往生者安靜地說再見，並透過簡單的祭拜儀式後，再將大體送進火化室。進入火化室經過的通道仍是一堵厚重的石牆，規則地開出細長幽深的窗戶，透露螢螢之光。離開火化室，是從此處開始，光線開始進入，眼前前方的中庭出現大片落地玻璃引入窗外的景致，玻璃外的空間是水池，可見天光，恍若由幽暗之地界回歸塵世，找回自己的呼吸。繞過中庭，映入眼簾的是用木頭質感呈現的溫暖空間，這裡是等待室，親屬等待、休息的地方。此處槙文彥利用少許高度的落差，塑造安靜、平和的環境，等待區大廳有一座向上的樓梯，彷彿生命旅程的末端，最後該是升天的意象。從一開始的沉重壓抑，直到大體開始火化時轉換的明朗空間，再轉入木質構造溫暖富療癒意涵的等待室，似乎往生者的肉體解放的同時，家屬悲傷的心情也開始轉換與解放。”（22）

總之，精神層面幾乎決定了建築這部作品的屬性與“身價”。一處建築項目的創作立意高低往往直接影響到項目的“無名的”品質，一件作品將在這個階段，就基本上被賦予及歸為經典的，令人敬畏的，高尚的，舉世無雙的，永恆的與宗教的，精神傳承的，優雅動人的，感動的，充滿人文關懷的，市井生活的，或是奢侈的，令人愉悅的，充滿享樂主義的，還是僅僅是帶著世俗意味的“榮華富貴”，空洞的，冷淡無情的，浮華缺乏內涵的，甚至是嘩眾取寵庸俗的，浮華充滿感官刺激但缺乏品位的，仿冒乃至偽劣而低級趣味的，的其中一兩類。這個早早就被賦予的精神，將始終貫穿著建築的創作直到最後的生命週期。

除了普通而大量開發的房地產與建築物項目以外，對於中國當代建築發展而言，建築的廣義奢侈性與永恆性的探索應當是擺在下一個目標階段上的命題之一二（另兩個命題在後文有詳細論述），畢竟建築的產生與相關聯的活動本身就是個極為複雜的載體與現象，或許要等待人文主義在整個社會產生了相當的影響，以及對於崇高信仰與精神之境界的不懈追求，加之一系列涉及行業產業的升級與革新——包括改善法律法規與產業結構等諸多問題，尤其是建築的設計工程管理模式的改革，才有可能快速的進入這個突破口從而建築設計界在這個看似冷門但卻是真正的方向中發生變革。有價值的建築是時代的產物，一定當映射著它所建所處的時代而同時連接過去與未來。建築理論固然不能忽視，實踐當然更重要，而最關鍵的因素是建築被設計建造的大環境的影響，就比如一系列的制約因素，有來自政策或體制內部的，來自客戶業主與社會的，或是環境或是經濟投資環境的約束，就像無形的手那樣主宰著每座建築的如何誕生直到消亡的命運。建築不能遠離人性，遠離建築的基本原理，遠離它被建造的初衷，遠離精神與信仰，及至品質與倫理，若是排斥了人本的存在，生活的樂趣，以及精神的慰藉，自然界恩賜而產生的喜悅以及其獨特的風格佈局、工藝與美學鑒賞水準，以及具有意義的創新，很難說是一座意義深刻而有著遠高於普通建築價值的建築。這裡說到的價值不同於該建築的市場價格，更不是土地價格，而是建築本身無名的無價那部分的價值。這就是為什麼說，歷史上值得流芳千古或稱得上歷史遺產的建築相比于所有的建築，包括建築物而言，顯得寥寥無幾了。這也就是為什麼一些當時造價昂貴的建築，往往一段時期后除了它的地價上漲外，其建築本身的價值卻不斷跌落不斷折舊，甚至落個早早的被拆除命運。每座建築正如人一樣，絕大多數都逃離不了從誕生到消亡的命運，相對於大自然的巨美與恆古，人類建造的建築的奢侈與永恆性就很顯得微不足道了。而正因如此，人們乃至一個社會甚至是一個時代去修建這樣一處場所，是為了一種與他們所處的社會環境與時代之匹配的傳承與信仰，生生不息。

Appendix

Four Seasons Hangzhou Hotel, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China, photo by Four Seasons official website

Banyan Tree Lijiang Hotel, Yun Nan, China, photo by Four Seasons official website

Disney Explorers Lodge, HongKong Disneyland, HongKong. The largest hotel of HongKong Disney themed park, Planned and Designed by WDI (United States), Photo by Cooper Chang

Jingshan Boutique Hotel, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China. Balance the design proposition balances the surrounding ancient forest, ethics of the landscape, Zen spirit (religious spirit), historical culture, and luxury features. Designed by Continuation Studio, photo by SHIROMIO Studio

Jingshan Boutique Hotel, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China. A transaction space celebrates the nature and humanity by integrating the lavish materials, whether naturality or rurality. Designed by Continuation Studio, photo by SHIROMIO Studio

Sky SOHO ShangHai, China, built in 2014. The project is a large development comprised of a compelling mix of office and retail space, Planned and Designed by Zaha Hadid

A Modern Townhouse in San Francisco, Designed by Feldman Architects, CA, Photo by Joe Fletcher,

Cloverdale Residence, The interior view of the living with dining room, as well as the screened porch, Cloverdale, California, Designed by Turnbull Griffin Haesloop Architects, photo by Matthew Millman

Marin County Civic Center, 1957, Frank Lloyd Wright, located in San Rafael, the north bay area of San Francisco,

Wright's largest public project was ever built

The Main Elevation of Old Library, Wuhan University Campus, Wuhan, China, 1935, Architecture designer: Henry Killam Murphy (United States), The etchings drawing was drawn by Yuan, Xiao shan and Shui, Xiao

The main Building of Fu Jen Catholic University (The Catholic University of Peking 1925-1952), Designed by Dom. Adelbert. Gresnight, （格里森，天主教本篤會比利時籍傳教士和藝術家）北京天主教輔仁大學舊址, Beijing, China

Kaze-no-Oka Crematorium Nakatsu, Atrium corridor, water pool, and sky, 1997 Japan Maki and Associates

Convent de Sant Francesc, Spain, by David Closes, photography by Jordi Surroca, a great example of the converting of the historical architecture into a modern cultural facility

The Woolworth Building, New York City, 1913, Photography by Francois Roux

Endnotes

（1）（英）斯科特，（Scott James）《國家的視角》Scott James, "Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed." 對於巴西利亞新城的建設所產生了一些社會問題，在文中有所評論

（2）William J.R. Curtis, "Modern Architecture Since 1900", New Jessey, Prentice Hall, 3rd edition, p.449

（3）參見柯布西埃《明日之城市》提出的關於新的住宅體系和城市規劃理論，社會改良部分

（4）解構主義，即上個世紀後期雅克德里達提出一系列批判結構主義的哲學思想

（5）見“十八億畝紅線能保住嗎？”人民網 http://paper.people.com.cn/zgjjzk/html/2013-07/01/content_1263885.htm

（6）見“中國城市發展網”趙海均，關於諾貝爾2009經濟學得主Elinor Ostrom指出，千萬不能再走美國老路

（7）個人建築師在美國十分受歡迎，美國自建住宅十分普遍，房屋建造的產業鏈也相當完善，美國出版了一些專業的單家庭私人住宅圖冊，詳細劃分了建國以來的各種風格和構造

（8）具體的數據和事實可參考聯合國人居屬相關文獻

（9）現當代建築所發生的一切，正被拉斯金在《建築的七盞明燈》所預見，建築淪為普通的機械產品，缺乏那些看似無用而極重要的精神成分和靈魂，同樣的缺乏感動 John Ruskin, "The Seven Lamps of Architecture", Noonday Press, 1961

（10）2012年普利茲克獎獲得者王澍在“公民建築師”謝英俊官網的評論中，提到了當今建築教育的不足之處，只教授“塔尖”一部分，事實上，建築遠比這個多而複雜。他把矛頭直指建築教育少數化、精英化的問題。詳細參見“謝英俊建築師+第三建築工作室”網站；

（11）參見鳳凰網地產相關新聞；定制化的私人住宅在中國起步較晚，但近年來發展較快

（12）上海曹楊新村是中國建國后早期規劃設計水平最高的工人階級住宅社區，參《中國現代建築史》，鄒德儂，中國建築工業出版社

（13）可以參考關於美國現代主義建築大師賴特的作品與日本傳統建築的內在關係

（14）參見鳳凰網關於國內高端別墅報道

（15）高端制定化，稀有的手工藝藝術文化別墅，就是奢侈品。關於“奢侈”一詞的定義，可參見“Luxury lifestyle”網站，奢侈建築的延伸意義當包括稀有的，無雙的，獨一的

（16）參杭州西子湖四季酒店中文官網 http://www.fourseasons.com/zh/hangzhou/

（17）參悅榕莊酒店中文官網 http://www.banyantree.com/en/cn-china-ringha

（18）Louis I. Kahn "Louis I. Kahn: Essential Texts", W. W. Norton & Company, Oct 2003

（19）中國近代教會大學包括有震旦大學，之江大學，燕京大學，金陵大學，齊魯大學，東吳大學，嶺南大學，輔仁大學，聖約翰大學，廬江大學，華中大學；參考董黎《中國近代教會大學建築史研究》，科學出版社，2010

（20）原始資料參考美國國會圖書館司徒一凡關於墨菲的文獻，耶魯大學圖書館；Jeffery W. Cody, Building in China: Henry K. Murphy's "Adaptive Architecture", 1914-1935,香港中文大學出版社；Zhaobin, Wu Yao-hong, "Influence of the Western Church School on the Modern Education Building in Wuhan", 武漢理工大學土木工程與建築學院，《山西建築》，2008

（21）維也納古典樂派音樂家海頓《悼念》交響曲，作品第45號

（22）“關於日本的瞑想之森、風之丘與光明寺” GREEN綠雜誌（台灣建築報導雜誌） 2012年12月 Vol.20 http://www.ta-mag.net/green/News.php?id=1052

（23）董黎《中國近代教會大學建築史研究》，科學出版社，2010，pp.138-139

（24）王紹禎，〈輔仁大學校史〉，收入陳明章發行，《學府紀聞──私立輔仁大學》（臺北：南京出版有限公司，1982年8月）

（25）在鄒德儂的《中國現代建築史》中，將1840年至1949年間的建築歸為近代建築，1949年后的建築為現代建築。中國教會大學建築屬於早期的現代建築，古典形式的風格但建築結構設計與施工有著本質上的革新。參《中國現代建築史》p.4

（26）同注（25），p.5

（28）董黎《中國近代教會大學建築史研究》，科學出版社，2010，pp.167-169

（29）這是相對於中國大陸很多早就被毀掉的歷史建築和諸多短暫存在過且同質化的“號稱為”現代建築而言的

（30）鄒德儂《中國現代建築史》，中國建築工業出版社，2010，pp.6-8

（31）高岩總結出中國當代建築處於后批判和實用主義時期，見Yan, Gao, 高岩，Contemporary Chineses architectural design in post theory era; “後理論時代實用主義的中國當代建築設計” Urban Environment Design, 2012, v. 8, p. 151-153; 《城市環境設計》, 2012, v. 8, p. 151-153 https://hub.hku.hk/bitstream/10722/159207/1/Content.pdf?accept=1

（32）當代建築“絕非只是建築科學、建築技術、建築美學的應用，而是建築核心價值的時代表現”，見中國藝術研究院研究員劉托“什麼事中國當代建築的應有之義。” http://gallery.artron.net/20150601/n746642.html

（33）參考克里斯蒂安·諾伯格 - 舒爾茨《西方建築的意義》Norberg-Schulz, Christian. Meaning in Western architecture. New York, NY: Rizzoli International Publications, 1993.

（34）見中國藝術研究院研究員劉托“什麼事中國當代建築的應有之義。” http://gallery.artron.net/20150601/n746642.html

（35）美國建築師協會每年年度評審最佳建築作品，參見AIA，可參見AIA SF LA（美國建築師協會舊金山分會、洛杉磯分會年度獲獎作品）

（36）參見Richard B. Peiser and David Hamilton, Professional Real Estate Development, third Edition, Urban Land Institute, 2012

（37）參見中華人民共和國國民經濟和社會發展第十三個五年規劃綱要（Outline of the 13th Five-Year Plan for the National Economic and Social Development of the People's Republic of China） http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2016lh/2016-03/17/c_1118366322.htm

（38）參見中華人民共和國中央人民政府關於“7000萬貧困人口4年全部脫貧

”文章 http://www.gov.cn/shuju/2016-12/02/content_5141712.htm#1

（39）參見華特迪士尼官網 https://disneyparks.disney.go.com/in/

（40）這段文字為本文作者總結，提出賴特建築設計哲學四大方面。日本傳統藝術與建築對萊特的建築理論的影響研究，參見Nute, Kevin. Frank Lloyd Wright and Japan: the role of traditional Japanese art and architecture in the work of Frank Lloyd Wright. London: Routlege, 2000.

（41）鄒德儂《中國現代建築史》，中國建築工業出版社，2010，pp.37

（42）參見江億 “中國建築能耗遠低於發達國家”對中國建築使用能耗的分析，中外對話， https://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/ch/1118-Promoting-Chinese-energy-efficiency-part-one-

（43）參見林立身、江億、燕達、彭琛關於中國建築業建造過程能耗分析問題，“我國建築業廣義建造能耗及CO2排放分析”，中國能源，http://www.amr.gov.cn/xsqk/zgny/2015n/1503/201703/P020170303031354873219.pdf

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“關於日本的瞑想之森、風之丘與光明寺” GREEN綠雜誌（台灣建築報導雜誌） 2012年12月 Vol.20 http://www.ta-mag.net/green/News.php?id=1052

Yan, Gao, 高岩，Contemporary Chineses architectural design in post theory era; “後理論時代實用主義的中國當代建築設計” Urban Environment Design, 2012, v. 8, p. 151-153; 《城市環境設計》, 2012, v. 8, p. 151-153 https://hub.hku.hk/bitstream/10722/159207/1/Content.pdf?accept=1

克里斯蒂安·諾伯格 - 舒爾茨《西方建築的意義》Norberg-Schulz, Christian. Meaning in Western architecture. New York, NY: Rizzoli International Publications, 1993.

江億， “中國建築能耗遠低於發達國家”， 中外對話，“Promoting Chinese energy efficiency”， Chinadialogue， https://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/ch/1118-Promoting-Chinese-energy-efficiency-part-one-

林立身、江億、燕達、彭琛，“我國建築業廣義建造能耗及CO2排放分析”，中國能源，http://www.amr.gov.cn/xsqk/zgny/2015n/1503/201703/P020170303031354873219.pdf

Image Source

Yuan, Xiaoshan and Shui, Xiao, The Main Facade of Old Library, Wuhan University Campus http://www.whplan.cn/city/14qi/hq22.aspx

Hu, Jiusi, Changjiang Daily journalist, Wuhan University Campus, http://chuansong.me/n/1694527251527

Four Seasons Hangzhou Hotel, http://www.feifangolf.com/industry/201206269879.html

Photo by Joe Fletcher, Modern Townhouse, Feldman Architects, San Francisco, CA, https://www.dwell.com/article/focus-on-feldman-architectures-environmentally-conscious-homes-b744e2d7

Turnbull Griffin Haesloop Architects, photo by Matthew Millman, Cloverdale Residence, https://www.dwell.com/home/cloverdale-residence-f94833eb

Kaze-no-Oka Crematorium Nakatsu, 1997 Japan Maki and Associates， image is form Architectural Record, https://freewechat.com/a/MjM5NTQ4OTA0MA==/2649130184/2

Convent de Sant Francesc, Spain, by David Closes, Photography by Jordi Surroca, http://www.archdaily.com/251389/convent-de-sant-francesc

Banyan Tree Lijiang, https://www.kiwicollection.com/hotel-detail/banyan-tree-resort-lijiang

The main Building of Fu Jen Catholic University (1925-1952) http://mapio.net/pic/p-61737627/

Disney Explorers Lodge, HongKong Disneyland, HongKong, Photo byCooper Chang, https://www.gvm.com.tw/fashion/webonly_content_14774.html

Sky SOHO,http://www.celebritychina.net/pan-shiyi.html

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Francois Roux, The Woolworth Building at Dusk - New York City http://francois-roux-photography.com/gallery/new-york/architecture/woolworth-building-dusk

Photo by SHIROMIO Studio, Jingshan Boutique Hotel, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China. Continuation Studio, China. http://www.dailytonic.com/jingshan-boutique-hotel-by-continuation-studio/

Photo by Yilong Zhao, Hidden Valley House, Zhejiang province, China. Designed by SU Architects, https://www.archdaily.com/885491/hidden-vally-su-architects

本網站圖文非經作者同意不得轉載刊載，All Rights Reserved. No part of this website may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission of the author.

A Proposal of the Luxury Boutique Hotel in the Caribbean Sea Area

noreply@blogger.com (Atticus (Anqi Yang)) — Fri, 12 May 2017 23:42:00 +0000

A proposal of the luxury boutique hotel in the Caribbean Sea Area

Anqi Yang

Design Overview:

The boutique hotel complex consists of two major buildings which are connected by public open gathering areas, and the entire hotel complex is face to the beautiful bay of the Caribbean Sea. The hotel building represents on the drawing below is one part of the whole luxury resort, which consists of stacked and individually designed guestroom units, with green terraces, and extends from the major building block. The central part of the building covered by the tropical arches composes the visual point of the entire complex, which is indicated by the tropical style arches, Caribbean traditional graphic glazing, and the wooden decorated units’ balconies. The main materials of the guestroom units are constructed of local materials like wood panels, stone, and normal glass. The modular units are placed to form construction with a rectangular plan and an inner step-down courtyard for both sides, and each courtyard floor panel are carefully arranged by a branch of tiny open door spaces for dining and relaxing.

There are three major themes of architectural styles applied to the complex; lower front units groups inherit from the typical Center American Indians traditional “Tao” architecture styles, and the central tallest brows are referred from the arches structures and folk details of Caribbean tropical style architecture settlements. Compared to the regional style applications, both step-down guestroom units are decorated with circling and green wooden panels in high quality and traditional craftsman techniques. The transition to the surrounding landscapes is realized using wooden and green plants terraces; step down building shape, beneath public spaces accessible to the outdoor landscape and themed park, aimed at activating the edge of the plot.

Design features and ideas which could be figured out in the drawing:
-Reducing the corridor length and enlarge the balcony surface area;
-Responding to the local materials and architectural typologies;
-Supplies unique experience for each individual guest;
-Wood panels provide privacy and solar shading, they are an ideal passive solar system; Also they promote the ventilation quality and frequency, enrich the variation of the facades
-Pavilions supply shading area for outdoor space;
-Creating more outdoor and indoor space for guests such as the dining and BBQ area, encourage guests to enjoy the sunlight and winds, landscape, plants, and outer door activities;
-Roof garden and plants bring cool air and reduce heart for building surface, promote the lively and natural sense;
-In the lower front guestroom building, each of the guest rooms has a private water pool;
-Compared to the three main themes, balconies are variations and layout in different areas and shapes, create the diversity of experiences;
-Caribbean style roof is an ideal choice for the building on the passive solar energy function, reduce a large amount of heat during the hot weather, increase natural ventilation, the sloping roof adapts to the tropical weather condition such as heavy rain seasons;
-The platform on the second floor supplies the outer door space for the restaurant, dining and cafe spaces, and the very first floor(underneath of the decking) is the service and back of house space;

The details of the "Tao Architecture" style guest room units with the green roof covered by vegetarians, each guest room has an open space attached to an individual water pool; the arrangement of each guest unit is privacy concerned, by Anqi Yang, all rights reserved

Considering the confidential information the proposal includes, this article will not contain the project's name, client's name, specific property location, date of design or constructed, design group, design research, and any other sensitive information. All the drawings, concepts, and designs are copyrighted. All images and works © 2015-2017 by Anqi Yang. All rights reserved and strictly enforced. No part of this website may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission of the author.
原提案包涵商業行政機密信息，此處已刪除所有的敏感信息包括項目名稱、項目地址、設計或建造日期、設計單位、客戶等。所有圖像和作品©2015-2017 by Anqi Yang。版權所有。未經作者事先書面許可，不得以任何形式或通過電子，機械，複印，錄音或其他方式複製或傳播本網站的任何部分。

The Open Source & Transformable Mobile Prefabricated Micro House Group Solution-I (English and Chinese)

noreply@blogger.com (Atticus (Anqi Yang)) — Fri, 12 May 2017 06:57:00 +0000

The Open Source & Transformable Mobile Prefabricated Micro House Group with Self- Sufficient System Solution (I)

開源與可變型移動式裝配型微型房屋自足體系解決方案 (I)

By Anqi Yang

Key Words

open-source architecture, modular building, open design, prefabricated architecture, sustainable architecture, micro-housing, co-housing, mobile housing, self-sufficient habitats, experimental architecture, transformable architecture, industrial design, residential and hotel, personalized design/manufacture, the experience economy

關鍵字

開源架構，模塊化建築，開放式設計，預製建築，可持續建築，微型住房，共同住房，移動住房，自給自足生存體系，實驗建築，可變式建築，工業設計，住宅和酒店，定制化設計/製造，體驗經濟模式

Background/Argument

In the past several years, architectural design methods have been influenced by the latest technological achievements in a variety of fields-Big Data, VR, IOT, AI, online business, mobile internet, and personalize project development. There is no doubt that the architectural design industry will continue adapting to the internet business models and techniques widely and deeply. While, if we turn our focuses from the architecture design field to the other fields like the real estate industry, it proves that the statement is almost incorrect in reality. The facts are that the architecture design industry didn't occupy the market as public images normally, in contrast, the majority of the architecture and buildings projects over the world are developed and built by speculators and individuals, which means there is a huge number of building projects are manufactured and reproduced all the time. In this point, the architecture industry is far behind the IT industry. Fortunately, many companies and institutes started out a diversity of solutions, and the same manner is to give their clients more authority on personalizing on the design and construction process.

In the past two decades, the Internet-led high-tech personal computers and mobile smart devices have dominated the world's personal consumer market; in the meanwhile, the Internet products and a variety of architectural applications have occupied market-dominating position, that is, the equipment defined by the software applications rather than the hardware itself, which means the core section is all about the user experience. As an illustration, in the interactive design field heavily focuses on the interface style, modules design, and operation processes. One typical example is the Android operation code, which is released in an open-source format, with Google indicating that it prefers the development of open standards. With the open-source format, software and application developers can use Android to develop mobile apps, which are sold through app stores.

It is noteworthy that the previous Pritzker Architecture Prize award-winning works reflect the contemporary and the evolution of modern architecture development direction objectively, especially in recent years, winning works, in fact, are temporary architecture projects, which are built by the recyclable and removed materials and structural systems. The award-winning projects partially reveal the contemporary and future living habitat hidden ideas and impulses. In the further steps, with highly integrated contemporary techniques and life philosophy, emphasizing the experience of the economy, participatory, personalize, and openness, the development of the living habitat project makes use of features of the Internet of things, large data, artificial intelligence, virtual reality, and 3D Print digital manufacturing. The management method could refer to the hotel operation models rather than the traditional real estate management model, which is not friendly to the customers.

The main task for this exploration of the project is to quest the efficient and valuable methods for the integration of the branch of technologies and new ideas. The exploration of the project is not intended to solve a specific commercial, political or social issue, on the contrary, as the project name, which proposed a series of open-ended propositions; the scope of the application is ambiguous and uncertain. The prototype of the project was transplanted from the early years of Japan's metabolic building models. In this new vision, the project combined with industrial design and engineering design, the Internet, open architecture design platform, artificial intelligence, and Internet business management model combined to its entire life cycle of maintenance management.

當前的建筑設計已開始置於這個全球去中心化的社會發展浪潮中，移動互聯網、人工智能、物聯網、虛擬現實、大數據等個人化虛擬化和制定化早已經滲透到人們生活方方面面，建築業也絕不例外，互聯網和新科技已經深刻的影響到這個行業的方方面面。互聯網商業模式經過多年的發展，如今已經形成了一個極為龐大的網絡交互體系。在過去的將近二十年裡，由互聯網高科技主導的個人電腦及移動智能設備一直主宰著世界個人消費市場，與此同時，互聯網產品軟體和各種架構應用應運而生，成為真正主導個人智能設備市場走向的力量，即設備由軟體應用定義、詮釋、更新換代，硬件卻不那麼重要，重要的是核心部分，就是體驗的那部分。

比如在交互設計極為重視界面的風格、模塊和流程非常細致的方方面面，同樣的基於安卓平台開發的應用軟體，針對不同的客戶群體，卻有那麼多不同的體驗設計，雖然大體風格並無多大差異，但商家的競爭一定是在細節處理上下極大的功夫。這種體驗消費模式，同樣的在建築上的重要性凸顯，這種體驗甚至是從消費者開始構想到其終生。本質上，這裏需要做的不僅局限於延續與發展當代建築理論，更是要結合計算機網絡工程電商的思想與實踐方法。

值得註意的是，歷屆的普裏茲克獲獎作品都非常忠實的反映出當代世界對於現代建築的演變發展方向，尤其是最近幾屆的獲獎作品都是臨時建築，是運用可回收材料可拆除式的結構來建構。結合當代的技術與生活理念，強調體驗經濟，制定化服務，參與性，多元性，開放性，還有以科技為依托的互聯網商業模式、物聯網、大數據、人工智能、虛擬現實、3D打印數字制造、新材料等等。管理上，可以盡可能的結合酒店式物業管理模式，摒棄傳統的繁瑣而對於消費者並不友好的傳統房產管理模式。目前技術層面來看，從設計到工程的客觀條件等這些因素都不缺乏，更不缺乏行業對高科技的成功運用的經驗，況且它們都在當下已經有了長足的發展，而相對而言缺乏的是如何將新的理念與諸多的技術有效有經濟社會價值的整合起來。

再提到聯合國人居署的實踐例子，幾乎所有的居住類建築 - 尤其是那些可負擔可持續的綠色居住建築保護都非常依賴於當地的技術，經濟狀況，產業商業規模，工藝和地域文化；而這些建築也非常深刻的反應出特殊的文化符號與文脈建築的裝飾，材料的搭配，風格與形態，結構等都有體現。這對完全希望通過整體裝配式建築生產者以及那些過分強調商業運作的房地產商有一個極具價值的指導意義。差異化，藝術性，深入每個住宅單元體的細節，通過生命週期間不斷地微調，恰可解決了一些關於傳統建築的問題比如過於單調、缺乏變化的建築產品。預製建築本身就是技術與生產水平的進步表現，其意義在於，預製化建築是經過簡化了的類似項目，那麼就要避免構件複雜繁多，耦合匹配度低，不能兼容，替換複雜代價高難度大，修理難，拆卸回收率低的問題。

所有的這一切，為建築體驗模式埋下了堅實的基礎。而該項目並不是要解決一個具體的商業、政治或社會問題，相反，正如項目名稱一樣，是提出了一系列開源性的命題，適用的範圍與邊界具有模糊性和不確定性。這種結合體移植於早年日本的新陳代謝建築模式，放在當今的視野，結合了工業設計和工程設計，也必然和互聯網、開放建築設計平台、人工智能等技術及互聯網商業管理模式結合到其策劃設計到建造維護管理的生命週期全過程。

Application Directions and Open Management Mode

Under the requirement and request of the proprietaries, this project may be applied on or transferred to co-housing, live-work housing units, normal housing/apartments, boutique hotels, temporary houses, etc.

Method of Operation

Modular Interior Sets/Components

The transformable and modular furniture sets and interior functional space arrangement have become more significant in current residential/hospitality development and operation, which means not only interior enclosure structure can be easily changed or transformed at any time, but also the entire enclosure components can be changed and removed based on the requests. For instance, the solar shading devices can be easily removed during the winter seasons and installed in the summer seasons; the glazing farmings are transformable or made in modular systems that can adapt to the solar gain smartly, the terrace. In the same manner, the modular intelligent home appliances and equipment can easily fit the clients' requests.

Modular Living Units

Each housing unit can be added and replaced due to the needs of the owner/clients, and if the entire units are manufactured under the same standards and same modular system, the materials and the components can be shared within all the units. The facade of the housing unit can be changed at any time according to the needs of the owner's customer. The items to be changed include facade decorative components, folding fences, stretched terraces, and so on.

Platform/Open Structure System

Similarly, the mechanical equipment part of the project can also be replaced at any time changes, such as the need to adjust the number of wind turbines, solar panels, specifications, and increase the number of water tanks to balance the cost of spending.

應用方向/開放式管理模式

根據業主要求，可作為共同住宅體系(co-housing)，工作居住一體住宅(live-work housing)，普通的住宅單元(normal housing/apartment)，精品酒店(boutique hotel)，臨時住宅(temporary house)等等。

操作方法

模塊化室內佈局

可變型的室內家具及功能空間是當下居住生活空間的一個研究方向，不僅室內構件隨時可變換增減，而且室外建築模塊同樣可隨時根據需求增減，比如遮陽板，窗的玻璃面積，露台的封閉或敞開。至於模塊化智能化家電和設備，也是同樣的根據用戶喜好或業主的要求而安排。

模塊化住宅單元

每個住房單元根據業主的需要可以增減與替換，如果所有的單元體採用同樣規格的材料生產，那麼它們之間的材料可以完成共享過程。住房單元的外立面可以隨時根據業主客戶的需要進行變更。變更的項目包括外墻的裝飾構件，折疊式欄板，伸展式露台等。當然，該支撐體系提供統一的規範規格，不同的商家生產商所製造出來的微型住宅體係也理所當然的要符合這個規範，具體來講，就是建築開間進深取值範圍、衛生間的進出水管口位置和尺寸規格等等。

支撐體系

同樣的，項目的機械設備部分同樣可以隨時替換增減，比如根據需求調整風力電機和太陽能面板的數量和規格，以及增減水箱的數量以平衡成本於開支。

A Typical list for the Modular and Smart Facilities/Equipment/Components

There are five groups of units integrated into the entire project: Housing Units, Kitchen/Dining Units, Open Structure System, Auxiliary Energy System, and Vehicle/ Load Platform.

Optional components for the Housing Units

Intelligent furniture/ modular electrical equipment components, Internet of Things systems, transformable/ modular furniture components, interior partition components, artificial ventilation systems, natural ventilation systems, recycling/green construction materials, enclosure insulation structure, modular shade components, modular terrace components, intelligent control system, etc

Optional components for the Kitchen/Dining Units

Expandable kitchen equipment/cabinets, modular furniture sets, interior partition components, etc

Optional components for the Open Structure System

Pre-installed drainage system, waste collection system, solar hot water supply system, rainwater collector, drinking water tank, rainwater purification device, solid waste collector, generator set, central air conditioning system, lift equipment groups, ADA components, expandable distribution components, expandable pipe wells, expandable stairwells, expandable stair components, lighting equipment, sprinkler system, surveillance systems, etc

Optional components for Auxiliary Energy System: expandable modular solar panel grids, removable wind turbine components, strong and weak systems, expandable battery pack components

The components for Vehicle /Load Platform

2 sets of heavy-duty crawler traction chassis, 2 sets of ultra-high power engines, large truss chassis structure, expandable steel frame grids (load system), hydraulic system, traction hinge, etc

模塊化住宅單元可選組件包括：智能家具电器设备組件，物联网设备，可变型式組合家具组件，室内隔断组件，人工通风系统，自然通风系统，环保回收建材，围合结构保温构造，组合式遮阳组件，组合式露台组件，智能控制系統

集中式廚房就餐空間可選組件包括：可擴展組合廚房設備櫥櫃，組合式家具，室內隔斷組件

開放結構體系設可選設備組件包括：预装给排水管道系统，废物收集系统，太阳能热水供应系统，雨水收集器，飲用水箱，雨水净化装置，固体垃圾收集器，发电机组，中央空调系统，升降機設備組，無障礙坡道組件，可擴展配電組件，擴展式管道井，擴展式樓梯井，擴展式樓梯組件，照明設備，消防系統，監視系統

輔助能源系統可選組件包括：组合式太阳能面板，可拆除式小型风力发电机組件，強弱電系統，蓄電池組組件

載具與負重系統組件包括：2組重型负重履带式牵引底盘，2組超大功率動力裝置，大型桁架底盘结构，可擴展鋼架網格支撐體系，液压系统，牵引铰链

Model of Operation

Similar to the general real estate development business model, the speculator releases the proposal, and makes the investment; the design and manufacture package will be finished by the subcontractors-designers, machinery and equipment providers, prefabricated residential design/manufacturer. And then go through the process of assembly commissioning as well as trial operation, project managers deliver the comprehensive parameter analysis during the trial operation period. In the next step the project is transferred to operation and management under the third party (or the developer itself); the third party will respond to any suppliers and components exchanges/adjustments due to the clients/speculators' requests during the life long term.

運營方式

類似于普通房產開發運營模式。由甲方提案、投資，投資方投資或買家投資；分包到總圖設計方、机械设备提供商、预制住宅设计/制造商；組裝完成調試試運營，綜合參數分析；交付使用、轉交給运营管理商（或甲方直接管理）；運營商根據需求隨時調整組件變更。

Reference reading and technology support, the contents include some of the most influential and latest information of modular/ home automation, micro-prefabricated house manufacturers, open building systems, VR and personalized online design solutions, etc
https://www.tollbrothers.com/
http://open-building.org/
http://www.openstructures.net/
https://wikihouse.cc/
http://www.oodhouse.com/
https://www.dwell.com/prefab
http://resourcefurniture.com/product-category/product-collections/transforming-furniture/
http://www.geappliances.com/ge/connected-appliances/
https://www.dirtt.net/
http://www.ikea.com/us/en/catalog/categories/departments/ikea_kitchens/22957/
http://minimhomes.com/
http://microcompacthome.com/company/

All the drawings, concept and designs are copyrighted. All images and works © 2015-2017 by Anqi Yang. All rights reserved and strictly enforced.. No part of this website may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission of the author.
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A Brief Interpretation of National Register Bulletin (II) （美國國家歷史名錄登錄規則簡要解讀）

noreply@blogger.com (Atticus (Anqi Yang)) — Wed, 03 May 2017 22:44:00 +0000

A Brief Interpretation of National Register Bulletin (II)

（美國國家歷史名錄登錄規則簡要解讀）

Aug 2013

By Anqi Yang

U.S. National Historic Landmark, the Connecticut State Capitol, facing Bushnell Park.

This article will focus on evaluation of architecture style catalog. There are many specific terms and descriptions on architecture and construction design, and here the catalog are establishing a transition relationship between architecture and architecture preservation, which exams from the current to the history through the evaluation techniques.

關鍵字

獨特的樣式，特殊年代，建造方式，風格，很高的藝術性。

美國的建築史，風格與建築學術在過去近百年的不斷完善，如今已是一個龐大的體系，尤其是在建築風格分類與保護領域早已規範化。政府也有陸續出版了相當數量的鑒定手冊，比如住宅建築風格的鑒定手冊，對於普及建築學有很大的貢獻。該國政府和一些相關的組織很早就開始將建築遺產進行相當詳實與細緻的分類入檔，保護，研究工作。

Distinctive characteristics

"Distinctive Characteristics" are the physical features or traits that commonly recur in individual types, periods, or methods of construction. To be eligible, a property must clearly contain enough of those characteristics......Characteristics can be expressed in terms such as form, proportion, structure, plan, style, or materials. They can be general, referring to ideas of design and construction such as basic plan or form, or they can be specific, referring to precise ways of combining particular kinds of materials.

特徵鮮明的定義，廣泛的包涵在特定的風格、年代、建設方式中。建築物必須明確包含足夠的特徵來符合登錄的條件，這裡的特徵可以建築的形式，比例，結構，計劃（建築方案），風格樣式或材料等方式表達。一般而言，它們可以通過建築設計和建造的構思反映出來，比如基本方案或者形式；或者具體來說，比如通過組合特定材料的精確方法來表達出來。

The definition of the form of architecture
According to the Webster Dictionary, “Form” is “the shape or contour of something a body of a living being, the basic nature of something, the way in which something exists; variety; style or manner as established by custom or regulation or etiquette; performance according to established criteria…style in musical or literary composition; the design or style of a work of art.”

Louis I Kahn used to state his ideas about form and design in the book "Louis I. Kahn: Thoughts and Architecture Works", and he made the definition that “form is ‘what’ and design is ‘how’”. Kahn stated clearly that form is “a harmony of systems, a sense of Order…A form is the realization of nature, made up inseparable elements. Form has no shape or dimension…form precedes Design.” He added, “Design gives the elements their shapes, taking them from their existence in the mind of their tangible presence.” Kahn believes that “Form” refers to the permanent, forever, unchangeable and spiritual issues, which have no exact shapes and they are existing actually in one’s mind.

What is “Order”? Kahn says that order is the ways of an arrangement of the elements. From the Webster Dictionary, “Order” means “a condition where there is a logical arrangement or disposition of things; sequence or succession.” The order could be the methods of organization, arrangements, and planning of kinds of elements. They might follow with some typical rules.

關於建築形式的定義

要區別建築形式與建築樣式（風格）的區別。韋氏詞典指出形式闡釋了物體的本質。根據建築大師路易斯康曾經給出的定義，“建築的形式是關於什麽的問題，而設計是關於途徑的問題。是和諧的一個系統，秩序的意義，形式是自然的意識，彌補不可分割的元素。形式沒有形狀或尺寸...形式在設計之前。”而這裡的秩序，是元素組成的順序的特定方式與原理。比如，典型的羅馬天主教堂幾乎都採用拉丁十字平面，但其風格不盡相同，比如德國境內的羅曼式天主教堂與典型的意大利巴西利卡天主教堂具有很大的風格差異，但擁有共同的形式。

Type, period, and method of construction

"Type, period, or method of construction" refers to the way certain properties are related to one another by cultural traditional or function, by dates of construction, or style, or by choice or availability of materials and technology.

工程，技術，美學成就（建築師、工匠），那些包涵了重要的風格，設計哲學，具有高度的美學價值，技術革新等建築項目。

A structure is eligible as a specimen of its type or period of construction if it is an important example of building practices of a particular time in history. For properties that represent the variation, evolution, or transition of construction types, it must be demonstrated that the variation, etc., was an important phase of the architectural development of the area or community in that it had an impact as evidenced identified as the only such property ever fabricated; it must be demonstrated to be significant as well.

如果一處工程是建築歷史上某個時間實踐的一個重要項目，那麼這處一個工程作為其類型或建設期符合登錄條件。對於代表建築類型的變化、演變或轉型的項目，必須證明該變化等是該地區或社區建築發展的重要階段，因為它具有影響，被證明是只有這樣的財產曾經製造過; 它也必須被證明是重要的。

Historic adaption of the original property

A property can be significant not only for the way it was originally constructed or crafted, but also for the way it was adapted at a later period, or for the way it illustrates changing tastes, attitudes, and uses over a period of time.

一處財產可以被認定是重要的不僅是因為它最初的建造或製造方式，而且還可以是因為在以後的時期被調整，或者說是在一段時間內改變品位，態度和用途的方式。

Works for a master

A master is a figure of generally recognized greatness in a field, a known craftsman of consummate skills, or an anonymous craftsman whose work is distinguishable from others by its characteristics style and quality. The property must express a particular phase in the development of the master's career, an aspect of his or her work, or a particular idea or theme in his or her craft.

大師的作品，必須反映出該大師在他或她的事業發展生涯、業務的一個方面、或是工藝中的特殊創意或主題方面一個特定的階段性特徵。

About National Register of Historic Places
About National Historic Landmark (NHL)

image source

http://www.keywordhut.com/Y2FwaXRvbCBidWlsZGluZyBhZGRyZXNz/

notes

Major Historical and Cultural Site Protected at the National Level is one of more than 4000 monuments listed as of significant historical, artistic or scientific value by the State Administration of Cultural Heritage of P.R.C.

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A Brief Interpretation of National Register Bulletin (I)（美國國家歷史名錄登錄規則簡要解讀）

noreply@blogger.com (Atticus (Anqi Yang)) — Tue, 25 Apr 2017 00:52:00 +0000

A Brief Interpretation of National Register Bulletin (I)

（美國國家歷史名錄登錄規則簡要解讀）

Aug 2013

By Anqi Yang

National Building Museum, inherited the form of ancient Roman basilica, District of Columbia, National Historic Landmark

City Hall of San Francisco dome, San Francisco, CA, National Historic Landmark

Library of Congress, District of Columbia, National Historic Landmark

The purpose of this survey is to explore the standards of American national historic place registration, which could be a reference for the national historic places registration standard for China. In the past decades, a large amount of meaningful and valuable historic heritages in this country have been wiped off due to urban development and the imperfect architecture preservation law system. In the meanwhile, from the central to local governments of China, a series of national heritages preservation standards and laws are largely revised and practiced. In the recent period, many significant historic heritage buildings and city blocks are reserved and well remolded under the preservation laws. One of the most essential historic architecture and places preservation activities is the evaluation, and this article will reference American national register standards published by the Federal Governments. The original publication is under the name "National Register Criteria for Evaluation" by the U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service. The original contents of the bulletin are marked an Italic font.

考慮到中國近幾十年來的城市化運動，大量有相當歷史意義的文物建築遭到了拆毀而沒有得到保護，還有相當數量的建築物與場所由於沒有被認定為文物而缺乏保護，不是年久失修就是早已改為他用，甚為遺憾。當然，國家早已開始陸續出台了一系列的歷史文化場所與建築保護的法律法規，近年來大量的歷史建築與場所不僅免於被拆毀，而且得到了很好的維護。規範在不斷修訂與完善過程中，是可以借鑒西方國家的相關法規與操作方法，一個重要環節就是判定一座建築物或場所是否是屬於被保類別的準則。這裡，我們可以參考美國官方出臺由美國國家公園出版的法規《如何評估重要歷史遺產》。該出版物非常詳實、全面的解釋了歷史建築與場所登錄的評估方法和標準，包括特殊名詞的解釋。我們會著重分析C類別，即建築與構築物的評估方式。

There are four main criterion catalogs included in the evaluation: A-Event, B-Person, C-Design and construction, and D-Information potential. The evaluation catalog "Events" and "Person" are highly significant in the evaluation rules, which indicates the initial meanings of architecture-space of the architecture activities, the events that happened in the spaces.

C-A. Event

e.g. Site of Battle. The building in which an important invention was developed. A factory district where a significant strike occurred. An archaeological site at which a major new aspect of prehistory was discovered, such as the first evidence of man and extinct Pleistocene animals being contemporaneous.

Requirements:

Association of the property with the events;

Significant of the association;

Traditional cultural values.

A類別，事件。例如戰爭的發生地，產生過重要發明的建築物。發生重大罷工的廠區。有重大新發現的史前文明考古遺址，如人類和已經滅絕的更新世動物的同時代證據。評估類別有建築物或場所與事件的關聯性，關聯性的重要性程度，以及事件的文化屬性類別。

C-B. Person
e.g. The home of an important merchant or labor leader; the studio of a significant artist, the business headquarters of ab important industrialist.

Requirements:

Significance of the individual;

Association with the property;

Comparison to related properties;

Association with groups;

Association with living persons;

Association with architect/ artisans (their studios);

Native american sites

B類別，人物。例如，一位重要的商人或工人領袖的家，重要藝術家的工作室，重要實業家的業務總部。評估類別有人物的重要性，建築物、場所與人物的關聯，兩者之間的關聯度，和組織的關聯，與在世的人的關聯，與建築師或工匠（他們的工作室）的關聯，美洲原居民活動遺址。

C-C. Design/ Construction
This criterion applies to properties significant for their physical design or construction, including such elements as architecture, landscape architecture, engineering, and artwork. To be eligible under criterion C, a property must meet at least one of the following requirements:

Embody distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction. Represent a work of master, Possess high artistic value, represent a significant and distinguishable entity whose components may lack individual distinction.

e.g. A house or commercial building representing a significant style of architecture; A designed park or garden associated with a particular landscape design philosophy; A movie theater embodying high artistic value in its decorative features; A bridge or dam representing technological advances.

C類別，建築或構築物。此標準適用於那些設計或建造過程具有重要意義的項目，包括建築，景觀建築，工程和藝術品。要符合C類別評估標準的資格，必須符合以下要求中的至少一項：獨特的建築風格，建於特殊年代（時間段），特殊的建造方式，或是大師的代表作品，或是具有很高的藝術價值，或者是一處重要而獨特的項目實體，只是其組成部分可能缺少鮮明特徵。比如，一座代表重要風格的住宅或商業建築，一座和特定的景觀設計哲學相聯繫的園林，一座在其裝飾上體現很高的藝術價值的劇院建築，一座代表技術進步的橋樑或大壩。

C-D. Information Potential
The property must have, or have had, information to contribute to our understanding of human history or prehistory, and the information must be considered important.

D類別，信息的潛在意義。該項目必須，或已經提供給我們認識文明史或史前歷史的信息，並且這些信息必須被認為是重要的。

How to define categories of historic properties? Here the Bulletin gives the explanations of the categories.

Building. A building, such as a house, barn, church, hotel, or similar construction, is created principally to shelter any form of human activity. "Building" may be used to refer to a historically and functionally related unit, such as a courthouse, and jail or a house and barn.

Structure. The term "structure" is used to distinguish from buildings those functional constructions made usually for purposes other than creating human shelter.

Object. The term "object" is used to distinguish from buildings and structures and structures those constructions that are primarily artistic in nature or are relatively small in scale and simply constructed. Although it may be, by nature or design, movable, an object is associated with a specific setting or environment.

Site. A site is the location of a significant event, a prehistoric or historic occupation or activity, or a building or structure, whether standing, ruined, or vanished, where the location itself process historic, cultural, or archaeological value regardless of the value of any existing structure.

District. A district possesses a significant concentration, linkage, or continuity of sites, buildings, structures, or objects united historically or aesthetically by plan or physical development.

這裡，該出版物用了“建築物(Building)”而非“建築”(Architecture)一詞，我們應當特別留意。建築物涵蓋的範圍要比建築大得多。構築物(Structure)作為建築或工程的構件、部份，特指非為人所庇護的部份。同時，要區分基地(Site)和區(District)的兩者不同和定義。

The full contents of National Register Bulletin will be found on bulletins
Image resource
https://www.flickr.com/photos/8621643@N04/7163650403
http://photowings.org/learn-more-us-library-of-congress/
http://keywordsuggest.org/gallery/291376.html

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Vibrating: "Surface Dynamics"

noreply@blogger.com (Atticus (Anqi Yang)) — Mon, 17 Oct 2016 01:22:00 +0000

Vibrating: "Surface Dynamics"

(originally published in Nov 2013, edited in 2016)

by Anqi Yang, directed by Jean Jaminet, SCAD

Following the design mission, the new pedestrian thoroughfare for the Turner Overpass will be pictured as a bridge-pavilion mix-use one accommodates reading, cafe, gallery, and service spaces that connect Turner Residence Hall with SCAD Café in the Campus (figure ). As Jean describes in the mission, "The premise of this studio is to reimagine the concept of the architectural surface......This new surface will incorporate both volumetric (spatial) and curvilinear (circulation) elements, transforming the existing arched bridge and connecting it to the surrounding context." Through surface topological transformation geometry, the material logic language of the architecture form and the space modulation is generated by digital techniques and modeling manipulation.

The city of Savannah Georgia is full of memorial and landmarks which occupied in the numerous iconic architectural styles, with an even longer history than the United States the city has established with amazing obviously coherent patterns and styles. The heritage of the city history is an identity and timeless grids of time periods, as well as typical historical styles of American architecture, revealed in the current context of Savannah’s city fabric: relatively static with minor extension activities occurring in a linear growth manner.

Transforming the existing historical bridge into a new permeable consistent space that interactive the surrounding context is a supposition of the design proposal is prepossessing.

With the vibration manner and their full potential, the lowest frequency——the fundamental frequency and overtones, which means allow one to transcend another in speed, resulting in the circumstance of void and asymmetrical into the agglomerate. Generating from the rudimentary objects and the topography lines of the context, five pairs of motivation particles simultaneous accelerate into irregular simple harmonic motion in the four-dimensional condition from both end boundaries of the bridge surface-x, y, z-axis and the axis of time. With the increment and reduction of vibration particles, a continuity of nadir and summit are forming into a timeline path which is traced by the concurrent accurate without intermittent. The consequent of the linear exuding is generating into protruding and concavity geometries, the volumetric objects, which are finally aggregate into agglomerate by the unidirectional transferring.

The linear vibration digs into the solid bridge and creates curvilinear negative volume, compared with the rumbling mass. A massive synthesis is yield between the x-axis and the y-axis in their original posture and assimilates into the geometries and the context. Under the vibration manner, the set of particles finally aggregated into dynamic geometries which demonstrate the development of a movement complex configuration.

The volumes are shaped by their surfaces and also through the apertures. This project helps to redefine a language of surface logic that creates a variety of motivations, which compose a sequence of rhythmic and fluent positive and negative spaces. Those motivations begin and end without any specific points, they are fused into the natural and artificial objects. One of the analog images supplies the diagram ideas and the gradual changing principles which are called "Golden Fish Greeting" and it is a traditional Chinese painting, which presents the harmony, balanced and dynamic sense. The painting may be referenced for the inspiration of the definition of fluid, solid, and void space.

"Architecture is the simplest way to articulate time and space, to mold reality, to let people dream. It isn't just plastic articulation and molding, an expression of fleeting beauty. But rather, influential modulation that is inscribed in the eternal curve of human desires and progress in he realization of these desires" (Alberto, 7).

Project Basic Information:

Location: Bridge of the Turner House, North West Boundary of the City of Savannah, GA,

Programming: a student club includes Cafe, Reading, Gallery, Services areas

Goal of Design: Surface & Space Logic Exploration

Reference
Lisa, Lwamoto. Digital Fabrications: Architectural and Material Techniques (Architecture Briefs). Princeton Architectural Press, New York, 2009.
Reiser+Umemoto. Atlas of Novel Tectonics. Princeton Architectural Press, New York.
Lars Spuybroek. Research & Design: The Architecture of Variation. Thames & Hudson (September 7, 2009).
Alberto Lacovoni. Game Zone Birkhäuser; 1 edition (December 5, 2003)
Neil Spiller. Degital Architecture Now. Thames & Hudson (January 26, 2009).
Pitch definition https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitch_(music)
Zheng String Diagram http://www.chinesezither.net/files/DTuningTable.JPG

The external link to this project:
http://www.isomorphism-jeanjaminet.com/Surface-Dynamics-1

巴洛克音樂與巴洛克及哥特式建築關係初步探討 (Chinese version, originally published in 2008)

noreply@blogger.com (Atticus (Anqi Yang)) — Thu, 13 Oct 2016 04:36:00 +0000

巴洛克音樂與巴洛克及哥特式建築關係初步探討

（原文發表於2008年，刪改於2016年）

聖依納爵進入天堂，約1707年，安德里亞·波佐

提及巴洛克時期，應該說是文藝復興後到1750年前那麼數百年間，很少有人會像文藝復興時期晚期批評家那樣那些他們認為不太符合古典樣式的建築藝術作品進行尖刻的評論。廣義上，巴洛克這一詞涵蓋了當時整個建築，音樂，雕塑，繪畫，文學，甚至科學哲學等領域，以及那時期的城市面貌與市民風情。那是一個值得讚歎的時代，在這個工業革命前夕，歐洲版圖跌落與文化融合期，是一個藝術異常多樣而繁榮的時代，人文的成就達到了史前的高度。科學界的牛頓，到文學界的彌爾頓，再到哲學界的笛卡爾康德。十七世紀世紀哲學一般被認為是近代哲學的開端，中世紀的方法，尤其是經院哲學在路德宗教改革的影響下衰落了。那個“理性的時代”，既延續了文藝復興的傳統，也是啟蒙運動的序曲。這個時期，科學的進步撼動傳傳的經院哲學。哥白尼“天體運行論”以日心說否定地心說，人不是宇宙的中心;歐洲天體力學產生了多有引力定律;萊布尼茲創世微積分;威廉哈維對心臟與血液的研究....;全體削弱著人們對“奇蹟和上帝對人類事物的作用”的信念。

起源於文藝復興後期的意大利及德國周邊地區的巴洛克音樂，以維瓦爾第，泰雷曼，史卡拉第，庫普蘭，拉莫與巴赫為代表，變革性的改變音樂的可能;華麗，辉煌，流暢，裝飾，變奏，重複，想像凌駕於規則之上但卻服從緻密而繁複的循環規律。建築上，打開了之前相對封閉的結構，讓光在建築中扮演變幻莫測而極具絢麗的角色。理性主義的誕生讓建築回歸到古典語言上，不同於文藝復興時期，此時期的建築語言基本成分組合更富於變化，將曲線，弧面，橢圓等非棱“修飾”要素引入元素中。建築師們調用一切藝術手段來表達某個完整但卻往復循環的主題上，具有一種擴張，無窮的運動感。這也正好反映在巴洛克音樂理論中，如復調音樂結構，對雖然其音樂極具裝飾性而華麗輝煌，複雜多變，但其音樂本質是純樸的，理性的，其調性，結構卻是一目了然的，這很不同於往後的浪漫主義音樂風格。

“巴洛克的空間概念是極度擴展的。天文拓展了宇宙空間;萊布尼茲，泰勒的無窮級數的創造。因此凡爾賽宮花園和大道的佈局，深景將人的視線引向地平線，讓人聯想到地平線以外的空間;巨大的建築和花園形成的統一，把整個巴洛克社會帶入大自然，使它們成為新的，可測量的宇宙中的一部分。雷恩欲將他的大教堂，教區教堂和公共建築，都融入一個包羅一切的系統中的企業，也是與這一綜合的宇宙形象相一致。這時期的畫家們熱衷於把視線擴大到他們的畫面之外，試圖通過對光的大膽運用和緊張的透視效果，表達無限的概念。空氣透視與光的無限感，幻覺效果，都是世界無止盡的表達感覺。”（約翰‧弗萊明）

比如我們非常熟悉的巴洛克音樂“D大調卡農”，恰恰就是一個循環整體，或稱為循環織體，在四個聲部中各個部分的循環重複，時而相互穿插時而分四個聲部朝著既定的結構與方向流動，共同演進無窮往復的運動著。正如沃爾夫林談論巴洛克建築風格所說的那樣：

“相比起文藝復興時期明快清晰的線條，巴洛克的“塗繪風格”不再考慮單一的形體，人物和主題，不再試圖再現客觀之物，而是要表達某種難以定性的情緒和力量，這種表達“不是通過明確的界限，而是通過模糊和無限來完成”，邊界被模糊化，精心填補或是徹底刪除，對力學知識巧妙運用使得建築藝術獲得厚重感，圓潤感，整體感和對空間的佔有與脅迫感。“不要要再現完美的狀態，而是暗示一個未完成的過程和趨於圓滿的運動” ，未完成性，邊界的模糊和無限大的主體選擇性構成了巴洛克風格，擴張，越界和對感官經驗的重視是其明確的表徵。”

上文探討了巴洛克音樂與同時期建築藝術的類比，而這裡，我們暫且將其同時期建築藝術擱置一邊，而試圖探究巴洛克音樂同哥特時期建築的某種聯繫，以下以巴洛克音樂家巴赫和哥特建築藝術大教堂作為例子進行探討其關聯性。

回到巴洛克音樂，我們不得不提及巴赫，這位被稱為為西方近代音樂之父的德國音樂家，作為巴洛克音樂殿堂的集大成者，吸收了意大利巴洛克音樂及德意志地區嚴謹的風格，加上自己的創新，幾乎將巴洛克音樂推進的一切可能性的地步。那些極富邏輯性與對位化的音樂如“音樂的奉獻”，“二十四首平均律鋼琴曲集”，“賦予格的藝術“，”管風琴曲集“等複調經典，集中反映了巴赫用音樂所描繪的世俗到宗教世界。很多音樂史學家家評論家認為巴赫的音樂具有深奧的神學哲學性。萬物和諧的，作為上帝的旨意而創造，更接近數學邏輯與作為新教的神學世界觀。他將音樂的一切可能性實現到無可比擬的深度與廣度，通過各音部和節奏的對比，重複與變化，來表達複雜運動而又平衡的關係，通過這樣均衡的關係作複調處理，達到一種極富循環的變體，也是他音樂一種不可思議的現象。

在極具音樂結構感的巴赫作品中，建議一個廣泛性的結構意義，如“並列空間”，“重複空間”，“交錯空間”，“重疊空間”，“幾何中心”和精神空間。如約翰受難曲“中的一首女高音”溶解吧，我的心“具有表現力的詠嘆調，但真正的主角是合唱團，是整部音樂結構的幾何中心。運用到音樂中是巴赫創作的一大特徵，巴赫的“哥德堡變奏曲”具有強烈的向心性，遵循嚴密的幾何結構創作整部變奏曲。在“d小調託卡塔與賦格”中，遵循著呈部，展現部和再現部三大結構部分，整部作品採用“ABCDA”結構，“BCD”為賦格三大部分，兩個“A”為託卡塔。整部作品輝煌壯麗，音程高起伏很大，猶如哥特教堂的結構再現。“多堂式巴西利卡佈局，尖牌，肋架拱頂，彩色玻璃窗，尖塔是覆於於天國之下世俗之上的精神空間與構築物” 。繁複而精美並列式的柱廊，與凌駕之上的券頂，多層空間融合滲透而合乎序列的理性，各種結構最終組成了一部分複調音樂，是挑戰人類智慧的極限，是連接世俗與天國的偉大嘗試，是精神的昇華。哥特式教堂的主音部凝結在柱廊的中堂與前廊，以及後廊迴廊中，包括象徵著天國的穹頂券拱頂;而次音部正是那幾個與主堂並排推演的空間與柱廊，包括分切牆面的象徵著上帝之光的高玻璃彩窗。在巴赫這部作品的賦予格中，不難判別那些隱藏在三四音部的極具戲劇性變化而交替推進的流動空間。如果當你漫步於那足以讓你敬畏的巨大密柱之間時，去欣賞那柱廊兩端透過一縷縷陽光璀璨的細膩的雕窗壁柱，它們的成形的秩序是非常單純的，它們是高度差異化等級化進行整合後，形成首要次要的元素，由連續性的一般規則統一起來，它活的，動態的，流動的，而非靜止的。這再次證明了巴洛克音樂中巴赫音樂與哥特教堂建築轉化的可能和共性。

提及到巴赫音樂的結構空間性與哥特式主教堂建築某些物質方面的共性後，在論述巴赫作品中的精神世界同哥特式教堂的精神空間的關聯。巴赫是為虔誠的清教徒，信奉上帝一直是他的創作源泉和動機，宗教是他永恆的創作題材，後人曾這樣評價巴赫，“音樂是巴赫走向上帝的階梯，巴赫的音樂本身就是音樂的奇蹟”。他那樣懷著對上帝敬畏而仰慕之心的無比激動虔誠之心無無反映到他為數眾多的受難曲曲彌賽曲及一些管風琴作品中。“那是一種油然而生的有著掙脫於世俗的力量，懷著無比激動與幸福的淚水感激之心。“巴赫的很多音樂是天堂的反映，哥特式教堂也更拉近了人與神的距離。”宇宙的秩序或結構通過系統的表達處理而變得清晰，整體被分成一些小的部分，部分又可分為更小的部分;部分又可以分為分支，問題，區別。“哥特式教堂以類似於巴赫的賦格曲那樣，有著”高度的理性和架探能力，約束與溶解的力量，將整體系統切分成部分而又不失其整體觀。“或者說將分為每個極為細小的部分的元素以不同維度時間差度精神差異有機而連續的朝著極為理性而富有深刻內涵的方式組織整合而形成。這段描述完全闡釋了巴赫賦格作品中的結構本質。還有，哥特式照明採光的意義，已超出了精神的光芒的呈現，它意味著淨化和領悟，而且用建築的語言予以具體化，使之成為一個由光和材料本體相互作用而產生的邏輯結構，而這種“虛實相映的邏輯結構”也正是巴赫賦格音樂的一個顯著特徵。

那麼我們可以對巴洛克音樂與建築之聯繫這個論題做一個初步的總結。巴洛克建築作為一個綜合體，其特徵同時包含了形式上的差異與統一，構築豐富而生動，更是複雜的，但又同時是一個巨大而兼容的設計。巴洛克作曲家科雷利與維瓦爾第的作品，總能呈現出那些“極具裝飾性的音樂（建築）體塊，運動與靜止，封閉與延伸，親近與疏遠，強勁而溫柔，高貴與微妙，幻想與真實”的音樂空間體。這些音樂織體，可以理解為一種對立物的綜合體現，同樣的再現在巴洛克建築空間與裝飾佈局中。巴洛克著名建築師貝爾尼尼擔任設計的聖彼得大教堂內部及外部空間的職務時，我們今天眼光去看這驚人之筆時，完全是一場視覺盛宴，極為細膩而繁複的裝飾性室內，舞台般的佈景讓人眼花繚亂。引人注目的是那位於大教堂終端的一個輝煌的終曲，是維瓦爾第或是巴赫賦格的結束音，那是個金光四色，產生了美妙的幻想結局，天才的貝爾尼尼將雕塑建築音樂毫無痕蹟的融為一體，彷彿世界用音樂、雕塑來證明作為天主教世界中心的勝利。

圖1，“凡爾賽宮和園林平面設計圖”（1749年），展現了嚴密，等級化的，對位，無限，循環，重复而变化的平面和空間空間組合關係;每個網格化的塊狀園林又分為細小的幾何網格

圖2，“沙特爾大教堂軸測圖分析”（作者自繪於2008年），顯示柱廊，壁柱，拱盾，支柱拱，尖牌，尖拱，飛扶壁，墩，柱，飛券及裝飾性雕刻構築物在縱橫向立面與平面構成嚴密對位，等級，重複的序列空間關係，從內到外渾然一體

圖3，“D大调卡农总谱”（1680年），大提琴啟奏2小节低音部分，至始至终不断循环；之后三把小提琴間隔八拍先後加入。小提琴全部拉奏完全相同旋律，前後僅三段不同的旋律，每段僅兩小節的旋律供重複拉奏，全曲嚴格的和聲對位，工整而樸實，經過融合，追逐，分離，到最後四聲部合一的過程，作品具有很強的結構美。总谱本身也具有视觉美，大提可类比为为墩、柱，小提部分可类比为柱廊上层的券，窗，飛券

圖4，“泰勒级数”（1715年），用无限项连加式也就是级数来表示一个函数，这些相加的项由函数在某一点的导数求得，这种思想利用無窮級數求和來得到有效結果的問題，而导数的本质是通过极限的概念对函数进行局部的线性逼近，用无穷级数模拟非多项式函数，或由一个函数实体分解无穷项相加，具有未完成性，模糊性，开放性和无穷性；这恰恰正是沃爾夫林所指出的那样，”邊界的模糊和無限大的主體選擇性構成了巴洛克風格”

參考

《藝術與思想》（Art and Idea），約翰·弗萊明

http://lifecare.fhl.net/Music/baroque/01.htm
哥倫比亞大學藝術史考古視覺媒體中心
http://www.learn.columbia.edu/ha/html/baroque.html

《博爾赫斯的永恆美學：反迷宮敘事與巴洛克風格》，馮慶

http://mt.sohu.com/20160710/n458583695.shtml

《西方建築的意義》，克里斯蒂安·諾伯格 - 舒爾茨

《外國古代建築史》，陳平
“凡爾賽的庭院和宮殿”，1746年
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Palace_of_Versailles#/media/File:Versailles_Plan_Jean_Delagrive.jpg
聖依納爵進入天堂，約1707年，安德里亞·波佐
http://www.kunstkopie.de/a/pozzo-andrea/the-entry-of-st-ignatius.html

注：考慮到這話話的複雜性與嚴肅性，本文只作為普通評論，僅代表個人研究與觀點

The WDI Model: The Secrets of Walt Disney Parks and Resorts Success (Section II)

noreply@blogger.com (Atticus (Anqi Yang)) — Wed, 12 Oct 2016 23:10:00 +0000

The WDI Model: The Secrets of Walt Disney Parks and Resorts Success

Section II

By Anqi Yang

A Photo of Enchanted Storybook Castle at Shanghai Disneyland

Generally, in the big picture, the WDI’s process roughly includes Prologue, Blue Sky, concept development, design, models, construction, and epilogue. The prologue contains the needs, requirements, and constraints, which take the leader position in the all design stage from Blue Sky to construction. The epilogue stage will evaluate each of the design stages. starry spectacles with a socially-minded gesture or two. For instance, the "Design" stage above comprises several relative stages, including facility design, ride design, and show design. Similarly, the "construction" stage comprises construction and production, rock work engineering, show installation, test, and other service stages. Since the design, modeling, and construction stages are similar to what the general design firms do, the following articles will list the key characteristics of the workflow in the WDI design process-Blue Sky and Concept design stage.

Blue Sky, actually is a name of a department in the WDI campus, and it's really essential and has a leadship in the entire design process and workflow. Blue Sky is where the dream begins; designers, planners, and other principles will go the process of brainstorming and concept design, in order to run knock the door to the story beginning, One significant task needs to be determined here is to explore out what it is that will be built or developed. The cast members (the term of Disney staffs) strictly abide by WDI brainstorming rules and methods in the Blue Sky stage, which is extremely helpful to find the ideal openings of the design path. The communication media could range from sketches, paintings, written descriptions, models, verbal pitches, any types of theory essay and paintings, etc, all of which could range from marketing research and facts, high techniques in IT, manufacture, digital, visual reality, interactive design, AI, archaeology, history, philosophy, literature, culture, human geography, art, etc.

According to the book "The Imagineering Field Guides to Disneyland", we may have an objective view on the brainstorming methods and techniques as below:

"Rule 1, There is no such thing as a bad idea. Rule 2, We don't talk yet about why not. There will be plenty of time for realities later, so we don't want them to get in the way of the good idea now. Rule 3, Nothing should stifle the flow of ideas. No buts or can'ts or other "stopping" words. We want to hear words such as "and", "or", and "what if". Rule 4, There is no such thing as a bad idea. (We take that one very seriously.)"

The concept development stage in the WDI model is quite similar to what the general design firms are doing; the concepts created in Blue Sky need to be further developed before formal design begins, and output includes concept paintings, drawings, text pieces, etc. After one task is determined in the Blue Sky stage, the concept design stage moves in. If we move our eyes to the industrial design field, it is quite easy to understand how the concept design stage operates. In the industrial design process, once a design direction has been established the early concept design comes in. The concept design stage is the initial development of an idea so that others will understand what is being proposed and its creative intent and the concept development is the further development of the idea so that it can be designed and built. Technique draft drawings and sketching will be landed in the design stage and the modeling stage will take responsibility in the specification workflows.

We may exam the Shanghai Disney Castle as the sample under the WDI model.
The following image is from one of the castle earlier version paintings, after tons of discussions and research works in Blue Sky stage, it was finished during the concept design stage. Facade drawings and sketches, perspective views shall be produced like this one. Actually, the painting here is quite similar to an earlier version painting of Disney animation artworks. The parade event was considered already here, and just notice that there is no large difference between the castle painted in the image and the castle final built.

After concept design development, which include facility design and production design stages, BIM modeling launched as shown below. For the full content about how the BIM modeling work on the Castle project, read "Enchanted Storybook Castle in the Cloud: How BIM Helped Walt Disney Build Its Most Complex Creation Ever" in Redshift.

The facility and the production design will drill quite deep here in BIM modeling, like this rose window shows the following: it shows quite clearly how the shop drawing generate into the BIM models

The following diagram visualizes the entire design & construction process, or Imagineering process

Reference
Designing Disney: Imagineering and the Art of the Show, by John Hench
The Imagineering Field Guides, by Alex Wright
Walt Disney's Imagineering Legends and the Genesis of the Disney Theme Park, by Jeff Kurti
Redshift: https://redshift.autodesk.com/
Image sources
Shanghai Disney Castle Photo https://www.shanghaidisneyresort.com/attractions/enchanted-storybook-castle/
http://www.insidethemagic.net/2011/04/disney-holds-groundbreaking-for-shanghai-disneyland-offers-first-look-at-new-castle-concept-art/
http://www.gehrytech.com/en/projects/27/

The WDI Model: The Secrets of Walt Disney Parks and Resorts Success (Section I)

noreply@blogger.com (Atticus (Anqi Yang)) — Fri, 30 Sep 2016 23:55:00 +0000

The WDI Model: The Secrets of Walt Disney Parks and Resorts Success

Section I:

By Anqi Yang

fig 1. An imagination painting of Shanghai Disneyland Castle. Comparing with the painting, there is no big difference with the final architecture we saw in Shanghai Disneyland besides minor modifications

Walt Disney Imagineering, as one of the leading design department, belongs to Walt Disney Company, the sub-department of Walt Disney Parks and Resorts, have made tremendous and extraordinary contributions and achievements in the past half-century since it was set up.

The majority of the built-up projects are relative to the Disney Themed Parks, water parks, and themed vacation hotels, Downtown Disney, Disney Studios, culture, and retail centers. It is interesting to compare Walt Disney to some parallel competitors such as Universal Studios, and Wanda Groups and a bunch of giant speculators and property holders in Asian China (More data could be found in 2015 Global Theme Park Attendance Report Index). Within the top 20 theme parks & resorts, there are 10 Disney parks and resorts! The Magic Kingdom in Fl, Disneyland in Anaheim Ca, and Tokyo Disneyland win the top three. Actually following the historical analysis Marketing research chart in the TEA index (may be checked in the TEA website), Walt Disney Parks and Resorts have been keeping this magnificent record since many years ago. The rest theme parks & resorts on the index list locate in the Far East and Northern European countries, and China is one of the biggest themed entertainment markets.

Here we shall leave the topic "The survey of Chinese-themed entertainment market and facts" along for a while, and keep dripping down the inner world of the Walt Disney Parks and Resorts the Walt Disney Imagineering. Under the lasting extraordinary commercial success facts, one feature we need to keep in mind that WDI is only a family number of the giant theme entertainment empire, and of course theme entertainment success largely relies on the customs services, product quality resorts management with tons of fixed and unfixed features. Thanks to Mr. Walt who established a whole new Disney culture with arts, spirits, philosophy, styles, and administration principles many years ago, every department is logically attached or linked to the other ones under the same operation and principles. While WDI is absolutely significant in the whole system, and if we explore more about the history of WDI, we will know how close the relationship between WDI and Walt Disney Studio. For many years, Walt Disney Studio is Walt Disney itself, and there is no difference between the two. Keep in mind the two key departments' relationship and history, for we will easily understand the operation styles and principles in WDI, as well as the WDI model.

"Imagineering", a team combines Imagineering and engineering, the behind the mysterious department of the entertainment empire, Walt Disney gives their official description and identification as below:

"Walt Disney Imagineering is the unique, creative force behind Walt Disney Parks and Resorts that dreams up, designs and builds all Disney theme parks, resorts, attractions, cruise ships, real estate developments, and regional entertainment venues worldwide. Imagineering’s unique strength comes from the dynamic global team of creative and technical professionals building on the Disney legacy of storytelling to pioneer new forms of entertainment through technical innovation and creativity."

"The name “Imagineering” combines imagination with engineering. Building upon the legacy of Walt Disney, Imagineers bring art and science together to turn fantasy into reality and dreams into magic."

There is a famous quote from Walt himself (the word WED is the previous name of WDI):

“There’s really no secret about our approach. We keep moving forward—opening up new doors and doing new things—because we’re curious. And curiosity keeps leading us down new paths. We’re always exploring and experimenting. At WED, we call it Imagineering—the blending of creative imagination with technical know-how.”

In some viewpoints, WDI is a type of "Medici model", gathering the groups of world-class talents from a great variety of backgrounds, they are famous artists, musician, architects, painters, sculptures, product designers, show designers and managers, film directors, fiction authors, illustrators, actors and actress, and any types of person you want to imagine. Collaborating and making a contribution to the same mission and a task. The Walt Disney Imagineering is where the talents make the magic dream come true. There is no need to explore very deep and the secret of the behind organization of WDI, or the relevant departments in Walt Disney Parks and Resorts.

Maybe there are very a few people are able to understand every secret and principle of the empire of Walt Disney in the plant, just like the philosophy of Walt Disney: it is a magic world with endless exploration and imagination; what's you are able to see by your eyes is much smaller than what's really inside of the magic world.

Reference
http://www.slideshare.net/louprosperi1/the-imagineeringmodel
https://disneyimaginations.com/about-imaginations/about-imagineering/
Pic links
http://www.laughingplace.com/w/articles/2016/03/09/countdown-shanghai-disneyland-fantasyland/

Critical Regionalism and Civic Architecture-a way of twenty one century of the world

noreply@blogger.com (Atticus (Anqi Yang)) — Sat, 17 Sep 2016 04:58:00 +0000

Critical Regionalism and Civic Architecture-a Way of Twenty-One Century of the World

Anqi Yang

Originally published on July 25, 2013

Directed by Dr. Patrick Haughey

In the UIA 20th World Congress of Architects of 1999, Bei Jing Charter was proposed and generated the regulations of contemporary sustainable architecture and Generalized Architecture. Unfortunately, until now more and more damages have done to the environment and society by architecture activities; nearly seventy percent of people of the world still have not received the benefits from modern architectural development. Forests and farmlands have been unrecoverable seriously destroyed by the architecture activities in many countries many places in the world, which constantly threatened the biological system on the earth. Following the main ideas of the two papers “Some Reflections on Architecture and Construction”, by Eladio Dieste, and “Design for Life Informality and Reflexivity in a Second Modernity”, by Robert Cowherd, this essay will give a relative full visual for the path of the modern architecture in the twenty-first century.

Design theory and practice

“It is the most elemental kind of structure and often a simplistic solution that does not distribute loads in the most efficient way”, Eladio Dieste argued that some architects usually employed their familiar methods to design the structures without any examination of some other types of construction techniques’ possibilities. The practice is extremely important and architects need to go to the construction workplaces and try any types of methods of construction. A good idea does not come from the papers or models; instead, it comes from the practicing of construction. “The great risk of computation is that laziness and the mechanical work of programming the machine will distance us from the substance of the real.” “Besides, models are more expensive and time-consuming than computation, and are useful only at a final stage in the design of very complex structures.” Any types of renderings and expressions methods should be criticized if they are just in theory. Designers need to think more and take more practical processes. Christopher Wolfgang Alexander used explained in his book “A Pattern Language” that an architecture’s form shall be formed in the people’s imaginations, experiences, and events, rather from any intuitional media.

Why should engineers and architects use similar construction systems in those projects? Why couldn’t architects explore and test the diversity of materials and techniques for their projects? For instance, almost all the temporary residential projects in China are concrete frame structures or concrete frame shear wall structures. Because of the decreasing of forests, the woods were prohibited for structures materials. Also, based on the national earthquake safety code, the masonry structures are totally illegal for urban projects. As a result, concrete frames are the main form of structures for architecture.

I used to work in the construction companies and insisted on making the budget table of the construction project and eighteen-floor urban tower residential building. I became to understand that how much it is important to decrease the budget of the construction. Actually, all the companies, institutes, and governments which attended or had a relationship with the project would get many profits. The construction cost per meter square for the project which our company worked on was cheap. Personally, I would rather improve the techniques of construction, the management, and materials, than to exchanging the structure types. After all, this is a quite normal project, unlike the project which could be designed and built by a group of people who are designated by an architect. However, nowadays architects still need to do more effects on exploring various forms of structures and forms. Just like Eladio Dieste pointed that, “[s]patial conception, form, and materials must constitute a whole.” Indeed there is a gap between architecture forms and structure forms; architects cannot transfer their ideas ideally into engineering forms. Both the architects and engineers could not unify the forms, materials, and structures in the best way.

Why should we pay attention to the theory of Civic Architecture?

What is the second modernity of architecture? In Robert Cowherd’s paper, he mentioned the term “reflexivity” to discuss his idea. “The common-sense understanding of reflexivity comes from its root ‘reflex’ meaning an action performed in response to a stimulus without conscious thought,” as he added.

“In each case, the act of architecture is a small thing relative to the scale of the forces that are released. This is evidence that suggests an attitude characteristic of metis: design as an instrument of ‘cunning intelligence’; architecture that turns seemingly intractable conflicts into new opportunities; the strategic deployment of fairly modest means in ways that release the multiplier effects of reflexive social and economic forces.”

“Reflex” design refers to any occasional events that could create the design target. There is no dogma and no default program. Architecture shall be divided into the events which happened every day; architecture needs to be integrated into the people’s lives. Finally, there is no project existing but people and events.

Luxury architecture is widely studied in Academic schools by students; those kinds of projects are full of architecture history and art history classes. Professors would seldom mention the civic architectures. Here is a metaphor about luxury architecture and civic architecture. The civic architecture is similar to the fundamentalism, which has a large group of disciples and existed since the birth of architecture until now; luxury architecture is similar to the secularization, which has small group disciples and has a not long history. Unfortunately, many famous and architectures are not designed and built by architects, and a huge number of architecture works were built by the craftsmen. Architects were trained for servicing for the nomenclatures since the Renaissance. Nomenclatures controlled the academies, controlled the system of architecture speculating, design, and construction. Architecture is an important money machine, so it is kind of significant commodity (In utopian theory, architecture is not a commodity). Consequently, the real estate market appears and it is a part of the financial market. Nowadays residential projects in those developed and some developing countries are excess, architects might not have many chances in residential projects. On the other side, seventy percent of people in the world are still living in slums or makeshift. The disaster occurred frequently, and some of them are huge disasters such as tsunamis and earthquakes. In the past ten years, more than 450000 people lost their lives in natural disasters, which include Si Chuan China, Japan, Off West Coast of Northern Sumatra, Haiti, and Pakistan. Countless buildings were destroyed in those countries. In fact, because of the war, disease, desertification, and global climate exchanges, many more people are dying, and more buildings and habitats have been destroyed around the world. On the one side, architecture students have a huge competition in design fields, and recent year’s architecture major has a low employment rate. On the other hand, more and more habitats are destroyed and disappearing and more and more buildings are serious aging.

Perhaps architects need to redefine their social positions and responsibilities. If someday the financial system is totally collapsed, or the nation is bankrupt (Finland was used to be the boundary of the bankrupt in the great depress several years ago), what shall those architects do? Shall they continue the struggle for their careers or totally change their careers? How much have our architects' done effects on the architecture of environmental improving? How many effects have our architects' done effects on sustainable architecture or civic architecture? Why have so many people died of the poor structures of architecture during the earthquakes? Have we done any effects on that?

Moreover, there is not enough and convince evidence could prove modernism is dead. After all, it is indeed dead in America last century, some other countries, but absolutely not in China. Modernism is totally misunderstood by many architects and scholars, in fact, a large number of buildings are far behind modern architecture standards. What they need to do is improving and developing modern architecture practically, and the architecture design processes will still follow the basic principles of modern architecture. Based on the strong economic foundation, the material basis, technological strength, high quality, and rigid standards, most of the American architecture projects are beyond the entire of the world countries’. Compared with the developing countries of the world, the vast majorities of citizens of America, in fact, live and work in the relatively high standard architecture projects. Academic and techniques exchanges are necessary between the developing and developed countries.

Contrast between Le-Corbusier and Scott, James C’s Thoughts on Modern City Planning

noreply@blogger.com (Atticus (Anqi Yang)) — Sat, 17 Sep 2016 04:49:00 +0000

The contrast between Le-Corbusier and Scott, James C’s Thoughts on Modern City Planning

Anqi Yang

Originally published on July 12, 2013

Directed by Dr. Patrick Haughey

The modernism in city planning has influenced all over the world for a long time, and there is no doubt that Le-Corbusier is the modern city, spiritual leader. Although his plans were only adopted and implemented in the project of Chandigarh, in fact, that many of the modern city plans in the world in twenty century were more or less influenced by Le-Corbusier’s modern city thoughts. From Former East Germany to the Former Soviet Union to China, from Northern Africa to Mid-east, from America to South America, many people could not get rid of the shade of the modern cities. Le-Corbusier’s philosophy on modernism city planning has many common points with the nationalism, and this is why his modern city plans are very popular in socialism countries.

Le-Corbusier has made huge effects on modern city planning theories and practices all around the world. He criticized the facts of traditional and aged urban cities, such as Paris. The people lived in the crowd neighborhoods which were darkness, moisture, chaos, dirty. There were no enough green lands for those people, and many people could not enjoy the sunlight in their homes. The facilities were old, out of dates, and people could not share the convenient, comfortable, safety, economic, efficient daily lives brought from the mechanical Age.

Le-Corbusier was really willing to do something which could change that serious situation of the urban city of Pairs, and he pointed out four points for the planning of the modern city: exchanging the crowd traffic systems, promoting the density of the urban area of city, transportation system improvement, increasing the greening areas. In the book “The Radiant City”, Le-Corbusier believed that the poor social systems and the people’s vulgar values brought the cities in the wrong way. Le-Corbusier believed that a real modern city would appear under the ideal social ideology. As he said in “The City of Tomorrow and Its Planning”, “[m]an walks in a straight line because he has a goal and knows where he is going; he has made up his mind to reach some particular place and he goes straight to it.” In order to support this point further, he also argued in this book that “the right angle is the essential and sufficient implement of action because it enables us to determine space with absolute exactness.”

Le-Corbusier summarized a group of terms in his theory systems: order, straight lines, grids, organized areas, powerful concept, huge mass, uniform, and ideal forms, logical layout, minimalism, geometry, networks, clear lines, zoning, classical order, module, standards and codes, rationalism, living machine-the city, and the architecture as a living machine. Le-Corbusier explained that the modern city shall be arranged in grids, and several straight wide streets separate the city in the different hierarchy and distinguish areas. The residential areas could be considered as the human body, the political and commercial areas could be considered as the human’s head. The residential areas were separated into many secondary habitat zones, which have their own primary schools, middle schools, department stores, theaters or cinemas, physics yards and gyms, and clubs. Those habitat areas have a very high greening rate per person, and the residential buildings applied identical rooms for each family.

Le-Corbusier even used mathematics tools to find out the ideal model of the city which could balance the economic condition and minimalism requirements for human beings. In this ideal planning of the modern city, the crowd and narrow streets were replaced with the broad and straight streets; the private commercial nets were replaced by the public community commercial centers, the mixed mode of transport of people and vehicles were replaced by the mode of total separation. In all, as Le-Corbusier depicted the sense of the modern city, it shall base on the concept of simple, clear, machine, equal, nature, order, noble quality of life, and the ideal social system.

However, modernism in city planning was boycotted by more and more people in many countries after the 1950s, in Scott, James C book “Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed”, he illustrated numbers tangibles of twenty-century city plans to prove the failure of high modernism cities’ plans. Authoritarianism, High-Modernist, Utopia, Great Leap Forward, Metis, Urban planning, High modernism were the terms Scott used in the book.
Scott pointed out that the typical characters of the modern cities were huge, machine-age style, hierarchical, centralized urban areas. Voisin for Paris, Business City for Buenos Aires have stupendous forms, but those forms need to be appreciated by the people on the airplanes. Also, there are no connections between the historical context and the new planning. The habitat buildings are quite identical and neutrality, which contraries to the variety of life and people. The Planning of Brasilia was largely influenced by the ideas of Le-Corbusier’s modern city, and it shall be an example of an ideal city, while things went oppositely. People could not really enjoy and use the great green land in the center of the city; also people have to drive if they go anywhere. After all, compared to the human, the scale of the city is too large. Furthermore, there is no street corner for commercial and entertainment activities, and the traditional space was abandoned completely. People have to adopt a totally new lifestyle, which has nothing to do with the past. As Scott pointed out in this book, “Brasilia reflected the social and political commitments of the builders and their patron, Kubitschek”, which means this plan didn’t reflect the people’s life icons.

In fact, the poor people live near the boundary of the city, rich people live far away from the urban city; the habitat areas were separated by social class rather than the original ideas. There are two Brasilia, two kinds of lifestyles, a life of order and life out of order. Events and daily life are primate elements of the city. A city planning is unmeasurable rather than measurable; a city contains organic, changeable, occasionally, and various lives, also those elements have a very complex relationship and one cannot use the ideal model to clarify A city cannot be the art project, it is life and events themselves; the city shall be life, not a dead, stable object. It is synthesized, multidimensional, and shall not limit the people in a typical area of the city; city planning is not preparing specimens. City planners could not find out the ideal model from the appearance of the ideal concept for city planning. Actually, a system of a city is far more controversial than we thought, and all the events of daily lives consist of the parts of the city’s system. As Pragmatism and functionalism

Reference
Scott, James C. . Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed . New Heaven and London: Yale University Press, 1998.
Le Corbusier, . The city of to-morrow and its planning. New York : Dover, 1987.

A Revolution on the Digital Geography: How Big Data Changes From Wuhan to the World (Chinese / English)

noreply@blogger.com (Atticus (Anqi Yang)) — Mon, 05 Sep 2016 19:27:00 +0000

A Revolution on the Digital Geography: How Big Data Changes From Wuhan to the World (Chinese / English)

數字化地理建設：從全球到武漢

原文發表于2009年十一月，原文有刪改

(Originally published in 2009, edited in 2017)

by Anqi Yang

最近幾年，隨著谷歌公司的谷歌地球搜索引擎問世以後，極大的改變了我們的思維觀及視野，引起了新一輪的網絡革命。其衛星影像部分來自于美國DigitalGlobe公司的QuickBird（捷鳥）商業衛星與EarthSat公司。該引擎涵蓋了基本的地理數據信息以及三維地表數據；通過區域查找方法，可以迅速便捷的查詢餐廳、酒店等常見商業網點，旅遊目的地信息，行車路線。地表三維模擬建模演示，結合實地的全息真實影像，甚至可開啟日照模擬功能，盡最大限度的還原人工及自然地貌。強大的圖層功能方便分層查詢各類地理信息，提供地點書簽記錄功能，方便導入匯出，使得上述功能使得Google Earth的使用交流非常便利；同時，該系統擁有過去近十年甚至更長時間的歷史衛星照片圖層，可以清楚地對比城市及地貌一些明顯的變化，甚至是非常戲劇性的變化，比如中國大多數城市建設對比。在Google Earth中部分功能為模糊二維三維測量提供了很大的方便，比如注釋提供草圖簡繪功能（點、線、面的標注）；比如查詢某棟建築物的基地邊長以及高度，估算出其建築物的容積率；查詢某些區域的商務情況。

Besides navigation and local interest searching, the Google Earth platform is widely applied in geography database collection, publication, and site analysis in a variety of fields, such as architectural design site studies, real estate properties evaluation, new events publication, simulation, and other relevant services. Some plugins of Google Earth are very helpful for the researchers and clients, for instance, it's quite easy and convenient to present out a draft survey on a certain area by using the measuring tools in the platform.

上圖顯示汶川地區三維數字影像，銜接維基百科，顯示美國官方衛星所測地質破壞圖片，可搜索有關信息。

The above image shows the three-dimensional digital view of the Wenchuan area, convergence to Wikipedia (left), showing the geological damage diagram resealed by the US government, users can search for further information and links.

利用谷歌地球觀看地理奇觀時間很興奮的事情，如羅布泊，“地球之耳”的影像。

Lop Nur from space, a view from Google Earth. Lop Nur used to be an ephemeral lake many years ago and in recent decades, the lake is totally dry. The top left photo shows the landscape of the central area of the lake.

Google Earth顯示紐約曼哈頓一帶傍晚景色
The View of Menhaden at nightfall, New York.

紐約三維城市模型，顯示克萊斯勒大廈一帶建築，模擬時間參數。目前我們建築設計、城市規劃基本上都引用了谷歌地球的數據。

在2009年2月2日，Google Earth發布了最新的5.0版，新版本的主要目標是讓用戶能全面的了解我們生活的地球。其主要新增加的功能包括，Google Ocean（谷歌海洋）、大氣層功能、提供曆史圖像功能，能夠讓用戶實現時空倒流般的地球旅行，浏覽火星圖片功能。新增加的Google Ocean（谷歌海洋）功能，其提供的數據對科學研究具有重要參考作用，通過Google Ocean功能，用戶將可以查看海洋和部分海底的美景，包括巴哈馬群島、紅海和大堡礁海域等潛水勝地，查看水下世界的三維圖像，還可以浏覽有關海洋科學的文章和視頻，這一項目還提供了詳盡的海洋環境數據，使公衆進一步了解氣候變化給海洋造成的負面影響。新的曆史圖片功能可以讓用戶觀看地球表面某一點隨時間變化而變化的存檔衛星圖片。

On February 2, 2009, Google Earth released the latest version 5.0, the new version of the main goal is to allow users to have a comprehensive understanding of the Earth we live in. Its main additions include the Google Ocean, the atmosphere feature, historical images viewer, which allows users to achieve time and space back to earth travel and browses the 3D views of Mars. The new Google Ocean feature, which provides data on the importance of scientific research, through the Google Ocean function, users will be able to view the ocean and part of the beauty of the sea, including the Bahamas, the Red Sea and the Great Barrier Reef waters such as diving to view the three-dimensional images of the underwater world, and to browse articles and videos on marine science. The project also provides detailed marine environmental data to enable the public to gain a better understanding of the negative impacts of climate change on the oceans. The new historical picture feature allows users to view archival images of the Earth's surface with varying changes over time.

Baidu Map released the global map in the past couple of years, and as we can see above is the screenshot of the Baidu Map zoomed near the central park New York. The generic languages for the map sets are English and Chinese.

2009年十一月的某天發布的氣象雲圖，顯示中國東北、東、東南大規模天氣劇變，預報顯示當天氣溫降將至0攝氏度。

The weather chart of East Asia, released in November 2009, presents a dramatic upheaval in the northeast, east, and southeast of China and the forecast shows that the temperature drops to 0 degrees Celsius.

105公裏高空俯視火星最高山奧林匹斯山，該火山的海拔高度近25公裏，為太陽系最高的山。

Overlooking Mount Olympus on Mars from 105 km high altitude, the altitude of the volcano is nearly 25 km, which is the highest mountain in the solar system.

通過谷歌火星插件，搜索由USSA發布的火星表面照片。

The photograph on Mars surface, released by the USSA

谷歌地球月球插件引擎搜索的月球表面三維圖像，顯示阿波羅15號登陸月球基地周圍地理狀況。

The Google Earth Moon Plugin engine allows users to follow the views of the historical landing cars to see the moon surface in 360 degrees. The above image shows the surrounding geographic situation of the US lunar base where Apollo 15 landed.

以上則是谷歌地圖截圖（武漢漢口），涵蓋了交通路線、自駕，以及地形、衛星、地理訊息查詢功能。談到我們熟悉的谷歌地圖，搜索方式同谷歌地球，使用更快捷方便，同樣較全面的包含了全球地理信息。谷歌地圖能提供三種視圖：一是矢量地圖（傳統地圖），可提供政區和交通以及商業信息；二是不同分辨率的衛星照片；三是地形視圖，可以用以顯示地形和等高線。

This is a Google Maps screenshot (Wuhan Hankou), which supplies traffic routes navigation and map search in different map layers such as terrain, satellite, geographic information. Similar to Google Earth, by searching general information through Google Maps is more efficient and convenient. Google Maps is an electronic map service provided by Google, including local detailed satellite photos. Google Map is able to provide three views: the vector map (traditional map), which includes regional and traffic and business information; the resolution of the satellite photos, which presents the satellite real images of the entire surface of the Earth; the terrain view, which demonstrates terrain and contours clearly.

The picture shows the city fabric of Wuhan Wuchang and Hankou, supported by the Google Map Android version. Google Map Android mobile phone version allows users to directly touch or slide the full three-dimensional city map on the mobile screen, and its layer is very similar to the desktop version, which embraces satellite view, contour lines view, Google Earth 3D satellite image and the three-dimensional image of the Andrews version.

很多房地產中介公司都投入到實景看房系統中，比如房天下的VR看房平臺，該平臺不僅可以允許客戶720度觀看樓盤，而且提供了一些城市空中VR的場景供客戶觀摩。以下的圖片便是房天下武漢以及上海的VR看房平臺系統。

Many real estate agencies have invested in the real-life viewing system, such as the Fang Tian Xia VR viewing platform for the properties. The platforms not only allow customers to view the real estate 720 degrees but also provide some urban aerial VR scenes for customers to observe. The following Image shows the Wuhan and Shanghai VR viewing platform system.

Wuhan Aerial VR Platform (click the link)

Shanghai Aerial VR Platform (click the link)

不可否認，谷歌地圖和谷歌地球在2009年中國四川汶川特大地震救災過程扮演了重要的角色。救災前線人員幾乎及時的在谷歌地圖上發布具有詳細地理坐標的各種支援請求，以數據化形式公布于全球。可以說，這應該是全球特大災害救災中首次全面的使用了數字地理系統及其最新技術。以上則是谷歌地圖地形圖截圖，顯示成都以西213、317國道一帶衛星遙感測地形繪圖，等高線清晰可見。

Undeniably, Google Maps, and Google Earth played an important role in the 2009 China Sichuan Wenchuan earthquake relief process. Disaster relief front-line staff published detailed geographical coordinates of the various support requests on Google Maps. It might be considered as the first time in the global disaster relief for the full use of the digital geographic system and its latest technology. The above is the screenshots of the topographic map, showing the west of Chengdu 213,317 National Road satellite remote sensing geometric mapping, contours are clearly visible.

The above map shows the complexity of the terrain condition of the San Francisco Urban area, which is from Google Maps.

除了美國的Google地球和地圖地理信息平臺服務，中國也有相應的數字化地理信息和城市建設項目資源平臺服務，二零零九年七月，武漢市三維數字地圖系統已全面建成，其覆蓋面積居全國其他城市之冠，武漢一度成爲“最數字化的城市”，其系統尚在政府內部作為管理系統運營。（參見長江商報2009年七月份相關報導） “數字武漢—國土資源和規劃網”，網上提供了城建資源信息，包括電子城市地圖、規劃（綠地、四線控制、綜合規劃、重點規劃等）、國土（出讓、拍賣）、在建項目及拆遷等領域如全市的測繪圖、城市規劃圖、改建拆遷測繪圖等。

除了武漢當地政府的三維地理信息平臺系統外，全國已經兩個較大的獨立運營商“都市圈”和“E都市”分別上線了靜態三維城市信息地圖，下圖爲北京都市圈三維城市模型，顯示立體黃頁——北京東方君悅大酒店信息：

The above image shows the three-dimensional view of the image of the Hall of Supreme Harmony, clearly demonstrates the main structure of the architecture, interior decoration, and other elements.

Compared to the Google Earth geographic information platform services, China has developed its own corresponding digital geographic information and urban construction project resource platform. In July 2009, the three-dimensional digital map system of Wuhan has been fully developed and operated by Wuhan Land Resource and Planning Bureau, till now, for confidential and security reasons, some services of the system could be only viewed and operated by the government. "Digital Wuhan - Land and Resources and Planning Network", the Internet provides information on urban construction resources, including electronic city map, planning (green, four-line control, comprehensive planning, ), Land (transfer, auction), construction projects and demolition and other fields such as the city's mapping, urban planning, alteration demolition mapping.

Besides Wuhan's three-dimensional geographic information platform system released by Wuhan Land Resource and Planning Bureau, China has another two large independent operators "metropolitan area"(dushiquan) and "E city"(edushi), which released the static three-dimensional city information map to the public. The 3D map is essentially a three-dimensional yellow page, for instance, users could find the Grand Hyatt Beijing Hotel information on this map in 3D view version as it shows below.

下圖顯示深圳市民廣場及中央商務區一帶三維地圖：
The following image presents the sky view of the civic center with the great plaza in Shen Zhen, Guang Zhou, China.

下圖爲E都市重慶市中央CBD，其繁華程度可見一斑，無怪乎被美國官方評價重慶爲中國的曼哈頓：
The following image shows the sky view of the CBD area of Chong Qing, China which is one of the largest cities of China.

下圖為重慶市區照片，圖片來源www.goodfon.com The following image is a photo of the city of Chong Qing

2013年，國內正式推出類似谷歌地圖街景服務的SOSO地圖，下圖爲上海從外灘看陸家嘴景觀，同時可以同時對比三維地圖對外灘進行查詢。

Released in the year of 2013, Soso Map is another important digital map search engine in China, besides the regular services, it also supplies the 360-degree street views, which means this type of search engine is very similar to Google Map. The following images are the street view of Shanghai Bund and its navigation page.

A three-dimensional version map (e-dushi or dushiquan) presents the sky view of Shanghai Bund and Pudong.

下圖爲武漢市綠地查詢系統頁面
Green land search page, from Wuhan Land Resource And Planning Bureau

下圖爲武漢市中心城區四線控制查詢系統頁面：

The picture below shows the four-line control query page of the central area of Wuhan :

下圖爲該系統武漢市電子地圖截圖，數據庫很完善：
A digital map search engine of the city of Wuhan, from Wuhan Land Resource And Planning Bureau

下圖爲武漢市管線電子地圖查詢系統定位圖，覆蓋全市區；顯示漢口大洋百貨、市工商聯合會一帶市政管網。該系統爲市政、規劃、建築等行業提供可靠的、確切的施工、設計依據，屬武漢市數字地理建設範疇：
The following image is the infrastructure query system of the city of Wuhan; this map shows the municipal water supply, drainage pipes, gas and cable networks of the street corner of Hankou Ocean Department Store, City Federation of the Industry, and all these city blocks are within the commercial district of Hankou. The system benefits to the municipal, planning, construction and other industries a lot, which could provide a reliable, accurate construction, design basis, This platform is one essential section of Wuhan Land Resource And Planning Bureau.

下圖顯示武漢市土地出讓金級別圖，圖中顯示江漢區中心城區級別爲一、二級；武昌區中心城區爲三級：
The following map-diagram shows the Wuhan City land transferring fee levels from highest areas(red) to lowest areas(light green), users (usually are the real estate developers) could identify that the central city area of Jianghan District is level one or level two, and the central area of Wuchang district is level three.

下圖爲市土地挂牌查詢系統，所示爲武漢市積玉橋某片已成交的土地交易信息：
The following diagram-map is the city land listing query system,

下圖爲在建項目查詢系統截圖，所示武漢市積玉橋金地國際花園項目紅線圖，聯體別墅、高層住區建築清晰可見：
Users could identify the control line drawings of the high-rise residential projects, townhouses and surrounding survey drawings through this document. This search engine is established by Wuhan Land Resource And Planning Bureau.

注：1、以上相關信息參見《數字城市空間數據基礎設施建設與應用》（科學出版社）。

2、相關資源參見武漢市的“數字武漢—國土資源和規劃網”、谷歌地球、“E都市”、“都市圈”、“湖圖”網站。
3、本文部份參考了2009年Google Earth的官方說明，没有包括该系统的最新功能。

Image of Chong Qing, https://www.goodfon.com/wallpaper/kitay-chuncin-reka-most.html
重要外部銜接/Important external links
都市圈 http://www.o.cn/
e都市 http://www.edushi.com/mapcity.html
soso地圖 http://map.qq.com/
智慧武漢 http://www.digitalwuhan.gov.cn/
房天下http://www1.fang.com/

Is This the Blueprint for Tomorrow Themed Entertainment?

noreply@blogger.com (Atticus (Anqi Yang)) — Sat, 27 Aug 2016 00:18:00 +0000

The Master Plan Conceptual Idea of the Retail Dining and Entertainment District in South China

Design as a themed entertainment with Sustainable Principles

by Anqi Yang

The article presents a big picture of the design principles, philosophy and of the themed entertainment district in South China near Hong Kong, while it is more than this; it is about seeking deeply in the term "utopia" which includes any ideal habitats through North Europe, Asia to North America. In the following articles, we will continue to explore the magic and fantastic points where the utopia district meets the green and sustainable planning principles, and where human high-tech entertainment meets the wild nature.

Disney was planning to build a magnificent central entertainment, commercial, and resorts area which is called Retail, Dining, and Entertainment District in Hong Kong Disneyland Park. The "Future Land" of Disney in Orlando FL was not that successful and one of the major reasons is the initial plan idea by Walt himself was finally changed and never finished. The final project as we see today still has a distance to a real living-entertainment urban district. The more detailed description and arguments could be found in a famous architecture design theory book "The Hannover Principles: Design for Sustainability" and it shows below:

"It must be stressed that putting a model up for display as an ideal tends to separate it from its context and may detract from its exemplary value. Witness "main street USA" at Disneyland, Disneyworld, or Euro-Disney, where something is built that looks like a friendly town, but more resembles a bleak shopping mall hidden behind a quaint facade, where all is for entertainment and consumption, without encompassing the full range of human life which made such a place so significant for those visitors who can remember when towns were more than intersections, more necessary than abstract plans. Later, when Disney introduced EPCOT (the Experimental Prototype Community of Tomorrow) in Florida, they sidestepped the challenge of creating a real community. People do not live there, so visitors are seduced by displays of optimistic forward-looking ideas as advertisements for the giant corporations that pay for them."

A famous architecture professional academic report called "The Hannover Principles Design for Sustainability" gives us a branch of inspiration in the giant urban and area planning for the future. What environment influence will the district bring with is the current big issue.

The overall plan principle of our project could be a solution for several of Hong Kong’s urban issues. Having the urbanest density population in the world, Hong Kong needs to find a new way to supply citizens with more living spaces and high quality living environments. One of the biggest issues in Hong Kong is the self-sufficient percentage is extremely lower than in other cities in China. Citizens of Hong Kong need more areas for planting vegetation. With the growth of the population in Hong Kong, many of the planting areas have been taken over by high-density residential buildings.

Is there a way to supply enough space for both living areas and for vegetation in the limited land? Another biggest issue for the city is low living quality. Many citizens could only live in quite narrow spaces without enough daylighting, fresh air, green areas, and public spaces. Is there a way that could occupy enough sunlight, fresh air, green space, and enough private living space for each citizen? Unlike EPCOT in Florida, the South China entertainment project gets the challenge to create a real community, which contains urban farms, eco-resorts, retails, workshops, tree restaurants, farmer markets, and other numbers of creation and production projects. This urban project needs a response to the issue and actually, it can respond to the issue, on the other hand, the mass project is engaged in prediction and imagination of how we might live in the future into centuries. It should do so by example in such an influential city. That is why this design aim from the outset to link the key elements of human nature, technology, and entertainment through the litmus test of sustainability and eco-city practice.

Design as EXPO, inspirations:
A planning idea could be an innovative example for the City of Hong Kong development
A highly mixed and vertical development urban space, create various social events spaces and public natural area
A growth district, which supplies a variety of flexible and movable functional spaces will expand for the future purpose

Design research methods:
The following is a list of the research principle on the themed entertainment resort project conceptual planning and design, which presents an unlimited exploration of the civilization, habitat, culture, and custom all around the world in the history line of human beings.

More samples need to be researched and referenced from, such as the eco-resorts in the Caribbean sea and traditional and historical habitats in China

A great challenge of the future cities with entertainment and resorts, sustainable development principles, "utopia" habitat characteristics
samples in North European countries such as... ( the modern and traditional community in Sweden, Demark)
samples in North American (the religion center-based community)
samples in the far east, such as the dining, retail, and entertainment district in Su Zhou China...
samples of the great universities' campuses in the world
samples in most luxury Resorts in the world (Rosewood, Four-season...)

The following images demonstrate the design process and idea generating.

one version above more focuses on architectural typology, custom, and local culture.

the other version above more focused on eco-friendly and sustainable design strategy, flexibility, and environmental adaption principles.

The above two images are the street view of the version I, which represent the 1800s to 1900s major urban exchanges in Hong Kong.

The sky view gives a glimpse of the entire project area in the beautiful seafront Hong Kong, the far back area surrounds with the mountains, which are faced to the mainland of China (the city of Shen Zhen). Besides as a new destination of the attraction, the whole planning celebrates the landscapes and the sea bay.

The above sketch represents the overall layout of the entire plan, which identifies the different attractions and destinations. The route begins from the hub as the story begins from " The Wild Heights" tale...

A three-dimensional model presents out the main hub and the retail district environment.

This is one of the diagram images indicates the resort area in the whole plan. The resort-type is categorized into four types that interact with the surrounding environment.

Reference

McDonough, William, and Michael Braungart. The Hannover Principles: Design for Sustainability. William McDonough & Partners, 2003.

Acknowledgment:

Design group members: Great Thanks to our team members Olivia West, Catie DelleMonache, Katie H, and Jessica Samaniego. Thanks to our instructors; Thanks to the Architecture design department, and Themed design departments of Savannah College of Art and Design, also great thanks to the WDI architecture design studio.

This is a design competition for Disney Imagineering (WDI) which is highly confidential, and any of the images, diagrams, drawings, and sketches belong to WDI & Disney Parks and Resort Group. All images and works © 2015-2020 by Anqi Yang. All rights reserved. No part of this website may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission of the author.

The Home for Artists- Project in the River Art District of Asheville, NC, The United States (Phase III)

noreply@blogger.com (Atticus (Anqi Yang)) — Fri, 26 Aug 2016 23:52:00 +0000

The Home for Artists- Project in the River Art District of Asheville, NC, The United States (Phase III)

Phase III expresses the entire project BIM modeling and green building design strategy diagram with building performance

The Home for Artists- Project in the River Art District of Asheville, NC, The United States (Phase II)

noreply@blogger.com (Atticus (Anqi Yang)) — Sat, 13 Jun 2015 04:48:00 +0000

The Home for Artists

Project in the River Art District of Asheville, NC, The United Stat

This phase demonstrates how the overall project programming is generated

The following massing model represent the studies of the area, volume and spatial relationship.

The Home for Artists- Project in the River Art District of Asheville, NC, The United States (Phase I)

noreply@blogger.com (Atticus (Anqi Yang)) — Thu, 11 Jun 2015 03:17:00 +0000

USGBC Award Project

The Home for Artists

Project in the River Art District of Asheville, NC, The United States

Anqi Yang

Project name: The Home for Artists-Community in RAD Asheville, NC
Project location: 23 Roberts St, Asheville, NC 28801
Project primary program: multiple types of co-houses, studio, and workshops, stores, gallery, office, community center, restaurant, market

Overall architecture area: 40,000 sf
Occupancy of the residential: 29
Structure type: steel framing
Building envelope type: unbearing CMU, double glazing/green plants wall, louver system
Ventilation type: natural ventilation (cross ventilation, stack ventilation), seasonal artificial ventilation
Mechanical system:

Design conceptual idea development
RAD, or River Art District is a fantastic place in Asheville NC. Visitors (Introduction the background); It is not only about how people feel about arts, it is about how people get from the arts and how they interact with arts. Here, like many other artists' villages around the world, is the home for the dreamers.

programming:

community center
-restaurant, bar, stores, gym, children care, library, classroom, offices;
29 units multiple types of live-work units (four types of living units)
Storefront
studio area
public space

-affordable housing/ co-housing typology
-maximization the communal area
-existing landscape preservation (historical landscape preservation)/ minimization modification of the existing landscape
-enlarge the density of the architecture
-Green building design strategy (heating and cooling performance, building massing design, PV-passive solar energy application, passive solar design strategy, water collection, high-performance building envelope, and geothermal system)
BPAC, EUI-life cycle design strategy (wind, solar, water, power)

Design Process

Research on NZB buildings

Evidence-based design (LEED, LBC, BPAC) based on the design assistant from eco-tech and climate consults system

Site Analysis (basic, and BIM analysis)

Program studies (LEED checklist, code, occupancy)

Massing model studies and tests (EUI, daily light illumination, solar energy...)

Modeling development (program controlling, material selection, energy tests...)

top image source: http://www.travelchannel.com/destinations/us/nc/asheville/daily-escape/biltmore-hotel

The Museum of Fine Arts Jacksonville Fl

noreply@blogger.com (Atticus (Anqi Yang)) — Sat, 22 Nov 2014 02:55:00 +0000

top image source: http://www.visitjacksonville.com/about-us/board-of-directors/

The Tesla Car Dealership of Detroit: Its Land, Heritage and People

noreply@blogger.com (Atticus (Anqi Yang)) — Sat, 22 Nov 2014 02:05:00 +0000

The Tesla Car Dealership of Detroit City

City of Detroit

top image source: http://pages.kiva.org/kivablog/2014/11/18/36-hours-in-detroit-with-kiva-zip