B-Tech degree (Engineering)

Knowledge-Based Systems, DSS, OLAP

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Sat, 23 Nov 2013 04:24:00 +0000

KBS are the systems based on knowledge base. Knowledge base is the database maintained for knowledge management which provides the means of data collections, organization and retrieval of knowledge. The knowledge management manages the domain where it creates and enables organization for adoption of insights and experiences.

There are two types of knowledge bases.
a. Machine readable knowledge bases: The knowledge base helps the computer to process through. It makes the data in the computer readable code which makes the operator to perform easier. Such information sare used by semantic web. Semantic web is a web that will make a descriptionof the system that a system can understand.
b. Human readable knowledge bases: They are designed to help people to retrieve knowledge. The information need to be processed by the reader. The reader can access the information and synthesize their own.

KBS refers to
a system of data and information used for decision making. The system is automated to work on the knowledge based data and information required in a particular domain of management activity. The processing is done based on the past decisions taken under suitable conditions. Decision making is based on the fact that the condition is similar to the past situation hence the decision is also is similar.
Examples of KBS are intelligent systems, robotics, neural networks etc.

DSS is an interactive computer based system designed to help the decision makers to use all l the resources available and make use in the decision making. In management many a time problems arise out of situations for which simple solution may not be possible. To solve such problems you may have to use complex theories. The models that would be required to solve such problems may have to be identified. DSS requires a lot of managerial abilities and managers judgment.
You may gather and present the following information by using decision support application:
• Accessing all of your current information assets, including legacy and relational data sources, cubes, data warehouses, and data marts
• Comparative sales figures between one week and the next
• Projected revenue figures based on new product sales assumptions
• The consequences of different decision alternatives, given past experience in a context that is described.

Manager may sometimes find it difficult to solve such problems. E.g. – In a sales problem if there is multiple decision variables modeled as a simple linear problem but having multiple optima, it becomes difficult to take a decision. Since any of the multiple optima would give optimum results. But the strategy to select the one most suitable under conditions prevailing in the market, requires skills beyond the model.
It would take some trials to select a best strategy. Under such circumstances it would be easy to take decision if a ready system of databases of various market conditions and corresponding appropriate decision is available. A system which consists of database pertaining to decision making based on certain rules is known as decision support system. It is a flexible system which can be customized to suit the organization needs. It can work in the interactive mode in order to enable managers to take quick decisions. You can consider decision support systems as the best when it includes high-level summary reports or charts and allow the user to drill down for more detailed information.
A DSS has the capability to update its decision database. Whenever manager feels that a particular decision is unique and not available in the system, the manager can chose to update the database with such decisions. This will strengthen the DSS to take decisions in future..
There is no scope for errors in decision making when such systems are used as aid to decision making. DSS is a consistent decision making system. It can be used to generate reports of various lever management activities. It is capable of performing mathematical calculations and logical calculation depending upon the model adopted to solve the problem. You can summarize the benefits of DSS into following:
• Improves personal efficiency
• Expedites problem solving
• Facilitates interpersonal communication
• Promotes learning or training
• Increases organizational control
• Generates new evidence in support of a decision
• Creates a competitive advantage over competition
• Encourages exploration and discovery on the part of the decision maker
• Reveals new approaches to thinking about the problem space

Online Analytical Processing (OLAP)
OLAP refers to a system in which there are predefined multiple instances of various modules used in business applications. Any input to such a systemresults in verification of the facts with respect to the available instances.
A nearest match is found analytically and the results displayed form the database. The output is sent only after thorough verification of the input facts fed to the system. The system goes through a series of multiple checks of the various parameters used in business decision making. OLAP is also referred to as a multi dimensional analytical model. Many big companies use OLAP to get good returns in business.
The querying process of the OLAP is very strong. It helps the management take decisions like which month would be appropriate to launch a product in the market, what should be the production quantity to maximize the returns, what should be the stocking policy in order to minimize the wastage etc.
A model of OLAP may be well represented in the form of a 3D box. There are six faces of the box. Each adjoining faces with common vertex may be considered to represent the various parameter of the business situation under consideration. E.g.: Region, Sales & demand, Product etc.

EDI over the internet

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Sat, 23 Nov 2013 04:19:00 +0000

EDI over the internet

EDI traditionally has been used by large organizations that can afford to spend huge amount of money on converters as well as maintaining private point-to-point networks for security and reliability reasons. This was an unthinkable proposition for the small and medium sized enterprises. The advent of Internet has brightened the possibility of doing online transactions by these small and medium enterprises, but with the compromise on security. Ensuring the flow of EDI data transfer over the Internet in a secure manner is the objective of EDIINT.

EDIINT solution helps to level the playing field for SMEs by providing a solution that allows these companies to do business with larger organizations and, at the same time, enjoy the cost savings, speed and other benefits of e-Commerce.

EDI over the Internet (EDIINT) is a working group of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) that is chartered with creating specifications for transporting EDI or XML documents over the Internet in a secure (digitally signed and encrypted), highly reliable manner.

Benefits of EDIINT

EDIINT “EDI over the Internet” offers the opportunity for large, medium and small enterprises to connect and exchange business documents over a secure public network and significantly reduce communication costs.

The following are some of the benefits

	Secure: Addresses the issues of privacy, integrity, authentication and non-repudiation for B2B e-commerce over the open Internet.
	Increased Reliability due to the usage of secure protocols, guaranteed delivery, and encryption decryption techniques
	Low-cost as compared to the VAN based transactions
	Highly accessible as connectivity to Internet is no more a luxury
	Supports high bandwidth communications
	Technically mature as the specifications are being continually refined based on the feedback from industry usage

EDIINT Standards AS1 and AS2

Applicability Statement 1 (AS1) and Applicability Statement 2 (AS2) are the current specifications developed by EDIINT for transporting data between organizations via the Internet.

OLTP vs. OLAP

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Sat, 23 Nov 2013 04:17:00 +0000

We can divide IT systems into transactional (OLTP) and analytical (OLAP). In general we can assume that OLTP systems provide source data to data warehouses, whereas OLAP systems help to analyze it.

- OLTP (On-line Transaction Processing) is characterized by a large number of short on-line transactions (INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE). The main emphasis for OLTP systems is put on very fast query processing, maintaining data integrity in multi-access environments and an effectiveness measured by number of transactions per second. In OLTP database there is detailed and current data, and schema used to store transactional databases is the entity model (usually 3NF).

- OLAP (On-line Analytical Processing) is characterized by relatively low volume of transactions. Queries are often very complex and involve aggregations. For OLAP systems a response time is an effectiveness measure. OLAP applications are widely used by Data Mining techniques. In OLAP database there is aggregated, historical data, stored in multi-dimensional schemas (usually star schema).

The following table summarizes the major differences between OLTP and OLAP system design.

OLTP System Online Transaction Processing (Operational System)	OLAP System Online Analytical Processing (Data Warehouse)
Source of data	Operational data; OLTPs are the original source of the data.	Consolidation data; OLAP data comes from the various OLTP Databases
Purpose of data	To control and run fundamental business tasks	To help with planning, problem solving, and decisionsupport
What the data	Reveals a snapshot of ongoing business processes	Multi-dimensional views of various kinds of business activities
Inserts and Updates	Short and fast inserts and updates initiated by end users	Periodic long-running batch jobs refresh the data
Queries	Relatively standardized and simple queries Returning relatively few records	Often complex queries involving aggregations
Processing Speed	Typically very fast	Depends on the amount of data involved; batch datarefreshes and complex queries may take many hours; query speed can be improved by creating indexes
Space Requirements	Can be relatively small if historical data is archived	Larger due to the existence of aggregation structures and history data; requires more indexes than OLTP
DatabaseDesign	Highly normalized with many tables	Typically de-normalized with fewer tables; use of star and/or snowflake schemas
Backup and Recovery	Backup religiously; operational data is critical to run the business, data loss is likely to entail significant monetary loss and legal liability	Instead of regular backups, some environments may consider simply reloading the OLTP data as a recovery method

Human Resource Development

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Sat, 23 Nov 2013 04:10:00 +0000

Human Resource Development

n A set of systematic and planned activities designed by an organization to provide its members with the necessary skills to meet current and future job demands.

Emergence of HRD

n Employee needs extend beyond the training classroom

n Includes coaching, group work, and problem solving

n Need for basic employee development

n Need for structured career development

Primary Functions of HRM

n Human resource planning

n Equal employment opportunity

n Staffing (recruitment and selection)

n Compensation and benefits

n Employee and labor relations

n Health, safety, and security

n Human resource development

Training and Development (T&D)

n Training – improving the knowledge, skills and attitudes of employees for the short-term, particular to a specific job or task – e.g.,

q Employee orientation

q Skills & technical training

q Coaching

q Counseling

Critical HRD Issues

n Strategic management and HRD

n The supervisor’s role in HRD

n Organizational structure of HRD

Supervisor’s Role in HRD

n Implements HRD programs and procedures

n On-the-job training (OJT)

n Coaching/mentoring/counseling

n Career and employee development

n A “front-line participant” in HRD

HR’s strategic role

n Employees as organisation’s assets

n Driving business strategy

n Spanning organizational functions

n HRD Deliverables:

n Performance

n Capacity Building

n Problem solving/consulting

n Org. change and development

Challenges for HRD

n Changing workforce demographics

n Competing in global economy

n Eliminating the skills gap

n Need for lifelong learning

n Need for organizational learning

Overall HRD Model

Management Information Systems

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Sat, 23 Nov 2013 04:01:00 +0000

Management Information Systems

Transaction Processing Systems (TPS)

– Support operation

– Management and control

– Routine, normal operations

Management Information Systems (MIS)

– Provide decision-making support for routine, structured decisions

– Closely linked to and fed by TPS

– Terminology Confusion

– MIS = the study of information technology in business settings

– But, MIS is also term to refer to class of systems used to support operational and tactical decisionmaking

A Model for Problem Solving

• Decision Making Phase

– Intelligence gathering

– Design

– Choice

• Implementation

• Monitoring

Decision Making

• A step in problem solving

• Intelligence gathering

– Definition of problem

– Data gathered on scope

– Constraints identified

• Design phase

– Alternatives identified and assessed

• Choice

– Selection of an alternative

Structured vs. Unstructured Problems

• Structured problems lend themselves to programmed decisions

– The implication is that a repeatable process can be employed and these can be automated

• Unstructured problems require unprogrammed decisions

Unstructured Problems

• Can be addressed (or partially addressed) with Decision Support Systems

Goals of an MIS

• Provide managers with information

• Regular, routine operations

• Control, organize and plan better

Typical Inputs and Outputs

• Inputs: Information from the TPS

• Outputs: hard and softcopy reports

– Scheduled reports

– On-demand reports

– Key-indicator (business fundamentals)

– Exception reports

Functional Perspectives of MIS

• Financial MIS

– Will integrate information from multiple sources

– Functions

• Costing

• P&L reporting

• Auditing

• Funds management

Decision Support Systems

• Used for unstructured problems

• Characteristics

– Data from multiple sources internal and external to organization

– Presentation flexibility

– Simulation and what-if capability

– Support for multiple decision approaches

– Statistical analysis

Components of a DSS

• Model management software

– Provides a variety of solution models

• Financial, statistical, graphical, project management

• Dialogue Manager

– Allows user interaction with DSS

What is ERP?

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Sat, 23 Nov 2013 03:52:00 +0000

l An ERP system is an attempt to integrate all functions across a company to a single computer system that can serve all those functions’ specific needs.

l “Integration” is the key word for ERP implementation.

l It may also integrate key customers and suppliers as part of the enterprise’s operation.

l It provides integrated database and custom-designed report systems.

l It adopts a set of “best practices” for carrying out all business processes.

Major Reasons for Adopting ERP

l Integrate financial information

l Integrate customer order information

l Standardize and speed up operations processes

l Reduce inventory

l Standardize Human Resources information

Potential Benefits of ERP

l Internal Benefits

• Integration of a single source of data

• Common data definition

• A real-time system

• Increased productivity

• Reduced operating costs

• Improved internal communication

• Foundation for future improvement

l External Benefits

• Improved customer service and order fulfillment

• Improved communication with suppliers and customers

• Enhanced competitive position

• Increased sales and profits

ERP Implementation Approaches

l The big bang – install a single ERP system across the entire organization

l Franchising – Independent ERP systems are installed in different units linked by common processes, e.g., bookkeeping.

l Slam dunk – install one or several ERP modules for phased implementation of key business processes.

PHASES

l Initiation – develop business case, project scope, and implementation strategy

l Planning – establish implementation team, determine goals and objectives, establish metrics

l Analysis and process design – analyze and improve existing processes, map new processes to be adopted by the system

l Realization – install a base system, customization, and test the system

l Transition – replace the formal system with the new system, data conversion

l Operation – monitor and improve system performance, provide continued training and technical support

Major Challenges to ERP Implementation

l Limitations of ERP technical capabilities

l Inconsistency with existing business processes

l Costs - implementation (hardware, software, training, consulting) and maintenance

l Impact on organizational structure (front office vs. back office, product lines, etc.)

l Changes in employee responsibilities

l Flexibility of software system upgrades

l Implementation timelines

l Availability of internal technical knowledge and resources

l Education and training

l Implementation strategy and execution

l Resistance to change

JAVA Practical File (Btech)

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Fri, 04 Oct 2013 09:56:00 +0000

AIM:- Write a program in JAVA to demonstrate constructor use.

Program:-

class Test
{
int x,y;
Test()
{
x=y=0;
}
Test(int m )
{
x=y=m;
}
Test(int x, int y)
{
this.x=x;
this.y=y;
}
void sum()
{
int c=x+y;
System.out.println("Sum of two numbers is"+" "+c);
}
}
class Test3
{
public static void main (String args [])
{
Test t1=new Test();
Test t2=new Test(40);
Test t3=new Test(30,30);
t1.sum();
t2.sum();
t3.sum();
}
}

Output:- Sum of two numbers is 0
Sum of two numbers is 80

Sum of two numbers is 60

JAVA Practical File (Btech)

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Fri, 04 Oct 2013 09:52:00 +0000

AIM:- Write a program in JAVA which is initialized through object and current object.

Program:-

class Test
{
int x,y;
void getData(int x,int y)
{
this.x=x;
this.y=y;
}
int sum()
{
return (x+y);
}
}
class Test2
{
public static void main (String args [])
{
Test t=new Test();
t.getData(10,30);
int c=t.sum();
System.out.println("Sum of two numbers is"+" "+c);
}
}

Output:- Sum of two numbers is 40

JAVA Practical File (Btech)

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Fri, 04 Oct 2013 09:49:00 +0000

AIM:- Write a program in JAVA which is initialized through object and current object.

Program:-

class Test

{

int x,y;

}

class Test1

{

public static void main (String args[])

{

Test t = new Test();

t.x= 10;

t.y= 20;

int c= t.x + t.y;

System.out.println("Sum of two numbers is"+ " " +c);

}

}

Output:- The sum of two numbers is 30

Paras Sharma - CBSE Topper 2013

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Wed, 29 May 2013 16:30:00 +0000

Paras Sharma has topped the CBSE Class 12^th examination scoring 99 percent marks. He got 100 percent marks in all subjects except English with a score of 95. He is a commerce student who made his school proud. He is a student of Lancer Convent School, Rohini North Delhi. He scored a perfect 100 in accountancy, business studies and mathematics. In total he scored 495 out of 500. He said, “I feel out of the world. I didn’t expect to be the all-India topper. I am excited and elated.”

Paras Sharma - CBSE Topper 2013

How to crack GRE? (Graduate Record Examination)

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Mon, 27 May 2013 14:57:00 +0000

GRE is the goal most of you possess. Cracking graduate record examination needs rigorous and effective studies to tackle the problems effectively and within the dead time. Coaching for GRE would be a good choice but most of the seats become already reserved prior to you consent. However your dreams are not banned here, there are many good websites that provide online training for the GRE entrance examination.
These websites would help you to get good rank in GRE score card

Case study on MYCIN (Expert System)

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Fri, 24 May 2013 20:40:00 +0000

MYCIN is an expert system which was developed at Stanford University and was the first program to address the problems of reasoning with suitable information. MYCIN provided clear and logical explanation of the reasoning used a controlled structure appropriate to the specific problem domain and identified criteria to reliably evaluate its performance. MYCIN uses rule based production architecture.

What do MYCIN do?

Algorithm for MYCIN

What is an expert system?

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Fri, 24 May 2013 20:23:00 +0000

Expert system is a software for drawing out valid conclusions in particular from a knowledgebase. Examples of knowledge base are MYCIN(second expert system). It was used for medical diagnosis of blood related diseases.

Knowledgebase is a collection of the facts and rules which describes all the knowledge related problems being asked by the user input is a particular domain.

Associative or semantic architecture

Frame architecture

Decision tree architecture

Water jug problem with online simulator

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Mon, 20 May 2013 21:24:00 +0000

Water jug problem solved with online simulator.

1) Fill up Jug A with 5 litres and Fill jug B from A – there are 2 litres left in Jug A.

2) Empty Jug B and then tip the remaining 2 litres from Jug A into Jug B.

3) Re-Fill Jug A with 5 litres and then fill Jug B again from it. As Jug B already has 2 litres in it, only 1 litre is taken out of Jug A. i.e. Jug A now has 4 litres left in it.

To get 2 litres….

Fill Jug A and Fill Jug B from Jug A. You have 2 litres in Jug A left.

To get 1 litre….

Fill Jug A and Fill Jug B from it. Now empty Jug B and pour remaining 2 litres from A into B.
Fill Up Jug A again and tip the rest into Jug B, we now have 4 litres in Jug A.
Empty Jug B and Fill again from Jug A, A has 4 litres, 3 litres of which will fill up Jug B, you now have 1 litre remaining in Jug A.
Simple really!!

For a live try visit here

Online 8 queen puzzle simulator

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Sat, 18 May 2013 01:42:00 +0000

Did you find a solution? There are 92 solutions to the 8 x 8 queen puzzle problem. Many of these are reflections and rotations of some of the others, and if we de-duplicate against this, purists state that there are only 12 distinct solutions (92 does not divide equally by 12 because many of the reflections and rotations of a pure solutions are not unique).

Algorithm to solve eight/8 queen puzzle problem

There are many possible algorithms that can be used to find solutions to the eight queen’s problem, and a smaller subset of algorithms that can be used to enumerate all possible solutions.

The first possible mechanism is pure brute force; blindly trying the eight queens in every possible location. This is a really dumb idea, but would calculate all possible solutions (We’d have to examine 64!/56! = 178,462,987,637,760 possible placements, ouch!)

A more efficient algorithm (which can be implemented recursively or not) is to start in the first column in the top left, then it then places a queen in the second column and moves it until it finds a place where it cannot be hit by the queen in the first column.

If you’re only interested in one solution there are plenty of interesting iterative algorithms to select from. Many are not particularly efficient, but they are fun to code and experiment with. However you can try your luck to find the solution here with 8 queen puzzle simulator

Online 8 queen puzzle simulator

Download Digital India Presentation

Web Technology Practical File HPU Shimla free Download

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Tue, 14 May 2013 18:10:00 +0000

Web technology is the core IT,CSE subject. You have a dedicated 1 semester lab for this.

Web technology is the development of the mechanism that allows two of more computer devices to communicate over a network. For instance, in a typical office setting, a number of computers plus additional devices such as printers may be interconnected via a network, allowing for quick and convenient transmission of information. The processes involved in web technology are complex and diverse, which is why major businesses employ whole departments to deal with the issue. Web technology has revolutionized communication methods and has made operations far more efficient. Advantages of web technology The main advantage of web technology is that it offers convenience and a high speed of communication in the computer world. Whether in the office or the home, processes using a computer are more swift and straightforward with the use of a network. Web technology allows messages to be sent around a system, whereas before it may have been necessary to employ a runner or leave your workspace to communicate a message. It is clear to see how web technology reduces costs and makes a company more efficient, raising business potential. Disadvantages of web technology Matters involving web technology can be very complicated, and it would be difficult for someone without relevant experience to sort a network problem out. This means it is necessary to employ someone with the specific skills to solve network issues, which costs money. Additionally, the existence of a network provides the opportunity for an attack on the computer system. Weaknesses in a network could be exploited; important information could be stolen or destroyed and malware could infect the various network systems. For this reason, network security is another issue that must be considered when using web technology.

Download your free copy of Web Technology Practical file here

Multimedia Practical File HPU Shimla free download

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Tue, 14 May 2013 18:03:00 +0000

You are here because you have searched a lot to find a multimedia practical file at the final moment of the viva. Don't panic here is the give-away for you. Multimedia Practical File HPU Shimla. You are at the right place to get a copy of practical file in Multimedia Technology. Download a free copy of Multimedia Technology Practical. It covers all the basic practical that are told at the various colleges. It is complete in all respect; the only thing is to change your name and had a hard copy in your hands. It contains 9 practical with full explanation.

Download free Practical file of Multimedia Technology

Multimedia Technology Practical File Free Download

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Thu, 09 May 2013 21:07:00 +0000

You are at the right place to get a copy of practical file in Multimedia Technology. Download a free copy of Multimedia Technology Practical. It covers all the basic practical that are told at the various colleges. It is complete in all respect; the only thing is to change your name and had a hard copy in your hands. It contains 9 practical with full explanation.

Download free Practical file of Multimedia Technology

Artificial Intelligence Practical file Download for free (HPU)

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Thu, 09 May 2013 20:44:00 +0000

You are at the right place to get a copy of practical file in Artificial Intelligence. Download a free copy of Artificial Intelligence Practical. It covers all the basic practical that are told at the various colleges. It is complete in all respect; the only thing is to change your name and had a hard copy in your hands.

Download free Practical file of Artificial Intelligence

PowerPoint Presentation on Virtual Manufacturing

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Wed, 07 Nov 2012 07:17:00 +0000

Virtual manufacturing is the technology that is implemented in every big company. Its need is so much that it reduces all the cost for the final project. The basics of this technology have been shown in this presentation.

Download a free copyof PowerPoint Presentation on Virtual Manufacturing

SRS on Inventory Control System (HPU) and (HPTU)

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Wed, 07 Nov 2012 07:10:00 +0000

Download free copy of SRS (System Requirements Specification) on Inventory Control System.

Inventory Control System in VB 6.0

Download free sample of SRS (System Requirements Specification)

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Wed, 07 Nov 2012 07:05:00 +0000

Get a free copy of System Requirements Specification. This SRs gives you an idea how big companies frame their SRS.

Download Free SRS

Download free Project Report for Industrial training in Networking

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Wed, 07 Nov 2012 06:47:00 +0000

You are at the right place to get a copy of report file in Networking. Download a free copy of networking project report. It covers all the basic networking concepts that are told at the various centers. It is complete in all respect; the only thing is to change your name and had a hard copy in your hands.

Download free Project Report for Industrial Training in Networking

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Visual Basic Practical File (HPU) Semester 5th

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Wed, 07 Nov 2012 06:37:00 +0000

If you are looking for the Practical File for Himachal Pradesh University or Himachal Pradesh Technical University for Visual Basic 6.0 for 5^th semester then it is the right place to download complete practical file. All the contents have been written with the index. The file was made for the LR College but it goes for all engineering colleges of the state.

Download free Practical FileVisual Basic 6.0 5th semester (HPU and HPTU)

We are happy to serve all the students.

What is the difference between ISO/OSI and TCP/IP Model

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Mon, 05 Nov 2012 04:57:00 +0000

1. Open system interconnection is reference model that describes how protocol should interact with one another while Transmission control protocol /Internetwork protocol is implementation of OSI model.

2. OSI has 7 layers while TCP/IP has 4 layers.

3. The OSI model simply distinguishes between service, interval and protocols while The TCP/IP model doesn’t clearly distinguish between service, interval and protocol.

4. In OSI model the protocols are better hidden while in TCP/IP are not.

5. In OSI the model come first then the protocol are discovered while in TCP/IP model all the protocols are discovered by first and TCP/IP is organization of this protocol.

6. The OSI model supports both connectionless and connection-oriented communication in the network layer but only connection -oriented communication in transport layer. The TCP/IP model supports both connectionless and connection-oriented communication in the transport layer.

7. So, these are the basic differences between ISO/OSI and TCP/IP Model