Arshad Pathan - Electronics Solution Provider

What Causes Eye Flickering?

2012-02-01T09:46:00.001+05:30

Eye flickering is a very disturbing phenomenon and may develop just out of the blue. We begin to wonder, what causes eye flickering? The annoying part about a flicker in the eye is it’s uncontrollability. It might stay for minutes, days, weeks or months and there is a reason to wonder when it would stop?

The flickering of the eye in medical lingo is called as ocular myokymia.

What Causes Eye Flickering:

Eye flickering or eye twitching is quiet common amongst everyone.

Usually, the bottom eye lid is the one that is involved in twitching, but quiet often the top eye lid may also begin to twitch. This flickering or twitching can be very annoying.
It has been observed fatigue is the main culprit responsible for eye flickering. Eye flickering can be associated to muscle contractions of the eye lid and it is important that the causes behind this phenomenon be found out.
Eye flickering or eye twitching cause a contraction in the eye muscles and the reasons for this are:

Stress:

Every person is known to face a certain amount of stress in his/her life. Eye flickering is a sign of stress and the stress can directly be related to eye strain related disorders. So it is important to relieve yourselves of stress to get rid of a flickering eye.

Tiredness:

Improper sleep, insomnia or lack of sleep often cause twitching. It is important that you grab enough sleep.

Allergies:

When troubled by allergies, eyes start to itch, swell and let water out. Upon rubbing to eases the irritation, eyes release a substance called histamine into the lid tissues causing the eye to twitch. using antihistamine drops or tablets can help in such a case(doctor’s advice is necessary).

Caffeine/Alcohol:

Excessive intake of hot beverages like tea and coffee and alcoholic drinks can lead to eye twitching. it is worth a try cutting down your caffeine and alcohol intake.

Dry Eyes:

People suffering from dry eye syndrome may show signs of eye twitching. It is important to see a doctor and proper medication for treating dry eyes would also help stop twitching.

Nutritional Imbalances:

Not entirely known, but a lack of Magnesium may cause eye twitching. If you are known to suffer from nutritional deficiency and you experience eye flicker, it is suggestible to see your doctor.

Most common eye twitching problems are a direct descendant of either one or mix of the above problems and it is not a serious condition to worry about. But, the problem associated with eye twitching is it’s treatment. There is no possible treatment except to find out the underlying cause and treat the cause.

There are also certain neurological conditions that can cause severe eye twitching. But, these are very rare in occurrence.

What causes eye flickering, a combination of health and lifestyle problems.

Kaunsa Friend Kitna Zaroori Hotaa Hai? -- Har ek friend zaruri hota he..

2012-01-24T10:49:00.001+05:30

1. bhukkad friend

2. tubelight friend

3. chipkoo friend

4. kanjoos friend

5. F1 friend

6. status update friend

7. beep friend

8. dhinchak friend

9. vasooli friend

10. sharing friend

11. activist friend

12. LOL friend

13. fan friend

14. party friend

15. lazy friend

16. filmy friend

17. pakau friend

18. subtitle friend

19. proxy friend

20. curious friend

21. music friend

22. despo friend

How Gyroscopes Work

2012-01-23T11:11:00.000+05:30

Ae Maalik Tere Bande Hum

2012-01-19T15:39:00.000+05:30

3D mapping on INDIA GATE

2012-01-17T16:51:00.001+05:30

Khana Khazana Sanjeev Kapoor - Playlist ALL

2012-01-16T12:25:00.001+05:30

Play All Link: Here

Smallest Bird In The World ?

2012-01-16T11:51:00.000+05:30

At just 5cm long and 2g in weight the smallest bird in the world is none other than the Bee Hummingbird. Found mainly in Cuba and also holding the record for the smallest egg in the world these guys are tiny.

Like all hummingbirds they can fly not only forwards but also backwards, up, down and even just hover. Their small size and amazing flying skills mean they’re experts at moving from flower to flower collecting nectar and even small insects. In fact they’re so good at flying (some visiting as many as 1500 flowers a day) that they don’t even walk anymore and only use their feet for perching.

Now in order to maintain such flying control there’s one skill we haven’t touched upon yet, and that’s their ability to beat their wings at up to 80 times per second. That’s so fast that humans can only see the wings moving as a faint blur. Now that’s quick!

Source: science-facts.com

Excel - Cursor & Cell not Moving?

2012-01-11T16:28:00.002+05:30

Problem:
in my excel spreadsheet I used to be able to enter a number then use my arrow key to move one cell to the right and then enter the next number.

Now when I enter a number in a hightlighted cell and use the arrow key to move one cell to the right the cell does not move my page shifts to the right but the highlighted cell stays in the same spot.

I must of hit some kind of key combination to cause this. Does anyone know how to fix this?

Thanks

Solution:
Check your Scroll Lock on your keyboard... is it on?

OR

Roberta wrote to say that her arrow keys and Enter key were not working as she expected in Excel. It seems that they didn't move to the next cell, as she expected, but moved to the "next page."
Without a complete examination of the system, this could be caused by any number of conditions. First, if the worksheet is protected in some manner, it could be that the keys are working exactly as they should. What could be happening is that the next unprotected cell—where you enter your input—is being selected, and that cell happens to be on the next page.
If the problem occurs in brand new, blank worksheets, it could be due to a macro that is running when you first start Excel. If you start Excel without any add-ins or hidden workbooks, it may solve the problem. (The online help system, as well as past issues of ExcelTips, includes information on how to start Excel so that add-ins and hidden workbooks don't load.)
You could also check the status of your Scroll Lock key. If it is selected (a light on your keyboard should indicate if it is), then Excel can appear to do some very funny things when it comes to moving from cell to cell.
Finally, make sure that you check the configuration settings within Excel that control how the Enter key works. You get to these in versions of Excel prior to Excel 2007 by choosing Tools | Options and clicking on the Edit tab. The Move Selection After Enter setting controls what happens whenever you press Enter. In Excel 2007 you click the Office button | Excel Options | Advanced | Editing Options. The After Pressing Enter Move Selection setting controls what happens whenever you press Enter.

OR

If you are ever using Excel and the arrow keys don't work like you think they should, it could be because of the Scroll Lock key. Normally, when you press an arrow key, Excel moves the cell highlight in the direction of the key you pressed. If the Scroll Lock key has been activated, however, Excel doesn't move the cell highlight, it instead moves the worksheet, changing what is displayed on the screen.
To solve this odd behavior, simply press on the Scroll Lock key another time. The arrow keys should again behave as you expect them to.

Electronic Security Code Lock System

2011-11-25T11:16:00.001+05:30

Electronic security code lock system - Door Lock - Safe Lock

Hi friends, This is a video for testing operations, your comments and suggestions are very helpful for next version of this system. If you have any idea we can work together for developing system. Here you can get information about hardware configuration, user operations and silent operations.

Hardware Configuration:

- 16 x 2 LCD User interface display

- Password Input by 4 x 3 keyboard matrix with 0-9,* and # keys are in use

- Stepper motor is connected for locking and unlocking operations.

- There is an option for Relay, Servo Motor, DC Motor or Electro Magnet also.

- There is a green and red light indication.

- If door is locked red led will on, or on unlock green will on.

- Buzzer indication for errors and ok states

User Operation:

- For first time default password is 1234 then user can it by new password.

- Enter correct password for unlocking operation.

- System will gives error message for each wrong operation.

- Only unlock on correct password.

- User can change password by pressing 9999.

- It will ask for current password,

- If it is ok then ask for new password, then display it for 2 second.

- User can lock door any time by pressing * (Star) button.

- In door unlock mode as well as in password change mode.

Silent Operation:

- On system starts, stepper motor will find the home position using lever switch

- It will getting input from external lever switch

- When get input from lever switch, it will conform home position.

- In home position door is in lock mode.

- Stepper motor is in release mode (power off mode) after each operation.

- This operation is helpful for power saving.

- Password will save in microcontroller memory.

- In power off condition circuit will remember password without any battery backup.

- When door is unlocked and user will press * then it will give message for already unlocked condition.

Thanks for your attention.

AVR Fuses HOWTO Guide - Low Byte & High Byte - AVRDude

2011-11-21T12:11:00.000+05:30

AVR Fuses
For an AVR microcontroller, the closest thing to a config file is its set of fuses. Fuses are used to configure important system parameters.

While you may completely ignore a number of the more esoteric options most of the time, you will undoubtedly need access to a few of these settings (such as the clock source fuse bits, which allow you to specify the source and/or speed of the chip clock) in the course of hacking AVRs.

You will need to know how to program these fuse bytes in order to get the most out of your microcontroller (or get it working at all!) and this simple tutorial will get you started right.

Fuse Bits and Bytes
As a quick reminder (or a crash course, if all this is new to you): numbers are usually represented in decimal notation (e.g. "13" is thirteen) but others representations are possible, such as in binary where thirteen is "1101" or hexadecimal where the same value is represented as 0x0D. Any number below 256 can be represented using only 8 binary digits (this is where "bits" come from, they are just binary digits), for instance "1111 1111" is equal to 255 (in regular decimal notation). Each such group of 8 bits is called a byte.

Members of the AVR family can have one or more fuse bytes. How many, and what they tell the chip to do, depends on the specific microcontroller (e.g. a ATMega8 has both high and low fuse bytes, for a total of 16 configuration bits, while an ATtiny12 has only eight fuse bits).

As a quick reference, here are a few PDFs which provide the list of low, high and extended fuse bytes for AVR microcontrollers. Though some of the bits are common to multiple MCUs, the specific functions and settings to use for each should be verified in the relevant datasheet.

How to read the datasheet
The datasheet for each microcontroller contains (excruciatingly?) detailed information on the fuse bits available and their function, but often leaves a bit to be desired in terms of an overview of the actual process of setting these fuses. Matters are made worse by the fact that, for AVR micros, having a "1" in a bit means it is unprogrammed while having a "0" is considered to be programmed and that the documentation will often use language such as "... clear bit 7 to enable blah blah" which can leave you wondering whether this means you should set it to 0 or not.

To find the available fuses for your microcontroller, do a search in the relevant datasheet for "Memory Programming", "LockBits" "Fuse low byte" or something similar.

Programming Fuse Bits
The process of programming fuse bits involves:

Reading the datasheet to discover the location and settings for the bits of interest,
Determining the byte value for the affected fuse byte(s),
Actually programming the fuses on the chip.

We'll go through an example of the process and covers each step.

Bits of Interest
The ATmega8 ships with safe default settings for its clock source and startup time, which specify that an internal 1 MHz RC oscillator is to be used. This ensures that you can get the chip working with minimal setup but lets assume you want to take advantage of a faster/more stable/more useful clock through the use of an external crystal.

By checking the Clock Sources section of the datasheet, you can see that the clocking options are set using 4 CKSEL bits that specify the type of clock source the chip will use, and the CKOPT bit (which tells the chip to pay attention to our CKSEL bits and influences startup time).

The actual bits you use depend on the hardware you've got. Here we'll say we're using a 2MHz crystal. In this case, we determine that we should set CKSEL3..0 (this notation, used in the datasheets, indicates CKSEL bits 3 to 0, starting at 3) to 1100 and we should also ensure the CKOPT bit is 1.

Now that we know which bits we wish to set we need to know where they fit in, in the grand fuse byte scheme of things. To do this, have a look at the following tables, which indicate the position and function of each bit in the low and high fuse bytes (for the ATmega8).

Fuse Low Byte
Bit Number	Name	Description	Default
7	BODLEVEL	Brown out detector trigger level	1 (unprogrammed)
6	BODEN	Brown out detector enable	1 (unprogrammed, no BOD)
5	SUT1	Select start-up time	1 (unprogrammed)
4	SUT0	Select start-up time	0 (programmed)
3	CKSEL3	Select Clock source	0 (programmed)
2	CKSEL2	Select Clock source	0 (programmed)
1	CKSEL1	Select Clock source	0 (programmed)
0	CKSEL0	Select Clock source	1 (unprogrammed)

Fuse High Byte
Bit Number	Name	Description	Default
7	RSTDISBL	Select if PC6 is I/O pin or RESET pin	1 (unprogrammed PC6 is RESET-pin)
6	WDTON	WDT always on	1 (unprogrammed, WDT enabled by WDTCR)
5	SPIEN	Enable Serial Program and Data Downloading	0 (programmed, SPI programming enabled)
4	CKOPT	Oscillator options	1 (unprogrammed)
3	EESAVE	EEPROM memory is preserved through the Chip Erase	1 (unprogrammed, EEPROM not preserved)
2	BOOTSZ1	Select Boot Size	0 (programmed)
1	BOOTSZ0	Select Boot Size	0 (programmed)
0	BOOTRST	Select Reset Vector

As you can see, our CKSEL settings are to be set in bits 0 to 3 of the low fuse byte, while CKOPT is bit 4 of the high fuse byte. Even though we only wish to affect the CKSEL and CKOPT bits, we must program the entire low and high fuse bytes. We want to set:

Low fuse bits: XXXX 1100
High fuse bits:XXX1 XXXX

without disturbing the bits in the "X" positions.

Byte Values
Determining the byte values required for the low and high fuses first involves discovering the current values for the "X" bits above. Your hardware programmer can allow you to do this.

If you are using uisp you'd use something like:

$ uisp -dprog=stk500 -dserial=/dev/ttyS0 -dspeed=115200 -dpart=atmega8 --rd_fuses

Fuse Low Byte = 0xE1
Fuse High Byte = 0x91
Calibration Byte = 0x00 -- Read Only
Lock Bits = 0xff

You can convert these hex values to binary (for use below) using any decent calculator program.

If you've been using avrdude, you can extract the high and low fuse bytes like so (adjusting the programmer, device and port options to match your hardware and setup):

$ avrdude -c stk500 -p m8 -P /dev/ttyS0 -U hfuse:r:high.txt -U lfuse:r:low.txt

  avrdude: Device signature = 0x003d04
  
  avrdude: reading hfuse memory:
  Reading | ################################################## | 100% 0.01s
  avrdude: writing output file "high.txt"

  avrdude: reading lfuse memory:
  Reading | ################################################## | 100% 0.00s
  avrdude: writing output file "low.txt"

  avrdude done.  Thank you.



Avrdude doesn't make getting to the fuse info as simple... the bytes are actually saved raw in the high.txt and low.txt files. You can use a hex editor to look at the value of the byte in each file. If you are lucky enough to use a Unix workstation, like Linux, then you can just run this one-liner for each file to view the binary representation of the bytes:


$ od -d high.txt  | head -1 | sed -e 's/0000000 *//' | \
  xargs -i perl -e '$str= unpack("B32", pack("N",{})); $str =~ s/.*([01]{4})([01]{4})$/$1 $2/; \
  print "$str\n";'
  
1101 1001

$ od -d low.txt  | head -1 | sed -e 's/0000000 *//' | \
  xargs -i perl -e '$str= unpack("B32", pack("N",{})); $str =~ s/.*([01]{4})([01]{4})$/$1 $2/; \
  print "$str\n";'

1110 0001




Note that the Atmel documentation names the bits in order of significance, so from bit 7 to 0:


low fuse bits: 1110 0001
low fuse pos.: 7654 3210

So in our example, CKSEL3..0 is 0001 (a setting for the calibrated internal RC oscillator, according to the data sheet). To determine the byte values we wish to have, we apply the bit "mask" developed above and overwrite relevant bits of each fuse byte.


Low original bits:   1110 0001
Low fuse mask:       XXXX 1100
Low new bits:        1110 1100

High original bits:  1101 1001
High fuse mask:      XXX1 XXXX
High new bits:       1101 1001





Once that is done, we can convert the new bytes back to hexadecimal for use with the hardware programmer.

Note that, as the CKOPT bit was already unprogrammed (1) in this example, the high fuse byte has not changed and doesn't need to be reprogrammed. The low fuse has changed, though, to a hex value of 0xECand must therefore be written to the microcontroller memory.


Lighting Fuses
Now that we have determined the new value for the low fuse byte, our work is done. Simply performing the inverse operation using the programmer will write the new byte to the chip:


$ avrdude -c stk500 -p m8 -P /dev/ttyS0 -U lfuse:w:0xEC:m 


As you can see, programming the chip is easy. The majority of the work involves determining which options you want to set, how to set them and where the new bits actually go. And that means getting to know the relevant Atmel datasheet.


Final things To Remember
The fuses aren't erased when the AVR memory is erased, so reprogramming the fuses everytime the device is reprogrammed is not required. Since the fuses are not cleared by a memory erase, it can cause problems if incorrect settings are selected.


It may be possible to disabled In-System Programming (through the SPIEN fuse) while performing in-system programming. If you do this, you will no longer be able to program the chip in this manner (you need to use parallel programming to change this setting, which may mean removing the chip from the circuit and using another hardware programmer, such as the STK500).


It may also be possible to disable the RESET pin (RSTDISBL fuse). If this happens, the RESET pin must be pulled very high (12V) to program the chip and the circuit must tolerate this.


Some fuses just can't be changed through ISP Programming. If fuses cannot be changed through ISP Programming, Parallel Programming is required to alter the fuses.


The lock bits are fuses that can be used to lock down the chip, but this can lock you out as well!


You can use the -v switch to avrdude while reading the fuse bytes. The verbose output includes lots of neat info concerning the chip and current settings. Here is the output for an ATmega162, which shows that this chip has extended fuse (efuse) and lock byte, in addition to the low and high fuse bytes:


$ avrdude -v -c stk500 -p m162 -P /dev/ttyS1 -U hfuse:r:high.txt:r -U lfuse:r:low.txt:r
avrdude Version 4.4.0

  Using Port            : /dev/ttyS1
  Using Programmer      : stk500
  AVR Part              : ATMEGA162
  Chip Erase delay      : 9000 us
  PAGEL                 : P00
  BS2                   : P00
  RESET disposition     : dedicated
  RETRY pulse           : SCK
  serial program mode   : yes
  parallel program mode : yes
  Memory Detail         :

                              Page                       Polled
    Memory Type Paged  Size   Size #Pages MinW  MaxW   ReadBack
    ----------- ------ ------ ---- ------ ----- ----- ---------
    flash       yes     16384  128   128  4500  4500 0xff 0xff
    eeprom      no        512    0     0  9000  9000 0xff 0xff
    lfuse       no          1    0     0 16000 16000 0x00 0x00
    hfuse       no          1    0     0 16000 16000 0x00 0x00
    efuse       no          1    0     0 16000 16000 0x00 0x00
    lock        no          1    0     0 16000 16000 0x00 0x00
    signature   no          3    0     0     0     0 0x00 0x00
    calibration no          1    0     0     0     0 0x00 0x00

  Programmer Type : STK500
  Description     : Atmel STK500
  Hardware Version: 2
  Firmware Version: 1.14
  Vtarget         : 5.1 V
  Varef           : 5.1 V
  Oscillator      : 3.686 MHz
  SCK period      : 1.1 us



You are now ready to play with your AVR's fuses, just remember to double-check those values before performing the write!


Enjoy.

The Tao of Travel

2011-08-11T09:53:00.000+05:30

‘A good traveler has no fixed plans, and is not intent on arriving.’ ~Laozi

Post written by Leo Babauta.

I’m not the world’s most seasoned traveler, but I have made a number of trips lately and have learned a few things that work well.
This year I’ve traveled to Guam for a month, to Portland, New York City, Las Vegas, London, Paris, Southern California. They’ve all been beautiful trips, and I’ve never taken more than a small backpack.
Travel lightly, with no set agenda, and you’ll have an amazing, stress-free trip.
Traveling doesn’t have to be stressful. It can be simple, if you keep it so.

Essential

Pack little. I take a small backpack, and don’t pack it too heavy either. I’ve found through experience that I just need a pair of jeans, 2-3 T-shirts, 2-3 quick-dry boxer briefs, 2-3 pairs of quick-dry socks, maybe a light sweater. I wash things in the shower if they get dirty and hang them to dry overnight. I bring my laptop so I can work for 30-45 minutes every morning. A paperback novel, maybe a small notebook. Minimal toiletries: deodorant, toothbrush, razor, Dr. Bronner’s liquid soap (for washing clothes in the sink, and shaving), dental floss. I never wait to check my back or get the bag after the flight, and I can pack in 5 minutes.
Have no agenda. I often ask for recommendations from locals, and get a list of incredible things. I’ll also put everything on a Google Map, so I can see where everything is. Then I toss all that out and let the day lead me where it will. Having no set agenda means you aren’t pressured to get anything done each day, which means you can enjoy yourself fully.
Walk a lot. The best way to explore any place is to walk. Walk all over, with no set directions. Get lost.
Eat lightly. Eat anything you want, but don’t eat a lot. I like to mix fruits and veggies in with the heavier stuff, so I don’t feel so heavy.
Find space to relax. Most people try to do too much, and rush around all day. Stroll casually, find good coffee shops or tea shops to relax in, or a good sidewalk cafe with good wine. Find parks and enjoy them. If it rains, walk in the rain. Read a lot.
Be present. Don’t be on your smartphone or laptop all the time. Don’t always think about what you’ll be doing later, or work stuff. Be fully present, and you’ll have a great time.
Smile at people. Talk to the locals. Ask for recommendations. Find out about their lives.

A Few More

Do bodyweight exercises. I do a mix of pushups, squats, lunges, burpees in my hotel room or apartment.
Don’t just stay for a day or two. If you really want to see a city, stay for a week or more. I could have gone to Europe and hit up 10 cities in three weeks, but instead I split that time among just two cities (London & Paris) and really saw those cities.
Get a short-term apartment if you can. If you can stay for a week, get an apartment if you can afford it. It’s cheaper than a hotel and much more comfortable.
Read a good novel.
Bring a metal water bottle. I learned this from my friend Scott: pack an empty water bottle, so you can get through TSA security checkpoints, and then fill up the bottle at the airport water fountain after the checkpoint. I carry the water bottle around everywhere I go so I’m never thirsty.
Keep a journal. Don’t stress over the journal. It doesn’t have to be daily. Just write out your thoughts, impressions when you have some spare time.
Travel locally. For years I never traveled, to save costs. I was content where I was, and that’s still true. Be a tourist in your hometown — see the sights, walk the area, explore and try to find new things you’ve never seen before. You don’t need to spend a lot to travel locally.

‘One’s destination is never a place, but a new way of seeing things.’ ~Henry Miller

How to Mount ISO, CUE, MDS, NRG Files in Windows 7

2011-08-05T11:49:00.000+05:30

Not every piece of software that works on Windows XP or Vista will work on Windows 7. Mounting ISO files can be particularly difficult if you’ve been using Daemon Tools to do it so far.

Until Daemon Tools shows up with a version that will work on Windows 7, you can use PowerISO to mount ISO, nrg, mdf and a few other types of image files. PowerISO is freeware so there shouldn’t be any problem. Its only limitations is the screen that asks you to register it and a limit of 300Mb when creating or editing files. Mounting files doesn’t come with limitations however.

Update: there is now a Daemon Tools version that works on Windows 7.

Burning sketches to the Arduino board with an external programmer

2011-08-05T11:03:00.000+05:30

Burning sketches to the Arduino board with an external programmer

If you have an external programmer (e.g. an AVR-ISP, STK500, or parallel programmer), you can burn sketches to the Arduino board without using the bootloader. This allows you to use the full program space (flash) of the chip on the Arduino board. So with an ATmega168, you'll get 16 KB instead of 14 (on an ATmega8 you'll get 8 KB instead of 7). It also avoids the bootloader delay when you power or reset your board.

Editing the Arduino preferences file

To use an external programmer for all boards you need to make some small changes to the Arduino preferences.txt. Make sure to edit this file when the Arduino IDE is not running.

This preferences file is found in this folder:

* /Users//Library/Arduino/preferences.txt (Mac)
    * c:\Documents and Settings\\Application Data\Arduino\preferences.txt (Windows)
    * ~/.arduino/preferences.txt (Linux)

Note that when you upgrade Arduino, this folder may not be deleted. If you are having trouble, delete this folder. Upon launching Arduino a new file and preferences.txt will be created.

Change: upload.using from bootloader to the identifier of one of the programmers in hardware/programmers.txt (e.g. avrispmkii).

If you would rather use an external programmer for only an individual board, you can edit the boards.txt file in thehardware/ sub-directory of the Arduino application directory. Set the board.upload.using parameter to the identifier of one of the programmers in programmers.txt.

Burning the sketch

After you've made these changes, you can burn sketches to the board with the normal upload button or menu item in the Arduino environment. The board needs to be powered, but you don't have to press the reset button before uploading.

You must specify which Arduino board you are using, but you do not have to specify a serial port (on Mac at least).

Going back to normal USB/serial upload

To go back to uploading sketches over the USB or serial port without an external programmer, you'll need to set theupload.using preference in preferences.txt back to bootloader; or remove the board.upload.using parameter from boards.txt. You'll also need to burn the bootloader back onto the chip on the Arduino board.

Burning Sketches to the Arduino Mini

To burn sketches to the mini you must first make a cable to interface between your programmer and the mini board. Gian Pablo Vilamil has written a very good tutorial on Bootloading the Mini. To burn sketches, follow the instructions on bootloading the mini.

Once you have made the proper cable, instead of choosing bootloading from the arduino menu, you can use the instructions on this page to burn sketches directly to the Mini.

Shocker using camera

2011-07-20T14:55:00.000+05:30

Building

Testing

Switty Tera Pyaar -Official HD Video- Full Song - Delhi Belly - with Lyrics

2011-07-05T10:25:00.001+05:30

Switty Tera Pyaar Chaida Lyrics
Hoye..
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Hoye..
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Hoye..
Mainu gal karni nahi aaundi
Aape dil di baat smajh le
Labz mere ne uljhe uljhe
Bus mere jazbaat samajh le…..
Ho mainu bada hi jaroori
Switty tera pyaar
Ho mainu heera tohi noorin
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Ho mainu karda fatoori
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Ho huyian meri majboori
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Ho mainu tera
Tera tera tera
Pyar chaida….
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Tere ishq da pasion hoyia
Ik ik pal ik lesson hoyia
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Ho meri khusiyan da seed ae
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Switty switty switty thouda pyaar chaida
Switty switty switty thouda pyaar chaida
Switty switty switty tera pyaar chaida
Switty switty switty tera pyaar chaida
Switty switty switty thouda pyaar chaida
Switty switty switty thouda pyaar chaida
Hoye..
Hoye..
Hoye..

pyaar ka panchnama best scene..... Worth watching for all Boys to know what Girls R.....

2011-07-01T15:22:00.000+05:30

How to Modify a servo for 360 degrees of Motion

2011-07-01T12:09:00.000+05:30

R/C Servos can be modified for 360 degree continuous rotation by following the simple steps below. Servo designs vary so the pictures below might not match that of your servo. Basically, what you are looking to do is locate the feedback potentiometer (5K Pot. shown below in picture) and replace this with static (non-varying) resistors. After this modification, the servo will only be still (no motion) if and only when the controlling stick/slider on the transmitter is centered. Move the stick/slider to the right, the servo rotates to the right, move the stick/slider to the left, the servo rotates to the left, center the stick/slider, the motor stops moving (and holds its position).

	Step 1 Remove any control horn you have attached to your servo. Open up your servo. In some cases you would remove the four screws on the bottom of the servo and take off the bottom plate. With a small screwdriver, carefully pry out the PC board motor control unit from the plastic case. It will be tight so go slowly. Once the motor unit is removed from the casing, you will need to de-solder the 5K feedback pot and replace it with a couple of resistors. If there are surface mount parts on the printed circuit board, be careful not to loosen them when de-soldering the 5K pot.
	Step 2 Use two 2.2 K resistors soldered together as a replacement for the 3 terminal potentiometer (2.7 K resistors should also work). By replacing the pot with the two resistors, it will keep the feedback loop of the servo mechanism at the "centered" value.
	Step 3 Remove the top cover of the servo to expose the gear box. Slide off the gear with the plastic mechanical stop on it and file it off. I used a X-acto knife to shave off the plastic. Replace the gear and make sure everything rotates smoothly. Reassemble the servo and test it with your R/C gear. It should continuously rotate forward or reverse when you output a pulse width not equal to 1.5ms (anything but center stick).

Automatic Starter for Submersible Pump

2011-05-31T16:41:00.002+05:30

Capacitor Chart - Conversion and Printed Value

2011-05-25T12:05:00.000+05:30

Tantalum Capacitor Color Codes
Charts	Color	Color	1st Figure	2nd Figure	Multiplier	Voltage
		Black		0	1	10
		Brown	1	1	10
		Red	2	2	100
		Orange	3	3
Parallel Capacitance Math: C_T = C₁ + C₂ + C₃ Series Capacitance Math: 1/C_T = 1/C₁ + 1/C₂ + 1/C₃		Yellow	4	4		6.3
		Green	5	5		16
		Blue	6	6		20
		Violet	7	7
		Grey	8	8	0.01	25
		White	9	9	0.1	3
		Pink				35

Mica Capacitor Values
Charts	Value	Multiplier	Letter	Tolerance
	0	1	B	± 0.1pF
	1	10	C	± 0.25pF
	2	100	D	± 0.5pF
	3	1,000	F	± 1%
	4	10,000	G	± 2%
	5	100,000	H	± 3%
Parallel Capacitance Math: C_T = C₁ + C₂ + C₃ Series Capacitance Math: 1/C_T = 1/C₁ + 1/C₂ + 1/C₃			J	± 5%
	8	0.01	K	± 10%
	9	0.1	M	± 20%

Capacitor Code Guide

VALUE     TYPE    CODE             VALUE                TYPE              CODE
1.5pF   Ceramic                    1,000pF / .001uF     Ceramic / Mylar    102
3.3pF   Ceramic                    1,500pF / .0015uF    Ceramic / Mylar    152
10pF    Ceramic                    2,000pF / .002uF     Ceramic / Mylar    202
15pF    Ceramic                    2,200pF / .0022uF    Ceramic / Mylar    222
20pF    Ceramic                    4,700pF / .0047uF    Ceramic / Mylar    472
30pF    Ceramic                    5,000pF / .005uF     Ceramic / Mylar    502
33pF    Ceramic                    5,600pF / .0056uF    Ceramic / Mylar    562
47pF    Ceramic                    6,800pF / .0068uF    Ceramic / Mylar    682
56pF    Ceramic                    .01                  Ceramic / Mylar    103
68pF    Ceramic                    .015                 Mylar
75pF    Ceramic                    .02                  Mylar              203
82pF    Ceramic                    .022                 Mylar              223
91pF    Ceramic                    .033                 Mylar              333
100pF   Ceramic    101             .047                 Mylar              473
120pF   Ceramic    121             .05                  Mylar              503
130pF   Ceramic    131             .056                 Mylar              563
150pF   Ceramic    151             .068                 Mylar              683
180pF   Ceramic    181             .1                   Mylar              104
220pF   Ceramic    221             .2                   Mylar              204
330pF   Ceramic    331             .22                  Mylar              224
470pF   Ceramic    471             .33                  Mylar              334
560pF   Ceramic    561             .47                  Mylar              474
680pF   Ceramic    681             .56                  Mylar              564
750pF   Ceramic    751             1                    Mylar              105
820pF   Ceramic    821             2                    Mylar              205

Usually the first two digits of the code represent part of the value; the third digit corresponds to the number of zeros to be added to the first two digits. This is the value in pf.
General Capacitance Codebreaker Charts

pico-farad (pF)	nano-farad (nF)	micro-farad (mF,uF or mfd)	capacitance code
1000	1 or 1n	0.001	102
1500	1.5 or 1n5	0.0015	152
2200	2.2 or 2n2	0.0022	222
3300	3.3 or 3n3	0.0033	332
4700	4.7 or 4n7	0.0047	472
6800	6.8 or 6n8	0.0068	682
10000	10 or 10n	0.01	103
15000	15 or 15n	0.015	153
22000	22 or 22n	0.022	223
33000	33 or 33n	0.033	333
47000	47 or 47n	0.047	473
68000	68 or 68n	0.068	683
100000	100 or 100n	0.1	104
150000	150 or 150n	0.15	154
220000	220 or 220n	0.22	224
330000	330 or 330n	0.33	334
470000	470 or 470n	0.47	474

Working fuse bit setting for ATMega16 with external crystal oscillator more then 8 MHz i.e 16MHz

2011-05-19T11:50:00.002+05:30

Working fuse bit setting for ATMega16 with external crystal oscillator more then 8 MHz i.e 16MHz

using ponyprog 2000 with serial ISP

Make Your Own Power Supply !!

2011-05-18T15:28:00.000+05:30

Power supply is foremost important thing for any electronic hobbyist. Making one variable voltage power supply at home is extremely simple. You need just few components and one pretty nice transformer which can wholeheartedly supply enough current for your needs while staying cool !!.

LIST OF COMPONENTS :

1)Transformer	0-18 Volt, 1 Amp [ alternative: 9-0-9, 1Amp]	1
2)LM317 – variable voltage regulator	1.5A (TO-220 package)	1
3)Diodes	1N5408 1N4007	4 2
3)Capacitors	2200µF(or more),50V(or more) 470µF,50V(or more) 10µF,50V(or more)	1 2 1
4)Resistor	220E, 1/4 W	1
5)Pot	D25 Male	1
6)Grid PCB	3″ x 3″(approx)
7)Connecting wires	-	-

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :

NOTES :

Do not use transformer with output more than 0-18 V (or 9-0-9), because their no load voltage goes upto 22-28V depending upon manufacturer. If you use higher o/p voltage transformer (say 0-24) its no load voltage may reach to 35-40V, which will damage LM317, once LM317 gets damaged, it will short i/p to o/p and full voltage will get connected to your circuit under test, thereby ruining the circuit.
C1 should be as large as possible to get very good power supply ripple rejection.
C2 and R2 should be soldered as close as possible to LM317· Heat sink is recommended for LM317.
Try to obtain transformers current rating which is at least 1.5 times your maximum requirement. If u drive transformer considerably long time at its maximum rating it will become quite hot.
Use plastic tape to properly cover AC mains and transformer connection. Slight carelessness here would lead to a nasty shock.

Make your own, ultra simple, universal AVR programmer !!

2011-05-18T15:25:00.000+05:30

PARALLEL PORT :
————————–

Following circuit diagram shows ultra simple AVR microcontroller (SOURCE: unkown). It requires very few components and its very simple to build on general purpose matrix PCB. You can use PonyProg2000 software to program your AVR using this programmer.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :

LIST OF COMPONENTS :

1)Resistors	220Ohms ,1/4W	4
2)Capacitors	27pF,disc	2
	1µF , electrolytic	2
3)Crystal	4Mhz OR 8Mhz	1
4)Voltage regulator	7805	1
5)Connector	D25 Male	1
6)Grid PCB	3″ x 3″
7)Connecting wires	-	-

approximate cost : 55 Rs

• As programmer circuit is very simple, u can use substitutes if particular component is not available at your place.
• You will not get 3”x 3” GPCB ready made, you have to cut standard sized PCB. 3” x 3” is just rough estimate

SNAPS :

Following photograph shows programmer I have made for 40Pin and 20Pin AVR µCs. MISO, MOSI, SCK, RESET, X1, X2 , VCC and GND pins of both 40pin and 20pin sockets are connected together.

CONFIGURING AND USING PONYPROG2000 :

Open PonyProg2000
Select menu : Setup>Interface Setup
Select “parallel”, from drop down box select “Avr isp i/o”, select “LPT1″. Click OK.
Now select menu Setup>Calibration. A dialog box will appear , click YES.
Now PonyProg2000 is configured and ready to use.
To burn your .Hex file into micro, select File>Open Program(FLASH) file.
Select appropriate microcontroller from the list of devices at top-right. e.g >
Connect your programmer ckt to PC, then place your micro into programmer ckt and turn on its power supply.
Now click on the encircled icon :
When device is programmed you will get “Program succesful” message.

SERIAL PORT :
———————-

Serial port programmer(reference: At-Prog) is shown here. Main advantage of using serial port is you can have cable length upto 2m. You can use PonyProg2000 software to program your AVR using this programmer. Serial port generates +- 12V on its pins, thus diodes and zener diode is used to clamp +12V to +5.0V(4.7V due to zener + 0.3V due to bat85) and -12V to -0.3V (due to lower Bat85). You can substitute Bat85 with 1n4148, however it is not recommended because, this diode will clamp +12V and -12V to +5.4V and -0.7V which are not desirable, as per datasheet of microcontroller. Its not that micro will burn if you use 1N4148 diodes, but why to take risk !!.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :

LIST OF COMPONENTS :

1)Resistors	1K,1/4W	4
2)Capacitors	27pF,disc	2
	1µF , electrolytic	2
3)Crystal	4Mhz OR 8Mhz	1
4)Voltage regulator	7805	1
5)Connector	D9 Female	1
6)Diode	Bat85	8
7)Zener Diode	4.7V	1
8)Grid PCB	3″ x 3″
9)Connecting wires	-	-

approximate cost : 90 Rs

CONFIGURING AND USING PONYPROG2000 :

All steps are same as described in parallel port programmer section, However during third step do the following settings :
select “serial”, from list select “SI prog I/O”, select “COM1″( usually serial port is at COM1, if your computer have more than one serial ports multiple options will be active. Select appropriate, if you know, else do trial&error), check “Invert Reset”. Click on OK.

COMMENTS :

• Circuit diagrams shown above are generic and suitable for any AVR µC which supports ISP (almost all AVR, you can refer to www.atmel.com)
• Connect pins (e.g. MISO,MOSI, etc…) of AVR to appropriate points shown in circuit diagram.
• You can built programmer for more than one AVR devices by using different IC sockets for each device and doing appropriate connections of all above signal lines ( MISO,MOSI,SCK,RESET,X1,X2) and Vcc,Gnd of each AVR.
• Prefer using ZIF socket with IC base(refer: How to use ZIF socket in circuit without re-drilling holes on PCBs). Though It is bit costly, it proves extremely helpful.

Configuring AVR Fuse Bits for clock selection

2011-05-18T15:21:00.000+05:30

I am just working on ATMega16 for some project, and i need 16MHz Speed, for that just program fuse bits using pony prog. and... wrong fuse bits was set by me.. it is

in this case my major mistech is i did not set the CKOPT bit. then i realize i have to clear this things..

VIMP NOTE:

fuse bit = 0 => fuse bit is PROGRAMMED
fuse bit = 1 => fuse bit is UN-PROGRAMMED

Fuse bits configuration is required when one has to change default factory setting of clock (internal/external) to desired setting. This is most important thing and setting fuse bits incorrectly may render microcontroller useless. Let us see which diffrent fuse bits are available for diffrent AVRs and their uses. PLEASE NOTE that discussion on this page is limited only for configuring fuse bits for clock source selection. We will use PonyProg2000 for configuring fuse bits.

There are diffrent clock sources available for AVR. They are : internal RC oscillator, external crystal/ceramic resonator, external clock. Mostly we need either internal RC oscillator or external crsytal hence we will only concentrate on that. Once you understand the process u can configure for other options with the help of datasheet.

Internal RC oscillator :

Many AVRs (like ATmega8, ATmega16, ATmega32) have internal RC oscillator. It is calibrated for 1,2,4 or 8 MHz. It has +-3% accuracy. Frequency of oscillator gets affected by VCC and temperature. If you are not performing any time critical operations in your system, then this is best option to go with. Follwing table shows how to set CKSEL fuses for diffrent frequencies. This table can be found in corresponding AVRs datasheet. CKOPT fuse should always be unprogrammed while using this option.

CKOPT	CKSEL3…0	Freq
1	0001*	1.0MHz
1	0010	2.0MHz
1	0011	4.0MHz
1	0100	8.0MHz

*If your AVR has internal RC oscillator then, device is shipped with this option.

Crystal oscillator :

Crystal oscillator should be used when u need accurate frequency of operation. CKSEL3,2,1 fuses should be configured as follows for crystal oscillator. If you want to use crystal of frequency more than 8MHz then CKOPT should be programmed. NOTE : setting of CKOPT depends on speed grade of your AVR. However please note that CKSEL0 fuse along with SUT0,1 is used for startup time selection in this mode. Refer datasheet for more info.

For AVR with 8PI or 8PU (i.e. max frequency of operation is 8MHz)

CKOPT	CKSEL3..1	Freq (MHz)	Decoupling Capacitor
1	101*	0.4 – 0.9	-
1	110	0.9-3.0	33pf
1	111	3.0-8.0	33pf
0	101,110,111	1.0	33pf

For AVR with 16PI or 16PU (i.e. max frequency of operation is 16MHz)

CKOPT	CKSEL3..1	Freq (MHz)	Decoupling Capacitor
1	101*	0.4 – 0.9	-
1	110	0.9-3.0	33pf
1	111	3.0-8.0	33pf
0	101,110,111	1.0 – 16.0	upto 8MHz : 33pf more than 8MHz : 27pf

*This setting is only for ceramic resonators

You can get more information about crystal oscilator from datasheet.

I have put ready-made snap shots of fuse bit settings for diffrent AVRs :

ATmega8 – internal 1MHz RC , fast rising power

ATmega8 – external crystal 3.0 – 8.0 MHz, fast rising power

ATmega16/32 – external xtal upto 16MHz, full oscillator swing, slow rising power (65ms), JTAG disabled

convert office 2007 to office xp , Microsoft Office Compatibility Pack for Word, Excel, and PowerPoint File Formats

2011-05-16T14:18:00.000+05:30

Microsoft Office Compatibility Pack for Word, Excel, and PowerPoint File Formats

Users of the Microsoft Office XP and 2003 programs Word, Excel, or PowerPoint—please install all High-Priority updates from Microsoft Update before downloading the Compatibility Pack.

By installing the Compatibility Pack in addition to Microsoft Office 2000, Office XP, or Office 2003, you will be able to open, edit, and save files using the file formats in newer versions of Word, Excel, and PowerPoint . The Compatibility Pack can also be used in conjunction with the Microsoft Office Word Viewer 2003, Excel Viewer 2003, and PowerPoint Viewer 2003 to view files saved in these new formats. For more information about the Compatibility Pack.

Administrators: The administrative template for the Word, Excel, and PowerPoint converters contained within the Compatibility Pack is available for download.

Update: The Microsoft Office Compatibility Pack has been updated to include SP2. Additionally, with the updated Compatibility Pack, if .DOCX or .DOCM files contain custom XML tags, those tags are removed when the file is opened in Word 2003. For more information, please see KB978951

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Erase CD with High Voltage

2011-04-20T10:10:00.000+05:30