<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:blogger='http://schemas.google.com/blogger/2008' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:gd="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005" xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-739389055950674833</id><updated>2024-09-02T01:48:11.578+02:00</updated><category term="Factores ambientales"/><category term="Factores genéticos"/><category term="Risperdal"/><category term="Atomoxetina. Autismo. Metilfenidato. TDAH. Trastornos del espectro autista"/><category term="Buena práctica terapéutica"/><category term="Complementos dietéticos"/><category term="Comunicación"/><category term="Corteza prefrontal"/><category term="Desarrollo del lenguaje"/><category term="Diferencias sexuales"/><category term="Efecto de la música"/><category term="Embarazo"/><category term="Estereotipias"/><category term="Evaluación"/><category term="Fascículo longitudinal superior"/><category term="ISRS"/><category term="Mayor crecimiento general"/><category term="Medicación"/><category term="Multa"/><category term="Neuroimagen"/><category term="PECS"/><category term="Perímetro cefálico"/><category term="Problemas de sueño"/><category term="Programas de intervención"/><category term="Revisiones"/><category term="Risperidona"/><category term="Secretina"/><category term="Sustancia blanca"/><category term="Síndrome de Aspeger"/><category term="Tensor de difusión"/><category term="Terapia"/><category term="Tratamiento"/><category term="Uso de antidepresivos"/><category term="VOCA"/><title type='text'>Autismo: una visión desde la Psicobiología</title><subtitle type='html'>Información científica seleccionada por el Dr. Fernando Jiménez Moya</subtitle><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://autismoypsicobiologia.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/739389055950674833/posts/default?redirect=false'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://autismoypsicobiologia.blogspot.com/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><link rel='next' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/739389055950674833/posts/default?start-index=26&amp;max-results=25&amp;redirect=false'/><author><name>Fernando Jiménez Moya</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07347207322850365623</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpRGYAe2AlT1wCfYS_XXMCSWX7uVsykKim6AW5_E57hlSAvWxzwZO6G3X9X8jVr_HAqOmCU4nqw6OIOH7TQ-gGPwQPOOc0lwQHT60wSoF33JJPjGBEHIqws_QSl9hs_tw/s220/DSC03296.JPG'/></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>30</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>25</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-739389055950674833.post-4006183219187374711</id><published>2016-11-11T20:21:00.001+01:00</published><updated>2016-11-11T20:21:26.944+01:00</updated><title type='text'>Neurociencia en español. El blog de José Ramón Alonso - Tratamiento de los TEA con cámaras hiperbáricas</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href=&quot;http://jralonso.es/2016/11/09/tratamiento-de-los-tea-con-camaras-hiperbaricas/?utm_source=feedburner&amp;amp;utm_medium=email&amp;amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+jralonso+%28UniDiversidad.+El+blog+de+Jos%C3%A9+R.+Alonso.%29&quot;&gt;Neurociencia en español. El blog de José Ramón Alonso - Tratamiento de los TEA con cámaras hiperbáricas&lt;/a&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://autismoypsicobiologia.blogspot.com/feeds/4006183219187374711/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://autismoypsicobiologia.blogspot.com/2016/11/neurociencia-en-espanol-el-blog-de-jose.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/739389055950674833/posts/default/4006183219187374711'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/739389055950674833/posts/default/4006183219187374711'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://autismoypsicobiologia.blogspot.com/2016/11/neurociencia-en-espanol-el-blog-de-jose.html' title='Neurociencia en español. El blog de José Ramón Alonso - Tratamiento de los TEA con cámaras hiperbáricas'/><author><name>Fernando Jiménez Moya</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07347207322850365623</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpRGYAe2AlT1wCfYS_XXMCSWX7uVsykKim6AW5_E57hlSAvWxzwZO6G3X9X8jVr_HAqOmCU4nqw6OIOH7TQ-gGPwQPOOc0lwQHT60wSoF33JJPjGBEHIqws_QSl9hs_tw/s220/DSC03296.JPG'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-739389055950674833.post-2619144322674492888</id><published>2016-02-23T18:01:00.001+01:00</published><updated>2016-02-23T18:01:32.762+01:00</updated><title type='text'>UniDiversidad. Observaciones y pensamientos - TEA y pubertad</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href=&quot;http://jralonso.es/2016/02/22/tea-y-pubertad/?utm_source=feedburner&quot;&gt;UniDiversidad. Observaciones y pensamientos - TEA y pubertad&lt;/a&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://autismoypsicobiologia.blogspot.com/feeds/2619144322674492888/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://autismoypsicobiologia.blogspot.com/2016/02/unidiversidad-observaciones-y_23.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/739389055950674833/posts/default/2619144322674492888'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/739389055950674833/posts/default/2619144322674492888'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://autismoypsicobiologia.blogspot.com/2016/02/unidiversidad-observaciones-y_23.html' title='UniDiversidad. Observaciones y pensamientos - TEA y pubertad'/><author><name>Fernando Jiménez Moya</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07347207322850365623</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpRGYAe2AlT1wCfYS_XXMCSWX7uVsykKim6AW5_E57hlSAvWxzwZO6G3X9X8jVr_HAqOmCU4nqw6OIOH7TQ-gGPwQPOOc0lwQHT60wSoF33JJPjGBEHIqws_QSl9hs_tw/s220/DSC03296.JPG'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-739389055950674833.post-1466339974289938353</id><published>2016-02-16T10:40:00.001+01:00</published><updated>2016-02-16T10:40:23.629+01:00</updated><title type='text'>Bebés extremadamente prematuros tendrían un riesgo más elevado de autismo - Revista de Neurología</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.neurologia.com/sec/RSS/noticias.php?idNoticia=5525#.VsLugKqMMUE.blogger&quot;&gt;Bebés extremadamente prematuros tendrían un riesgo más elevado de autismo - Revista de Neurología&lt;/a&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://autismoypsicobiologia.blogspot.com/feeds/1466339974289938353/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://autismoypsicobiologia.blogspot.com/2016/02/bebes-extremadamente-prematuros.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/739389055950674833/posts/default/1466339974289938353'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/739389055950674833/posts/default/1466339974289938353'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://autismoypsicobiologia.blogspot.com/2016/02/bebes-extremadamente-prematuros.html' title='Bebés extremadamente prematuros tendrían un riesgo más elevado de autismo - Revista de Neurología'/><author><name>Fernando Jiménez Moya</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07347207322850365623</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpRGYAe2AlT1wCfYS_XXMCSWX7uVsykKim6AW5_E57hlSAvWxzwZO6G3X9X8jVr_HAqOmCU4nqw6OIOH7TQ-gGPwQPOOc0lwQHT60wSoF33JJPjGBEHIqws_QSl9hs_tw/s220/DSC03296.JPG'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-739389055950674833.post-9129903559893473401</id><published>2016-02-16T10:30:00.001+01:00</published><updated>2016-02-16T10:30:44.645+01:00</updated><title type='text'>UniDiversidad. Observaciones y pensamientos - Hermanas y autismo</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href=&quot;http://jralonso.es/2016/02/15/hermanas-y-autismo/?utm_source=feedburner&quot;&gt;UniDiversidad. Observaciones y pensamientos - Hermanas y autismo&lt;/a&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://autismoypsicobiologia.blogspot.com/feeds/9129903559893473401/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://autismoypsicobiologia.blogspot.com/2016/02/unidiversidad-observaciones-y.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/739389055950674833/posts/default/9129903559893473401'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/739389055950674833/posts/default/9129903559893473401'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://autismoypsicobiologia.blogspot.com/2016/02/unidiversidad-observaciones-y.html' title='UniDiversidad. Observaciones y pensamientos - Hermanas y autismo'/><author><name>Fernando Jiménez Moya</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07347207322850365623</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpRGYAe2AlT1wCfYS_XXMCSWX7uVsykKim6AW5_E57hlSAvWxzwZO6G3X9X8jVr_HAqOmCU4nqw6OIOH7TQ-gGPwQPOOc0lwQHT60wSoF33JJPjGBEHIqws_QSl9hs_tw/s220/DSC03296.JPG'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-739389055950674833.post-8301392450455309806</id><published>2016-01-31T12:05:00.001+01:00</published><updated>2016-01-31T12:05:51.144+01:00</updated><title type='text'>UniDiversidad. Observaciones y pensamientos - Un pliegue anómalo</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href=&quot;http://jralonso.es/2016/01/25/un-pliegue-anomalo/?utm_source=feedburner&amp;amp;utm_medium=email&amp;amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+jralonso+%28UniDiversidad.+El+blog+de+Jos%C3%A9+R.+Alonso.%29&quot;&gt;UniDiversidad. Observaciones y pensamientos - Un pliegue anómalo&lt;/a&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://autismoypsicobiologia.blogspot.com/feeds/8301392450455309806/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://autismoypsicobiologia.blogspot.com/2016/01/unidiversidad-observaciones-y.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/739389055950674833/posts/default/8301392450455309806'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/739389055950674833/posts/default/8301392450455309806'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://autismoypsicobiologia.blogspot.com/2016/01/unidiversidad-observaciones-y.html' title='UniDiversidad. Observaciones y pensamientos - Un pliegue anómalo'/><author><name>Fernando Jiménez Moya</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07347207322850365623</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpRGYAe2AlT1wCfYS_XXMCSWX7uVsykKim6AW5_E57hlSAvWxzwZO6G3X9X8jVr_HAqOmCU4nqw6OIOH7TQ-gGPwQPOOc0lwQHT60wSoF33JJPjGBEHIqws_QSl9hs_tw/s220/DSC03296.JPG'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-739389055950674833.post-7986551047685404040</id><published>2015-02-05T18:58:00.001+01:00</published><updated>2015-02-05T18:58:39.174+01:00</updated><title type='text'>Las mascotas podrían mejorar levemente las habilidades sociales de los niños autistas - Revista de Neurología</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.neurologia.com/sec/RSS/noticias.php?idNoticia=4983&quot;&gt;Las mascotas podrían mejorar levemente las habilidades sociales de los niños autistas - Revista de Neurología&lt;/a&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://autismoypsicobiologia.blogspot.com/feeds/7986551047685404040/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://autismoypsicobiologia.blogspot.com/2015/02/las-mascotas-podrian-mejorar-levemente.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/739389055950674833/posts/default/7986551047685404040'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/739389055950674833/posts/default/7986551047685404040'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://autismoypsicobiologia.blogspot.com/2015/02/las-mascotas-podrian-mejorar-levemente.html' title='Las mascotas podrían mejorar levemente las habilidades sociales de los niños autistas - Revista de Neurología'/><author><name>Fernando Jiménez Moya</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07347207322850365623</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpRGYAe2AlT1wCfYS_XXMCSWX7uVsykKim6AW5_E57hlSAvWxzwZO6G3X9X8jVr_HAqOmCU4nqw6OIOH7TQ-gGPwQPOOc0lwQHT60wSoF33JJPjGBEHIqws_QSl9hs_tw/s220/DSC03296.JPG'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-739389055950674833.post-266388524436428731</id><published>2015-02-03T19:43:00.001+01:00</published><updated>2015-02-03T19:43:33.825+01:00</updated><title type='text'>Síntomas tempranos del trastorno en hermanos de niños autistas - Revista de Neurología</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.neurologia.com/sec/RSS/noticias.php?idNoticia=4898&quot;&gt;Síntomas tempranos del trastorno en hermanos de niños autistas - Revista de Neurología&lt;/a&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://autismoypsicobiologia.blogspot.com/feeds/266388524436428731/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://autismoypsicobiologia.blogspot.com/2015/02/sintomas-tempranos-del-trastorno-en.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/739389055950674833/posts/default/266388524436428731'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/739389055950674833/posts/default/266388524436428731'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://autismoypsicobiologia.blogspot.com/2015/02/sintomas-tempranos-del-trastorno-en.html' title='Síntomas tempranos del trastorno en hermanos de niños autistas - Revista de Neurología'/><author><name>Fernando Jiménez Moya</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07347207322850365623</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpRGYAe2AlT1wCfYS_XXMCSWX7uVsykKim6AW5_E57hlSAvWxzwZO6G3X9X8jVr_HAqOmCU4nqw6OIOH7TQ-gGPwQPOOc0lwQHT60wSoF33JJPjGBEHIqws_QSl9hs_tw/s220/DSC03296.JPG'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-739389055950674833.post-5841029667209140414</id><published>2015-02-02T22:53:00.001+01:00</published><updated>2015-02-02T22:53:22.855+01:00</updated><title type='text'>Autómatas como maestros de emociones para niños autistas | Ciencia | EL PAÍS</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href=&quot;http://elpais.com/elpais/2015/01/09/ciencia/1420837556_247240.html&quot;&gt;Autómatas como maestros de emociones para niños autistas | Ciencia | EL PAÍS&lt;/a&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://autismoypsicobiologia.blogspot.com/feeds/5841029667209140414/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://autismoypsicobiologia.blogspot.com/2015/02/automatas-como-maestros-de-emociones.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/739389055950674833/posts/default/5841029667209140414'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/739389055950674833/posts/default/5841029667209140414'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://autismoypsicobiologia.blogspot.com/2015/02/automatas-como-maestros-de-emociones.html' title='Autómatas como maestros de emociones para niños autistas | Ciencia | EL PAÍS'/><author><name>Fernando Jiménez Moya</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07347207322850365623</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpRGYAe2AlT1wCfYS_XXMCSWX7uVsykKim6AW5_E57hlSAvWxzwZO6G3X9X8jVr_HAqOmCU4nqw6OIOH7TQ-gGPwQPOOc0lwQHT60wSoF33JJPjGBEHIqws_QSl9hs_tw/s220/DSC03296.JPG'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-739389055950674833.post-18384462301130920</id><published>2015-01-30T20:47:00.001+01:00</published><updated>2015-01-30T20:47:27.451+01:00</updated><title type='text'>Lo mejor en investigación sobre autismo del 2014 - Autismo Diario</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href=&quot;http://autismodiario.org/2014/12/31/lo-mejor-en-investigacion-sobre-autismo-del-2014/&quot;&gt;Lo mejor en investigación sobre autismo del 2014 - Autismo Diario&lt;/a&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://autismoypsicobiologia.blogspot.com/feeds/18384462301130920/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://autismoypsicobiologia.blogspot.com/2015/01/lo-mejor-en-investigacion-sobre-autismo.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/739389055950674833/posts/default/18384462301130920'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/739389055950674833/posts/default/18384462301130920'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://autismoypsicobiologia.blogspot.com/2015/01/lo-mejor-en-investigacion-sobre-autismo.html' title='Lo mejor en investigación sobre autismo del 2014 - Autismo Diario'/><author><name>Fernando Jiménez Moya</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07347207322850365623</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpRGYAe2AlT1wCfYS_XXMCSWX7uVsykKim6AW5_E57hlSAvWxzwZO6G3X9X8jVr_HAqOmCU4nqw6OIOH7TQ-gGPwQPOOc0lwQHT60wSoF33JJPjGBEHIqws_QSl9hs_tw/s220/DSC03296.JPG'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-739389055950674833.post-597766389520487439</id><published>2014-12-28T16:24:00.001+01:00</published><updated>2014-12-28T16:24:10.673+01:00</updated><title type='text'>¿Qué es el síndrome de Asperger? - La Opinión A Coruña</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.laopinioncoruna.es/vida-y-estilo/salud/2014/12/28/sindrome-asperger/913008.html&quot;&gt;¿Qué es el síndrome de Asperger? - La Opinión A Coruña&lt;/a&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://autismoypsicobiologia.blogspot.com/feeds/597766389520487439/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://autismoypsicobiologia.blogspot.com/2014/12/que-es-el-sindrome-de-asperger-la.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/739389055950674833/posts/default/597766389520487439'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/739389055950674833/posts/default/597766389520487439'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://autismoypsicobiologia.blogspot.com/2014/12/que-es-el-sindrome-de-asperger-la.html' title='¿Qué es el síndrome de Asperger? - La Opinión A Coruña'/><author><name>Fernando Jiménez Moya</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07347207322850365623</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpRGYAe2AlT1wCfYS_XXMCSWX7uVsykKim6AW5_E57hlSAvWxzwZO6G3X9X8jVr_HAqOmCU4nqw6OIOH7TQ-gGPwQPOOc0lwQHT60wSoF33JJPjGBEHIqws_QSl9hs_tw/s220/DSC03296.JPG'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-739389055950674833.post-3472322746248538453</id><published>2014-01-02T21:35:00.000+01:00</published><updated>2014-01-02T21:51:32.392+01:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Fascículo longitudinal superior"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Neuroimagen"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Sustancia blanca"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Tensor de difusión"/><title type='text'>La sustancia blanca en los trastornos del desarrollo (TEA, TDAH, Dislexia, Discalculia...) con especial referencia a los TEA</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; La sustancia blanca es el principal conector entre las distintas regiones cerebrales, actualmente se considera que tiene un papel muy relevante en el desarrollo y patofisiología de diferentes trastornos del desarrollo, como el autismo (TEA), la dislexia, el trastorno por déficit de atención/hiperactividad (TDAH), el trastorno de aprendizaje no verbal, la discalculia o la espasmofemia.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; En una revisión de Ana Guinea-Hidalgo y Javier Tirapu-Ustárroz&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;, titulada &quot;La sustancia blanca en los trastornos del desarrollo&quot;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;y publicada en Revista de Neurología 2011; 53 (6): 61-371 (www.neurologia.com) se analiza profundamente este tema.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;A continuación realizo un resumen de la ponencia:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;La sustancia blanca (SB) desempeña un papel fundamental&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;en la generación de vías de cohesión y conexión&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;en el cerebro y supone un factor importante&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;en el desarrollo de funciones cognitivas, motóricas,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;conductuales y emocionales.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;Las principales vías de SB podrían dividirse en tres&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;grandes grupos. Por un lado, las fibras de proyección&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;eferentes y aferentes; las más importantes&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;son las talamocorticales, las corticoespinales y las&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;corticobulbares. El segundo grupo lo forman las fibras&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;comisurales, que conectan los hemisferios cerebrales,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;como el cuerpo calloso, la comisura anterior&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;y la hipocampal. Por último, las fibras de asociación,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;que conectan áreas cerebrales dentro de&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;cada hemisferio; entre ellas, el fascículo longitudinal&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;superior, el fascículo frontooccipital, superior e&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;inferior, el cíngulo y el fascículo uncinado.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;La imagen del tensor de difusión (DTI) es una&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;técnica idónea para valorar la SB de manera no invasiva,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;permitiendo detectar el grado de integridad&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;de las fibras.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;Traza las vías de la SB usando los principios&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;de difusión del agua; debido a su mínima resistencia,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;las moléculas del agua se mueven de manera&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;más rápida en paralelo a las fibras nerviosas&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;que en perpendicular; a este fenómeno se le denomina&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;anisotropía de difusión. Una de las variables&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;que se analiza es la anisotropía fraccionada (AF),&amp;nbsp;que aporta información sobre la esfericidad de la&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;difusión; se mueve entre valores de 0 a 1, siendo&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;la máxima puntuación la mayor integridad de las&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;fibras de la SB. La reducción en la AF podría reflejar&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;reducciones en la mielinización, lesiones axonales&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;o una disminución de la cohesión de las fibras.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;La maduración de&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;la SB depende del crecimiento del volumen y la mielinización&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;axonal, y no sigue un crecimiento lineal ni&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;uniforme a lo largo del cerebro. El proceso de mielinización&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;comienza en el útero a partir del segundo&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;trimestre de gestación, y no termina hasta décadas&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;después. Así, en el primer año de vida parecen darse&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;los cambios más significativos, siendo el proceso de&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;mielinización el más dominante durante esta etapa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;. Después del segundo año de vida, los cambios&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;continúan, aunque de forma más sutil. Espacialmente,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;la mielinización sigue una dirección rostrocaudal&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;y desde las zonas centrales hasta la periferia;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;se inicia en las áreas de proyección, comenzando por&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;el lóbulo occipital, hasta las de asociación (lóbulo&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;frontal), siendo ésta una posible explicación de la&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;tardía adquisición de las funciones ejecutivas.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;Así,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;la maduración de la SB consigue una mayor integración e&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;n las redes neuronales y, por tanto, un decremento&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;de la segregación entre estructuras. E&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;l desarrollo de capacidades cognitivas&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;específicas durante el último período de la&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;infancia correlaciona con la maduración de la SB en&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;distintas áreas cerebrales. Así, encontraron que el&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;desarrollo de la memoria de trabajo visoespacial se&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;asociaría con el aumento de la AF en el lóbulo frontal&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;izquierdo tanto superior como inferior, mientras&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;que el aprendizaje de lectura solo correlacionaría&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;con la maduración de la SB en el lóbulo temporal&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;izquierdo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;color: red; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;b&gt;Sustancia blanca en trastornos del espectro autista&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; El término trastornos del espectro autista resalta la noción dimensional de un ‘continuo’ (no una categoría), en el que se altera cualitativamente un conjunto de capacidades en la interacción social, la comunicación y la imaginación. Esta semejanza no es incompatible con la diversidad del colectivo: diversos trastornos; diversa afectación de los síntomas clave, desde los casos más acentuados a aquellos rasgos fenotípicos rozando la normalidad; desde aquellos casos asociados a discapacidad intelectual marcada, a otros con alto grado de inteligencia; desde unos vinculados a trastornos genéticos o neurológicos, a otros en los que aún no somos capaces de identificar las anomalías biológicas subyacentes.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; En un reciente estudio de Ulay HT. y Ertugrul A. &lt;span style=&quot;color: red; font-size: xx-small;&quot;&gt;(1)&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp; que revisa la bibliografía existente sobre este tema publicada entre 1997 y 2007, se plantean como hechos más congruentes el aumento del volumen cerebral, que afecta tanto a la SB como a la sustancia gris (SG), sobre todo en los lóbulos parietal, temporal y frontal, con un tamaño más normalizado en el lóbulo occipital. Así un estudio de Hoeft et al&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red; font-size: xx-small;&quot;&gt;(2)&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;en el que se comparaban un grupo de sujetos con autismo idiopático, controles y sujetos con síndrome X frágil, encontraron un aumento del tamaño cerebral en la región frontal medial y orbital, el polo temporal, la amígdala y el cingulado dorsal (regiones muy ligadas al cerebro social) con respecto a controles, y éstos mostraron un mayor tamaño con respecto a niños con síndrome X frágil. Tres estudios longitudinales, Courchesne E. et al.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red; font-size: xx-small;&quot;&gt;(3)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Hazlett HC. et al.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red; font-size: xx-small;&quot;&gt;(4)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;y&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Mosconi MW. et al.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red; font-size: xx-small;&quot;&gt;(5)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;han demostrado que el volumen cerebral es normal-bajo en el nacimiento, para producirse un crecimiento rápido y desproporcionado entre los 6 meses y los 2 años, encontrándose un patrón igual de crecimiento en la amígdala entre los 2 y los 4 años (relacionada con la cognición social y la atención dirigida) Las hipótesis manejadas en la actualidad para explicar este aumento del tamaño cerebral son básicamente tres: incremento de la neurogénesis, decremento de la muerte neuronal en la fase de poda y producción anormal de tejido no neuronal, como las células gliales.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; En estudios de neuroimagen funcional, se ha observado una activación anormal en los lóbulos temporales y en la amígdala, regiones implicadas en el lenguaje, la comunicación y la cognición social. También se ha hallado una hiperactivación del córtex visual, aunque la mirada va dirigida a objetos más que a rostros humanos. En esta línea, un estudio reciente de Lange et al.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red; font-size: xx-small;&quot;&gt;(6)&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;ha planteado que la microestructura de la SB en el giro temporal superior y el polo temporal se encuentra afectada en el autismo, regiones implicadas en el lenguaje, el procesamiento emocional y la cognición social. Los hallazgos principales de un estudio de Mengotti et al.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red; font-size: xx-small;&quot;&gt;(7)&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;son que los niños autistas presentan un incremento en la SB en el giro frontal inferior derecho, el giro fusiforme derecho, el área motora suplementaria y precentral izquierda, y el hipocampo izquierdo, y presentan un decremento en la SG en el giro frontal inferior derecho y el área motora suplementaria izquierda. Además este estudio sugiere problemas de conectividad por una alteración en los circuitos frontoparietales con una falta de maduración de la SB en las fases tempranas del desarrollo. Esta hipótesis sería compatible con otros estudios en los que se ha hallado afectación de la integridad de la SB en regiones frontales. Esta afectación frontal se relaciona, como ya es sabido, con una afectación de las funciones ejecutivas, atención selectiva, memoria de trabajo y teoría de la mente. Otro estudio de Jou et al.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red; font-size: xx-small;&quot;&gt;(8)&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;con 20 niños autistas utilizando DTI ha corroborado una afectación de la conectividad neural entre el cuerpo calloso/cingulado y los lóbulos temporales, que afecta a los fascículos longitudinal inferior, frontooccipital y longitudinal superior, fascículos responsables de la conectividad entre la amígdala, el área fusiforme y el surco temporal superior, estructuras, a su vez, implicadas en la percepción de situaciones sociales y la cognición. Shukla et al&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red; font-size: xx-small;&quot;&gt;(9)&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;han utilizado tres medidas diferentes obtenidas con DTI, revelando problemas de desmielinización, lesión axonal y pérdida de cohesión entre la SB. La afectación de la SB corticocortical afecta al fascículo longitudinal inferior (implicado en la valencia emocional de imágenes visuales), el fascículo frontooccipital (relacionado con el reconocimiento visual y la memoria) y el fascículo longitudinal superior arqueado (que une el área de Broca y la de Wernicke). De todos modos, este estudio resulta muy compatible con la afectación de circuitos frontoparietales. Otro trabajo del mismo grupo&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red; font-size: xx-small;&quot;&gt;(10)&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;se ha centrado en el estudio mediante DTI del cuerpo calloso y los sistemas subcorticales, en los que se halla afectado el cuerpo calloso y, en consecuencia, la comunicación interhemisférica, así como el pedúnculo cerebeloso medial y la cápsula interna, afectándose los tractos corticosubcorticales, lo que podíamos relacionar con la afectación sensoriomotora observada en el autismo. La afectación cerebelosa se asocia muy posiblemente con la torpeza motora y los déficits atencionales encontrados en el autismo. Otro estudio también ha mostrado que la microestructura y la morfología del cuerpo calloso se ven afectadas en el autismo. Los estudios muestran una baja AF de la SB en cuatro regiones del hemisferio izquierdo (frontal, giro frontal medial, giro temporal superior y giro frontal inferior) y un incremento en el hemisferio derecho en el córtex prefrontal, el giro temporal medial y el área subgenual. A su vez, en un estudio exploratorio se ha observado una disminución de la AF en regiones implicadas en la cognición social (giro fusiforme y giro temporal superior), así como en regiones implicadas en la teoría de la mente (córtex prefrontal ventromedial, cingulado anterior, encrucijada temporoparietal, giro temporal superior y amígdala).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; Analizando los estudios llevados a cabo con morfometría basada en vóxeles para estudiar el autismo comprendidos entre los años 2002 y 2010, se ha encontrado de manera más consistente un incremento de la SB en el fascículo arqueado derecho, en el fascículo frontooccipital inferior izquierdo y en fascículo uncinado. Estos circuitos se encuentran íntimamente relacionados con el lenguaje, la memoria y la cognición social (incluido el procesamiento de las emociones humanas, ya que el fascículo uncinado se considera parte del sistema límbico y afecta a la amígdala, recorriendo un circuito que implica córtex prefrontal, polo temporal y amígdala). Un interesante planteamiento sería intentar relacionar los parámetros encontrados en pruebas con DTI en diferentes regiones cerebrales y su relación con la conducta social. En un trabajo de Noriuchi M et al.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red; font-size: xx-small;&quot;&gt;(11)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;publicado en 2010, se ha encontrado una disminución de la AF en el córtex prefrontal dorsolateral, región temporal superior posterior, región temporoparietal, polo temporal derecho, amígdala, fascículo longitudinal superior, fascículo occipitofrontal, cuerpo calloso y córtex cingulado. El grado de AF en el córtex prefrontal dorsolateral se relaciona inversamente con la afectación de la cognición social. De este estudio podemos plantear la hipótesis más coherente sobre la afectación en el autismo: se trata de una afectación que implica a la cognición social y a la integración de información, lo que alteraría la ‘coherencia central’. Así, Frith&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red; font-size: xx-small;&quot;&gt;(12)&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;propuso que el autismo se caracteriza por un desequilibrio específico en la integración de la información en distintos niveles. Una característica del procesamiento normal de la información es la capacidad cognitiva de las personas para conectar la información proveniente de distintas fuentes y construir así un significado integral dentro de un contexto; es lo que describe como ‘coherencia central’. Esta activación demostrada en el córtex prefrontal dorsolateral ha sido corroborada por Morgan J.T.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red; font-size: xx-small;&quot;&gt;(13)&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;en un estudio post mortem con 13 casos de autismo, encontrando una alteración neuropatológica en una importante proporción de los casos. La presencia temprana de esta alteración puede desempeñar un papel central en la activación microglial, y puede representar una respuesta del sistema neuroinmune que afecta a la conexión sináptica y a la generación de redes neurales, que reflejaría anormalidades genético/ambientales que impactan en el desarrollo de grupos neuronales múltiples. En este mismo sentido, otro estudio ha comunicado activación microglial y astroglial en el cerebelo, el cingulado anterior y el giro frontal medio.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; Asociada con este desarrollo neuronal anormal y aberrante se encuentra la relación entre la gravedad de los síntomas de autismo y su relación con alteraciones de la SB. Así, niños con autismo muestran una mielinización aumentada, dada su edad, de la SB en el córtex frontal medial bilateral, y una mielinización menor a la esperada en la encrucijada temporoparietal izquierda. La gravedad de los síntomas se relaciona, a su vez, con la afectación frontoparietal izquierda. Esta propuesta de un sobredesarrollo frontal medial y un subdesarrollo frontoparietal suscita la interesante hipótesis de que el autismo no es la consecuencia de un avance o un retroceso del desarrollo cerebral, sino, más bien, una variación en la sincronización y en el tiempo de desarrollo de regiones específicas. Algunos autores ya habían sugerido las desviaciones en el funcionamiento de determinadas regiones cerebrales, que habían planteado que el circuito entre los polos temporales, el surco temporal posterior y el córtex temporal medial se relaciona con fallos en reconocer cuándo se refieren a tu persona y en la teoría de la mente. Es curioso y no casual que, en sujetos autistas, las conductas autorreferenciales se han asociado con una activación temporoparietal. Además de esta encrucijada frontoparietal, se ha incluido en los procesos implicados en la teoría de la mente al córtex frontal medial adyacente y al cingulado anterior, implicado en conductas afectivas, cognitivas y motoras, además de monitorizar la interacción social, el aprendizaje emocional, el autocontrol, las respuestas al cambio estimular o la coordinación compleja bimanual. De hecho, en un estudio Barnea-Goraly et al.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red; font-size: xx-small;&quot;&gt;(14)&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;utilizando DTI, se señalaba una AF reducida en el&amp;nbsp;cingulado anterior, el córtex prefrontal ventromedial y la región frontoparietal adyacente al giro temporal superior. En otro estudio se observó un aumento de neuronas en la SB subcortical y una disminución en las regiones corticales. Esto podría relacionarse con un fallo en la migración de estas neuronas hacia las regiones corticales, lo que produciría una afectación de las funciones corticales, ya que estas neuronas se encontrarían ‘retenidas’ en la SB subcortical (este proceso ocurre en el desarrollo fetal, entre la 7.ª y la 18.ª semanas).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;color: red; font-size: x-large; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;Conclusiones&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; La etiología de los trastornos de desarrollo infantil guarda una estrecha relación con la SB. Se detecta una afectación clara en ciertos fascículos en la red temporoparietal, el cuerpo calloso y las regiones del cingulado. Es destacable el papel fundamental que el desarrollo de la SB tiene en la conectividad cerebral y, como resultado, la importancia del estudio de estas estructuras para detectar anormalidades tempranas en el grado de sincronía o integración que subyace a algunos trastornos del neurodesarrollo y en la maduración cerebral. No debemos olvidar que lo que hace eficaz al hombre sobre otras especies es, básicamente, su capacidad de predicción y su capacidad de conectar diferentes áreas cerebrales, que, a su vez, deben tener un desarrollo armónico entre todas ellas. El hombre es básicamente eficaz por su capacidad de predicción, rapidez en el procesamiento de información procedente de diferentes fuentes, equilibrio armónico de funciones y conectividad entre estas regiones equilibradas.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;(1)&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Ulay HT, Ertugrul A. Neuroimaging findings in autism: a brief review. Turk Psikiyatri Derg 2009; 20: 164-74.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;(2)&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Hoeft F, Walter E, Lightbody AA, Hazlett HC, Chang C, Piven J, et al. Neuroanatomical differences in toddler boys with fragile X syndrome and idiopathic autism. Arch Gen Psychiatr 2011; 68: 295-305.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;(3)&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Courchesne E, Carper R, Akshoomoff N. Evidence of brain overgrowth in the first year of life in autism. JAMA 2003; 290: 337-44.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;(4)&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Hazlett HC, Poe M, Gerig G, Smith RG, Provenzale J, Ross A, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging and head circumference study of brain size in autism: birth through age 2 years. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2005; 62: 1366-76.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;(5)&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Mosconi MW, Cody-Hazlett H, Poe MD, Gerig G, Gimpel-Smith R, Piven J. Longitudinal study of amygdala volume and joint attention in 2- to 4-year-old children with autism. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2009; 66: 509-16.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;(6)&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Lange, N, DuBray MB, Lee JE, Froimowitz MP, Froehlich A, Adluru N, et al. Atypical diffusion tensor hemispheric asymmetry in autism. Autism Res 2010; 3: 350-8.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;(7)&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Mengotti P, D’Agostini S, Terlevic R, De Colle C, Biasizzo E, Londero D, et al. Altered white matter integrity and development in children with autism: a combined voxel-based morphometry and diffusion imaging study. Brain Res Bull 2011; 84: 189-95.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;(8)&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Jou RJ, Jackowski AP, Papademetris X, Rajeevan N, Staib LH, Volkmar FR. Diffusion tensor imaging in autism spectrum disorders: preliminary evidence of abnormal neural connectivity. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2011; 45: 153-62.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;(9)&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Shukla DK, Keehn B, Müller RA. Tract-specific analyses of diffusion tensor imaging show widespread white matter compromise in autism spectrum disorder. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2011; 52: 286-95.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;(10)&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Shukla DK, Keehn B, Lincoln AJ, Müller RA. White matter compromise of callosal and subcortical fiber tracts in children with autism spectrum disorder: a diffusion tensor imaging study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2010; 49: 1269-78.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;(11)&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Noriuchi M, Kikuchi Y, Yoshiura T, Kira R, Shigeto H, Hara T, et al. Altered white matter fractional anisotropy and social impairment in children with autism spectrum disorder. Brain Res 2010; 1362: 141-9.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;(12)&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Frith U. Mind blindness and the brain in autism. Neuron 2002; 32: 969-79.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;(13)&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Morgan JT, Chana G, Pardo CA, Achim C, Semendeferi K, Buckwalter J, et al. Microglial activation and increased microglial density observed in the dorsolateral prefrontal&lt;br /&gt;
cortex in autism. Biol Psychiatry 2010; 68: 368-76.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;(14)&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Barnea-Goraly N, Kwon H, Menon V, Eliez S, Lotspeich L, Reiss AL. White matter structure in autism: preliminary evidence from diffusion tensor imaging. Biol Psychiatry 2004; 55: 323-6.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://autismoypsicobiologia.blogspot.com/feeds/3472322746248538453/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://autismoypsicobiologia.blogspot.com/2014/01/la-sustancia-blanca-en-los-trastornos.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/739389055950674833/posts/default/3472322746248538453'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/739389055950674833/posts/default/3472322746248538453'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://autismoypsicobiologia.blogspot.com/2014/01/la-sustancia-blanca-en-los-trastornos.html' title='La sustancia blanca en los trastornos del desarrollo (TEA, TDAH, Dislexia, Discalculia...) con especial referencia a los TEA'/><author><name>Fernando Jiménez Moya</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07347207322850365623</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpRGYAe2AlT1wCfYS_XXMCSWX7uVsykKim6AW5_E57hlSAvWxzwZO6G3X9X8jVr_HAqOmCU4nqw6OIOH7TQ-gGPwQPOOc0lwQHT60wSoF33JJPjGBEHIqws_QSl9hs_tw/s220/DSC03296.JPG'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-739389055950674833.post-5379557550309189393</id><published>2013-12-18T11:32:00.001+01:00</published><updated>2013-12-18T11:32:23.247+01:00</updated><title type='text'>13 consejos para que los niños con autismo disfruten de la Navidad | Faros HSJBCN</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href=&quot;http://faros.hsjdbcn.org/es/articulo/13-consejos-ninos-autismo-disfruten-navidad#.UrF5cfiJ290.blogger&quot;&gt;13 consejos para que los niños con autismo disfruten de la Navidad | Faros HSJBCN&lt;/a&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://autismoypsicobiologia.blogspot.com/feeds/5379557550309189393/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://autismoypsicobiologia.blogspot.com/2013/12/13-consejos-para-que-los-ninos-con.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/739389055950674833/posts/default/5379557550309189393'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/739389055950674833/posts/default/5379557550309189393'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://autismoypsicobiologia.blogspot.com/2013/12/13-consejos-para-que-los-ninos-con.html' title='13 consejos para que los niños con autismo disfruten de la Navidad | Faros HSJBCN'/><author><name>Fernando Jiménez Moya</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07347207322850365623</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpRGYAe2AlT1wCfYS_XXMCSWX7uVsykKim6AW5_E57hlSAvWxzwZO6G3X9X8jVr_HAqOmCU4nqw6OIOH7TQ-gGPwQPOOc0lwQHT60wSoF33JJPjGBEHIqws_QSl9hs_tw/s220/DSC03296.JPG'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-739389055950674833.post-1369916543677826851</id><published>2013-12-16T22:43:00.001+01:00</published><updated>2013-12-16T22:43:57.475+01:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Atomoxetina. Autismo. Metilfenidato. TDAH. Trastornos del espectro autista"/><title type='text'>Utilización del Metilfenidato y de la Atomoxetina en los Trastornos del Espectro Autista (TEA)</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;En algunos Blogs sobre autismo se repite el &quot;mantra&quot; de que el metilfenidato es el medicamento más utilizado en personas con autismo y de que no existe comprobación científica que demuestre sus efectos beneficiosos.&amp;nbsp;Sin embargo, alguna evidencia científica sí existe sobre su eficacia, así como de la Atomoxetina.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Así, en una reciente ponencia&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;presentada, en la XXXVII Reunión Anual de la SENEP (Sociedad Española de Neurología Pediátrica) celebrada en Valencia del 11 al 14 de septiembre de este año, por&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Alberto Fernández-Jaén et al., titulada &quot;Autismo y trastorno por déficit de atención/hiperactividad: intervención farmacológica&quot;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;y publicada en Revista de Neurología 2013; 57 (Supl 1): S185-S191 (www.neurologia.com) se hace una revisión sobre la aplicación de dichos fármacos en los TEA.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;A continuación realizo un resumen de la ponencia:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;Recientes estudios registran una elevada frecuencia de síntomas del TDAH en los pacientes con TEA, y viceversa. Por otro lado, hay que valorar que los problemas atencionales o la hipercinesia &amp;nbsp;en el TEA pueden ser &quot;diferentes&quot;: pueden mostrar dificultades atencionales por prestar atención a objetos relacionados con intereses particulares, o mostrar ansiedad o movimientos reiterados que pueden confundirse con la hiperactividad propia del TDAH. Aún así, afectan al 40-60% de los pacientes con TEA. Y también, algunos trabajos han mostrado la presencia de dificultades en la comunicación e interacción social en el 75% de los pacientes con TDAH.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;Paralelamente, numerosas evidencias científicas en el apartado genético y neuroanatómico apoyan la relación entre estos dos trastornos. Así, estudios poblacionales, europeos y americanos, han demostrado un ligamiento cruzado significativo entre ciertos loci genéticos y la dislexia, el TDAH y el TEA. Además el volumen cerebral total es un 5% más pequeño en niños con TDAH &amp;nbsp;que los controles, debido a una disminución del grosor cortical, especialmente del lóbulo frontal (corteza prefrontal). Algunos estudios registran reducciones más acusadas en el volumen de la corteza prefrontal. En los TEA, los estudios más replicados han mostrado un sobrecrecimiento cerebral&amp;nbsp;temprano, contrario a lo observado en los pacientes con&amp;nbsp;TDAH. Sin embargo, estudios más recientes, a través de la medición del espesor cortical, han mostrado un mayor volumen cerebral, pero no un mayor espesor cortical,&amp;nbsp;ítem más, algunos estudios han puesto de manifiesto un menor espesor cortical en áreas frontoparietales.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;El presente trabajo analizará la eficacia, indicación o tolerancia de tratamientos farmacológicos dirigidos a mejorar los síntomas del TDAH en pacientes con TEA.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;El empleo de psicofármacos para el tratamiento&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;de niños con TEA es indudablemente frecuente.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;Los antipsicóticos atípicos son los más empleados.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;Dos terceras partes de los pacientes muestran respuestas&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;positivas sobre la hipercinesia, la irritabilidad,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;las estereotipias o las conductas explosivas; no&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;hay datos claros de que mejoren de forma significativa&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;la atención y el aprendizaje. Por otro lado,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;los efectos secundarios a largo plazo, especialmente&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;los síntomas extrapiramidales, son más preocupantes&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;que con fármacos como el metilfenidato (MTF)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;o la atomoxetina (ATX). L&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;a ATX o el&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;MTF pueden mejorar la atención, el autocontrol, la&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;memoria de trabajo, etc., en numerosos individuos,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;con independencia de su diagnóstico; no son ‘específicos’&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;del TDAH.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;En la mayor parte de los estudios sobre la eficacia de&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;estos fármacos en el TDAH, el retraso mental es un&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;criterio de exclusión prácticamente constante. En&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;pacientes con retraso mental y TDAH, la eficacia del&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;tratamiento con MTF y ATX parece ser menor que&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;en pacientes sin retraso mental, y la tolerancia, peor.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;En los TEA, la presencia de&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;retraso mental se observa en el 65-85% de los pacientes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;; éste puede ser un sesgo marcado en&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;el análisis comparativo de la eficacia y tolerancia del&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;MTF y la ATX en pacientes con TEA o sin él.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: red; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: yellow; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Metilfenidato&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;El MTF es un psicoestimulante de eficacia contrastada&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;en el TDAH. Aproximadamente el 20% de niños&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;con TEA recibe tratamiento con psicoestimulantes&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;como el MTF. A pesar de su indudable&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;utilidad, es menos efectivo en niños con trastorno&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;generalizado del desarrollo que en niños con desarrollo&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;normal, con un porcentaje de respuesta&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;adecuada del 46-62%. En pacientes con TEA,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;aparece igualmente una mayor frecuencia de efectos&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;adversos, y los más frecuentes son el incremento&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;de las estereotipias, la asocialización o las&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;autolesiones, los tics, la irritabilidad, el insomnio y&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;las conductas agresivas. Estos problemas conducen&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;a la suspensión del tratamiento al menos en un 10%&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;de los pacientes. Los niños con trastorno generalizado&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;del desarrollo tienen una alta incidencia&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;de trastornos de ansiedad de diversa índole, lo&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;que puede empeorar la respuesta al tratamiento con&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;psicoestimulantes.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;En el estudio de la Research Units on Pediatric&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222;&quot;&gt;Psychopharmacology Autism Network &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;*&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222;&quot;&gt;, doble ciego,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;controlado con placebo, con 72 niños con TEA,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;se objetivó una respuesta al MTF en el 49% de los&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;niños.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;Se retiró el tratamiento en el 18% de&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;los casos, por efectos adversos, especialmente por&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;irritabilidad.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222;&quot;&gt;En el estudio de Handen et al &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;**&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222;&quot;&gt;, las dosis más altas de&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;MTF no sólo se asociaron con la irritabilidad, sino&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;con mayor aislamiento social.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;Stigler et al&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;***&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;, &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;demostraron una mayor eficacia en el trastorno&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;de Asperger que en el trastorno autista.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;En el estudio de Posey et al&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;****&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; con 66 niños con&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;trastornos generalizados del desarrollo, el MTF en&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;dosis de 0,25 y 0,5 mg/kg &amp;nbsp;se asoció a una&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;mejora significativa frente a placebo en los apartados&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;de hiperactividad e impulsividad, y, en menor&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;medida, en la atención.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;Todos los estudios realizados hasta la fecha, controlados&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;con placebo, en pacientes con TEA, se han&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;realizado con MTF de liberación inmediata en dos&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;o tres tomas diarias.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: red; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: yellow; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Atomoxetina&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: red; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: yellow; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;La ATX es un fármaco no estimulante, que podría&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;ser interesante en el tratamiento de los pacientes&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;con TEA y síntomas de TDAH debido a su potencial&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;efecto en la conducta social y su probable&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;perfil ansiolítico. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;Se ha podido documentar cómo los pacientes con&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;TEA son más proclives a recibir ATX en lugar de&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;MTF para mejorar sus síntomas de inatención e hiperactividad&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;que los pacientes con un desarrollo normal&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;Arnold et al&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;*****&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;han publicado el único estudio&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;doble ciego controlado con placebo hasta la fecha.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;Demostraron una respuesta adecuada en más de la&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;mitad de los 16 niños incluidos. Los efectos secundarios&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;más frecuentes fueron los síntomas gastrointestinales&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;leves y la fatiga. Un caso abandonó el tratamiento&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;por aumento de la agresividad.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;Posey et al&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;******&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;demostraron&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;una mejora en 12 de los 16 pacientes incluidos con&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;trastorno generalizado del desarrollo de alto funcionamiento&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;(cociente intelectual no verbal &amp;gt; 70).&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;Se registraron mejoras discretas en irritabilidad, sociabilidad,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;estereotipias y lenguaje repetitivo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: #f1c232; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;Conclusiones&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;La elevada frecuencia de los&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;síntomas cardinales del TDAH en los pacientes con&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;TEA, así como la cercanía de los hallazgos neurobiológicos,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;hace suponer una relación comórbida&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;más que casual.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;Los tratamientos farmacológicos característicos&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;para el TDAH, en particular el MTF y la ATX, parecen&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;reducir los síntomas de inatención, hiperactividad&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;e impulsividad en los pacientes con TEA.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;Indudablemente, a la vista de lo señalado, el MTF&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;y la ATX se muestran como una opción razonable&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;para el tratamiento de los síntomas del TDAH en&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;pacientes con TEA [3,9]. Más del 50% de los casos&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;pueden responder positivamente a estos tratamientos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;Por otro lado, son necesarios estudios más amplios,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;controlados y aleatorizados, con diseño doble&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;ciego, para confirmar la eficacia de estos tratamientos&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;frente a placebo y respecto a otras alternativas&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;terapéuticas. Estos estudios deberían analizar la eficacia&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;de estos tratamientos sobre funciones cognitivas-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;ejecutivas de los pacientes con TEA y no sólo&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;la mejora clínica cuantificada a través de escalas.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;Por último, aunque parece que algunos de los trabajos&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;revisados señalan la mejora funcional de estos&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;pacientes al reducir la sintomatología del TDAH,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;son necesarios estudios a largo plazo para demostrar&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;la mejora en la capacidad adaptativa (social,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;aprendizaje…) de los pacientes con TEA.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;(&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;*&lt;/span&gt;)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;Research Units on Pediatric Psychopharmacology Autism&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;Network. Randomized, controlled, crossover trial of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;methylphenidate in pervasive developmental disorders&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;with hyperactivity. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2005; 62: 1266-74.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: red; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;**&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;Handen BL, Johnson CR, Lubetsky M. Efficacy of methyl-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;phenidate among children with autism and symptoms of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Autism Dev Disord&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;2000; 30: 245-55.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: red; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;***&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;Stigler KA, Desmond LA, Posey DJ, Wiegand RE, McDougle CJ.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;A naturalistic retrospective analysis of psychostimulants in&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;pervasive developmental disorders. J Child Adolesc Psycho-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;pharmacol 2004; 14: 49-56.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: red; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;****&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;Posey DJ, Aman MG, McCracken JT, Scahill L, Tierney E,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;Arnold LE, et al. Positive effects of methylphenidate on&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;inattention and hyperactivity in pervasive developmental&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;disorders: an analysis of secondary measures. Biol Psychiatry&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;2007; 61: 538-44.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: red; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;*****&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;Arnold LE, Aman MG, Cook AM, Witwer AN, Hall KL,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;Thompson S, et al. Atomoxetine for hyperactivity in autism&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;spectrum disorders: placebo-controlled crossover pilot trial.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2006; 45: 1196-205.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: red; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;******&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;Posey DJ, Wiegand RE, Wilkerson J, Maynard M, Stigler KA,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;McDougle CJ. Open-label atomoxetine for attentiondeficit/&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;hyperactivity disorder symptoms associated with&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;high-functioning pervasive developmental disorders. J Child&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2006; 16: 599-610.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://autismoypsicobiologia.blogspot.com/feeds/1369916543677826851/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://autismoypsicobiologia.blogspot.com/2013/12/utilizacion-del-metilfenidato-y-de-la.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/739389055950674833/posts/default/1369916543677826851'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/739389055950674833/posts/default/1369916543677826851'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://autismoypsicobiologia.blogspot.com/2013/12/utilizacion-del-metilfenidato-y-de-la.html' title='Utilización del Metilfenidato y de la Atomoxetina en los Trastornos del Espectro Autista (TEA)'/><author><name>Fernando Jiménez Moya</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07347207322850365623</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpRGYAe2AlT1wCfYS_XXMCSWX7uVsykKim6AW5_E57hlSAvWxzwZO6G3X9X8jVr_HAqOmCU4nqw6OIOH7TQ-gGPwQPOOc0lwQHT60wSoF33JJPjGBEHIqws_QSl9hs_tw/s220/DSC03296.JPG'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-739389055950674833.post-8058201388627541574</id><published>2013-12-05T21:18:00.000+01:00</published><updated>2013-12-13T18:38:11.790+01:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Buena práctica terapéutica"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Programas de intervención"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Terapia"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Tratamiento"/><title type='text'>Tratamiento de los trastornos del espectro autista</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;En una ponencia presentada en la XXXVII Reunión Anual de la SENEP (Sociedad Española de Neurología Pediátrica) celebrada en Valencia del 11 al 14 de septiembre de este año, por el Dr. Juan Martos Pérez y María Llorente-Comí, del Centro Deletrea, titulada &quot;Tratamiento de los trastornos del espectro autista: unión entre la comprensión y la práctica basada en la evidencia&quot; y publicada en Revista de Neurología 2013; 57 (Supl 1): S185-S191 (www.neurologia.com) se hace un interesante análisis de la práctica terapéutica con los niños con TEA y adolescentes con TEA de alto funcionamiento, haciendo hincapié en las características heterogéneas de funcionamiento de las personas con trastornos del espectro autista (TEA) y cómo dichas características también pueden estar en la base de la variabilidad en la respuesta al tratamiento. A continuación realizo un resumen de la ponencia:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Los trastornos del espectro autista (TEA) engloban un conjunto heterogéneo de alteraciones del neurodesarrollo cuya sintomatología definitoria incluye, además de un trastorno en el desarrollo sociocomunicativo y un &amp;nbsp;patrón restringido de actividades e intereses, otro tipo de manifestaciones clínicas que varían enormemente de un individuo a otro. Así puede ir acompañado de discapacidad intelectual, alteración grave en el desarrollo lingüístico y/o centrar gran parte de su actividad espontánea en la realización repetitiva de conductas autoestimulatorias. Sin embargo, en otros casos, presentan un alto potencial cognitivo, capacidades elaboradas de juego o habilidades lingüísticas acordes a su nivel de desarrollo cronológico. Esta variabilidad no sólo se observa de un individuo a otro, sino que a lo largo del ciclo vital de una misma persona, se producen cambios significativos en la intensidad y manifestación de las características que definen y acompañan al cuadro.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Si a esa heterogeneidad inter e intraindividual unimos el hecho de que la respuesta a los tratamientos también es muy variable, resultará fácil comprender que hoy día todavía no exista un consenso claro acerca de cuál es el programa o modelo de intervención más eficaz. Aún se desconocen las razones de por qué unas personas responden bien a un tipo de tratamiento y otras, no. Y con demasiada frecuencia, &lt;b&gt;el apoyo a determinados métodos se basa en estudios de un único caso, con limitaciones metodológicas y basados más en anécdotas y datos descriptivos que en evidencia obtenida a través de la investigación&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;*&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Por otra parte, con esos intentos de diseñar programas cerrados y estandarizados de intervención se corre el riesgo de otorgar menos importancia a la comprensión profunda del trastorno. &lt;b&gt;La aplicación rígida de estrategias de intervención, el seguimiento pautado de unos objetivos específicos con tareas prediseñadas y el planteamiento de sesiones predeterminadas tanto en el tipo de actividades como en los tiempos de dedicación a cada una de ellas deja en un segundo plano la comprensión no sólo de los TEA, sino también del niño, adolescente o adulto concreto con el que se trabaja&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;**&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Hay algunos programas y modelos terapéuticos que han recibido más apoyo empírico, otros que cuentan con escaso respaldo científico e incluso algunos cuya práctica se desaconseja por no producir ningún &amp;nbsp;beneficio o incluso por tener efectos nocivos. Para una revisión de este tema se aconseja consultar &quot;&lt;i&gt;Fuentes-Biggi, J. et al. Guía de buena práctica para el tratamiento de los trastornos del espectro autista. Revista de Neurología 2006; 43: 425-38&lt;/i&gt;&quot;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Los principales indicadores de calidad de un programa son:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Todo programa de intervención debe ser individualizado.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;El diseño de los objetivos y estrategias de intervención se debe apoyar en una evaluación previa y exhaustiva de las destrezas y dificultades específicas de cada persona.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;El programa de intervención debe asegurar la generalización de los aprendizajes mediante el diseño de actividades en entornos naturales.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;La familia tiene que considerarse como un agente activo en el proceso de enseñanza.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;El modelo de intervención debe respetar la necesidad de orden, estructura, anticipación y predictibilidad que muestran las personas con TEA.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;El programa debe fomentar la adquisición de aprendizajes funcionales.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Se deben utilizar los intereses de la persona con TEA en el diseño de tareas y actividades.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;El programa de intervención debe incluir objetivos concretos que sean fácilmente medibles y susceptibles de valoración.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Una atención temprana de calidad favorece el desarrollo del niño, reduce la gravedad de sus síntomas y mejora tanto su calidad de vida como la de su familia. En la atención temprana cobra especial importancia la implicación de la familia y la priorización de objetivos relacionados con la comunicación, el desarrollo social y el juego.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Los niños pequeños con TEA requieren un alto grado de dedicación, implicación y trabajo por parte de los profesionales que los atienden y de su familia. En la atención temprana, parte de la labor terapéutica se centra en dotar a los padres de los recursos y estrategias necesarios para garantizar la generalización de los aprendizajes, manejar situaciones conflictivas o difíciles y potenciar el desarrollo óptimo de sus hijos. Además, los padres guían a los profesionales en la priorización y jerarquización de esos objetivos en función de las necesidades y características de la propia familia y ayudan a evaluar la eficacia del tratamiento. Al igual que cada niño con TEA es diferente, cada familia también presenta una características, necesidades, fortalezas y debilidades distintas. Al elaborar un programa de atención temprana se deben tener en cuenta esas particularidades de cada familia para poder planificar los apoyos, exigencias y demandas adecuadas a cada una de ellas. Uno de los objetivos fundamentales de los programas de atención temprana debe ser &lt;b&gt;establecer un vínculo afectivo entre el niño y el adulto,&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;fomentando el interés hacia la relación y convirtiéndose éste en un estímulo positivo y placentero para el niño.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;En niños y adolescentes con TEA de alto funcionamiento se suelen priorizar objetivos relacionados con la mejora de las habilidades sociocomunicativas y con la reducción de la inflexibilidad y la rigidez que suele impregnar tanto su conducta como su actividad mental. También resulta fundamental trabajar aspectos relacionados con la regulación emocional y el autocontrol, que obligatoriamente pasa por la enseñanza tanto de estrategias de relajación y de detección, comprensión y autorregulación de las propias emociones, como de recursos de prevención de conductas inadecuadas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;(*) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Y también habría que tener en cuenta los posibles intereses comerciales en aquellos métodos patentados.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(**) Totalmente de acuerdo, y creo que prácticamente todos los profesionales también lo están y lo verbalizan, el problema es que muy pocos lo practican, dicen una cosa y hacen otra.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://autismoypsicobiologia.blogspot.com/feeds/8058201388627541574/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://autismoypsicobiologia.blogspot.com/2013/12/tratamiento-de-los-trastornos-del.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/739389055950674833/posts/default/8058201388627541574'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/739389055950674833/posts/default/8058201388627541574'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://autismoypsicobiologia.blogspot.com/2013/12/tratamiento-de-los-trastornos-del.html' title='Tratamiento de los trastornos del espectro autista'/><author><name>Fernando Jiménez Moya</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07347207322850365623</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpRGYAe2AlT1wCfYS_XXMCSWX7uVsykKim6AW5_E57hlSAvWxzwZO6G3X9X8jVr_HAqOmCU4nqw6OIOH7TQ-gGPwQPOOc0lwQHT60wSoF33JJPjGBEHIqws_QSl9hs_tw/s220/DSC03296.JPG'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-739389055950674833.post-3259346581215180057</id><published>2013-11-13T23:04:00.001+01:00</published><updated>2013-11-13T23:07:37.528+01:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Multa"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Risperdal"/><title type='text'>Johnson &amp; Johnson pagará 1.630 millones por promoción indebida de medicamentos - RTVE.es</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.rtve.es/noticias/20131104/johnson-johnson-pagara-1630-millones-promocion-indebida-medicamentos/783624&quot;&gt;Johnson &amp;amp; Johnson pagará 1.630 millones por promoción indebida de medicamentos&amp;nbsp;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;entre ellos Risperdal</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://autismoypsicobiologia.blogspot.com/feeds/3259346581215180057/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://autismoypsicobiologia.blogspot.com/2013/11/johnson-johnson-pagara-1630-millones.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/739389055950674833/posts/default/3259346581215180057'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/739389055950674833/posts/default/3259346581215180057'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://autismoypsicobiologia.blogspot.com/2013/11/johnson-johnson-pagara-1630-millones.html' title='Johnson &amp; Johnson pagará 1.630 millones por promoción indebida de medicamentos - RTVE.es'/><author><name>Fernando Jiménez Moya</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07347207322850365623</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpRGYAe2AlT1wCfYS_XXMCSWX7uVsykKim6AW5_E57hlSAvWxzwZO6G3X9X8jVr_HAqOmCU4nqw6OIOH7TQ-gGPwQPOOc0lwQHT60wSoF33JJPjGBEHIqws_QSl9hs_tw/s220/DSC03296.JPG'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-739389055950674833.post-3268598697689096787</id><published>2013-08-12T18:50:00.001+02:00</published><updated>2013-08-12T18:50:24.730+02:00</updated><title type='text'>Centro Abepa Autismo: Una sustancial mejora de la percepción de movimien...</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href=&quot;http://autismo-abepa.blogspot.com/2013/08/una-sustancial-mejora-de-la-percepcion.html?spref=bl&quot;&gt;Centro Abepa Autismo: Una sustancial mejora de la percepción de movimien...&lt;/a&gt;: Es bien conocido que los sujetos con TEA presenta un procesamiento atípico de la percepción de objetos estáticos, existiendo una evidencia c...</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://autismoypsicobiologia.blogspot.com/feeds/3268598697689096787/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://autismoypsicobiologia.blogspot.com/2013/08/centro-abepa-autismo-una-sustancial.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/739389055950674833/posts/default/3268598697689096787'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/739389055950674833/posts/default/3268598697689096787'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://autismoypsicobiologia.blogspot.com/2013/08/centro-abepa-autismo-una-sustancial.html' title='Centro Abepa Autismo: Una sustancial mejora de la percepción de movimien...'/><author><name>Fernando Jiménez Moya</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07347207322850365623</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpRGYAe2AlT1wCfYS_XXMCSWX7uVsykKim6AW5_E57hlSAvWxzwZO6G3X9X8jVr_HAqOmCU4nqw6OIOH7TQ-gGPwQPOOc0lwQHT60wSoF33JJPjGBEHIqws_QSl9hs_tw/s220/DSC03296.JPG'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-739389055950674833.post-6198279508731016405</id><published>2013-08-08T11:28:00.001+02:00</published><updated>2013-08-08T11:28:55.243+02:00</updated><title type='text'>Los niños autistas percibirían el movimiento con mayor rapidez - Revista de Neurología</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.neurologia.com/sec/RSS/noticias.php?idNoticia=4143&quot;&gt;Los niños autistas percibirían el movimiento con mayor rapidez - Revista de Neurología&lt;/a&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://autismoypsicobiologia.blogspot.com/feeds/6198279508731016405/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://autismoypsicobiologia.blogspot.com/2013/08/los-ninos-autistas-percibirian-el.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/739389055950674833/posts/default/6198279508731016405'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/739389055950674833/posts/default/6198279508731016405'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://autismoypsicobiologia.blogspot.com/2013/08/los-ninos-autistas-percibirian-el.html' title='Los niños autistas percibirían el movimiento con mayor rapidez - Revista de Neurología'/><author><name>Fernando Jiménez Moya</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07347207322850365623</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpRGYAe2AlT1wCfYS_XXMCSWX7uVsykKim6AW5_E57hlSAvWxzwZO6G3X9X8jVr_HAqOmCU4nqw6OIOH7TQ-gGPwQPOOc0lwQHT60wSoF33JJPjGBEHIqws_QSl9hs_tw/s220/DSC03296.JPG'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-739389055950674833.post-3360590995879796099</id><published>2013-08-08T10:51:00.001+02:00</published><updated>2013-08-08T10:51:51.492+02:00</updated><title type='text'>Señales tempranas de autismo | UniDiversidad. 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Observaciones y pensamientos.'/><author><name>Fernando Jiménez Moya</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07347207322850365623</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpRGYAe2AlT1wCfYS_XXMCSWX7uVsykKim6AW5_E57hlSAvWxzwZO6G3X9X8jVr_HAqOmCU4nqw6OIOH7TQ-gGPwQPOOc0lwQHT60wSoF33JJPjGBEHIqws_QSl9hs_tw/s220/DSC03296.JPG'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-739389055950674833.post-8372366519737991896</id><published>2013-08-07T19:24:00.001+02:00</published><updated>2013-08-07T19:24:42.500+02:00</updated><title type='text'>Hasta un 30% de niños con autismo muestra señales de TDAH - Revista de Neurología</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.neurologia.com/sec/RSS/noticias.php?idNoticia=4162&quot;&gt;Hasta un 30% de niños con autismo muestra señales de TDAH - Revista de Neurología&lt;/a&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://autismoypsicobiologia.blogspot.com/feeds/8372366519737991896/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://autismoypsicobiologia.blogspot.com/2013/08/hasta-un-30-de-ninos-con-autismo.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/739389055950674833/posts/default/8372366519737991896'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/739389055950674833/posts/default/8372366519737991896'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://autismoypsicobiologia.blogspot.com/2013/08/hasta-un-30-de-ninos-con-autismo.html' title='Hasta un 30% de niños con autismo muestra señales de TDAH - Revista de Neurología'/><author><name>Fernando Jiménez Moya</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07347207322850365623</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpRGYAe2AlT1wCfYS_XXMCSWX7uVsykKim6AW5_E57hlSAvWxzwZO6G3X9X8jVr_HAqOmCU4nqw6OIOH7TQ-gGPwQPOOc0lwQHT60wSoF33JJPjGBEHIqws_QSl9hs_tw/s220/DSC03296.JPG'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-739389055950674833.post-4675436172887514648</id><published>2011-12-30T10:22:00.000+01:00</published><updated>2011-12-30T10:22:29.743+01:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Mayor crecimiento general"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Perímetro cefálico"/><title type='text'>Crecimiento excesivo generalizado en los niños con autismo</title><content type='html'>&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;Múltiples
estudios han reportado un crecimiento excesivo en el perímetro cefálico (HC) en
el primer año de vida en niños con autismo. Sin embargo, no está claro si este
fenómeno es independiente del crecimiento general del cuerpo o si se asocia con
unas características sociales o cognitivas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;En un reciente
estudio de &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;Chawarska, K.; Campbell, D.; Chen, L.; Shic, F.; &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Klin, A. &amp;amp; Chang, J. titulado “&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Early
Generalized Overgrowth in Boys With Autism” publicado en &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;st&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Archives of &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;General
Psychiatry&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;st&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Vol. 68 (Nº 10), Oct. 2011, los autores
analizan el crecimiento prematuro del HC en niños con autismo en comparación
con grupos control, para evaluar si el crecimiento del HC en los niños autistas
es independiente del de la altura y del peso durante la infancia, así como
examinan el crecimiento de HC desde el nacimiento hasta los 24 meses en
relación con los niveles de funcionamiento verbal, social, cognitivo y de
adaptación.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: navy; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;En comparación con los controles con un desarrollo normal, los
niños con autismo fueron significativamente mayores a la edad de 4,8 meses,
tuvieron un HC mayor a la edad de 9,5 meses, y pesaron más a la edad de 11,4
meses. Ninguno de los otros grupos clínicos mostraron un patrón similar de
crecimiento excesivo. Los niños con autismo que estaban en el 10% de mayor
tamaño mostraron una mayor gravedad en los déficits sociales y menor capacidad
adaptativa.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: ES;&quot;&gt;Los resultados de este
estudio sugieren que, si bien, como grupo, los niños con autismo eran normocefálicos
y normosómicos al nacer, experimentaron un crecimiento acelerado de la HC,
altura y peso en el primer año de vida. Así, aunque se encuentra evidencia de
un aumento de HC en el autismo, no encontramos ninguna evidencia de la
presencia de un aumento desproporcionado de HC en relación al tamaño total del
cuerpo. Aunque los resultados ilustran de la complejidad de los patrones de
crecimiento temprano en la población con discapacidad, pone de relieve que el
crecimiento acelerado en las 3 dimensiones parece ocurrir sólo en las personas
con grave discapacidad social debido al autismo. Estos resultados generan una
hipótesis interesante que sugiere la presencia de un subtipo de autismo que se
caracteriza por el crecimiento excesivo extremo y graves problemas en las
habilidades sociales.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: AR-SA;&quot;&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;mso-special-character: line-break;&quot; /&gt;
&lt;br style=&quot;mso-special-character: line-break;&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://autismoypsicobiologia.blogspot.com/feeds/4675436172887514648/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://autismoypsicobiologia.blogspot.com/2011/12/crecimiento-excesivo-generalizado-en.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/739389055950674833/posts/default/4675436172887514648'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/739389055950674833/posts/default/4675436172887514648'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://autismoypsicobiologia.blogspot.com/2011/12/crecimiento-excesivo-generalizado-en.html' title='Crecimiento excesivo generalizado en los niños con autismo'/><author><name>Fernando Jiménez Moya</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07347207322850365623</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpRGYAe2AlT1wCfYS_XXMCSWX7uVsykKim6AW5_E57hlSAvWxzwZO6G3X9X8jVr_HAqOmCU4nqw6OIOH7TQ-gGPwQPOOc0lwQHT60wSoF33JJPjGBEHIqws_QSl9hs_tw/s220/DSC03296.JPG'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-739389055950674833.post-7365056327988542854</id><published>2011-10-24T01:39:00.000+02:00</published><updated>2011-10-24T01:39:05.007+02:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Complementos dietéticos"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Medicación"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Risperdal"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Risperidona"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Secretina"/><title type='text'>Tratamiento de los síntomas en niños con trastornos del espectro autista: una revisión exhaustiva de los tratamientos farmacológicos  y complementarios o alternativos.</title><content type='html'>&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Antes de pasar a comentar este artículo quisiera
hacer una declaración de principio, a título personal no soy muy partidario de
los tratamientos médicos para el autismo ya que todos los psicofármacos que se
utilizan en la actualidad son sintomáticos y no curativos por tanto su
beneficio es limitado y solo estarían justificados cuando la sintomatología
impide avanzar con otros tratamientos (conductuales y educativos) que si son
capaces de proporcionar mejoras permanentes. Además, dado que el suministro de
fármacos sería por periodos muy prolongados es difícil tener datos de los
efectos secundarios a largo plazo. No obstante esta declaración considero muy
interesante &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;y esclarecedor el artículo
que paso a comentar.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;En una revisión de Huffman, L.C.; Sutcliffe, T.L.;
Tanner, I.S.D. &amp;amp; Feldman, H.D. (Huffman y Feldman pertenecen a la
Universidad de Stanford, California, Tanner a la Universidad de Wisconsin y
Sutcliffe a la Fundación Médica Palo Alto) titulada “&lt;a href=&quot;http://journals.lww.com/jrnldbp/Abstract/2011/01000/Management_of_Symptoms_in_Children_With_Autism.11.aspx&quot;&gt;Management of Symptoms inChildren With Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Comprehensive Review ofPharmacologic and Complementary-Alternative Medicine Treatments&lt;/a&gt;” publicada en “&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: ES;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://journals.lww.com/jrnldbp/pages/default.aspx&quot;&gt;Journal ofDevelopmental &amp;amp; Behavioral Pediatrics&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Vol. 32: 56-68” en enero de 2011 se analiza la información científica
existente sobre los tratamientos médicos a niños y jóvenes con trastorno del
espectro autista. Si bien el tratamiento médico es generalmente considerado un
complemento de las intervenciones educativas y conductuales, la realidad es que
una gran proporción de niños con TEA lo reciben de uno u otro tipo. Hasta la
fecha no existía un análisis amplio de las opciones de tratamiento médico para
los pacientes con TEA, tanto para los tratamientos puramente farmacológicos
como para los tratamientos médicos complementarios o alternativos. Así las
revisiones existentes hasta ahora tendían a destacar los efectos generales del
tratamiento, lo que es contradictorio con la práctica médica habitual de
centrarse en los síntomas tanto en la selección del tratamiento como en su
seguimiento. En esta revisión los autores analizan 115 estudios sobre
tratamientos médicos, tanto farmacológicos como complementarios y alternativos,
a pacientes con TEA, incluyendo sujetos de 0 a 22 años, centrándose bastante en
el análisis del tratamiento de los síntomas del TEA, distinguiendo síntomas
centrales de los asociados. El Departamento de Servicios de Desarrollo del
Estado de California encargo en 2007 a los autores un resumen de los puntos
relevantes de los conocimientos actuales sobre el tratamiento médico del TEA
con la intención de formar a las familias y a los terapeutas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Los
autores seleccionaron en principio 841 artículos que tras ser sometidos a los
criterios establecidos de inclusión y de no exclusión en la revisión quedaron
reducidos a 115, de los cuales 89 se referían a tratamientos farmacológicos y
26 a tratamientos complementarios o alternativos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Los
89 artículos referidos a tratamientos farmacológicos se clasifican en: 31
antipsicóticos atípicos (principalmente risperidona, comercializado en muchos
países como risperdal), 16 hormonas peptídicas (principalmente secretina), 11
antidepresivos, 7 antiopiáceos, 7 psicoestimulantes, 5 antiepilépticos, 5
antiinfecciosos, 3 potenciadores cognitivos, 2 antihistamínico, 1 ansiolíticos
y 1 quelante. No se encontraron artículos sobre el uso de antihipertensivos
(como clonidina, guanfacina, nadolol y propanolol) a pesar de que estos
medicamentos se utilizan en los TEA para tratar los síntomas de hiperactividad
y déficit de atención . Además, no hubo artículos que abordarán el uso de sales
minerales (por ejemplo, litio), que se han prescrito en los TEA para hacer
frente a la inestabilidad emocional, la agresividad y la irritabilidad. Hay que
señalar que en los análisis se tuvieron en cuenta la calidad científica de los
artículos. Los síntomas que preferentemente se analizan en los artículos son:
síntomas generales básicos (82%), problemas de comunicación (60%), deterioro de
la socialización (48%) e hiperactividad (48%). Sin embargo, se analizaron en
pocas ocasiones la agresión (9%), labilidad emocional (9%), problemas del sueño
(7%), problemas alimentarios (3%) y autolesiones (1%). En cuanto a la evidencia
de efectos beneficiosos, que indudablemente es lo más interesante de esta
revisión, hay que señalar:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;a.-
Con respecto a los síntomas generales básicos existe una fuerte evidencia del
efecto beneficioso de la risperidona y algunos indicios de beneficios
marginales para NRI (inhibidor de la recaptación selectiva de la
norepinefrina), antidepresivos (por ejemplo, la atomoxetina), antihistamínicos
(por ejemplo, ciproheptadina y niaprazine), otros antipsicóticos atípicos (por
ejemplo, olanzapina y quetiapina), y para los potenciadores de la cognición
(por ejemplo, la galantamina, memantina , y rivastigmina). Sin embargo, la secretina
(hormona peptídica gastrointestinal) ha demostrado ser ineficaz en el
tratamiento de los síntomas generales básicos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;b.-
Con respecto al deterioro de la interacción social los resultados presentan evidencia
marginal de efectos beneficiosos para los potenciadores de la cognición (por
ejemplo, la galantamina, memantina, y rivastigmina). Sin embargo, la
naltrexona, un antiopiáceo, ha demostrado ser ineficaz en el tratamiento de la
interacción social deteriorada.&lt;br /&gt;
c.- Con respecto al deterioro de la comunicación los resultados demuestran que
la naltrexona y la secretina son ineficaces.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;d.-
Con respecto al comportamiento restringido y/o repetitivo existe evidencia
marginal de los efectos beneficiosos de los inhibidores selectivos de la
recaptación de serotonina (ISRS) (por ejemplo, escitalopram, fluoxetina). La
naltrexona, la secretina, y los psicoestimulantes (por ejemplo, metilfenidato),
han demostrado ser ineficaces en el tratamiento de este tipo de comportamientos
estereotipados.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;e.-
Con respecto a los comportamientos no adaptativos existe una fuerte evidencia
del efecto beneficioso de la risperidona. Evidencia marginal de beneficio
existe para antiepilépticos (por ejemplo, levetiracetam y topiramato),
naltrexona, otros antipsicóticos atípicos (por ejemplo, olanzapina y
quetiapina), y de los psicoestimulantes.&lt;br /&gt;
f.- Con respecto a la hiperactividad hay una fuerte evidencia del efecto
beneficioso de la risperidona y psicoestimulantes. Evidencia marginal de
beneficio existe para NRI antidepresivos (por ejemplo, la atomoxetina),
antiepilépticos (por ejemplo, levetiracetam y topiramato), y otros
antipsicóticos atípicos (por ejemplo, olanzapina y quetiapina). La hiperactividad
es el único síntoma donde existe evidencia marginal de beneficio para la
secretina.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;g.-
Con respecto a la agresión existen pruebas marginales de los efectos
beneficiosos sobre la agresión de los psicoestimulantes.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;h.-
Con respecto a la irritabilidad hay una fuerte evidencia del efecto beneficioso
de la risperidona. Evidencia marginal de beneficio existe para la naltrexona. Los
psicoestimulantes (por ejemplo, metilfenidato), han demostrado ser ineficaces
en el tratamiento de la irritabilidad.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;i.-
Con respecto a los problemas del sueño existen pruebas marginales de efecto
beneficioso de risperidona.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;j.-
Con respecto a las anomalías sensoriales y autoestimulación, la secretina ha
demostrado ser ineficaz.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;k.-
Con respecto a los problemas gastrointestinales, la secretina ha demostrado ser
ineficaz.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Hubo
un número insuficiente de estudios relacionados con la autolesión, inestabilidad
emocional, depresión/ansiedad y problemas alimenticios para poder sacar
conclusiones acerca de la presencia o ausencia de beneficio.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Los
26 artículos que abordan tratamientos complementarios o alternativos se
clasificaron de la siguiente manera: suplementos dietéticos (N = 17),
incluyendo las vitaminas (N = 6), las proteínas / aminoácidos (N = 5), ácidos
grasos (N = 2), hormonas (melatonina) (N = 2), minerales (N = 1), y las enzimas
digestivas (N = 1), dietas modificadas, sobre todo libre de gluten y dietas sin
caseína (N = 6), el neurofeedback (N = 2), y, con oxígeno hiperbárico (N = 1).
No se encontraron artículos empíricos identificados que abordaran el uso de
agentes antifúngicos (por ejemplo, los probióticos) o potenciadores del sistema
inmune (por ejemplo, la enzima potenciada desensibilización). Evidentemente
también se tuvo en cuenta la calidad cientíca en el análisis de estos artículos,
y en general tuvieron un nivel medio-bajo. Los síntomas que preferentemente se
analizan en los artículos son deterioro de la socialización (56%), síntomas
generales básicos (48%), y problemas de comunicación (44%). Sin embargo, se
analizaron en pocas ocasiones la agresión y la autolesión (0%), problemas
gastrointestinales (4%), depresión (4%), problemas de alimentación (7% ), y
labilidad emocional (7%). Existen pruebas de efectos beneficiosos marginales en
la interacción social con suplementos de proteínas/aminoácidos (por ejemplo, la
carnosina y&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;tetrahidrobiopterina).
Había un número insuficiente de estudios relacionados con los síntomas
generales básicos, problemas de comunicación, o comportamiento repetitivo para
poder &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;sacar conclusiones sobre la
presencia o ausencia de beneficio. Además, había un número insuficiente de
estudios relacionados con los síntomas del comportamiento inadaptado o síntomas
de desregulación para sacar conclusiones acerca de la presencia o ausencia de
beneficio.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Basándose
en los resultados de los artículos de alta calidad, la risperidona es eficaz y
segura para las manifestaciones de los TEA, incluyendo los síntomas centrales
(en general), la conducta desadaptativa (en general), la hiperactividad , y la
irritabilidad. Los efectos secundarios más importantes son el aumento de peso
(con un mayor riesgo de complicaciones metabólicas) y sedación (en especial al
inicio del tratamiento o con los incrementos de dosis). La incidencia de
síntomas extrapiramidales es baja.&lt;br /&gt;
La evidencia de los artículos de mayor calidad indica que el metilfenidato es
eficaz en la reducción de los síntomas de inatención e hiperactividad en niños
con TEA, aunque las tasas de respuesta pueden ser inferiores en los niños con
TEA que las observadas en niños con &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;déficit de atención con hiperactividad típico.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Los
científicos han realizado y publicado un número suficiente de estudios de
calidad para afirmar que por lo menos tres medicamentos son ineficaces para
ciertos síntomas. Por ejemplo, el metilfenidato parece ser ineficaz en el
tratamiento de la conducta restrictiva, repetitiva o la irritabilidad. Además,
la naltrexona parece no tener efecto sobre el deterioro de la interacción
social, problemas de comunicación, o el comportamiento restringido y
repetitivo. Finalmente, la secretina, con la mayor proporción de estudios de
alta calidad, no es eficaz con respecto a los síntomas principales, así como
las conductas de autoestimulación y problemas gastrointestinales.&lt;br /&gt;
Es muy importante señalar que, como el autismo es un trastorno crónico, sin
cura, necesitamos estudios a largo plazo para entender curso de los síntomas en
respuesta a un tratamiento prolongado y el impacto de los efectos secundarios.
Además, es raro que los niños con TEA a ser tratados con la medicación sola, en
la mayoría de los casos, los niños reciben una combinación de medicación e intervenciones
conductuales y educativas. Se necesitan estudios que combinan la medicación y
las intervenciones conductuales, bien ejecutados como se han realizado con otro
tipo de trastornos&lt;br /&gt;
Finalmente, los médicos deben mantenerse conscientes de que las intervenciones
farmacológicas y los tratamientos complementarios o alternativos se utilizan
como complemento de las intervenciones conductuales y educativas, estos
medicamentos no se consideran tratamientos singulares para los niños y
adolescentes con TEA. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ES;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://autismoypsicobiologia.blogspot.com/feeds/7365056327988542854/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://autismoypsicobiologia.blogspot.com/2011/10/tratamiento-de-los-sintomas-en-ninos.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/739389055950674833/posts/default/7365056327988542854'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/739389055950674833/posts/default/7365056327988542854'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://autismoypsicobiologia.blogspot.com/2011/10/tratamiento-de-los-sintomas-en-ninos.html' title='Tratamiento de los síntomas en niños con trastornos del espectro autista: una revisión exhaustiva de los tratamientos farmacológicos  y complementarios o alternativos.'/><author><name>Fernando Jiménez Moya</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07347207322850365623</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpRGYAe2AlT1wCfYS_XXMCSWX7uVsykKim6AW5_E57hlSAvWxzwZO6G3X9X8jVr_HAqOmCU4nqw6OIOH7TQ-gGPwQPOOc0lwQHT60wSoF33JJPjGBEHIqws_QSl9hs_tw/s220/DSC03296.JPG'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-739389055950674833.post-9219238732889744262</id><published>2011-10-03T16:53:00.000+02:00</published><updated>2011-10-03T16:53:41.921+02:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Comunicación"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="PECS"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="VOCA"/><title type='text'>Comunicación espontánea en el trastorno del espectro autista: Una revisión de las topografías y las intervenciones.</title><content type='html'>&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;En una reciente revisión de Duffy, C.
&amp;amp; Healy, O., de la National University of Ireland, titulada “&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1750946710001972&quot;&gt;Spontaneous communicationin autism spectrum disorder: A review of topographies and interventions&lt;/a&gt;”
publicada en &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/709651/description#description&quot;&gt;Research inAutism Spectrum Disorders&lt;/a&gt; 5 (2011) 977–983, se analiza la información
científica disponible sobre la comunicación espontánea en niños autistas. La
comunicación espontánea se define como comportamientos comunicativos que se
producen en ausencia de indicaciones, instrucciones u otras señales verbales.
Usando este concepto, Reichle &amp;amp; Sigafoos, en “Establishing spontaneity and
generalisation. In J. Reichle, J. York, &amp;amp; J. Sigafoos (Eds.), Implementing
augmentative and alternative, 1991”, afirman que a los autistas le falta
espontaneidad en sus interacciones, ya que se ha observado que se basan en
indicaciones. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;En términos similares se manifiesta Chiang en “Differences
between spontaneous and elicited expressive communication in children with
autism. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Research in
Autism Spectrum Disorders, 3, 2009”. La comunicación espontánea, permite a los
individuos comunicar sus necesidades y deseos, aprender más sobre el mundo,
interactuar con sus compañeros y familiares, y en general lograr el control
sobre su entorno (Chiang, H., &amp;amp; Carter, M., 2008, “Spontaneity of
communication in individuals with autism” Journal of Autism and Developmental
Disorders, 38, 693–705). Las iniciaciones espontáneas, por lo tanto son
necesarias para que las personas con TEA sean juzgadas como socialmente
competentes en intercambios comunicativos (Wetherby, A. M., &amp;amp; Prutting, C.,
1984 “Profiles of communicative and cognitive-social abilities in autistic
children” Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 27, 364–377).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Existen
numerosos artículos científicos publicados sobre las distintas intervenciones
para aumentar la comunicación espontánea de los individuos diagnosticados con
TEA. Sin embargo, muchos autistas pueden no desarrollar el habla y el lenguaje
(Lord, C., &amp;amp; McGee, J. P. (Eds.). (2001). Educating children with autism.
Washington: National Academy Press). En estos casos se utilizan diversas
estrategias aumentativas y alternativas para facilitar las conductas comunicativas
espontáneas y topográficas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;Desde
la perspectiva del análisis de la conducta, comprender que factores subyacen
bajo el déficit en la comunicación espontánea es esencial. Así debemos de tener
en cuenta la habilidad para atender conjuntamente, la sobreselectividad de los
estímulos, la motivación, la reducción de la capacidad de observación y las
habilidades de imitación; ya que cada uno de ellos juega un papel fundamental
en el desarrollo del lenguaje, de la comunicación y de la interacción social. No
existe ningún tipo de intervención que sea efectiva para provocar la
espontaneidad en todos los niños. Así, parece que lo único cierto es que la
intervención debe comenzar lo antes posible y que debe ser intensiva. Ambos
factores son los únicos que correlacionan positivamente en todos los casos (Gerenser,
J. (2009). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;Language disorders in children with autism. In
R. G. Schwartz (Ed.), Handbook of child language disorders (pp. 67–89). NY:
Psychology Press)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;. Hay que señalar que l&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: ES;&quot;&gt;os
programas de tratamiento a menudo subestiman la cantidad de tiempo requerido
para desarrollar los comportamientos sociales de comunicación a un nivel
socialmente aceptable. El tratamiento debe continuar durante un período
prolongado de tiempo y requiere de experiencia profesional (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;Fujiki,
M., &amp;amp; Brinton, B. (2009). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;Pragmatics and social
communication in child language disorders. In R. G. Schwartz (Ed.), Handbook of
child language disorders (pp.406–423). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;NY: Psychology Press&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: ES;&quot;&gt;). Las estrategias de comunicación aumentativa y alternativa son un tipo
de intervención con notable éxito para muchos de los niños con TEA que no han
desarrollado el lenguaje. Estas estrategias se pueden utilizar tanto para complementar
el habla existente como para ser el principal o único medio de comunicación expresiva.
Dentro de estas estrategias podemos señalar: lenguaje de signos, comunicación
total (signos+habla), PECS y &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: ES;&quot;&gt;VOCAs. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: ES;&quot;&gt;Quizás de todas ellas la de resultados más prometedores sea el PECS, si
bien se debe escoger las estrategias en función de las características del
niño. Como conclusión se señala que los terapeutas tienen una serie importantes
de tratamientos con apoyo empírico a su disposición, y debe ser las
dificultades y los puntos fuertes del niño, en definitiva su perfil, el que
debe guiar &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: ES;&quot;&gt;la selección de estas estrategias de intervención
para mejorar los repertorios de comunicación espontánea de los individuos con
autismo (Gerenser, 2009, citado anteriormente).&lt;/span&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://autismoypsicobiologia.blogspot.com/feeds/9219238732889744262/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://autismoypsicobiologia.blogspot.com/2011/10/comunicacion-espontanea-en-el-trastorno.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/739389055950674833/posts/default/9219238732889744262'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/739389055950674833/posts/default/9219238732889744262'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://autismoypsicobiologia.blogspot.com/2011/10/comunicacion-espontanea-en-el-trastorno.html' title='Comunicación espontánea en el trastorno del espectro autista: Una revisión de las topografías y las intervenciones.'/><author><name>Fernando Jiménez Moya</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07347207322850365623</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpRGYAe2AlT1wCfYS_XXMCSWX7uVsykKim6AW5_E57hlSAvWxzwZO6G3X9X8jVr_HAqOmCU4nqw6OIOH7TQ-gGPwQPOOc0lwQHT60wSoF33JJPjGBEHIqws_QSl9hs_tw/s220/DSC03296.JPG'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-739389055950674833.post-1475316139517022616</id><published>2011-09-21T22:52:00.000+02:00</published><updated>2011-09-21T22:52:21.852+02:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Efecto de la música"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Estereotipias"/><title type='text'>Estereotipia vocal en niños con autismo: características estructurales, variabilidad y efectos de la estimulación auditiva</title><content type='html'>&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;En un reciente artículo de
Lanovaz, M.J. &amp;amp; Sladeczek, I.E., de la Universidad McGill de Canadá, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;publicado en &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: ES;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://ees.elsevier.com/rasd/default.asp&quot;&gt;Research inAutism Spectrum Disorders&lt;/a&gt; 5 (2011) 1159–1168, titulado&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; “Vocal stereotypy in
children with autism: Structural characteristics, variability, and effects of
auditory stimulation” se realiza un estudio tanto sobre la relación entre las
características estructurales y la duración total de la estereotipia vocal como
sobre los efectos de la estimulación auditiva sobre la duración y la estructura
de dicha conducta. La estereotipia vocal se puede definir como vocalizaciones
repetitivas persistentes en ausencia de consecuencias sociales. Se han asociado,
en numerosos estudios, las estereotipias con deficiencias en las habilidades
sociales y en las conductas adaptativas, y algunos autores han aportado datos
de que pueden interferir en el aprendizaje. Las estereotipias motoras están
bastante estudiadas sin embargo no ocurre lo mismo con las vocales aunque en
los últimos años han aumentado considerablemente los estudios sobre ellas. En
el presente estudios se hace un control más cuidadoso de las variables, así &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;se llevó a cabo un análisis funcional,
con cada participante, para asegurarse de excluir a aquellos que emiten
vocalizaciones repetitivas debido al refuerzo social. Además, se miden las
características estructurales de la estereotipia vocal en contraste con
estudios anteriores que se centraron en las formas motoras de la conducta.
Finalmente, se evaluaron los efectos de la estimulación auditiva (es decir, la
música) sobre las características estructurales de la estereotipia vocal. En
general, los resultados del estudio indican que la estereotipia vocal muestra
una considerable variabilidad dentro y entre los participantes. Además, la
música altera tanto la duración total y la estructura temporal de la
estereotipia vocal para algunos, pero no todos, los niños con autismo. En
cualquier caso, aunque los resultados apuntados se pueden considerar
interesantes, en mi opinión este estudio está muy limitado dado que el número
de casos estudiados es escasísimo (menor de 5). Sería, por tanto realizar
estudios de similares características con un número mucho más numeroso de
sujetos para poder tener conclusiones al respecto.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: ES;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://autismoypsicobiologia.blogspot.com/feeds/1475316139517022616/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://autismoypsicobiologia.blogspot.com/2011/09/estereotipia-vocal-en-ninos-con-autismo.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/739389055950674833/posts/default/1475316139517022616'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/739389055950674833/posts/default/1475316139517022616'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://autismoypsicobiologia.blogspot.com/2011/09/estereotipia-vocal-en-ninos-con-autismo.html' title='Estereotipia vocal en niños con autismo: características estructurales, variabilidad y efectos de la estimulación auditiva'/><author><name>Fernando Jiménez Moya</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07347207322850365623</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpRGYAe2AlT1wCfYS_XXMCSWX7uVsykKim6AW5_E57hlSAvWxzwZO6G3X9X8jVr_HAqOmCU4nqw6OIOH7TQ-gGPwQPOOc0lwQHT60wSoF33JJPjGBEHIqws_QSl9hs_tw/s220/DSC03296.JPG'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-739389055950674833.post-5895008996419470117</id><published>2011-09-12T18:17:00.001+02:00</published><updated>2011-09-12T18:17:14.932+02:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Corteza prefrontal"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Síndrome de Aspeger"/><title type='text'>Disfunción en tareas dependientes de la corteza prefrontal en personas con trastorno de Asperger investigada con espectroscopia multicanal de infrarrojo cercano.</title><content type='html'>&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
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&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;En un reciente artículo de Iwanami, A. et al. publicado
en &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: ES;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://ees.elsevier.com/RASD/default.asp&quot;&gt;Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders&lt;/a&gt; 5 (2011) 1187–1193,
titulado “&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;Task dependent prefrontal dysfunction in persons
with Asperger’s disorder investigated with multi-channel near-infrared
spectroscopy” se realiza un estudio sobre la posibilidad de que las personas con
Síndrome de Asperger presenten una disfunción de la corteza prefrontal,
utilizando espectroscopía multicanal de infrarrojo cercano para detectar los
cambios en la concentración de oxihemoglobina durante dos tareas de fluidez
verbal, una de las cuales implicaba la utilización de la corteza prefrontal.
Los resultados muestran una diferencia significativa entre las personas con
Síndrome de Asperger y el grupo control en la concentración de oxihemoglobina
durante la tarea que implicaba a la corteza prefrontal. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: ES;&quot;&gt;Estos resultados indican que la disfunción prefrontal en personas con
trastorno de Asperger es funcional en la naturaleza y parece ser dependiente de
la tarea.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: ES;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://autismoypsicobiologia.blogspot.com/feeds/5895008996419470117/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://autismoypsicobiologia.blogspot.com/2011/09/disfuncion-en-tareas-dependientes-de-la.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/739389055950674833/posts/default/5895008996419470117'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/739389055950674833/posts/default/5895008996419470117'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://autismoypsicobiologia.blogspot.com/2011/09/disfuncion-en-tareas-dependientes-de-la.html' title='Disfunción en tareas dependientes de la corteza prefrontal en personas con trastorno de Asperger investigada con espectroscopia multicanal de infrarrojo cercano.'/><author><name>Fernando Jiménez Moya</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07347207322850365623</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpRGYAe2AlT1wCfYS_XXMCSWX7uVsykKim6AW5_E57hlSAvWxzwZO6G3X9X8jVr_HAqOmCU4nqw6OIOH7TQ-gGPwQPOOc0lwQHT60wSoF33JJPjGBEHIqws_QSl9hs_tw/s220/DSC03296.JPG'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-739389055950674833.post-6618589346068714863</id><published>2011-09-10T16:55:00.000+02:00</published><updated>2011-09-10T16:55:28.143+02:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Problemas de sueño"/><title type='text'>Relación de los problemas de sueño con los conductuales en niños y adolescentes con trastornos del espectro autista.</title><content type='html'>&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;En
&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;un reciente artículo de Goldman, S.E.;
McGrew, S.; Johnson, K.P.; Richdale, A.L.; Clemons, T. &amp;amp; Malow, B. A.
publicado en &lt;a href=&quot;http://ees.elsevier.com/RASD/default.asp&quot;&gt;Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders &lt;/a&gt;5 (2011) 1223–1229, titulado
“Sleep is associated with problem behaviors in children and adolescents with
Autism Spectrum Disorders” se realiza un estudio sobre la relación entre la
calidad del sueño y el comportamiento de 1784 pacientes con TEA entre los 2 y
los 18 años de edad. Los pacientes con problemas de sueño presentaron un mayor
porcentaje de problemas de conducta en todas las escalas utilizadas. Así, por
ejemplo, más del 75% tenían problemas con la capacidad de atención y las
interacciones sociales. Hay que señalar no obstante dos excepciones que se
refieren al uso del lenguaje y la comprensión. En general, los niños del citado
estudio con falta de sueño eran más propensas a tener conductas asociadas con la
tercera área de la tríada del autismo, el comportamiento restrictivo y
repetitivo. Un durmiente pobre tenía, en general, un mayor riesgo de exhibir
conductas autodestructivas así las conductas autolesivas se registraron en casi
un 25% de ellos. En resumen, los resultados del estudio muestran una asociación
entre la falta de sueño y un comportamiento más problemático en niños y
adolescentes con TEA, evidentemente no se puede determinar la direccionalidad
de la asociación, es decir, si los problemas de sueño influyen en el comportamiento
o si los problemas de desarrollo y de conducta contribuyen a la falta de sueño.
Aunque muchos de los resultados obtenidos ya se conocían de otros estudios, la
aportación de este estudio es doble, por un lado estudia sujetos hasta los 18
años (los estudios precedentes se centraban en niños de mucha menor edad) y por
otro el número de sujetos estudiados es mucho más numeroso que los precedentes.
&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://autismoypsicobiologia.blogspot.com/feeds/6618589346068714863/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://autismoypsicobiologia.blogspot.com/2011/09/relacion-de-los-problemas-de-sueno-con.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/739389055950674833/posts/default/6618589346068714863'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/739389055950674833/posts/default/6618589346068714863'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://autismoypsicobiologia.blogspot.com/2011/09/relacion-de-los-problemas-de-sueno-con.html' title='Relación de los problemas de sueño con los conductuales en niños y adolescentes con trastornos del espectro autista.'/><author><name>Fernando Jiménez Moya</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07347207322850365623</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpRGYAe2AlT1wCfYS_XXMCSWX7uVsykKim6AW5_E57hlSAvWxzwZO6G3X9X8jVr_HAqOmCU4nqw6OIOH7TQ-gGPwQPOOc0lwQHT60wSoF33JJPjGBEHIqws_QSl9hs_tw/s220/DSC03296.JPG'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry></feed>