Arqueología Ecuatoriana - Arqueología - Estandares metodológicos

Andean Centre of Underwater Archaeology

info@arqueo-ecuatoriana.ec (Peter Eeckhout) — Mon, 03 Jun 2013 09:47:57 +0000

The English version of the Andean Centre of Underwater Archaeology website is now on line, direct access through http://casaph13en.wordpress.com/

Creación de un plan de emergencia: Guía para museos y otras instituciones culturales

info@arqueo-ecuatoriana.ec (The Getty Conservation Institute) — Tue, 25 Sep 2012 15:26:26 +0000

Building an Emergency Plan provides a step-by-step guide that a cultural institution can follow to develop its own emergency preparedness and response strategy.This workbook is divided into three parts that address the three groups generally responsible for developing and implementing emergency procedures – institution directors, emergency preparedness managers, and departmental team leaders – and discuss the role each should play in devising and maintaining an effective emergency plan. Several chapters detail the practical aspects of communication, training, and forming teams to handle the safety of staff and visitors, collections, buildings, and records.

Emergencies covered include natural events such as earthquakes or floods, as well as human-caused emergencies, such as fires that occur during renovation. Examples from the Barbados Museum and Historical Society, the Museo de Arte Popular Americano in Chile, the Mystic Seaport Museum in Connecticut, and the Seattle Art Museum show how cultural institutions have prepared for emergencies relevant to their sites, collections, and regions.

Descargar la guía en español [PDF]

Protección de la información arqueológica

info@arqueo-ecuatoriana.ec (English Heritage) — Sat, 28 May 2011 09:02:41 +0000

El objetivo de este documento es proporcionar normas para la gestión de los informaciones y archivos arqueológicos en el curso de un proyecto y así protegerlos en caso de que sean amenazados de perderse.

Un caso probable de esto en la epoca actual es el de un contratista que no puede terminar un proyectos arqueológicos y no puede terminar la etapa de transferencia de archivos e informaciones. English Heritage encargó un estudio de la práctica actual que ha llegado a la formulación de esta guía. Se pretende que este documento se distribuirá a todos los profesionales arqueológicos, especialmente los que participan en el control de mitigaciones arqueológicas, los contratistas arqueológicos y curadores de los depósitos de archivos. Se espera que esta guía les permitirá trabajar juntos en el mejor interés de la información arqueológica que está siendo recuperado.

Esperamos que esta publicación inicial, generará mejores sugerencias prácticas y experiencias de "lecciones aprendidas " que permitiran la producción de una guía actualizada en el momento oportuno.

Descargue el [PDF]

Cómo administrar un museo: Manual práctico

info@arqueo-ecuatoriana.ec (ICOM - UNESCO) — Sun, 22 May 2011 08:46:58 +0000

El Manual ofrece una visión global de los aspectos clave de la administración de los museos que desean satisfacer las necesidades y expectativas de los visitantes y de la comunidad en general.

Cada capítulo del Manual proporciona orientación práctica y temas de debate. El texto principal de cada capítulo va acompañado de información complementaria, como los datos técnicos y las normas, así como sugerencias de ejercicios prácticos y temas de debate para uso interno. Se trata de una herramienta funcional, constructiva y manejable tanto para un profesional individual como para un grupo de estudios, los participantes en los programas o actividades de capacitación del personal, y para todo el personal de un museo.

En la publicación se presentan los siguientes materiales:

El papel de los museos y el Código profesional de deontología
Administración de las colecciones
Inventarios y documentación
Preservación de las colecciones
Presentaciones, obras expuestas y exposiciones
Acogida de los visitantes
La educación mediante el museo como parte de las funciones del museo
Administración de los museos
Administración del personal
Marketing
Seguridad de los museos y preparación para las catástrofes
Tráfico ilícito

Más…
Descargar el Manual [PDF] (en inglés)
Cómo desarrollar programas de capacitación utilizando el kit

Cómo administrar un museo: Manual del instructor

info@arqueo-ecuatoriana.ec (ICOM - UNESCO) — Sun, 22 May 2011 08:39:03 +0000

El Manual del instructor es complementario del Manual práctico, en el sentido de que muestra el modo de utilizar distintos ejemplos y ejercicios variados, y prácticas propuestas en el Manual práctico en los diversos programas de capacitación del personal destinados a la formación en las disciplinas del museo o la preservación del patrimonio, cursos cortos o talleres sobre temas específicos.

Estos programas pueden incluir también la capacitación del personal de museos, instituciones o servicios concernidos. Los usuarios a los que se destina podrían ser, por una parte, los que practican, organizan o contribuyen a los programas de formación o perfeccionamiento del personal, y por otra, los que utilizan Cómo administrar un museo: práctico como un texto básico. Sin embargo, los profesionales y estudiantes que utilizan el texto del Manual práctico en gran parte o en su totalidad para su autoformación encontrarán instructivo el Manual del instructor.

Las fichas técnicas que figuran en el Manual del instructor están destinadas a ser reproducidas por los formadores y distribuidas a los participantes en los cursos o programas. Cada ficha se crea a partir de uno de los recuadros o ejercicios publicados en el Manual práctico, y contiene un espacio para preguntas y respuestas para que los participantes puedan escribir un resumen de sus decisiones o respuestas.

Además de los temas abordados por el Manual práctico, el Manual del instructor representa diferentes enfoques y técnicas en la enseñanza y el aprendizaje de la labor de los museos, así como aspectos prácticos de la organización y la implementación de la formación y actividades para la formación del personal.

Más…
Descargar el Manual de instructor [PDF]
Cómo desarrollar programas de capacitación utilizando el kit

Conservación y exposición de los restos humanos en los museos

info@arqueo-ecuatoriana.ec (Gaëtan Juillard) — Thu, 03 Sep 2009 15:30:06 +0000

¿Como conservar y presentar al público objetos sagrados y de culto asi como restos humanos? Fue la pregunta del último simposio internacional del Museo del Quai Branly (Paris, Francia), los 22 y 23 febrero 2009.

Dentro de los temas abordados durante el simposio, destacamos esta preguntas: ¿En que medida restos humanos pueden ser considerados como personas o individuos? ¿Quien tiene propriedad sobre estos restos? ¿Como arbitrar intereses contradictorios alrededor de estos vestigios? ¿Bajo cual condiciones se pueden conservar y poner en valor?

Destacados directores de museos, representantes de países de donde provienen estas colecciones, políticos, juristas, representantes de organizaciones internacionales y gubernamentales, filósofos y científicos (arqueologos, historiadores, etnológos, antropológos físicos y prehistorianos) han abordados estas inquietudes.

Visitar la página del simposio
Descargar Actos del simposio (en francés) [PDF]
Descargar Actos de la primera mesa redonda (en francés) [PDF]
Descargar Actos de la segunda mesa redonda (en francés) [PDF]
Descargar el discurso de apertura (en francés) [PDF]
Descargar el discurso de clausura (en francés) [PDF]

GIS Best Practices

info@arqueo-ecuatoriana.ec (Gaëtan Juillard) — Thu, 30 Jul 2009 11:45:31 +0000

Siguiendo con los Sistema de Información Geográfica (GIS), quiero comunicarle que ESRI acaba de sacar un e-book gratis (en inglés) sobre las practicas adecuadas de manejo de GPS y GIS en el amplio ámbito de la arqueología. El libro presenta un descripción de un GIS así como varios ejemplos prácticos reales.

Entre los temas abordado por el libro :

What Is GIS?
Protecting Archaeological Resources During an Oil Spill in Washington State
Archaeology, Genealogy, and GIS Meet at Columbia Cemetery
Reconstructing Aztec Political Geographies
A Cost-Effective Approach to GPS/GIS Integration for Archaeological Surveying
U.S. Bureau of Reclamation Administers Archaeological Sites with GIS
Bureau of Land Management's Cultural Resource Database Goes Digital
Modeling Archaeological Sensitivity in Vermont with GIS
Understanding Past and Future Land Use

También les comunico la página de la librería de e-books de la colección Best Practice, editado por ESRI así como un blog (en inglés) relacionado a los GIS y sus aplicaciones científicas: GIS and Science; y una selección de enlaces de blog de aplicaciones de los GIS en inglés y en español.

Escala Estándar de IFRAO

info@arqueo-ecuatoriana.ec (Robert Bednarik) — Mon, 26 May 2008 18:19:58 +0000

Preámbulo

La Escala Estandar de IFRAO (Federación Internacional de Organizaciones de Arte Rupestre) fue propuesta en el “IFRAO Report No 6” (Bednarik 1991). Consultas con investigadores y varios especialistas en los siguientes años han llevado a la progresiva evolución en el diseño (cf. Rock Art Research 8: 156) hasta que este finalizó en 1993.

Consejos para la realización de ilustraciones

info@arqueo-ecuatoriana.ec (Documents d'archéologie française) — Tue, 11 Dec 2007 01:59:25 +0000

Documentos en papel o transparencias
(papel de dibujo, papel couché, papel de foto, calcos, bromuro, cintas film...)

Originales y formato : para una buena calidad de reproducción, se aconseja insistentemente presentar dibujos originales. Éstos deben ser realizados en un formato inferior o igual a 29,7 x 42 cm.
Nitidez : los dibujos entregados deben ser "limpiados": suprima leyendas, trazados o anotaciones inútiles. Evite los doblados, que pueden dejar huellas en el transcurso de la digitilización.
Tramas mecánicas : se proscribe su uso, debido a la aparición de efectos tornasolados irreversibles luego de la digitalización y reducción. Ubique preferentemente las tramas en un calco sobrepuesto al dibujo de fondo. Serán realizadas luego con Illustrator.
Tipografía : o es de buena calidad, homogénea en el conjunto de dibujos y adaptada a la reducción; o bien puede ser ubicada en un calco sobrepuesto al dibujo de fondo sobre una fotocopia; ésta se repetirá entonces digitalmente.
Rasgos y detalles de la ilustración : deben permanecer legibles luego de la reducción a los formatos de justificación de los DAF (página completa: 170 x 257,5 mm; figuras: 50, 80, 110, 170 mm de ancho). A fin de comprobarlo, realice estas reducciones en fotocopia.
Fotos : provea diapositivas o Ekta (preferentemente originales), o tirajes BN de calidad.

Technical Brief 6: Kentucky Archæological Registery: Landowner Participation in Site Preservation

Wed, 07 Nov 2007 22:17:08 +0000

Published by the DOI Departmental Consulting Archeologist/NPS Archeology Program, National Park Service, Washington, DC, October 1989 (Revised 1991).

Laws directed at protecting archeological sites frequently target those located on State or federally owned property, but many sites are located on private property. These sites represent a significant portion of the identified sites in many States, meaning that large numbers of our nation's archeological resources are not protected.

The Kentucky Archaeological Registry was created to address this problem. Modeled on The Nature Conservancy's nationally successful program for protecting privately owned natural areas, the Registry represents a way to involve private landowners in the protection of Kentucky's significant archeological sites. Landowners are asked to make a commitment to preserve and protect their sites and are presented awards in recognition of these commitments. In addition, they are educated about their sites' significance, provided management assistance, and informed about stronger preservation options available to them.

Following the introduction, this publication describes the objectives of the Kentucky Archaeological Registry, how a landowner can participate in the program, and the steps in the landowner contact/site registration process. Next, the results of the Kentucky Archaeological Registry's first two years of operation are discussed, and the Registry's successes are evaluated. Finally, the role landowner contact/site registration can play as part of a broader site protection and preservation program is discussed.

Technical Brief 16: The Civil Prosecution Process of the Archæological Resources Protection Act

info@arqueo-ecuatoriana.ec (Sherry Hutt, Superior Court, Arizona) — Mon, 05 Nov 2007 19:47:42 +0000

This Technical Brief details the procedure for pursuing a civil violation of ARPA through the administrative law process. Its purpose is to provide a succinct blueprint for use by land managing agencies when civil prosecution under the law is the desired option. Note that in the event of any discrepancy between this Technical Brief and applicable ARPA regulations, the regulations control. Citations in this brief will depart from the standard American Antiquity style in favor of the legal citation format used by lawyers and Administrative Law Judges.

Introduction
The Archaeological Resources Protection Act of 1979 (ARPA)¹, as amended, provides a means to assertively protect the ancient and historic remains of the cultures that have inhabited Federal and Indian lands. The Act provides for criminal and civil penalties against those who excavate, remove, damage, or otherwise alter or deface archeological resources, or attempt to do so, without a permit.² ARPA with its amendments and accompanying Uniform Regulations offer agencies flexible alternatives to employ in the preservation of resources under their protection.³

Criminal enforcement of ARPA has become an active part of the repertoire of agencies across the United States.⁴ It is not unusual for vehicles and the tools of the violation to be subjected to seizure in connection with the criminal prosecution.⁵ In contrast, civil prosecution under ARPA has been rarely and only recently pursued.⁶ The purpose of this technical brief is to provide a familiarity with the civil provisions of ARPA that may expand its future use.

Technical Brief 8: Revegetation: The Soft Approach to Archeological Site Stabilization

info@arqueo-ecuatoriana.ec (Robert M. Thorne) — Wed, 10 Oct 2007 23:54:50 +0000

Published by the DOI Departmental Consulting Archeologist/NPS Archeology Program, National Park Service, Washington, DC, September 1990 (Revised March 1992).

Introduction

This Technical Brief is the third in a series that addresses the issues of archeological site stabilization and protection. Each Technical Brief in the series describes a potentially useful technique for maintaining the integrity of an archeological deposit. This series, and the complementary Technical Notes assembled by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Waterways Experiment Station in its Archeological Sites Protection and Preservation Notebook, are designed to provide baseline data for the initiation of site stabilization projects. The use of vegetation always should be considered a viable means of site protection when developing a set of stabilization alternatives.

Technical Brief 12: Site Stabilization Information Sources

info@arqueo-ecuatoriana.ec (Robert M. Thorne) — Wed, 10 Oct 2007 23:31:04 +0000

Published by the DOI Departmental Consulting Archeologist/NPS Archeology Program, National Park Service, Washington, DC, December 1991.

This Technical Brief is the fourth in a series that addresses the issues of archeological site stabilization and protection. Each of the previous Technical Briefs in the series has described a potentially useful technique for maintaining the integrity of an archeological deposit. This one is about information exchange, which is part of the goal to foster interaction among governmental agencies, professionals, and the private sector. It is not a comprehensive guide to stabilization information, the several bibliographies that are available for different disciplines are better suited for that purpose. It also is not a substitute for contacting the agencies and professionals who have completed successful stabilization projects for detailed information. Rather, it is meant to provide a ready reference to sources that regularly collect and distribute information relevant to archeological site stabilization. These sources can be useful starting points in stabilization project development as well as important references for comparing the merits of appropriate alternatives. It also should encourage those who are planning projects to seek a wide range of multidisciplinary data, since other professions often are not aware of how important their knowledge and skills can be to preservation of non-renewable archeological resources.

Technical Brief 5: Intentional Site Burial A Technique to Protect Against Natural or Mechanical Loss

info@arqueo-ecuatoriana.ec (Robert M. Thorne) — Wed, 10 Oct 2007 22:59:08 +0000

Published by the DOI Departmental Consulting Archeologist/NPS Archeology Program, National Park Service, Washington, DC, September 1989 (Revised 1991).

This is the second technical brief in the series on site stabilization and maintenance developed through cooperation among the Center for Archaeological Research at the University of Mississippi, the Tennessee Valley Authority, and the National Park Service. The series is based upon existing knowledge and stabilization project experiences to provide programmatic guidance appropriate for problem solving. As baseline information, the series demonstrates the highly variable conditions surrounding archeological site loss, discusses alternatives, and suggests how applicable stabilization techniques can be modified to meet needs.

Information exchange is an important objective of this series. The National Clearinghouse for Archaeological Site Stabilization is organized as a central location at which to seek information as well as to foster interactions among governmental agencies, professionals, and the private sector. It is one solution to the concern for improving technology transfer in historic preservation. The address and telephone number of the Clearinghouse are given at the end of this technical brief.

Technical Brief 18: Protecting Archæological Sites on Eroding Shorelines: A Hay Bales Approach

info@arqueo-ecuatoriana.ec (Robert M. Thorne) — Wed, 10 Oct 2007 22:51:03 +0000

Published by the DOI Departmental Consulting Archeologist/NPS Archeology Program, National Park Service, Washington, DC, July 2004.

Introduction
Federal laws and regulations encourage preserving archeological sites in place when they are threatened by roadbuilding, reservoir construction, and the like. However, proactive managers favor the idea even when sites are not immediately at risk. Excavation is costly, with the curation of artifacts adding appreciably to the expense. A resource-specific conservation plan, carefully designed and implemented, substantially reduces management costs. At the same time, the plan can be aesthetically pleasing while serving to enhance other aspects of the surroundings.

There are many alternatives one can employ to stabilize sites and shorelines (Thorne 1991). A modeled approach to developing a stabilization strategy has been devised that can be applied to any setting (Thorne et al. 1987; Thorne 1988a, 1989, 1990, 1991). In many cases, however, funds are severely restricted, and factors such as environmental compatibility and aesthetic appeal come into play.

Technical Brief 19: Archæological Collections and the Public: Using Resources for the Public Benefit

info@arqueo-ecuatoriana.ec (Teresa S. Moyen, Society for American Archæology) — Wed, 10 Oct 2007 22:29:41 +0000

Published by the DOI Departmental Consulting Archeologist/NPS Archeology Program, National Park Service, Washington, DC, February 2006.

This technical brief outlines some of the public benefits of archeological collections as seen by the managers of collections repositories across the nation. Case studies show many ways that curators find archeological collections to benefit audiences with different interests and needs. Using archeological collections also benefits the repositories themselves by offering opportunities to demonstrate the significance of the holdings, reinforce the importance of proper management, provide a valuable public service, fulfill institutional goals of outreach and research and, most of all, activate the potential of archeology to benefit the public.

Technical Brief 20: Archeological Resource Damage Assessment: Legal Basis and Methods

Wed, 10 Oct 2007 19:10:19 +0000

Published by the DOI Departmental Consulting Archeologist/NPS Archeology Program, National Park Service, Washington, DC, February 2007.
Foreword, by Francis P. McManamon, Chief Archeologist, NPS; Departmental Consulting Archeologist, DOI

This technical brief describes and explains the archeological resource damage assessment process. The legal foundation for and the necessity of archeological damage assessments is described, as are the procedures for field damage assessment, value and cost determinations, and report preparation. Archeologists, attorneys, and law enforcement specialists involved in investigations of crimes against archeological resources must understand clearly the archeological resource damage assessment process and how to carry it out correctly. The credibility of these damage assessments directly affects the outcome of legal cases and the criminal or civil penalties imposed.

In November 2002, a new sentencing guideline issued by the United States Sentencing Commission became effective. This document, entitled, “Cultural Heritage Guideline,” provided the federal judicial system with consistent, rational procedures for developing potential sentences for those convicted of crimes involving cultural heritage resources, including various kinds of archeological resources. Prohibited activities include, among other things, damage to or destruction of archeological resources, unauthorized removal of artifacts, features, or other components from protected sites, theft, and illegal trafficking.

The cultural heritage guidelines make use of the concepts of “archeological value,” “commercial value,” and “the cost of restoration and repair.” All of these terms, as they are used in a formal legal context, are defined either in the Archaeological Resource Protection Act (ARPA), the federal law that most directly protects archeological resources, or the regulations that implement this law. Since ARPA, which became law in 1979, has been enforced, the ways in which these concepts and terms have been used has developed through their application in individual cases. After 25 years of practical use of these concepts, the synthesis of what had been learned through individual cases into a set of standards was warranted. Such general standards would be of use to archeologists, attorneys, and law enforcement personnel in federal agencies assigned to ensure effective prosecution of archeological resource looters, traffickers, and vandals.

In addition, the development and publication of the new sentencing guideline emphasized the need for standards because use of the guideline by judges throughout the federal judicial system meant that more judges, including those who might have had little or no familiarity with archeology or archeological resources, would be using these specialized concepts. Professional standards describing how archeological value calculations should be developed would serve two purposes. First, they would provide justification for a consistent set of procedures and guidelines for professional archeologists who conduct archeological damage assessments and calculate archeological value for specific legal cases. Secondly, the standards would provide an objective basis for judgment of the legitimacy of the damage assessments used in prosecutions of those accused of crimes against archeological resources. Judges would determine whether the standards had been followed when they evaluated the procedures used to reach archeological value amounts provided by the prosecution in specific cases.

The Society for American Archaeology (SAA), an organization dedicated to the research, interpretation, and protection of the archaeological heritage of the Americas, with the support of the National Park Service, assembled a group of public and private sector and academic archeologists, government attorneys, and law enforcement experts to develop these needed standards. The group met in a workshop in March 2003. They drafted the standards at the the workshop and refined the drafts during the following months. In November 2003, the Board of Directors of the SAA reviewed and approved as official, “Professional Standards for the Determination of Archaeological Value.” This technical brief is designed to provide additional guidance for the use of the standards, drawing on decades of experience in archeological resource protection.

Technical Brief 17: Developing an Archæological Site Conservation Database

info@arqueo-ecuatoriana.ec (Robert M. Torne, University of Mississippi) — Wed, 10 Oct 2007 18:52:43 +0000

Published by the DOI Departmental Consulting Archeologist/NPS Archeology Program, National Park Service, Washington, DC, April 1996.

Though the conservation and long-term management of archeological sites is now generally accepted wisdom, it, wasn't always so. A traditional bias toward excavation and the keeping of only basic site data has had effects that linger on today. Historically, and to the detriment of long-term site care, information has been collected with only fundamental concerns such as location and interpretation in mind. Excavation was favored over in-place conservation, under the assumption that the latter was too complicated and expensive. But the true cost of excavation is often more than anticipated, and often grows as the curation of objects is projected into the future.

What should a resource manager know to compose an effective long-term plan? It goes far beyond a site's age and location. What are the environmental dynamics of the setting? What kind of ground cover grows there? What is the soil type? Is damage being caused by vandals? Cyclical inundation? Timber harvesting? Off-road vehicles? Jet-skis?

This brief addresses the care of archeological sites over time, with accompanying forms to help in planning for a site's future.

Technical Brief 1: Filter Fabric: A Technique for Short-term Site Stabilization

info@arqueo-ecuatoriana.ec (Robert M. Thorne, University of Mississippi) — Tue, 09 Oct 2007 17:19:01 +0000

Published by the DOI Departmental Consulting Archeologist/NPS Archeology Program, National Park Service, Washington, DC, 1988.

Filter fabrics have been available for several years and are used most frequently as an underliner for roadbeds and in other construction related activities. These materials are produced both as woven and nonwoven fabrics and are available in varying weights and porosities. Fabric selection is based on the proposed application and the specifications that the desired material must meet. If filter fabric is selected as the stabilization technology that is to be used, it has the advantage of being available from several manufacturers whose products are competitively priced. These materials, regardless of manufacturer, are relatively inert geosynthetics that are resistant to ultraviolet degeneration.

Technical Brief 22: Developing and Implementing Archeological Site Stewardship Programs

info@arqueo-ecuatoriana.ec (Sophia Kelly, Arizona State University) — Tue, 09 Oct 2007 00:01:53 +0000

Published by the DOI Departmental Consulting Archeologist/NPS Archeology Program, National Park Service, Washington, DC, May 2007.

Archeological site stewardship programs can be a valuable component of protection plans for archeological resources on both public and private lands. These programs provide important assistance to land managers, who are often constrained by limited budgets and staff support. Site stewardship programs also involve landowners in the protection of archeological resources on private property. These programs facilitate communication among professional archeologists, government agencies, and the public. This technical brief explores the necessary components of successful development and implementation of an archeological site stewardship program.