The Formative Assessment 3 Social Science Project :

2011-10-10T22:55:00.000-07:00

Twas such a headache creating it but at last i succeeeddded!!!!!

Project Topic:
a) Project on hydrogen and atomic bombs
b) Protection from nuclear radiation and attacks

Lets Start !!

A nuclear weapon is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from nuclear reactions, either fission or a combination of fission and fusion . Both reactions release vast quantities of energy from relatively small amounts of matter. The first fission ("atomic") bomb test released the same amount of energy as approximately 20,000 Tons of TNT.

Only two nuclear weapons have been used in the course of warfare, both by the United States near the end of World War 2. On 6 August 1945, a uranium gun-type device code-named "Little Boy " was detonated over the Japanese city of Hiroshima . Three days later, on 9 August, aplutonium implosion-type device code-named "Fat Man" was exploded over Nagasaki, Japan. These two bombings resulted in the deaths of approximately 200,000 Japanese people—mostly civilians—from acute injuries sustained from the explosions.

The secret U.S. project to create the first atomic weapon was known as the Manhattan Project. Working in collaboration with the United Kingdom and Canada, with their respective projects Tube Alloysand Chalk River Laboratories,^[12]^[13] the project designed and built the first atomic bombs. The scientific research was directed by American physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer, and the overall project was under the authority of General Leslie Groves, of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.

Since the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, nuclear weapons have been detonated on over two thousand occasions for testing purposesand demonstrations. Only a few nations possess such weapons or are suspected of seeking them. The only countries known to have detonated nuclear weapons—and that acknowledge possessing such weapons—are (chronologically by date of first test) the United States, the Soviet Union (succeeded as a nuclear power by Russia), the United Kingdom, France, the People's Republic of China, India, Pakistan, and North Korea. In addition, Israel is also widely believed to possess nuclear weapons, though it does not acknowledge having them

There are two basic types of nuclear weapons: those which derive the majority of their energy from nuclear fission reactions alone, and those which use fission reactions to begin nuclear fusion reactions that produce a large amount of the total energy output.

Fission weapons :

All existing nuclear weapons derive some of their explosive energy from nuclear fission reactions. Weapons whose explosive output is exclusively from fission reactions are commonly referred to as atomic bombs or atom bombs (abbreviated as A-bombs)

Fussion weapons :

The other basic type of nuclear weapon produces a large amount of its energy through nuclear fusion reactions. Such fusion weapons are generally referred to as thermonuclear weapons or more colloquially as hydrogen bombs (abbreviated as H-bombs), as they rely on fusion reactions between isotopes of hydrogen (deuterium and tritium) Only six countries—United States, Russia, United Kingdom, People's Republic of China, France and India—have conducted thermonuclear weapon tests.

How can I protect my family and myself during a nuclear blast?

In the event of a nuclear blast, a national emergency response plan would be activated and would include federal, state, and local agencies. Following are some steps recommended by the World Health Organization if a nuclear blast occurs:

If you are near the blast when it occurs:

· Turn away and close and cover your eyes to prevent damage to your sight.

· Drop to the ground face down and place your hands under your body.

· Remain flat until the heat and two shock waves have passed.

If you are outside when the blast occurs:

· Find something to cover your mouth and nose, such as a scarf, handkerchief, or other cloth.

· Remove any dust from your clothes by brushing, shaking, and wiping in a ventilated area?however, cover your mouth and nose while you do this.

· Move to a shelter, basement, or other underground area, preferably located away from the direction that the wind is blowing.

· Remove clothing since it may be contaminated; if possible, take a shower, wash your hair, and change clothes before you enter the shelter.

If you are already in a shelter or basement:

· Cover your mouth and nose with a face mask or other material (such as a scarf or handkerchief) until the fallout cloud has passed.

· Shut off ventilation systems and seal doors or windows until the fallout cloud has passed. However, after the fallout cloud has passed, unseal the doors and windows to allow some air circulation.

· Stay inside until authorities say it is safe to come out.

· Listen to the local radio or television for information and advice. Authorities may direct you to stay in your shelter or evacuate to a safer place away from the area.

· If you must go out, cover your mouth and nose with a damp towel.

· Use stored food and drinking water. Do not eat local fresh food or drink water from open water supplies.

· Clean and cover any open wounds on your body.

If you are advised to evacuate:

· Listen to the radio or television for information about evacuation routes, temporary shelters, and procedures to follow.

· Before you leave, close and lock windows and doors and turn off air conditioning, vents, fans, and furnace. Close fireplace dampers.

· Take disaster supplies with you (such as a flashlight and extra batteries, battery-operated radio, first aid kit and manual, emergency food and water, nonelectric can opener, essential medicines, cash and credit cards, and sturdy shoes)Remember your neighbors may require special assistance, especially infants, elderly people, and people with disabilitie.

So friendz this was the FA3 Social Science Project.

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The Formative Assessment 3 Social Science Project :

How can I protect my family and myself during a nuclear blast?