Articles About Nursing

Defining Characteristics of Excess Fluid Volume

2017-01-17T10:21:00.002+07:00

Defining Characteristics of Excess Fluid Volume

Excess fluid volume is a condition where a person experiences or risk of the loss of intracellular or interstitial fluid.

Signs and symptoms

Rapid breathing due to the number of red blood cells / milliliter of blood were lower (dilution causes increased respiratory rate as compensation for both increased oxygenation).
Dyspnea (shortness of breath and severe) due to the increased volume of fluid in the pleural cavity.
Crackles (the sound of gurgling or bubbling on lung auscultation) due to increased hydrostatic pressure in the pulmonary capillaries.
Rapid pulse due to increased cardiac contractility (due to overloaded circulation).
Hypertension (unless it's been heart failure) due to circulatory overload (which causes an increase in mean arterial pressure).
Distension of the neck veins due to increased blood volume and increased preload.
Moist skin (as compensation to increase the excretion of water through perspiration).
Acute weight gain due to an increase in the total volume of body fluids because of overloading the circulation (which is the best indicator to demonstrate the advantages of extracellular fluid volume).
Edema (increased mean arterial will cause an increase in capillary hydrostatic pressure, causing fluid displacement from the plasma into the interstitial space).
S3 gallop sound (abnormal heart sounds due to the rapid charging and volume overload in the ventricle during diastole).

Defining Characteristics

Subjective:

anxiety
dyspnea or short of breath
agitated

Objective:

abnormal breath sounds (creckle)
changes electrolyte
anasarca
anxiety
azotemia
changes in blood pressure
change in mental status
change in breathing pattern
decreases in hemoglobin and hematocrit
edema
increased central venous pressure
intake exceeds the bow
jugular venous distention
oliguria
ortopnea
pleural effusion
reflex positive hepatojugularis
changes in pulmonary artery pressure
pulmonary congestion
agitated
S3 heart sound
changes in urine specific gravity
weight gain in a short period

Bowel Training - Definition, Indications and Contraindication

2015-11-03T15:41:00.001+07:00

Bowel Training

Definition

Bowel training is training the intestine to reestablish normal bowel movements in people who suffer from constipation, diarrhea, fecal incontinence. Bowel training (defecation training) is a training program that is conducted on clients who have bowel incontinence or unable to maintain control of defecation. In simple language bowel training could be interpreted as helping the client to train defecation. The program is carried out on clients who have problems of irregular stool elimination.

On the client experiencing chronic constipation, frequent obstipation / fecal incontinence, bowel training programs can help overcome them. The program is based on factors within the control of the client and is designed to help clients get back to normal defecation. The program is associated with fluid and food intake, exercise and defecation habits.

Before starting the program, the client must understand and be directly involved. In broad outline of this program are as follows:

Determine the client defecation habits and the factors that help and hinder the normal defecation.
Design a plan with clients that include:
Fluid intake around 2500 - 3000 cc / day.
Increased high-fiber diet.
Intake of warm water, especially before the time of defecation.
Increased activity / exercise.
Keep the following things in daily routine for 2-3 weeks: Give Laxatives 30 minutes before the time of defecation clients to stimulate defecation.

Indication

Bowel training is done on the client with bowel incontinence (unable to control the normal stool output), helping clients get defecation normal and routine.

Contraindication

Clients with diarrhea

Definition of ARDS According to Experts

2015-11-01T14:42:00.001+07:00

Definition of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome According to Experts

ARDS is a disease caused by extensive damage to the alveoli and / or pulmonary capillary membrane. ARDS always happens after a major disruption in the system of pulmonary, cardiovascular, or body widely. (Ellizabeth J. Corwin, 1997)

ARDS is the inability of the respiratory system to maintain normal blood oxygenation (PaO 2), elimination of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) and pH adequately, caused by ventilation problems diffusion or perfusion (Susan Martin T, 1997)

ARDS is a medical emergency triggered by various acute processes that directly or indirectly associated with lung damage. (Aryanto Suwondo, 2006).

ARDS occurs when the exchange of oxygen for carbon dioxide in the lungs are not able to maintain the rate of oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide formation in the cells of the body. Thereby causing oxygen tension less than 50 mmHg (hypoxemia) and an increase in carbon dioxide pressure greater than 45 mmHg (hypercapnia). (Brunner and Sudarth, 2001)

ARDS is a sudden respiratory failure events that occur in adult clients with no previous underlying pulmonary disorder. It is difficult to make a precise definition, because the pathogenesis is unclear and there are many predisposing factors such as shock because of haemorrhage, sepsis, involuntary / trauma to the lungs or other body parts, acute pancreatitis, aspiration of gastric fluid, intoxication heroin, or methadone. (Arif Muttaqin, 2009).

Pathophysiology of Diabetic Ketoacidosis

2015-10-10T07:16:00.003+07:00

Pathophysiology of Diabetic Ketoacidosis

Diabetic ketoacidosis caused by lack of insulin or insufficient amount of insulin that is real, this situation led to disturbances in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and fats. There are three important kliniks picture in diabetic ketoacidosis is dehydration, acidosis and electrolyte loss.

If the amount of insulin is reduced, the amount of glucose that enters the cell will be reduced as well. Besides, the production of glucose by the liver becomes unmanageable. Both of these factors will result in hyperglycemia. In an effort to eliminate the excess glucose from the body, the kidneys excrete glucose together water and electrolytes (such as sodium and potassium). Osmotic diuresis which is characterized by excessive urination (polyuria) is the cause dehydration and electrolyte loss. Patients with severe ketoacidosis can lose approximately 6.5 liters of water and up to 400 to 500 mEq of sodium, potassium and chloride during a period of 24 hours.

Another result of insulin deficiency is the breakdown of fat (lipolysis) into free fatty acids and glycerol. Free fatty acids are converted into ketones by the liver. In diabetic ketoacidosis occurs excessive production of ketone bodies as a result of a lack of insulin which normally would prevent the situation. Ketones are acidic, and when accumulated in the blood circulation, ketones will cause metabolic acidosis (Brunner and suddarth, 2002).

Signs and Symptoms of Aging Process

2015-10-09T19:32:00.000+07:00

Signs and Symptoms According Patricia Gonce Morton et al, 2011 are:

1. Organic Change

The amount of connective tissue and collagen increases.
Cellular elements of the nervous system, muscles, and other vital organs disappears.
The number of cells whose normal function decline.
The amount of fat increases.
The use of oxygen decreases.
During rest, the amount of blood that is pumped decreases.
The amount of air the lungs expired less.
Hormone excretion declined.
Sensory and perceptual activity decreased.
The absorption of fat, protein, and carbohydrates decreased.
Thicken the arterial lumen.

2. Nervous System
Signs:

A decrease in the number of neurons and an increase in the size and number of neuroglial cells.
Decrease nerves and nerve fibers.
Atrophy of the brain and an increase in dead space in the cranium.
Thickening of the leptomeninges in the spinal cord.

Symptoms:

Increased risk of neurological problems; cerebrovascular injury, parkinsonism.
Conduction of nerve fibers across the synapse more slowly.
Decrease in short-term memory with a moderate degree.
Gait disturbance patterns; dilated leg, short step, and bend forward.
Increased risk of hemorrhage before symptoms appear.

3. Hearing Systems:
Signs:

Loss of auditory neurons.
Hearing loss from high frequency to low frequency.
Increased cerumen.
Angiosclerosis ear.

Symptoms:

Decrease in hearing acuity and social isolation (in particular, decreased ability to hear consonants).
Hard of hearing, especially when there is background noise that interfere with, or when a quick conversation.
Cerumen impaction can cause hearing loss.

4. Vision System
Signs:

A decrease in the function of stem cells and cone cells.
Stacking pigment.
A decrease in the speed of eye movements.
Ciliary muscle atrophy.
An increase in the size of the lens and lens yellowing.
A decrease in tear secretion.

Symptoms:

A decrease in visual acuity, field of vision, and adaptation to light / dark.
Increased sensitivity to glare.
An increased incidence of glaucoma.
Depth perception disturbances with an increased incidence of falls.
Less able to distinguish between blue, green, and violet.
Increased dryness and irritation of the eyes.

5. Cardiovascular System
Signs:

Atrophy of muscle fibers endocardial lining.
Atherosclerotic blood vessels.
An increase in systolic blood pressure.
A decrease in left ventricular compliant.
A decrease in the number of pacemaker cells.
A decrease in sensitivity to baroreceptors.

Symptoms:

Increased blood pressure.
Increased emphasis on atrial contraction with S4 sounds.
Increased arrhythmias.
Increased risk of hypotension in a change of position.
Valsalva maneuver may cause a drop in blood pressure.
A decrease in tolerance.

6. Respiratory System
Signs:

A decrease in the elasticity of the lung tissue.
Calcification of the chest wall.
Atrophy of the cilia.
A decrease in respiratory muscle strength.
A decrease in the partial pressure of arterial oxygen (PaO 2).

Symptoms:

A decrease in the efficiency of ventilation exchange.
Increased susceptibility to infection and atelectasis.
Increased risk of aspiration.
Decrease in response to hypoxia and hypercapnia ventilation.
Increased sensitivity to narcotics.

7. Gastrointestinal System
Signs:

Decrease in liver size.
A decrease in muscle tone in the intestines.
Esophageal emptying more slowly.
A decrease in gastric acid secretion.
Atrophy of the mucosal lining.

Symptoms:

Changes in intake due to decreased appetite.
Discomfort after eating because of the way the food is slowing.
A decrease in the absorption of calcium and iron.
Increased risk of constipation, esophageal spasm, and diverticular disease.

8. Urinary system
Signs:

A decrease in renal mass.
No glomerulus.
A decrease in the number of functioning nephrons.
Changes in the walls of small blood vessels.
A decrease in muscle tone of the bladder.

Symptoms:

GFR decline.
Decreased ability to sodium savings.
Increased BUN.
A decrease in renal blood flow.
Decrease in bladder capacity and an increase in residual urine.
Increased urgency.

9. Skin Integumentary System
Signs:

Thickness loss of dermis and epidermis.
Leveling papilla.
Atrophy of the sweat glands.
Decrease in vascularization.
Cross-linked collagen.
The absence of sub-cutaneous fat.
A decrease in melanocytes.
A decrease in proliferation and fibroblasts.

Symptoms:

Thinning of the skin and prone to tearing.
Drought and pruritus.
Decrease perspiration and the body's ability to regulate heat.
Improvement of wrinkles and skin laxity.
The absence of fat pads that protect the bones and cause pain.
The longer the wound healing.

10. Endocrine System
Signs:

A decrease in testosterone, growth hormone, insulin, androgens, aldosterone, thyroid hormone.
Decrease in thermoregulation.
Decrease the fever response.
An increase in thyroid nodularity and fibrosis.
A decrease in basal metabolic rate.

Symptoms:

Decreased ability to tolerate stressors such as surgery.
Decrease sweating and shivering and temperature regulation.
A decrease in insulin response, glucose tolerance.
A decrease in renal tubule sensitivity to antidiuretic hormone.
Weight gain.
Increased incidence of thyroid disease.

5 Foods For Your Heart Health

2015-10-09T19:01:00.003+07:00

Various activities were very busy, bad for the quality of your health. It is often also result in the level of stress that you experience increased activity is also accompanied by a lack of exercise and eating habits foods that are not healthy for your body. Various of the above, it is contributing to an increase in your heart rate. Various foods can actually help stabilize your heart rate.

By having a stable heart rate, or normal, then it is unlikely that we can have a heart attack and stroke which can be fatal course. For that, the food was good factor for heart has an important role in the health of our heart.

Here are 5 foods for your heart health:

Meals are made from milk is very good for our heart health. Various other foods such as cheese, tofu, broccoli and cabbage. This is because, a variety of these foods are rich in calcium are capable of acting to stabilize your heart rate.

Various foods such as wheat, dates and green leafy vegetables are also very good for your heart health. This is because, a variety of these foods rich in magnesium that act to stabilize your heart rate as well.

To maintain the health of your heart, the heart would require the intake of food containing omega-3 fatty acid. Various types of fish such as tuna, sardines and oysters are a source of omega -3 fatty acids. The content of omega-3 fatty acids can also be obtained in foods such as nuts such as walnuts.

Heart rate were stable also requires the intake of foods that contain potassium. Meals that contain potassium which is a variety of fruits such as bananas, oranges, tomatoes and avocado. Other foods that contain lots of potassium, namely coconut milk, soybeans and salmon.

Various fibrous food is also very good for your heart health. Various fiber foods can be found in various fruits around us are like grapes, dates, apples and papaya.

Impact Using High Heels for Women's Foot Health

2015-10-09T16:33:00.003+07:00

Nowadays, high heels become a trend both among the urban and rural. Many of the women who think that by using high heel shoes would make them look taller, more attractive, more confident and more graceful.

However, many of the women who use high heels do not realize that the danger stalking them. Based on the results of research conducted by Griffith University in Queesland, Australia, showed that users of high heels can affect
how to walk, either when they use high heels or when they are not using it. In other findings, published in the Journal of Applied Physiology in February 2012 also showed that women who used to wear high heels take shorter steps in walking or running.

After investigation, the woman's leg muscles are used to wearing high heels turns changes, becoming thinner and tense. The impact, the ability to walk and run quickly becomes diminished. In addition to these impacts, the use of high heels can also affect others, such as:

1. Irritation and thickening of the soles of the feet
Irritation and thickening in the soles of the feet can occur due to the use of high heels that are too high and in more than two hours.

2. Clamping toes
This can happen when using a narrow toed high heels. When done in a long time, the toes can be bent or shrink. Clamping toe will cause the blood circulation around the foot becomes smooth, thus affecting the health of the foot.

3. Sprains
One step when wearing high heels can cause foot sprain, especially the area of the ankle. It can happen, because when wearing high heels body balance is less stable, so that the greater the risk of sprains.

4. Muscle spasm
If the blood circulation in the legs substandard, then the risk for muscle spasms or seizures in very large.

5. Pain in the foot
High heels are usually designed with a narrow and pointy tip. It causes pain in the toe. Pain in the feet can also be caused by a blister due to wearing high heels too long.

6. Back pain
Back pain or low back pain can occur due to the use of high heels in a long time. Therefore, the backs must continue to be in an upright position in a long time.

7. The calf muscles stiff
When run, the part that plays a role is the knees, calves and ankles. All parts that work continuously. But the greatest role is the calf muscles are made up of two parts, namely the calf muscles front and back of the calf muscles. But when wearing high heels, not all the muscles to work optimally. As a result, there are parts that work extra hard muscles, while other muscles are less work, so the calf so stiff.

Although high heels have many bad effects to the health of a woman's legs, but many of them are still ignored. However, it would be wise to pay attention to the precision in the use of high heels. Not right also if we always use it in every occasion. Fashionable appearance is important, but do not forget to health.

Definition of Vertigo According to Experts

2015-09-13T13:18:00.000+07:00

Definition of vertigo are: taste sensation of movement or motion of the body or the surrounding environment, can be accompanied by other symptoms, especially of autonomic networking, due to interference with the body's balance tool. Vertigo may not only consist of the symptoms of dizziness, but rather a collection of symptoms or syndrome of somatic symptoms (nystagmus, unstable), autonomic (pallor, cold sweat, nausea, vomiting) and dizziness (Tarwoto, et al. 2007)

Vertigo can be classified as a form of balance disorder or disturbance in the orientation of the room. Many system or organ that is involved in regulating and maintaining the balance of our body. The balance is set by the integration of various systems including the vestibular system, visual system and the somatosensory system (propioseptic). To maintain the balance in the room, then at least two of the three systems mentioned above system must function properly. At vertigo, patients feel or see the surroundings move, or he moves to its environment. Movement experienced normally rotates, but sometimes in the form of linear as would fall, or feel drawn away from the vertical plane. In patients with vertigo sometimes we can see the nystagmus. Nystagmus is an involuntary rhythmic movements of the eyeball (Lumban Tobing, 2003).

Vertigo can also occur in a variety of conditions, including serious brain stem abnormalities, such as multiple sclerosis, infarction, and tumors. (Muttaqin, Arif. 2008)

Vertigo is a feeling as if the patient moves or rotates, or as if the objects around the patient is moving or spinning, usually accompanied by nausea and loss of balance. Vertigo may last only a few moments or may continue for several hours or even days. Patients often feel better when lying still, but vertigo may continue even if the patient does not move at all (Israr, 2008).

Vertigo is a feeling abnormal, regarding the movement of the patient or the surrounding vicinity of the patient; suddenly everything seemed to spin or move up and down in front of him. This situation is often followed by vomiting, sweating, and collapse. But never lost consciousness. Often accompanied by symptoms other ear. (Manjoer, Arif, et al., 2002)

Vertigo is the sensation of spinning or dizziness is a symptom, the patient felt any nearby objects moving rotate or move up and down because of disturbances in the balance system. (Arsyad Soepardi efiaty and Nurbaiti, 2002)

Sciatica in Pregnancy

2015-09-12T10:14:00.004+07:00

Sciatica in Pregnancy

Characteristics of Sciatica

Sharp pain as burning pain that comes and goes and often only felt on one side only. May feel pain in the lower back, on the back of the thigh and the back of the leg.
May also feel a burning sensation or tingling and numbness or tingling in the legs. The pain may be uneven or wide. Well in case Sciatika these complaints can be very devastating and cause pain is more constant than pure pelvic pain / common in pregnant women.

Home Care for Sciatica in Pregnancy

Use warm compresses or ice packs to the painful area for 10 minutes. (for an ice pack can also use ice gel) and for a warm compress can use electric heat pillow or hot pot which can be found in pharmacies or in stores medical equipment.
Wear flat-heeled shoes and soft. This helps prevent spinal too stretched and strained as it goes.
Pay attention to your posture and try to keep your back straighter.
When sitting, use a pillow / small bolster or rolled towel behind you to support and sustain the spine, and prop your butt, so that the buttocks are higher than the knee (this is also useful to keep you more optimal fetal position).
Try not to lift anything heavy. If you have to lift something, bend your knees and keep you out of position in order to keep your back straight.
Listen to your body and stop doing anything that hurt you.
Keep your cell phone. Try not to be silent for a long time. Well when you are suffering from this complaint try to remain mobile and avoid sitting or silent on the position in the long term.
At bedtime find the most comfortable position and use pillows to prop your stomach and waist
Do exercise to strengthen pelvic muscles. Yoga can be an option or you do movements like in this video.
Doing yoga, such as; cat cow position where you kneel down and then arch your back and relax as in this video, can greatly help alleviate this complaint.
Squats slow or standing and kneeling slowly performed ten times a day to stretch and tighten the upper leg. You can use a chair to hold on to, or ask for help a husband to do this. Be sure to balance themselves by holding on to a table or chair.
Pevic tilt is also not only help to relieve lower back pain, it is also preparing for a pregnant woman to give birth. There are two ways to do this exercise is by standing and lying down.
- Standing: Stand with your back against the wall position and press your back against the wall. Then relax. Do it repeatedly
- Lying down: Lie down with your knees bent and feet flat on the floor. While exhaling, press against the spinal curve of your back until you touch the floor. Then inhale and relax to your original position. Repeat as many times as you feel comfortable. Or it could also Lie on your back with the knees bent and feet resting on the opposite knee. Then lift your knees off the floor, and slowly stretch the opposite knee from the ankle rest. Switch legs and repeat. This movement can help release tension in the buttocks muscles.
In addition to training / exercise / yoga, swimming and walking is an excellent way to reduce pressure on the lower back, bottom and upper thighs. Just make sure to walk on level ground and avoid inclines. Oya for pregnant women should not use sandals when walking (barefoot) but make sure there are no broken glass, glass or nails in the streets.
A pelvic support belt will provide quick relief.
Be careful when getting in and out of bed, car or shower. If you lie down, pull your knees up as far as you can then pause and then move the pelvis slowly when they wanted to get out of bed. If you are sitting, try arched her back and chest sticking out before moving your feet, as this also helps to stop the extreme flank of the movement.
Sitting in the sphere of labor (birthing ball) and slowly doing pelvic rocking will make the weight of the baby in a stable position. Well, do as often as possible but remember! This is done only after the age of your pregnancy over 34 weeks.
Avoid heavy lifting or pushing. Supermarket trolleys often can make you very sick, so it's better just shopping at online shop or ask someone to shop for you.
When climbing stairs, up the leg you one step at a time and only use the stairs when you have to.
Acupuncture can help, but make sure physicians trained and experienced in acupuncture clicking pregnant women.
Osteopathy and chiropractic can help, but again, make sure you see a certified practitioner experienced in treating pregnant women.

Reference:

Berkmann S, Fandino J. 2012. Pregnancy and childbirth after microsurgery for lumbar disc herniation. Acta Neurochirurgica. 154(2): 329-34
Hall TM, Elvey RL. 1999. Nerve trunk pain: physical diagnosis and treatment. Manual Therapy. 4(2): 1-11
MacEvilly M, Buggy D. 1996. Back pain and pregnancy: a review. Spine. 21(6): 702-709
Ostgaard H, Zetherstrom G, Roos-Hansson E. 1994. Reduction of back and posterior pelvic pain in relation to pregnancy, Spine. 19: 894-900
OTIS. 2010. Ibuprofen and pregnancy. www.otispregnancy.org [Accessed June 2012]
Schafer A, Hall T, Briffa K. 2009. Classification of low back-related leg pain – A proposed patho-mechanism-based approach. Manual Therapy. 14: 222-230
Valat JP, Genevay S, Marty M, Rozenberg S, Koes B, 2010. Sciatica. Clinical Rheumatology. 24(2): 241-52
van Tulder M, Peul W, Koes B. 2010. Sciatica: what the rheumatologist needs to know. Rheumatology. 6(3): 139-45
Weber H, Holme I, Amlie E. 1993. The Natural Course of Acute Sciatica with Nerve Root Symptoms in a Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial. Spine. 18(11): 1433-1438
Weinreb JC, Wolbarsht LB, Cohen JM et al. 1989. Prevalence of lumbosacral intervertebral disc abnormalities on MRI images in pregnant and asymptomatic nonpregnant women. Radiology. 170: 125-8
http://www.babycentre.co.uk/a546397/sciatica-in-pregnancy#ixzz2Mr95krPu

Diarrhea - Clinical Manifestations, Complications and Nursing Management

2015-09-10T00:26:00.001+07:00

Diarrhea

Diarrhea is increased frequency of bowel movements (more than three per day), increased amount of stool (more than 200 g per day), and altered consistency (ie, looseness) of stool.
It is usually associated with urgency, perianal discomfort, incontinence, or a combination of these factors.
Any condition that causes increased intestinal secretions, decreased mucosal absorption, or altered motility can produce diarrhea.
Diarrhea can be caused by certain medications (eg, thyroid hormone replacement, stool softeners and laxatives, antibiotics, chemotherapy, antacids), certain tube feeding formulas, metabolic and endocrine disorders (eg, diabetes, Addison’s disease, thyrotoxicosis), and viral or bacterial infectious processes (eg, dysentery, shigellosis, food poisoning).
Other disease processes associated with diarrhea are nutritional and malabsorptive disorders (eg, celiac disease), anal sphincter defect, Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, paralytic ileus, intestinal obstruction, and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).

Clinical Manifestations

In addition to the increased frequency and fluid content of stools, the patient usually has abdominal cramps, distention, intestinal rumbling, anorexia, and thirst.
Painful spasmodic may occur with defecation.
Other symptoms depend on the cause and severity ofthe diarrhea but are related to dehydration and to fluid and electrolyte imbalances.

Complications

Complications of diarrhea include the potential for cardiac dysrhythmias because of significant fluid and electrolyte.
Decreased potassium levels cause cardiac dysrhythmias (ie, atrial and ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, and premature ventricular contractions) that can lead to death.

Nursing Management

The nurse’s role includes assessing and monitoring the characteristics and pattern of diarrhea.
A health history addresses the patient’s medication therapy, medical and surgical history, and dietary patterns and intake.
Assessment includes abdominal auscultation and palpation for abdominal tenderness. Inspection of the abdomen and mucous membranes and skin is important to determine hydration status.
Stool samples are obtained for testing.
During an episode of acute diarrhea, the nurse encourages bed rest and intake of liquids and foods low in bulk until the acute attack subsides.
When food intake is tolerated, the nurse recommends a bland diet of semisolid and solid foods.
The patient should avoid caffeine, carbonated beverages, and very hot and very cold foods.
It may be necessary to restrict milk products, fat, whole-grain products, fresh fruits, and vegetables for several days.
The nurse administers antidiarrheal medications such as diphenoxylate (Lomotil) and loperamide (Imodium) as prescribed.
Intravenous fluid therapy may be necessary for rapid rehydration, especially for the elderly and those with preexisting GI conditions (eg, IBD).
It is important to closely monitor serum electrolyte levels.

by : JOFRED M. MARTINEZ, RN - http://www.slideshare.net/jofre/

Healthy Living Tips For Elderly

2015-09-09T19:33:00.001+07:00

The elderly have the endurance is lower. They are also much weaker because of their age who are not young anymore. However, the days of old they still have a chance to live a more healthy despite being elderly.

1. Choose a softer foods
The digestive system of the elderly is certainly not as good as your digestive system younger. That is why they are better off eating softer foods that are easy to digest.

2. Avoiding the consumption of foods containing salt is too high
The content of the salt is not good for health, especially for those who are elderly. That is why, cut salt levels in food intended for the elderly. These high levels of salt can lead to increases in blood pressure and so on.

3. Increase the consumption of vegetables and fruits
Vegetables and fruits are also good nutrition for consumption of the elderly. The content in fruits and vegetables are very good for a good source of fiber. If those who are elderly, no longer able to chew some specific fruits, fruit juices can also be an option.

4. Communicate
Try to talk on a particular occasion with them. They must have spent more time in the home, which is why it often makes them become saturated and sometimes stressful. By chatting to them it will make them more excited and not a lot of daydreaming.

5. Avoid consumption of cholesterol
Avoid foods that contain high cholesterol. Cholesterol is not good for health to consume continuously could trigger the emergence of dangerous diseases.

6. Walking
If they are capable, there is no harm in taking them for walks healthy in the morning. Make sure that the foot is not going to make them tired. Not to be long, but just enough around your home.

How do You Respond to Children Who Don't Like Vegetables?

2015-09-09T18:20:00.001+07:00

Vegetables contain many nutrients needed by the body. Do not consume vegetables can cause health problems, one of them is obese or overweight. This can occur because the body lacks many nutrients. Then, as a parent, what should we do? To know the answer, let us go read!

As a parent, your job is to make the kids stay healthy by making them eat a healthy diet, one that is vegetables. However, there are important things you should know. Never force them. Because of the way would not change their eating habits. So what's the solution? Apparently to make your child eat vegetables is not difficult. The solution is, you only need to present the vegetables in containers or a different form.

Here are some ways of presenting vegetables that will make your children like vegetables. Let us consider the following steps!

1. Do not serve vegetables in their raw form
Do not serve vegetables in their raw form, because usually the kids did not like it. You can serve vegetables in the form of soup. Serve the soup with fried potatoes. It can also make your child more like vegetables.

2. Be an example for your children
As parents, we should give a good example for children. Because children usually will mimic parental habits, including eating habits. Therefore, be a good example for your child to live a healthy diet. One of them likes to eat vegetables.

3. Tell children about the benefits of vegetables
Most people do not want to do anything because they do not know the benefits of vegetables. So also with the children, they do not like vegetables may be the cause is because they do not yet know what the benefits of vegetables for health.

4. Encourage the child to participate in cooking
It is one of the best ways to introduce vegetables to your children. Encourage your child to be creative with foods made from vegetables. When cooking, invite them to taste the meal. After that, they will get used to eating vegetables.

5. Give the gift
If your child still does not like vegetables, you can use the other way is by giving gifts. Give your child a prize if they want to eat vegetables. Not necessarily with expensive items. Simply give them what they like.

Causes and 5 Tips to Cure Cold and Flu Naturally

2015-09-09T18:03:00.001+07:00

Main Causes of Flu or Colds

Influenza (flu) is a type of infectious disease caused by RNA viruses of the Orthomyxoviridae family of viruses (influenza virus). Symptoms that typically arise from this disease among which chills, fever, sore throat, muscle pain, headache feels heavy, coughing, weakness / fatigue and general discomfort.

5 Tips to Cure Cold and Flu Naturally

Well, once we know what the cause of flu, it's time I share Tips to Cure Cold and Flu Naturally.

1. Expand Drinking Water
Why should drink water? the answer is simple, because water has a myriad of benefits, among others, may also help treat the flu or a cold. Try to drink at least 8 glasses of water / day. It aims to keep you clean the throat of germs that can cause colds.

2. Rest
Tired body condition will cause the immune system to weaken and the flu will strike when the body is very weakened immune systems. Therefore, it is advisable for you to perform total rest and stop working for a while, so that your immune system be back as it should.

3. Consumption of Fruits and Vegetables
When the weakened condition of your body, your body's auto-immune system will be weakened. Thus the intake of vitamins and minerals are needed to help restore the body and helps improve the immune system that are not easily affected by the disease.

4. Shower with Warm Water
When you have the flu, try not to use cold water bath. But always use warm water goal is to keep the body warm.

5. A mixture of Honey and Ginger
Everyone must know honey. In addition to good taste, honey is also rich benefits of which are also useful in overcoming the flu or a cold. Way, take 2 segment ginger, then grate and mix with honey. Then you eat 3 times a day.

Management of Urinary Incontinence in the Elderly

2015-09-09T16:39:00.000+07:00

Urinary incontinence can be defined as uncontrolled or unrecognized issued urine within a certain amount or quite often, resulting in psychosocial problems or health problems. Urinary incontinence affects about 15-30% of old age (elderly) living in the house, which then resulted in a third of those treated in the chronic care.

Clinically, urinary incontinence can cause redness (rash) on the perineum, decubitus ulcers, urinary tract infections, even urosepsis, falls, and fractures. Psychosocial, urinary incontinence is associated with embarrassment, stigmatization, isolation, depression, and the risk of care (institutionalization).

Although elderly patients often neglect urinary incontinence and regarded as a normal part of the aging process, urinary incontinence is something abnormal at all ages, and can be treated and often curable, even at a very advanced age. However the way, successful management requires understanding the impact of normal aging and factors outside the urinary tract to the urogenital system.

At all ages, incontinence depends on adequate mobility, mental status, motivation, and the function of the lower urinary tract. Although urinary incontinence in younger patients are rarely associated with a deficit outside the urinary tract, such a deficit is common in elderly patients. This deficit is very important to detect because it can cause incontinence and interventions may not be effective until the problem outside the urinary tract is settled.

Lower urinary tract changes with age, although without any illness. Bladder capacity, contractility, and the ability to withstand urination decreased in elderly men and women, while strength and long time close the urethra, decreased along with increasing age in women. Enlarged prostate in most men that often cause obstruction. In men and women, the prevalence of bladder contractions increased, whereas the residual volume after voiding increased to 50-100 ml. In addition, most of the elderly are often excrete fluid intake at night, although did not have kidney disease, peripheral edema and prostatism. These changes improve sleep disorder, causing urination 1-2 times at night in most healthy elderly.

Urinary Incontinence Evaluation in Elderly Patients
The purpose of evaluation are:
1. Identify whether urinary incontinence occur temporary or permanent.
2. Assess the patient's environment.
3. Knowing the support available for patients.
4. Detect conditions that are rare but serious that may underlie the occurrence of urinary incontinence such as lesions in the brain and spinal cord, bladder or prostate carcinoma, bladder stones, hydronephrosis, bladder decreasing resistance and detrusor dyssynergia.

Systematically by anamnesis, physical examination and then by investigation sought above factors. In the anamnesis also evaluated the pattern of fluid intake of patients, medications are taken (diuretic, psychotropic, anticholinergic), certain diseases (diabetes mellitus, stroke, dementia, etc.) and symptoms related to urinary tract (dysuria, urinary disorders)

All time urination and the amount of urine, and the incidence of urinary incontinence noteworthy for 2-7 days. These records can provide valuable diagnostic key. For example, incontinence that occurs only between the hours of 8:00 to noon, probably caused by diuretics are taken in the morning.

Physical examination includes examination of the abdomen, rectum, and genitals to look for an enlarged prostate or bladder or sacral nerve disorders. In patients who are already frail elderly, to consider the status of mobility and mental status, because it is associated with the occurrence of urinary incontinence. Bladder palpable on physical examination may indicate overflow incontinence due to obstruction of the bladder, or bladder not contraction. Large cystocele showed stress incontinence, perianal hypesthesia indicate overflow incontinence due to sacral denervation. The existence of parkinsonism or a history of stroke directs the possibility of an urgency incontinence due to bladder instability.

The following approach may be relatively non-invasive, accurate, cost-effective and well tolerated. The first stage is to identify the type of overflow incontinence (residual urine greater than or equal to 450 ml), when clinically appropriate, the patient may be referred to a urologist and can be catheterized. Because the obstruction is rare in female patients, diagnosis is generally between stress incontinence or detrusor overactivity. Leakage due to stress or pressure to look for examination by asking questions to the patient, if the patient is elderly woman felt that her bladder was full, asked to rest and cough strongly immediately, so that leaks can be readily observed. Not only regular leakage during stress maneuvers performed is strong evidence that it was not a stress incontinence.

In men, the type of stress urinary incontinence is rare. The problem is usually encountered distinguish detrusor overactivity with obstruction. The next stage is to look for the possibility of hydronephrosis in men with residual urine exceeds 200 ml, and refer to or empty the bladder (decompression). When hydronephrosis was not found but there is obstruction, the patient referred for the possibility of surgery. For another, in patients with symptoms of urge incontinence, allegedly due to detrusor overactivity can be given the treatment. Medications to relax the bladder should be avoided in patients with residual urine of 150 ml or more. The same approach is also recommended in patients with cognitive impairment can be observed closely. Patients elderly man without urge incontinence who failed to empirical therapy, and impaired cognitive function should be referred.

Bibliography

Resnick NM. Urinary Incontinence. Lancet 1995; 346: 94-9.
Palmer RM. Ambulatory Management of Urinary Incontinence in The Elderly. Geriatrics 1990; 45: 61-6.
Ouslander JG. Incontinence. In: Hazzard WR, et al (eds). Principles of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology. International Edition. New York, McGraw-Hill. 1994: 1229-50.
Van Der Cammen, Rai GS, Exton-Smith AN. Urinary Incontinence. In: Manual of Geriatric Medicine. Singapore. Churchill Livingstone, 1991: 254-63.
Mc Guire EJ. Identifying and Managing Stress Incontinence in The Elderly. Geriatrics. 1990; 45: 44-52.
Moody M. Incontinence. Patient Problems and Nursing Care, Heinemann Nursing, Oxford, 1990.

Beware of Sedative Dependence

2015-09-09T15:52:00.000+07:00

Sedatives is a depressant belonging to the group of medicines called 'benzodiazepines'. These medications are prescribed by doctors to reduce stress, anxiety, to help people sleep and other medical uses. Usually these drugs in the form of capsules or tablets.

Some people abusing sedatives because the effect is intoxicating.

There are some sedative, especially those purchased in the streets, were made illegally. Means that the ingredients for pills and purity can not be controlled. It is dangerous because it increases the likelihood that the wearer had swallowed the materials that will cause a bad influence.

Sedation for each person is different depending on the size of the dose, body weight, age of a person, how the drug is used and the mood of the wearer.

Whether the direct effect of the use of sedatives?
Relaxation / sense relaxed.
Dizziness and confusion.
Drooling or sputtered.
Blurred vision, and like a shadow.
Short-term memory loss.
Drunken similar to alcohol intoxication.

The use of high doses can result in loss of consciousness or coma.

What are the long-term due to the use of sedatives?
Weight gain.
Hard to sleep.
Greater appetite.
Memory loss.
Hard thinking.
Personality changes.
Sexual disorders.
Menstrual disorders in women.

The use of high doses over time can lead to confusion, lack of coordination, depression and loss of speech.

Dependence.
What physical and psychological dependence can arise? After a few months of use of sedatives. User-dependent psychologically feel that they can not live without sedation. Physical dependence occurs when the body of a wearer to adjust to the sedative.

Traffic accident.
Driving a motor vehicle after drinking sedatives, very dangerous. Sedatives impair judgment and reduce concentration and coordination. More dangerous when ?? Drinking sedatives in conjunction with alcohol or other drugs.

Pregnancy.
Sedatives used may affect fetal growth and development. Disorders of learning abilities in children can be attributed to the use of sedatives. Sedatives can also be passed from mother to baby through breast milk.

Mixing Drugs.
Wearing a sedative along with other drugs, including alcohol? very dangerous. The influence of drugs is increasing and is likely to give rise to negative influences that can not be predicted, including death.?

Handling problems.
Sedatives "looks" can make the problems disappear. But when the wearer stop taking sedatives, problems still exist and in many cases will only get worse because now users become addicted.

There are many ways to deal with stress and anxiety without taking sedatives.
A healthy diet.
Sports.
Talking to someone you trust.
Find a hobby / leisure activities.

Florence Nightingale - Theoretical Sources of the Environmental Theory

2015-09-07T10:27:00.001+07:00

Florence Nightingale’s Environmental Theory

Florence Nightingale (1820–1910)

Known as the Lady with the Lamp, providing care to wounded and ill soldiers during the Crimean War
Considered the founder of educated and scientific nursing
Wrote the first nursing notes “Notes on Nursing: What it is, What is not” (1860) that became the basis of nursing practice and research.
Considered the first nursing theorist.
One of her theories was the Environmental Theory, which incorporated the restoration of the usual health status of the nurse's clients into the delivery of health care which is still practiced today.

Theoretical Sources of the Environmental Theory

Education: Nightingale is a very good mathematician (a nurse statistician) and a philosopher.
Literature: Dicken's novel "The Adventures of Martin Chuzzlewit", a novel that portrays a victorian drunken, untrained and inexpert nurse causes a stigma and bad impressions about nurses. The novel greatly affects her beliefs about being a nurse and pursue the battle to change the negative stigma about nurses.
Intellectuals: Political leaders greatly affected and influenced her beliefs of changing things as she viewed as unacceptable to society.
Religious Beliefs: For Nightingale, an action for the benefit of others is called "God's Calling". DUM VIVIMUS, SERVIMUS. Theoretical Sources of the Environmental Theory
Use of Empirical Evidence: She uses the polar diagram (statistical diagram) in her reports, books and letters.
She highlighted the use of observation and the performance of tasks in the nursing education. Theoretical Sources of the Environmental Theory

References :

www.wikipedia.com
http://slsu- coam.blogspot.com/2008/08/nightingales- environmental-theory.html
www.currentnursing.com
Tomey, A.M., (1994). Nursing Theorists and Their Work. 3rd ed. Missouri: Mosby

10 Factors Affecting the Human Body Temperature

2015-08-31T23:41:00.003+07:00

Examination of the body temperature will signal that the core temperature is strictly controlled because it can be affected by chemical reactions.

Examination of body temperature can be done in several places, namely:

Armpits (axila).
Mouth.
Anus.

Standard values to determine normal human body temperature is divided into four, namely:

Hypothermia, when the body temperature less than 36 ° C. To measure the temperature of hypothermia, thermometer required size is low (low reading thermometer), which can measure up to 25 degrees Celsius.
Normally, when the body temperature ranges between 36.5 to 37.5 ° C.
Febrile / pyrexia / summer, when the body temperature above 37.5 to 40 ° C.
Hyperthermia, when the body temperature of over 40 ° C.

Factors that affect the temperature of the human body can be described as follows:

1. Basal Metabolism Speed

Basal metabolic rate of each individual is different. It affects the amount of heat produced by the body becomes different. As mentioned in the previous description, is strongly associated with metabolic rate.

2. Sympathetic Nerve Stimulation

Sympathetic nerve stimulation can cause the metabolic rate to 100% faster. In addition, stimulation of the sympathetic nerves can prevent brown fat accumulated in the tissue to be metabolized. Almost all brown fat metabolism is the production of heat. Generally, this sympathetic nerve stimulation affected individual stress which causes increased production of epinephrine and norepineprin that increase metabolism.

3. Growth Hormone

Growth hormone can lead to increased metabolic rate by 15-20%. As a result, the body heat production also increased.

4. Thyroid Hormone

Thyroxine function is to increase the activity of almost all chemical reactions in the body resulting in increased levels of thyroxine may affect the rate of metabolism to be 50-100% higher than normal.

5. Sex Hormone

Male sex hormones can increase the basal metabolic rate is approximately 10-15% of normal speed, causing an increase in heat production. In women, temperature fluctuations are more varied than in men because of spending on ovulation hormone progesterone increases the body temperature of approximately from 0.3 to 0.6 ° C above the basal temperature.

6. Fever (Inflammation)

The process of inflammation and fever can lead to increased metabolism by 120% for each 10 ° C increase in temperature.

7. Nutritional Status

Malnutrition in a long time can reduce the metabolic rate of 20-30%. This happens because in the cell no nutrients needed to hold metabolism. Thus, people who are malnourished easy decreased body temperature (hypothermia). In addition, individuals with a thick layer of fat tend to be susceptible to hypothermia because fat is an insulator which is quite good, in the sense of channeling hot fat with a third speed network speed to another.

8. Activity

Activity in addition to stimulating an increase in metabolic rate, resulting in friction between the components of the muscle / organ that produces thermal energy. Exercise (activity) can increase the body temperature up to 38.3 to 40.0 ° C.

9. Disorders Organ

Organ damage such as trauma or malignancy in the hypothalamus, can cause body temperature regulation mechanism disorder. Pyrogen substances released during an infection can stimulate an increase in body temperature. Skin disorders such as number of sweat glands which can also cause the body's temperature regulation mechanisms disrupted.

10. Environment

The body temperature can have an exchange with the environment, which means that the body heat can be lost or reduced due to the colder environment. Likewise, the environment can affect the human body temperature. Temperature transfer between humans and the environment occurs largely through the skin.

10 Tips For Your Heart Health

2015-08-25T09:33:00.001+07:00

If we read the writings of Jennifer Mieres, MD - An expert in the heart of the American Heart Association (AHA), which states that Heart Health will be greatly influenced by how we train and increase heart rate. This article will summarize my time 10 Tips for maintaining cardiovascular health, with reference to the above statement.

All exercises involved here is not to be done in the gym, but you can do anywhere, whether at home, at work or while playing with your family.

Do light aerobic exercise a minimum of 30-60 minutes each day. This exercise does not mean you got to the gym, just to go up / down stairs, walking fast, or anything that can increase heart rate.
Activities such as jogging, swimming, and can also be coupled with yoga, are also very useful.
Do not spoil yourself. Routine daily activities also can you make rehearsal heart, for example; park the vehicle in a position far enough away from your office (of course find a safe location), pick up the stairs rather than the elevator or escalator, walk to lunch location and instead of going up the vehicle. You can also perform routine activities at home such as sweeping, mopping and walk around your house. The more you choose light activity but this routine, your heart will be trained and healthy.
If you have the time and of course there is money to be set aside, please follow classes in the gym and follow the activities of at least 3 times a week on a regular basis.
As a complement to the exercise in point 1 above, you can increase the intensity by adding weight training exercises. This exercise is not directly related to your heart, but it can be useful to keep the muscles and bones, especially for those who are at the age of 40 years upwards.
Stay away from cigarettes, which have been shown to adversely affect the heart and circulatory system in your body. Smoking can lead to stroke and high blood pressure. No matter how much you've smoked so far, if you stop the direct risks above can be lowered to 50%. Remember ... !!! smoking at the age of 35 years and over, especially in women are particularly at risk.
Stay away from foods that contain fat, cholesterol and salt. Saturated fat and trans fat is the enemy of our health. If you read the product labeled "partially hydrogenated", it means the food contains trans fat. Stay away from the product. Foods such as meat, fried foods, margarine, most types of bread, crackers, snack packaging, all of which contain bad fats. Highly recommended to consume fruits and vegetables at least 5-10 times a day. This will not only prevent heart disease, but also reduce the risk of cancer. Also the consumption of foods containing Omega 3 fatty acids.
Know what your ideal weight, and try to achieve it. Overweight dangerous to the heart are also at risk for developing diabetes. Your waist circumference can also be a benchmark to determine this obesity. If the waist circumference of more than 100 centimeters or approximately 40 inches for men and 90 cm or 35 inches for women, we can be sure you are over-weight or obese.
Stay away from stress and depression, and keep the intensity of your sleep. We've heard the need for sleep is 8 hours a day, but that has not received much attention is the regularity. Regular sleep means, always sleeping and waking up at the same hour. Do not be tempted to stay up at the end of the week, and also do not sleep because the eye was sleepy, while the hours of sleep you have not achieved.
All of them have been perfect, if you always do a check-up routine. Check blood pressure, cholesterol levels and blood sugar levels. The third test will inform you how high your risk of heart disease as early as possible.

All of these tips are very simple, but it requires discipline and a great desire to comply. Hopefully this article useful. :)

10 Types of Fruit for Heart Health

2015-08-25T09:18:00.001+07:00

Heart disease occurs due to the high levels of cholesterol (LDL = Low-density lipoprotein) and high blood pressure. This disease was once believed to attack the elderly, but in line with the lifestyle of urban dwellers are busy and often ignore frequent exercise and eating junk food, the disease can affect anyone regardless of age limits. Here are fruits that can help heart health, although we still have to change unhealthy lifestyle on top, because the fruits of this nature help and can not prevent heart disease.

1. Apples
The content of flavonoids in apples are useful in improving cardiovascular health by reducing the adhesion of platelets in the arteries, lower cholesterol and dilate the arteries.

2. Apricot
Apricots contain vitamin A, C, E and K, as well as fiber and carotenes.

3. Bananas
Bananas contain vitamin B6 and C, fiber, magnesium and potassium. Magnesium and Potassium is useful in lowering blood pressure.

4. Berry (strawberry, blueberry, raspberry and boysenberry)
Various berries contain vitamin C, folic acid, fiber and manganese and potassium.

5. Cantaloupe / Melon
Cantaloupe or also known as the melon contains vitamins A, B6, and C, folic acid, fiber and potassium.

6. Oranges
Oranges contain vitamin A, B6, and C, folic acid, potassium and fiber.

7. Pomelo (grapefruit)
Grapefruit contains vitamin C, potassium, calcium and flavonoids. Calcium is also useful to reduce blood pressure.

8. Kiwi
Kiwi fruit contains vitamins C and E, fiber and magnesium. Vitamin E functions as an anti-oxidant which is useful for reducing the level of oxidation of bad cholesterol or LDL.

9. Papaya
Papaya contains vitamin A, C and E, folic acid, calcium, magnesium and potassium.

10. Peaches
Peach contains vitamins C, E and K, fiber and potassium.

10 Goodness Pure Milk For Health

2015-08-25T09:04:00.000+07:00

10 Goodness Pure Milk For Health

Many people believe that drinking milk can cause obesity.

In fact, research proves otherwise! Drinking milk actually help you get a slim body and ideal.

In addition, there are many other important reasons that make you need to drink milk every day. Consider the great benefits given milk for your body follows.

1. Preventing Osteoporosis
High calcium content in milk can help you prevent and treat osteoporosis.

2. Prevent Damage Teeth
Drinking milk will reduce the risk of tooth decay, such as cavities. Milk is rich in calcium and vitamin D are essential for healthy growth and strong teeth.

3. Not all Milk Make You Fat
Do not assume your body by drinking milk will be fat fast. There are different kinds of milk on the market. Examine read the label the nutritional content listed on the packaging box of milk you want to buy. For those of you who are afraid of fat but still want to get the vitamins and minerals of milk, you can choose milk with low fat and sugar content.

4. Prevent Colon Cancer
Calcium in milk has been shown to inhibit the development of adenoma or some sort of malignant tumor that commonly afflict large intestine (colon) so as to prevent the occurrence of colon cancer.

5. Accelerate Growth
Milk is full of important nutrients that will support the growth of bones, teeth, nails and hair are good. If you have the habit of drinking milk from an early age, it will greatly help you grow tall and strong.

6. Maintaining Digestive Health
Milk can be used as a good aperitif with all the nutrition in it. For those of you who are often too late to eat, you can begin with a glass of warm milk so that your digestive health is maintained.

7. Difficult Sleep? Drink Milk!
Drink a glass of warm milk before going to bed at night it can soothe your nervous system back. In addition to drinking milk, the muscles tense originally going back to relax, stimulate drowsiness, and you will fall asleep.

8. Replacing Lost Fluids
Keep your body hydrated by drinking several glasses of milk every day. As well as the benefits of water on your body, milk also contribute replace lost body fluids at the same time supply of vitamins and minerals in the body when you perform high activity.

9. Reduce the effects of PMS (Premenstrual Syndrome)
For women who often have complaints when the menstrual cycle is coming, get used to the consumption of high calcium foods, such as milk. Since calcium plays an important role in reducing the effects of excessive PMS.
Based on the research of Dr. Jacobs, an expert of the endocrine glands St. Luke's-Rosevelt Hospital Center, giving 1000-1200 mg calcium amounts to 500 women at random, can reduce the effects of PMS to 48%. This shows that eating sources of calcium, such as milk, useful to relieve the symptoms of PMS.

10. Composition of Complete Nutrition
Milk is one of the many drinks with the most complete source of nutrients that are good for you. Milk contains a lot of vitamin B12 (contributes to the formation of red blood cells), calcium (for strong bones), carbohydrates (for energy-optimal), magnesium (muscle growth), phosphorus (store and expend energy), potassium (for the nervous system which is good) , protein (for growth and healing process), riboflavin (for healthy skin) and zinc / zinc (to boost the immune system).

Well, starting today make it a habit to drink at least 2-3 glasses of milk per day ... For those who do not like milk, could replace it by eating candies Chewable Calcium can you get.

Here Are Some of The Causes You Often Feel Tired

2015-04-17T17:28:00.000+07:00

Not sure what causes you often tired? Here are some things that cause fatigue, as quoted from nhs.uk, including:

1. Sitting in one position for a long time
Sitting in one position for long periods can affect your energy use, including when you are watching TV or working with your computer. Therefore, frequently moving, get up from a chair, or just walk around for a while for your body back in good shape.

2. The wrong diet
Poor diet, such as low-calorie diet, especially that only consume less than 850 calories per day will make you feel more tired and also can disrupt your health. If you want to lose weight, eat healthy foods, avoid fast food, avoid foods high in sugar, and reduce your portions.

3. Poor posture
Poor posture also affects your energy. Body position leaning forward or leaning on the chair will put your spine is not properly thereby making your body feel tired. The more the position of your back is not good, so the more muscle you have to work to compensate. So when you're moving, sitting, or standing try to position your body upright, not bent.

4. Breakfast with foods that are high in sugar
Breakfast with sweet foods such as processed cereals, pastries, toast, jam spread sweet, it will give you a quick energy waves due to blood sugar levels can also reach the highest level. However, high levels of sugar will quickly degenerate few hours later. The result? You will run out of energy. So to get a stable energy throughout the day, avoid foods that contain a lot of salt and sugar. You can try whole wheat bread with eggs, skim milk with honey and so on.

5. Less exposed to light
If you are less exposed to light such as sunlight or a lack of fresh air also can cause your body to feel tired. So get out of your house, although only a few minutes a day in order to get enough light and fresh air so your body will stay fit all day.

6. Exercising with excessive
Regular exercise is good for health, but do it intensively every day will not affect either the level of your energy. Sports and rest enough so your health and energy level is maintained.

7. Worrying about something all day
If you are worried about something all day, heart rate and your blood pressure will increase, as well as your muscles tighten, causing fatigue in the body. So, you should as much as possible find a solution immediately to allay such concerns so as not to be a burden your mind throughout the day.

Types of Diabetes Mellitus - Type 1 Diabetes, Type 2 Diabetes and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

2015-04-15T10:21:00.002+07:00

Types of Diabetes Mellitus

1. Type 1 Diabetes

Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 (insulin-dependent, insulin-dependent or juvenile onset), which covers approximately 10% to 20% of all cases of diabetes, is characterized by the absence of insulin secretion (Sherwood, 2001).
Autoimmune diseases are genetically determined by the symptoms that eventually lead the immunologic destruction of insulin-producing cells. There are two subtypes: (a) autoimmune, due to autoimmune dysfunction, with the destruction of beta cells, (b) idiopathic, with no evidence of autoimmune and unknown source (Price, 2005).
Patients produce little insulin or do not produce insulin at all (Sudoyo, 2007).
Generally occurs before the age of 30 years, namely children and adolescents (Sudoyo, 2007).
Scientists believe that environmental factors (such as infection or a viral infection of nutritional factors in childhood or early adulthood) causes the immune system destroys the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. Necessary for the occurrence of this genetic predisposition (Sudoyo, 2007).
90% of insulin-producing cells (beta cells) suffered permanent damage. Severe shortage of insulin and patients should get regular insulin injections (Sudoyo, 2007).

2. Type 2 Diabetes

Diabetes mellitus type 2 (non-insulin-dependent, non-insulin-dependent or maturity onset), insulin secretion may be normal or even increased, but the target cells are less sensitive to the hormone insulin compared with normal (Sherwood, 2001).
This type of diabetes is characterized by abnormal insulin secretion and insulin action. There are also abnormalities in insulin binding to receptors (Price, 2005).
The pancreas still produces insulin, sometimes higher than normal levels. But the body to form immunity to the effect, resulting in a relative insulin deficiency (Sudoyo, 2007).
Can occur in children and adults, but it usually occurs after the age of 30 years (Sudoyo, 2007).
Risk factors for type 2 diabetes is obesity which about 80-90% of patients were obese (Sudoyo, 2007).
Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 is also likely to be genetically inherited in families (Sudoyo, 2007).

3. Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

Risk factor for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus is old age, ethnicity, obesity, multiparity, family history and previous history of gestational diabetes (Price, 2005).
There are two categories: primary DM and secondary DM. Primary diabetes mellitus showed no comorbidities, whereas in Secondary diabetes mellitus identified several circumstances that cause diabetes mellitus (Isselbacher, 2002).

Frequent Urination, Increased Appetite, Excessive Thirst, Pins and Needles - Diabetes Mellitus ?

2015-04-15T09:55:00.003+07:00

Signs and Symptoms of Diabetes Mellitus

Frequent Urination

Urinate / micturition is the process of emptying the bladder when the bladder fills, the body whose role is the kidney, ureter, bladder, and urethra (Dorland, 2002).
Excessive secretion of urine is called polyuria (Venes, 2001).
Polyuria can be defined as the amount of urine over 125 ml / h or 3 liters / day. Polyuria may be caused by overhydration, osmotic diuresis, diuresis due to drugs, diuresis post-treatment, diabetes insipidus and renal failure due to high secretion (Sabiston, 1995).
Polyuria is excessive urine volume, usually above 3 liters / day. The increased volume of urine can be accompanied by symptoms of frequent urination, nocturia (urinating at night), thirst, and polydipsia (Davey, 2005).

Increased Appetite

Increased appetite can be called polyphagia (Venes, 2001).
Polyphagia defined as increased hunger (Kee, 1996).
Polyphagia is greater hunger and arise as a result of loss of calories (Price and Wilson, 2005).

Excessive Thirst

Excessive thirst is also called polydipsia (Venes, 2001).
Polydipsia is often feel thirsty than usual (Dorland, 2002).
Polydipsia is taste very thirsty, 4 to 40 liters of fluid every day, especially in dire need of cold water (Baughman and Hackley, 2000).

Pins and Needles

Tingling may be called paresthesias, ie abnormal sensations in the body that are not triggered by external stimuli (Dorland, 2002).
Paresthesia is an abnormal feeling, which can manifest as pain such as tingling, numbness, or burning, which indicates disease peripheral sensory nerve fibers. This disorder most often affects the extremities (Burnside, 1995).
Paresthesia is felt feelings on certain body surface area that is not generated by the special incentive from the outside. Included in the meaning of paresthesia was feeling cold / local heat, tingling, heaviness / taste tethered something. Paraesthesia and anesthesia is known as negative sensory disturbances (and against, 1994).
If paresthesia not heal will cause hypaesthesia (numbness), and will get worse until becoming anesthesia (lost flavor at all) (Mardjono, 1994).

Diabetes

Diabetes can be referred to as diabetes mellitus (DM) is a disease in which the patient has too much sugar in the blood (Werner, et al., 2010).
Diabetes is a chronic disease characterized by blood glucose levels exceed the normal value, ie when the sugar content equal to or greater than 200 mg / dl and fasting glucose levels above or equal to 126 mg / dl (Misnadiarly, 2006).

Inflammation

2015-04-07T12:45:00.000+07:00

Inflammation

Inflammation is the response of an organism against pathogens and mechanical alterations in tissue, in the form of a series of reactions that occur at the site of tissue injury, such as burns, or infected. Inflammation is one of the main response of the immune system against infection and irritation. Inflammation is stimulated by chemical factors (histamine, bradykinin, serotonin, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins) are released by cells that act as inflammatory mediators in the immune system to protect surrounding tissue from the spread of infection.

Inflammation has three important role in resistance to infection:

Allows the addition of effector molecules and cells, to the site of infection to improve the performance of macrophages.
Provides barrier to prevent the spread of infection.
Sparked the repair process for damaged tissue ..

Inflammatory response can be recognized from the pain, skin bruising, fever, etc., caused by changes in blood vessels in the area of infection:

Enlargement of the diameter of blood vessels, accompanied by an increase in blood flow in the area of infection. It can cause skin looks bruising redness and decreased blood pressure, especially in small vessels.
Activation of adhesion molecules to glue endotelia with blood vessels.
The combination of a drop in blood pressure and activation of adhesion molecules, will allow white blood cells to the endothelium and migrate into the tissue. This process is known as extravasation.

Parts of the body become inflamed have the following signs:

tumor or swelling
calor or warmed
dolor or pain
rubor or flushed
functio laesa or downward movement power.

and the possibility of organ or tissue dysfunction.

Definition and Pathophysiology of Peritonitis

2015-04-06T12:31:00.001+07:00

Definition of of Peritonitis

Peritonitis is an inflammation of the serous membrane that surrounds the abdominal cavity and organs located in it. Peritonitis is often caused by infection inflammation surrounding environment through bowel perforation as rupture of the appendix or diverticulum, as originally peritonitis is a sterile environment. It can also be caused by chemical irritants material such perforated ulcer of stomach acid or bile from the gall bladder perforation or laceration of the liver. In women it is possible localized peritonitis in the pelvic cavity of the fallopian tube infection or rupture of ovarian cysts. Cases of acute peritonitis untreated can be fatal.

Pathophysiology of Peritonitis

Initial reaction of peritoneal against invasion by bacteria is the release of fibrinous exudate. Pockets of pus (abscess) formed between fibrinous adhesions, which stick together with the surrounding surface, limiting the infection. Adhesions usually disappears when the infection disappear, but may persist as fibrous bands, which later can lead to intestinal obstruction.

Inflammation causing fluid accumulation, due to capillary and membrane leak. If the fluid deficit is not corrected quickly and aggressively, it can lead to cell death. The release of various mediators, such as interleukin, can initiate hyper-inflamatorius response, thus bringing to the further development of the failure of many organs. Because the body tries to compensate by means of fluid and electrolyte retention by the kidneys, waste products also accumulate. Tachycardia initially increases cardiac output, but it soon failed so happens hypovolemia.

Organs in the peritoneal cavity including experiencing abdominal wall edema. Edema caused by capillary permeability these organs rising. Collection of fluid in the peritoneal cavity and intestinal lumens and all organs of intra peritoneal edema, and edema of the abdominal wall including retroperitoneal tissue causing hypovolemia. Hypovolemia increases with an increase in temperature, the input that does not exist, and vomiting. Trapped fluid in the peritoneal cavity and intestinal lumen, further increasing intra-abdominal pressures, making full respiratory effort becomes difficult and cause a decrease in perfusion.

If the material that infects widespread on peritoneal surface or if the infection spreads, can arise generalized peritonitis. With the development of generalized peritonitis, peristaltic activity is reduced to arise paralytic ileus; intestinal atony and then be stretched. Fluids and electrolytes lost into the intestinal lumen, resulting in dehydration, shock, circulatory disorders and oliguria. Adhesions can form between the arches are stretched intestine, and can interfere with the recovery of bowel movements and cause intestinal obstruction.

Long blockage in the intestine or bowel obstruction can cause ileus due to mechanical disturbance (blockage) then an increase in intestinal peristalsis in an effort to overcome the obstacles. Ileus can be ileus simple, ie, bowel obstruction were not accompanied by pinching of blood vessels and can be total or partial, in the strangulation ileus obstruction, accompanied by pinching of blood vessels, causing ischemia that will end up with necrosis or gangrene and perforation of the intestine and eventually occur due to the spread of bacteria in the abdominal cavity that can occur peritonitis.