ashutoshbiomedical

LEARN ABOUT INFUSION PUMPS

2013-09-01T03:23:00.001-07:00

1.Infusion Pumps

2. components of drugs infusion systems

3.Implantable infusion pump

4.Drop rate counter type infusion pump.

5.programmable volumetric infusion pump

•In medical application intravenous fluid and drugs need to be infused over a period of time which could be several minute , hours and days.

•Some of the common method is to inject liquid by means of syringe manually setting drip rate of gravity feed intravenous infusion set.

•The first improvement was the electronic counter that could quickly determine the drip rate of IV delivery.

•Gradually many smart and small pump have been developed.

•Use of microprocessor has made it easy to control the rate of delivery.

fig- most widely used syringe pump.(fresenius kabi-Injectomat agilia)

COMPONENTS OF DRUG INFUSION SYSTEM

Drug infusion system consists of two components

1.A mechanism that delivers the drug

2.Means of controlling the rate of delivery

System can be open loop system or close loop system.

In open loop system the rate is set by the clinician but in close loop system the body parameter is monitored and the rate varies according to body condition and set automatically by microprocessor.

IMPLANTABLE INFUSION SYSTEMS

•This system is designed to provide drug to the human body whenever required without puncturing the skin.

•This is useful for the patient requiring continuous drug supply or at regular interval.

•Here the pumps apply a known pressure to a reservoir of the drug and there is a high resistance connection between the pump and the site where the drug is to be delivered.

•A commercial implantable infusion pump which is available for human use is the INFUSAID.

•This pump can be easily refilled but its rate of infusion can not be regulated. It is completely mechanical.

•The chamber can be refilled by means of a needle that can enter the reservoir and can refill without any leakage to the surrounding.

•The rate of infusion is determined by-

•Temperature

•Fluid viscosity

Flow restrictor

•Drug delivery is said to be open if the rate of infusion is set previously and is not automatically altered by patient response.

•Volumetric pump may be controlled by the step size or frequency of stepper motor.

•In close loop external control unit can be used to control the infusion pump by giving instruction wirelessly from outside.

•In some cases the machine has two way communication system in which any problem in machine is directly informed to physician .

DRUG RATE COUNTER TYPE INFUSION PUMP

•The heart of the system is a customized digital device (LSI) which performs all the logic functions.

•It operates under the control of a clock frequency of 71.68khz obtained from a crystal oscillator which provides various timing and control signal.

•The drop sensor is attached to the administration set drip chamber and closes the servo loop by providing rate feedback information.

•The drop sensor contain an array of light emitting diodes and phototransistor which generates a signal each time a drop of IV fluid falls in to the drip chamber.

•Four signals are required to activate and run the motor.

•ALA, ACM, MD2,MD3.

•These signals except ALA are developed within the LSI device. ALA is a logic 1 when the unit is not in alarm.

•ACM provides power to the motor.

•ACM is designed to step the motor 10 ½ times for each drop.

This is a Basic idea on Infusion pumps .If you have any doubts then you can ask me at ashutoshdas8@gmail.com or just make a comment here .

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2013-03-15T09:19:00.000-07:00

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EVOLUTION OF X-RAYS

2012-07-23T11:21:00.001-07:00

As with many of mankind's monumental discoveries, X-ray technology was invented completely by accident. In 1895, a German physicist named Wilhelm Roentgen made the discovery while experimenting with electron beams in a gas discharge tube. Roentgen noticed that a fluorescent screen in his lab started to glow when the electron beam was turned on. This response in itself wasn't so surprising -- fluorescent material normally glows in reaction to electromagnetic radiation -- but Roentgen's tube was surrounded by heavy black cardboard. Roentgen assumed this would have blocked most of the radiation.

Roentgen placed various objects between the tube and the screen, and the screen still glowed. Finally, he put his hand in front of the tube, and saw the silhouette of his bones projected onto the fluorescent screen. Immediately after discovering X-rays themselves, he had discovered their most beneficial application.

Roentgen's remarkable discovery precipitated one of the most important medical advancements in human history. X-ray technology lets doctors see straight through human tissue to examine broken bones, cavities and swallowed objects with extraordinary ease. Modified X-ray procedures can be used to examine softer tissue, such as the lungs, blood vessels or the intestines.

VENTILATOR SUBSYSTEM

2012-07-23T01:34:00.001-07:00

The use of the stereotype «InternalActor» indicates that the element used as an actor in this context is actually part of the system but within another scope (e.g. another subsystem).
Of course, there are a large number of requirements bound to each of the use cases. These requirements are typically managed with requirements traceability tools such as DOORS, and can then be imported to the model and attached to the use cases and design elements for traceability.