Back Yard Science

SIMPLE DIGITAL SECURITY SYSTEM

2010-12-22T14:36:00.001+05:30

You can use this simple and reliable security system as a watchdog by installing the sensing loops around your building. You have to stretch the loop wires two feet above the ground to sense the unauthorised entry into your premises. Wire loops 1, 2 and 4 are connected to the A, B and C inputs of 7-segment decoder 4511 (IC1), respectively, while the D input of IC1 is grounded permanently.

The loops are also connected to a dual 3-input NOR gate and inverter CD4000 (IC2) to activate the alarm. Fig. 1 shows the circuit of the digital security system, while Fig. 2 shows the proposed wiring diagram for the loops around the premises. Before using this security system, make sure that loops shown in Fig. 2 are connected as shown in Fig. 1. If you don’t want to use a buzzer, switch it off by opening switch S2. The circuit works off a 9V regulated power supply.

However, battery back-up is recommended. A commoncathode, 7-segment display (LTS543) is used for displaying whether the loops are intact or not. If loop 1 is broken, the display will show ‘1’. If two or all the three loops are broken, the display will show the sum of the respective broken loop numbers. For example, if loops 1 and 4 are broken, the display will show 5(1+4).

When all the three loops are intact, the display will show ‘0.’ All the three inputs of gate N1 remain low to give a high output. This high output is further given to gate N2 and, as a result, its output remains low. This keeps transistor T1 in cut-off position and the piezobuzzer does not sound. When any loop is broken, the output of NOR gate N1 goes low, while the output of gate N2 goes high. Transistor T1 conducts and the buzzer sounds to alert you. You can mute the buzzer by switching off power to the circuit through switch S1.

Motion Sensor for security Light

2010-12-22T14:27:00.001+05:30

Here is a system based on PIR motion detector module BS1600 (or BS1700) that can be used for security or corridor lighting in power saving mode.
The 12V DC power supply required for the motion detector and the relay driver is derived from 230V, 50Hz mains using a transformerless circuit as shown in Fig. 1. The working of the circuit is simple. When you power-on the circuit after assembling all the components including the CFL, the CFL will glow for 10 seconds, turn off for 30 seconds, glow for 10 seconds and then turn off.
Now the circuit is ready to work.
When any movement is detected, around 3.3V appears on the base of relay-driver transistor T1 and it conducts to energise relay RL1. As a result, Triac1 (BT136) fires to provide full 230V and light up the CFL. Another normally-opened contact of the relay (N/O2) is used here to hold the output until reset. If the switch is not in ‘hold’ position, the light will remain ‘on’ for about ten seconds (as programmed in the motion sensor). In short, when there is a movement near the sensor, the CFL glows for about ten seconds. It will remain ‘on’ if switch S1 is in ‘hold’ position. Assemble the circuit on a general-purpose PCB and enclose in a suitable cabinet. Use a three-pin connector for connecting the PIR sensor in the circuit with correct polarity. The motion detector is embedded onto the transparent cover of the light assembly
as shown in Fig. 2

An arrangment of CFL assembly in the author’s prototype (Fig. 3) is shown in Fig. 4. In this arrangement, a PIR sensor and 23W, 230V AC CFL are used. Seal all four sides with Blue Tac for water-tightness. Insulate the track side of the PCB using an insulating foam and glue to the base.

IR Level Detector

2010-12-22T14:17:00.000+05:30

"Useful for liquids level detection and proximity devices

Up to 50 cm. range, optional relay operation"

This circuit is useful in liquids level or proximity detection. It operates detecting the distance from the target by reflection of an infra-red beam. It can safely detect the level of a liquid in a tank without any contact with the liquid itself. The device's range can be set from a couple of cm. to about 50 cm. by means of a trimmer.

Range can vary, depending on infra-red transmitting and receiving LEDs used and is mostly affected by the color of the reflecting surface. Black surfaces lower greatly the device's sensitivity.

R1_____________10K 1/4W Resistor

R2,R5,R6,R9_____1K   1/4W Resistors
R3_____________33R   1/4W Resistor
R4,R8___________1M   1/4W Resistors
R7_____________10K   Trimmer Cermet
R10____________22K   1/4W Resistor
C1,C4___________1µF  63V Electrolytic or Polyester Capacitors
C2_____________47pF  63V Ceramic Capacitor
C3,C5,C6______100µF  25V Electrolytic Capacitors
D1_____________Infra-red LED
D2_____________Infra-red Photo Diode (see Notes)
D3,D4________1N4148  75V 150mA Diode
D5______________LED  (Any color and size)
D6,D7________1N4002  100V 1A Diodes
Q1____________BC327  45V 800mA PNP Transistor
IC1_____________555  Timer IC
IC2___________LM358  Low Power Dual Op-amp
IC3____________7812  12V 1A Positive voltage regulator IC
RL1____________Relay with SPDT 2A @ 220V switch
            Coil Voltage 12V. Coil resistance 200-300 Ohm
J1_____________Two ways output socket

IC1 forms an oscillator driving the infra-red LED by means of 0.8mSec. pulses  at 120Hz frequency and about 300mA peak current. D1 & D2 are placed facing  the target on the same line, a couple of centimeters apart, on a short  breadboard strip. D2 picks-up the infra-red beam generated by D1 and reflected  by the surface placed in front of it. The signal is amplified by IC2A and peak  detected by D4 & C4. Diode D3, with R5 & R6, compensates for the forward  diode drop of D4. A DC voltage proportional to the distance of the reflecting  object and D1 & D2 feeds the inverting input of the voltage comparator IC2B.

This comparator switches on and off the LED and the optional relay via Q1,  comparing its input voltage to the reference voltage at its non-inverting input  set by the Trimmer R7.

Power supply must be regulated (hence the use of IC3) for precise reference voltage. The circuit can be fed by a commercial wall plug-in adapter, having a DC output voltage in the range 12-24V.

Current drawing: LED off 40mA; LED and Relay on 70mA @ 12V DC supply.
R10, C6, Q1, D6, D7, RL1 and J1 can be omitted if relay operation is not required.

The infra-red Photo Diode D2, should be of the type incorporating an optical sunlight filter: these components appear in black plastic cases. Some of them resemble TO92 transistors: in this case, please note that the sensitive surface is the curved, not the flat one.

Avoid sun or artificial light hitting directly D1 & D2.
Usually D1-D2 optimum distance lies in the range 1.5-3 cm.

Auto-matic Heat Detector

2010-12-22T14:10:00.000+05:30

The components need to prepare this:

Transistor
Resistor & capacitor
Loudspeaker
IC UM3561
Relay
Zener diode
Diode
LED

This circuit uses a complementary pair comprising npn metallic transistor T1 (BC109) and pnp germanium transistor T2 (AC188) to detect heat (due to outbreak of fire, etc) in the vicinity and energise a siren. The
collector of transistor T1 is connected to the base of transistor T2, while the collector of transistor T2 is connected to relay RL1.

The second part of the circuit comprises popular IC UM3561 (a siren and machine-gun sound generator IC), which can produce the sound of a fire-brigade siren. Pin numbers 5 and 6 of the IC are connected to the +3V supply when the relay is in energised state, whereas pin 2 is grounded. A resistor (R2) connected across pins 7 and 8 is used to fix the frequency of the inbuilt oscillator.

The output is available from pin 3. Two transistors BC147 (T3) and BEL187 (T4) are connected in Darlington configuration to amplify the sound from UM3561. Resistor R4 in series with a 3V zener is used to provide the 3V supply to UM3561 when the re-lay is in energised state. LED1, connected in series with 68-ohm resistor R1 across resistor R4, glows when the siren is on. To test the working of the circuit, bring a burning matchstick close to transistor T1 (BC109), which causes the resistance of its emitter-collector junction to go low due to a rise in temperature and it starts conducting. Simultaneously, transistor T2 also conducts because its base is connected to the collector of transistor T1. As a result, relay RL1 energises and switches on the siren circuit to produce loud sound of a firebrigade. EMP Lab note.

We have added a table to enable readers to obtain all possible sound effects by returning pins 1 and 2 as suggested in the table.

Medium Power FM Transister

2010-12-22T14:05:00.000+05:30

The components need to prepare it are:
    * Coil (Inductance +reluctance) .
    * Capacitor.
    * Resistor.
    * Mic.
    * ON OFF switch .
    * Transistor .
    * Antenna ( it doesn't need any element just straight wire act as antenna ).The range of this FM transmitter is around 100 metres at 9V
DC supply.
The circuit comprises three stages. The first stage is a microphone preamplifier

built around BC548 transistor. The next stage is a VHF oscillator wired around another BC548. (BC series transistors are generally used in low-frequency stages. But these also work fine in RF stages as oscillator.) The third stage is a class-A tuned amplifier that boosts signals from the oscillator. Use of the additional RF amplifier increases the range of the transmitter.

Coil L1 comprises four turns of 20SWG enamelled copper wire wound to 1.5cm length of a 4mm dia. air core. Coil L2 comprises six turns of 20SWG enamelled copper wire wound on a 4mm dia. air core.
Use a 75cm long wire as the antenna. For the maximum range, use a sensitive receiver. VC1 is a frequency-adjusting trimpot. VC2 should be adjusted for the maximum range. The transmitter unit is powered by a 9V PP3 battery. It can be combined with a readily available FM receiver kit to make a walkie-talkie set as shown in Fig. 3.

This is only transmitter we have posted receiver to complete full walkie-talkie see the Medium Power FM Transister

IR Music Transmitter & Receiver

2010-12-22T13:56:00.000+05:30

   * Coil (Inductance +reluctance) .
    * Capacitor.
    * Resistor.
    * Mic.
    * ON OFF switch .
    * Transistor .
    * Antenna
    * Loudspeaker
    * IC UM66 ,IC2741 & ICLM386

     Using this circuit, audio musical notes can be generated and heard up to a distance of 10 metres. The circuit can be divided into two parts: IR music transmitter and receiver. The IR music transmitter works off a 9V battery, while the IR music receiver works off regulated 9V to 12V. Fig. 1 shows the circuit of the IR music transmitter. It uses popular melody generator IC UM66 (IC1) that can continuously generate musical tones. The output of IC1 is fed to the IR driver stage (built across the transistors T1 and T2) to get the maximum range.
Here the red LED (LED1) flickers according to the musical tones generated by UM66 IC, indicating modulation. IR LED2 and LED3 are infrared transmitting LEDs. For maximum sound transmission these should be oriented towards IR phototransistor L14F1 (T3). The IR music receiver uses popular op-amp IC μA741 and audio-frequency amplifier IC LM386 along with phototransistor L14F1 and some discrete components (Fig. 2). The melody generated by IC UM66 is transmitted through IR LEDs, received by phototransistor T3 and fed to pin 2 of IC μA741 (IC2). Its gain can be varied using potmeter VR1. The output of IC μA741 is fed to IC LM386 (IC3) via capacitor C5 and potmeter VR2. The melody produced is heard through the receiver’s loudspeaker. Potmeter VR2 is used to control the volume of loudspeaker LS1 (8-ohm, 1W).
Switching off the power supply stops melody generation.

Color Sensor

2010-12-22T13:48:00.000+05:30

Color sensor is an interesting project for hobbyists. The circuit can sense eight colours, i.e. blue, green and red (primary colours); magenta, yellow and cyan (secondary colours); and black and white. The circuit is based on the fundamentals of optics and digital electronics.
The object whose colour is required to be detected should be placed in front of the system. The light rays reflected from the object will fall on the three convex lenses which are fixed in front of the three LDRs. The convex lenses are used to converge light rays. This helps to increase the sensitivity of LDRs. Blue, green and red glass plates (filters) are fixed in front of LDR1, LDR2 and LDR3 respectively. When reflected light rays from the object fall on the gadget, the coloured filter glass plates determine which of the LDRs would get triggered. The circuit makes use of only ‘AND’ gates and ‘NOT’ gates. When a primary coloured light ray falls on the system, the glass plate corresponding to that primary colour will allow that specific light to pass through.

But the other two glass plates will not allow any light to pass through. Thus only one LDR will get triggered and the gate output corresponding to that LDR will become logic 1 to indicate which colour it is. Similarly, when a secondary coloured light ray falls on the system, the two primary glass plates corresponding to the mixed colour will allow that light to pass through while the remaining one will not allow any light ray to pass through it. As a result two of the LDRs get triggered and the gate output corresponding to these will become logic 1 and indicate which colour it is.
When all the LDRs get triggered or remain untriggered, you will observe white and black light indications respectively. Following points may be carefully
noted:

1. Potmeters VR1, VR2 and VR3 may be used to adjust the sensitivity of the LDRs.

2. Common ends of the LDRs should be connected to positive supply.

3. Use good quality light filters. The LDR is mounded in a tube, behind a lens, and aimed at the object.
The coloured glass filter should be fixed in front of the LDR as shown in the figure. Make three of that kind and fix them in a suitable case. Adjustments are critical and the gadget performance would depend upon its proper fabrication and use of correct filters as well as light conditions

Night Buzzer

2010-10-21T18:05:00.000+05:30

If you want revenge that won’t kill someone, just make them go insane, have I got the thing for you!! I whipped this device up over the last couple of days and couldnt be more satisfied.
Place this in a room where somebody sleeps. While the light is on, this circuit will not make a peep. When the light turns off though, the circuit will stay quiet for about 10 seconds (determined by the 1000uf cap and the 22k resistor) and then turn on. When they hear it, they will get up and turn on the light to look for it, but of course it will turn off. Thinking that they are imagining things, they will turn off the light and go back to bed. 10 seconds later, they will hear it . . . it’s a vicious cycle.
How it works
When the LDR senses light, it turns Q1 on, which in turn makes Q2’s base more negative than positive: transistor (and buzzer) is off. When the LDR senses no light, it turns Q1 off. The capacitor discharges through the 22k resistor, all the while causing Q2’s base more negative than positive (the 10 sec delay). When it is done discharging, the 22k resistor biases the base of Q2 positively, which turns the transistor and the buzzer on. Simple as that.
To make a longer delay, just increase the capacitance. Since the 22k resistor serves a dual purpose: draining the capacitor and biasing Q2, it should not be made a higher value to increase the length of the delay because it then won’t be able to bias Q2 correctly. Of course you can experiment. I think that the value can be increased a bit more. If you want to shorten the delay, by all means, decrease the value of that resistor, just as long as the value is so low that Q2 will receive too much current through the base and damage it. I’m not sure if this will happen with so low a supply voltage, but beter 2 be safe than sorry.
The 5k POT and the 2.2k resistor in series with it work very well with the 3-16 volt buzzer. If it is a small room, lowering the value of the POT will make the buzzer quieter and harder to find. If you use a different buzzer, you will just have to experiment to find the right value of resistor(s). Just make sure that you turn the buzzer WAAAY down to where u can barely hear it, that way, they will have a very hard time finding it.
Any small small signal NPN transistor will work for NPNs in the circuit, i personally used 2n3904's cuz i have a ton of them, but like i said, anything will work.

This circuit is EXTREMELY sensitive to light. Just turning on a flashlight in the room will turn it off.

If requested, I will provide a PCB, although u will have to make sure that the capacitor, the

POT, and the buzzer will fit on it.

Have fun . . . and don’t be too cruel.

AM Radio Receiver (4 Cricket Live Comment)

2010-10-21T18:02:00.001+05:30

Here's a very simple AM Radio circuit I've designed couple of years ago. Don't know whether anybody listen to AM stations anymore. But I still use it (maybe I wanted to listen to my own built radio lol..).

The radio section is wired using a single transistor(BF494) and it was so amazing that an audible sound is recovered at the output which is faint though. It doesn't use any external antenna and the sensitivity/selectivity of the receiver is pretty good. However I used an amplifier(TA 7368P Toshiba, Low voltage) which drives an 8ohm/1W 4" speaker inside a box rocks the entire room with a high fidelity audio that is unbelievable and outperforms Super heterodyne ones in this regard .

It is a reflex receiver.The audio recovered at inductor L is rather strong comparing to ZN414 and free from oscillations.(I've never succeeded in building ZN414 which always give me annoying motor boating and chirping crappy I say!)Using a flat ferrite bar antenna allows local reception for a pocket radio and a big rod antenna captures stations beyond 200miles! So it doesn't require an external wire antenna, adding it only helps in electrical noise catch.Only critical part in the circuit is inductor L, its optimum value gives excellent results. Make rf parts close to the transistor. I made it on a 1.5" ultra small pcb. 2 x AA battery lasts very long.

Another important thing is that the radio is absolutely silent in between the stations - means no noise at all if no any electrical interference which is a plus point over super heterodyne receivers. It was so amazing to tune it during power failure period. So I'll call it a true radio

Strobe Light

2010-10-21T17:57:00.001+05:30

Strobe lights are widely used by disco lovers to create wonderful visual effects in disco halls and auditoria. The circuit of a battery operated portable miniature strobe light, which can be constructed using readily available inexpensive components, is described here. For convenience and simplicity, an ordinary neon lamp is used here in place of the conventional Xenon tube. The whole gadget can thus be easily accommodated in a small cabinet, such as a mains adaptor cover, with a suitable reflector for neon lamp to give a proper look. Since current requirement of this circuit is very small, it may be powered by two medium-size dry cells (3V) or Ni-Cd cells (2.4V). Transistors T1 and T2 in the circuit form a complimentary-pair amplifier. When switch S1 is momentarily depressed, the circuit oscillates because of the positive feedback provided via resistor R2 and capacitor C1 to the base of transistor T1. The sharp pulses in the secondary winding induce a high voltage in primary winding of transformer X1, which in fact is a line driver transformer (used in reverse) which is generally used in 36cm TV sets. High voltage pulses induced in primary side are rectified by diode D1 and rapidly charge reservoir capacitor C2 to nearly 300V DC. When switch S1 is released, capacitor C2 holds the voltage level for a finite period while capacitor C3 charges slowly through resistor R3. When voltage across capacitor C3 becomes high enough, neon strikes and the capacitor rapidly discharges through the lamp. When voltage across capacitor C3 falls below the extinguishing potential of neon lamp, it goes off and capacitor C3 starts charging again. This cycle keeps on repeating for a short time, based on the reservoir capacitor C2’s value. Precautions. The neon lamp flasher section of this circuit carries dangerously high voltages. All precautions should therefore be taken for protection. Before any repair work, discharge capacitor C2 using a short length of wire with a 100k resistor connected in series.

TV Remote Blocker

2010-10-21T17:52:00.001+05:30

The 555 IC is wired as an astable multivibrator for a frequency of nearly 38 kHz. This is the frequency at which most of the modern TVs receive the IR beam. The transistor acts as a current source supplying roughly 25mA to the infra red LEDs. To increase the range of the circuit simply decrease the value of the 180 ohm resistor to not less than 100 ohm.
It is required to adjust the 10K potentiometer while pointing the device at your TV to block the IR rays from the remote. This can be done by trial and error until the remote no longer responds.

Remote-operated Master Switch

2010-10-21T16:40:00.000+05:30

Generally, a bedside master switch is used to switch on lamps both indoors and outdoors when there is a threat of intruder. This circuit can be used to activate the master switch from the bed without searching for the switch in darkness. It can be activated by the TV remote handset. The security lamps glow for three minutes and then turn off. The circuit is sensitive and can be activated from a distance of up to 25 meters.

Apparatus Needed to prepare Remote-operated Master Switch Bridge rectifier

· Zener iode

· Relay

· Transistor /SCR

· Resistor and Capacitors

· IC CA 3130

· 3way switch

IR receiver module TSOP 1738 (IRX1) is used to sense the pulsed 38kHz IR rays from the TV remote handset. The IR receiver module has a PIN photodiode and a preamplifier enclosed in an IR filter epoxy case. Its open-collector output is 5 volts at 5mA current in the standby mode. In the standby mode, no IR rays from the remote handset fall on the IR receiver, so its output pin 3 remains high and LED1 doesn’t glow. Through resistor R2, the base of transistor T1 remains high and it does not conduct. As a result, the voltage at pin 3 of IC CA3130 (IC1) remains low.
The potential divider comprising resistors R4 and R5 maintains half of 5.1V at pin 2 of IC1. In brief, the voltage at pin 2 of IC1 is higher than at pin 3 and its output remains low. LED2 remains ‘off’ and transistor T2 does not conduct. Relay RL1 remains de-energised and, as a result, security lamps (both indoors and
outdoors) remain switched off.

When you press any key of the remote TV handset, IR rays fall on the receiver (IRX1) and its output goes low. LED1 flashes in sync with pulsation of the IR rays. At the same time, transistor T1 (BC558) conducts to take pin 3 of IC1 high. IC1 is used as a comparator with timer action.

When transistor T1 conducts, pin 3 of IC1 gets a higher voltage than pin 2 making the output of IC1 high. Meanwhile, capacitor C4 charges to full voltage and keeps pin 3 high for a few minutes even after T1 is non-conducting. Resistor R3 provides discharge path for capacitor C4, which decides the time period for which the output of comparator IC1 should remain high. The high output of IC1 energises relay RL1 through relay-driver transistor T2. Thus the load, i.e., security lamps, turn on for three to four minutes. LED2 glows to indicate activation of the relay as well as switching ‘on’ of the security lights. Connect a single-pole, single-throw ‘on’/‘off’ switch (MS) to activate the security lamps manually when required.
Zener diode ZD1 provides 5.1V DC for safe operation of the IR receiver and associated circuit. Power for the circuit is derived from a step-down transformer (X1) and a bridge rectifier comprising diodes D1 through D4. Smoothing capacitor C1 removes ripples, if any, from the power supply. Assemble the circuit on a general purpose PCB and enclose in a suitable cabinet. Drill holes on the front panel for mounting the IR sensor and LEDs. Connect the master switch between the normally-open (N/O) contact and pole of relay RL1 so that the master switch can be used when needed. The relay contacts rating should be more than 4A. Mount the unit near the master switch using minimal wiring

Electronic Candles

2010-10-21T16:38:00.000+05:30

Here is a simple circuit that can produce the effect of candle light in a normal electric bulb. A candle light, as we all know,resembles a randomly flickering light. So, the objective of this project activity is to produce a randomly flickering light effect in an electric bulb.

To achieve this, the entire circuit can be divided into three parts. The first part comprises IC1 (555), IC2 (74LS164), IC3 (74LS86), IC4 (74LS00) and the associated components. These generate a randomly changing train of pulses. The second part of the circuit consists of SCR1 (C106), an electric bulb connected between anode of SCR1 and mains live wire, and gate trigger circuit components. It is basically half-wave AC power being supplied to the electric bulb. The third part is the power supply circuit to generate regulated 5V DC from 230V AC for random signal generator. It comprises a step down transformer (X1), full-wave rectifier (diodes D3 and D4), filter capacitor (C9), followed by a regulator (IC5). The random signal generator of the circuit is built around an 8-bit serial in/parallel out shift register (IC2). Different outputs of the shift register IC pass through a set of logic gates (N1 through N5) and final output appearing at pin 6 of gate N5 is fed back to the inputs of pins 1 and 2 of IC2. The clock signal appears at pin 8 of IC2, which is clocked by an astable multivibrator configured around timer (IC1). The clock frequency can be set using preset VR1 and VR2. It can be set around 100 Hz to provide better flickering effect in the bulb.
The random signal triggers the gate of SCR1. The electric bulb gets AC power only for the period for which SCR1 is fired. SCR1 is fired only during the positive half cycles. Conduction of SCR1 depends upon the gate triggering pin 3 of IC2, which is random. Thus, we see a flickering effect in the light output. Assemble the circuit on a general purpose PCB and enclose it in a suitable case. Fix bulb and neon bulb on the front side of the cabinet. Also, connect a power cable for giving AC mains supply to the circuit for operation. The circuit is ready to use. Warning. Since the circuit uses 230V AC, care must be taken to avoid electric shock

fRIENDLY CHARGER FOR MOBILE PHONES

2010-10-21T11:07:00.000+05:30

Most mobile chargers do not have current/voltage regulation or short-circuit protection. These chargers provide raw 6-12V DC for charging the battery pack. Most of the mobile phone battery packs have a rating of 3.6V, 650mAh. For increasing the life of the battery, slow charging at low current is advisable. Six to ten hours of charging at 150-200mA current is a suitable option. This will prevent heating up of the battery and extend its life.

   The circuit described here provides around 180mA current at 5.6V and protects the mobile phone from unexpected voltage fluctuations that develop on the mains line. So the charger can be left ‘on’ over night to replenish the battery charge. The circuit protects the mobile phone as well as the charger by immediately disconnecting the output when it senses a voltage surge or a short circuit in the battery pack or connector. It can be called a ‘middle man’ between the existing charger and the mobile phone. It has features like voltage and current regulation, over-current protection, and high- and low-voltage cut-off. An added speciality of the circuit is that it incorporates a short delay of ten seconds to switch on when mains resumes following a power failure. This protects the mobile phone from instant voltage spikes.
   The circuit is designed for use in conjunction with a 12V, 500mA adaptor (battery eliminator). Op-amp IC CA3130 is used as a voltage comparator.
It is a BiMOS operational amplifier with MOSFET input and CMOS output. Inbuilt gate-protected p-channel MOSFETs are used in the input to provide very high input impedance. The output voltage can swing to either positive or negative (here, ground) side. The inverting input (pin 2) of IC1 is provided with a variable voltage obtained through the wiper of potmeter VR1. The non-inverting input (pin 3) of IC1 is connected to 12V stabilised DC voltage developed across Zener ZD1. This makes the output of IC1 high.
       After a power resumption, capacitor C1 provides delay of a few seconds to charge to a potential higher than of inverting pin 2 of CA3130, thus the output of IC1 goes high only after the delay. In the case of a heavy power line surge, zener diode ZD1 (12V, 1W) will breakdown and short pin 3 of IC1 to ground and the output of IC1 drops to ground level. The output of IC1 is fed to the base of npn Darlington transistor BD677 (T2) for charging the battery. Transistor T2conducts only when the output of IC1 is high. During conduction the emitter voltage of T2 is around 10V, which passes through R6 to restrict the charging current to around 180 mA.Zener diode ZD2 regulates the charging voltage to around 5.6V.

When a short-circuit occurs at the battery terminal, resistor R8 senses the over-current, allowing transistor T1 to conduct and light up LED1. Glowing of LED2 indicates the charging mode, while LED1 indicates short circuit or over-current status. The value of resistor R8 is important to get the desired current level to operate the cut-off. With the given value of R8 (3.3 ohms), it is 350 mA. Charging current can also be changed by increasing or decreasing the value of R7 using the ‘I=V/R’ rule. Construct the circuit on a common PCB and house in a small plastic case.Connect the circuit between the output lines of the charger and the input pins of the mobile phone with correct polarity.

Clap Switch

2010-10-21T10:58:00.007+05:30

Here’s a clap switch free from false triggering. To turn on/off any appliance, you just have to clap twice. The circuit changes its output state only when you clap twice within the set time period. Here, you’ve to clap within 3 seconds

Things need to prepare this:

· Resistor & capacitor

· IC555

· Condenser Microphone

· IC4017

· LED

· Relay....

The clap sound sensed by condenser microphone is amplified by transistor T1. The amplified signal provides negative pulse to pin 2 of IC1 and IC2, triggering both the ICs. IC1, commonly used as a timer, is wired here as a monostable multi vibrator. Trigging of IC1 causes pin 3 to go high and it remains high for a certain time period depending on the selected values of R7 and C3. This ‘on’ time (T) of IC1 can be calculated using the following relationship:

T=1.1R7.C3 seconds where R7 is in ohms and C3 in micro farads.

On first clap, output pin 3 of IC1 goes high and remains in this standby position for the preset time. Also, LED1 glows for this period. The output of IC1 provides supply voltage to IC2 at its pins 8 and 4. Now IC2 is ready to receive the triggering signal. Resistor R10 and capacitor C7 connected to pin 4 of IC2 prevent false triggering when IC1 provides the supply voltage to IC2 at first clap. On second clap, a negative pulse triggers IC2 and its output pin 3 goes high for a time period depending on R9 and C5. This provides a positive pulse at clock pin 14 of decade counter IC 4017 (IC3). Decade counter IC3 is wired here as a bistable. Each pulse applied at clock pin 14 changes the output state at pin 2 (Q1) of IC3 because Q2 is connected to reset pin 15. The high output at pin 2 drives transistor T2 and also energizes relay RL1. LED2 indicates activation of relay RL1 and on/off status of the appliance. A free-wheeling diode (D1) prevents damage of T2 when relay de-energizes. This circuit costs around Rs 80

Telephone call recorder

2010-10-21T10:55:00.001+05:30

Today telephone has become an integral part of our lives. It is the most widely used communication device in the world. Owing to its immense popularity and widespread use, there arises a need for call recording devices, which find application in call centres, stock broking firms, police, offices, homes, etc.

Here we are describing a call recorder that uses very few components. But in order to understand its working, one must first have the basic knowledge of standard telephone wiring and a stereo plug.
In India, landline telephones primarily use RJ11 wiring, which has two wires—tip and ring. While tip is the positive wire, ring is the negative one. And together they complete the telephone circuit. In a telephone line, voltage between tip and ring is around 48V DC when handset is on the cradle (idle line). In order to ring the phone for an incoming call, a 20Hz AC current of around 90V is superimposed over the DC voltage already present in

the idle line. The negative wire from the phoneline goes to IN1, while the positivewire goes to IN2. Further, thenegative wire from OUT1 and the positive wire from OUT2

are connected to the phone. All the resistors used are 0.25W carbon film resistors and all the capacitors used are rated for 250V or more.

The negative terminal of ‘To AUX IN’ is connected to pin 1 of the stereo jack while the positive terminal is connected to pins 2 and 3 of the stereo jack. This stereo jack, in turn, is connected to the AUX IN of any recording device, such as computer, audio cassette player, CD player, DVD player, etc. Here we shall be connecting it to a computer.

When a call comes in, around 90V AC current at 20Hz is superimposed over the DC voltage already present in the idle line. This current is converted into DC by the diodes and fed to resistor R1, which reduces its magnitude and feeds it to LED1. The current is further reduced in magnitude by the resistor R2 and fed to the right and left channels of the stereo jack, which are connected to the AUX IN port of a computer.

Any audio recording software, such as AVS audio recorder, Audacity audio recorder can be used to record the call. When a call comes in, one needs to launch the audio recording software and start recording. For phone recording, simply connect the stereo jack to the AUX IN port of the PC. Install the audacity audio recorder (different versions are available for free for different operating systems at http://audacity.

sourceforge.net/) on your PC. Run the executable audacity file. In the main window, you will find a drop down box in the top right corner. From this box, select the AUX option. Now you are ready to record any call. As soon as a call comes in, press the record button found in the audacity main window and then pick up the telephone receiver and answer the

call. Press the stop button once the call ends. Now go to the file menu and select the ‘Export as WAV’ option and save the file in a desired location. You may change the value of resistor R2 if you want to change the output volume. you can use a variable resistor in series with R2 to vary the volume of the output. The recorded audio clip can be edited using different options in the audacity software.

You can assemble the circuit on a general-purpose PCB and enclose it in a small cabinet. Use an RJ11 connector and stereo jack for connecting the telephone set and computer (for call recording). Telephone cords can be used to connect to the phone line and the circuit. Use of a shielded cable is recommended to reduce disturbances in the recording. These can also be reduced by increasing the value of R2 to about 15 kilo-ohms.

EFY note. Audacity recording software is included in this month’s EFY-CD under ‘utilities’ section.

2010-10-21T10:47:00.006+05:30

Water-Level Controller

   In most houses, water is first stored in an underground tank (UGT) and from there it is pumped up to the overhead tank (OHT) located on the roof. People generally switch on the pump when their taps go dry and switch off the pump when the overhead tank starts overflowing. This results in the unnecessary wastage and sometimes non-availability of water in the case of emergency. The simple circuit presented here makes this system automatic, i.e. it switches on the pump when the water level in the overhead tank goes low and switches it off as soon as the water level reaches a pre-determined level. It also
prevents ‘dry run’ of the pump in case the level in the underground tank goes below the suction level.

   In the figure, the common probes connecting the underground tank and the overhead tank to +9V supply are marked ‘C’. The other probe in underground tank, which is slightly above the ‘dry run’ level, is marked ‘S’. The low-level and high-level probes in the overhead tank are marked ‘L’ and ‘H’, respectively. When there is enough water in the underground tank, probes C and S are connected through water. As a result, transistor T1 gets forward biased and starts conducting. This, in turn, switches transistor T2 on. Initially, when the
overhead tank is empty, transistors T3 and T5 are in cut-off state and hence pnp transistors T4 and T6 get forward biased via resistors R5 and R6, respectively. As all series-connected transistors T2, T4, and T6 are forward biased, they conduct to energise relay RL1 (which is also connected in series with transistors T2, T4, and T6). Thus the supply to the pump motor gets completed via the lower set of relay contacts (assuming that switch S2 is on) and the pump starts filling the overhead tank.
   Once the relay has energised, transistor T6 is bypassed via the upper set of contacts of the relay. As soon as the water level touches probe L in the overhead tank, transistor T5 gets forward biased and starts conducting. This, in turn, reverse biases transistor T6, which then cuts off. But since transistor T6 is bypassed through the relay contacts, the pump continues to run. The level of water continues to rise.
   When the water level touches probe H, transistor T3 gets forward biased and starts conducting. This causes reverse biasing of transistor T4 and it gets cut off. As a result, the relay de-energises and the pump stops. Transistors T4 and T6 will be turned on again only when the water level drops below the position of L probe. Presets VR1, VR2, and VR3 are to be adjusted in such a way that transistors T1, T3, and T5 are turned on when the water level touches probe pairs C-S, C-H, and C-L, respectively. Resistor R4
ensures that transistor T2 is ‘off’ in the absence of any base voltage. Similarly, resistors R5 and R6 ensure that transistors T4 and T6 are ‘on’ in the absence of any base voltage. Switches S1 and S2 can be used to switch on and switch off, respectively, the pump manually.

You can make and install probes on your own as per the requirement and facilities available. However, we are describing here how the probes were made for this prototype.

CD-ROM Drive as Digital -audio CD-Player

2010-10-21T10:41:00.000+05:30

· Transformer

· Diode

· Capacitor and Resistor

· IC's IC LM7812 and IC LM 7805

· A ROM

A CD-ROM drive can be used as a stand-alone unit for playing digital audio CDs without interfacing with a computer. The stereo output of CD player available at the audio jack can be amplified using audio input facility which is normally available on a tape-deck/tape-recorder or a stereo amplifier. Audio socket on front/rear of the CD-ROM drive is capable of driving headphones or speakers of less than 500 mW. Proper stereo jacks for interconnection between CD-ROM drive and tape deck are available from computer/tape recorder spares vendors. The principle of operation is illustrated here with the help of block diagram.

The 4-pin power supply socket available at the rear of a CD-ROM player is meant for +5V, ground (two middle pins) and +12V inputs.

The power supply can be easily derived using a conventional power supply circuit as shown in the figure. If you have an external CD-ROM drive, it can be simply plugged into the mains since it has self-contained power supply circuit inside. While there may be minor differences amongst the available CD-ROM drives’ external controls, a typical drive’s controls are shown in the figure here. Please ensure that a proper power supply connector available from computer spare parts vendor is used for connection to CD-ROM drive. To identify +5V and +12V pins on the drive connector, please

note that in the computer +12V is routed using a yellow wire and for +5V a red wir is used, while for ground black wires are used with the supply connector.

Once the power supply has been connected correctly, you will notice that LED indicator on the drive starts flashing. Now the digital audio CD can be loaded after pushing the eject button. A second push of the same button causes retraction of CD carriage into the drive. One can change the track (song) on the CD using play switch on the CD-ROM drive.

Staircase Light With Auto Switch-Off

2010-10-20T19:37:00.000+05:30

We are all familiar with the electrical wiring arrangement that connects an electrical bulb with two switches: one at the bottom of a staircase and the other at the top. Wiring is done such that either of the two switches can be used to switch the bulb on or off. In such a wiring arrangement, while climbing up the staircase which is in dark, the switch located at the bottom of the staircase is used to switch on the light. After you have climbed the staircase, you use the switch located there to switch off the light. The circuit presented here is an electronic-cum-electrical arrangement to get a similar facility as provided by the hard-wired electrical system, but you need to operate the switch only once. Whereas in the hard-wired arrangement if you forget to switch off the light once you have traversed the staircase, light would remain ‘on,’ wasting energy.

In this circuit also, we have two micro-switches—one located at the top and the other located at the bottom of the staircase—that can be pushed and released easily during climb-up from the bottom of the staircase or climb down from the top of the staircase. With every push and release of either of the two switches, bulb L1 lights up for a preset time period of, say, 40 seconds, which is considered adequate for climbing up or going down the staircase. The bulb goes off automatically after the set 40 seconds. You can change this ‘on’ time by changing the values of resistor R7 and/or capacitor C4 depending upon your requirement.
Switches S1 and S2 are the two micro-switches, which provide low inputs to the respective de-bouncing circuits. Each de-bouncing circuit is built around two NAND gates connected back to back. The de-bouncing circuits ensure a clean, bounce-free pulse at the output every time the micro-switch is pressed and released. The outputs from the two de-bouncing circuits are ORed using diodes D1 and D2 (1N4001). So every time you press and release either of the micro-switches, you get a positive- going pulse at the junction of the cathodes of diodes D1 and D2.
These pulses are used to trigger the monostable circuit built around timer IC2. On the trailing edge of the pulse, the output of the monostable goes high for a time period of 40 seconds. This drives relay-driver transistor 2N2222 (T1) wired as a switch. Relay RL1 gets energized and closes N/O contacts of the relay, wired in series with the mains and the bulb (L1). Bulb L1 switches off when the relay gets de-energized after 40-second pulse period. Free-wheeling diode D4 (1N4001) protects transistor T1 against transients during relay switch-off operation. The circuit operates off a 9V battery, which gets connected to the circuit through ‘on’/‘off’ switch S3. You can also use regulated 9V power supply. Assemble the circuit on a general purpose PCB and house in a small box. Connect micro-switches S1 and S2 near top and bottom of the staircase through flexible wires and bulb in the middle of the staircase

Ping-Pong Pistol

2010-10-18T18:31:00.000+05:30

Materials

A. Paper towel tube

B. Utility lighter

C. Hair spray (aerosol)

D. Duct tape

E. Ping-Pong ball

F. Knife

How-to:

ü Use a short piece of duct tape to seal one end of an empty paper towel tube.
ü Cut a hole in the duct tape just large enough for the tip of the utility lighter to fit through.
ü Release a quick spurt of hair spray into the open end of the tube. You will have to experiment to find the best amount — there must be enough oxygen in the tube for combustion. Only aerosol hair sprays will work (the type in a metal canister).
ü Insert the Ping-Pong ball 1/3 of the way into the tube and then insert the tip of the lighter through the duct tape.
ü Spark the lighter. The Piezzo igniter will ignite the propellants and the resulting pressure will quickly accelerate the ball out of the tube.

Boomerang

2010-10-18T18:29:00.001+05:30

Materials:

ü A. 1/4" birch plywood, 20" x 16"

ü B. Pattern Download.pdf

ü C. Spray paint or clear lacquer

ü D. Coping saw or scroll saw

ü E. Sanding block or orbital sander

how-to:

ü Trace your pattern onto the plywood and use a saw to cut out the shape.

ü Use a sanding block (and a lot of elbow grease) or an orbital sander to give each side of the boomerang an airfoil shape. The direction the airfoil faces depends on the hand with which you throw.

ü In the middle of the boomerang blend the two airfoils together. You want the whole surface to be smooth.

ü Give it a final sanding with fine grit paper then apply a thin coat of spray paint or clear lacquer to help protect the boomerang and make it look nice.

ü Now you are ready to throw it. Find a very large, open space (at least a full baseball field). Hold nly the very tip of the boomerang in your throwing hand. You should throw the boomerang nearly vertical but angled outward sligtly. Aim just above the horizon. Throw it hard and overhand like a baseball and flick your wrist as you let go.

ü Go fetch the boomerang. It will take some practice and experimentation before you can get it to come right back to you.

Midnight Security Light

2010-10-16T16:05:00.000+05:30

Most thefts happen after midnight hours when people enter the second phase of sleep called ‘paradoxical’ sleep.
Here is an energy-saving circuit that causes the thieves to abort the theft attempt by lighting up the possible sites of intrusion (such as kitchen or backyard of your house) at around 1:00 am.
It automatically resets in the morning.
For this you need:
1) bridge rectifier
2) transformer i.e voltage regulator
3) IC (ic cd 4060)
4) LDR
5) LED & bulb
6) Capacitor & resistance
7) TRIAC

The circuit is fully automatic and uses a CMOS IC CD 4060 to get the desired time delay. Light-dependent resistor LDR1 controls reset pin 12 of IC1 for its automatic action. During day time, the low resistance of LDR1 makes pin 12 of IC1 ‘high,’ so it doesn’t scillate. After sunset, the high resistance of LDR1 makes pin 12 of IC1 ‘low’ and it starts oscillating, which is indicated by the flashing of LED2 connected to pin 7 of IC1. The values of oscillator components (resistors R1 and R2 and capacitor C4) . are chosen such that output pin 3 of IC1 goes ‘high’ after seven hours, i.e., around 1 am. This high output drives triac 1 (BT136) through LED1 and R3.
            Bulb L1 connected between the phase line and M2 terminal of triac 1 turns on when the gate of triac 1 gets the trigger voltage from pin 3 of IC1. It remains ‘on’ until pin 12 of IC1 becomes high again in the morning. Capacitors C1 and C3 act as power reserves, so IC1 keeps oscillating even if there is power interruption for a few seconds. Capacitor C2 keeps trigger pin 12 of IC1 high during day time, so slight changes in light intensity don’t affect the circuit. Using preset VR1 you can adjust the sensitivity of LDR1.
            Power supply to the circuit is derived from a step-down transformer X1 (230V AC primary to 0-9V, 300mA secondary), rectified by a full-wave rectifier comprising diodes D1 through D4 and filtered by capacitor C1. Assemble the circuit on a general purpose PCB with adequate spacing between the components. Sleeve the exposed leads of the components.
Using switch S1 you can turn on the lamp manually. Enclose the unit in a plastic case and mount at a location that allows adequate daylight.
           Caution. Since the circuit uses 230V AC, many of its points are at AC mains voltage. It could give you lethal shock if you are not careful. So if you don’t know much about working
with line voltages, do not attempt to construct this circuit. EMP(Engineering mini project.blogspot.com) will not be responsible for any kind of resulting loss or damage.

Antisleep Alarm for Students

2010-10-16T15:56:00.000+05:30

This circuit saves both time and electricity for students.

It helps to prevent them from dozing off while studying, by sounding a beep at a fixed time interval, say, 30 minutes. If the student is awake during the beep, he can reset the circuit to beep in the next 30 minutes. If the timer is not reset during this time, it means the student is in deep sleep or not in the room, and the circuit switches off the light and fan in the room, thus preventing the wastage of electricity.

Things Needed for Making this Antisleep Alarm for Students

Relay
Bulb
Transistor or SCR
Push to ON /OFF switches
Resistance & capacitor
Piezzo buzzer
Diode
IC: IC CD4020

The circuit is built around Schmitt trigger NAND gate IC CD4093 (IC1), timer IC CD4020 (IC2), transistors BC547, relay RL1 and buzzer. The Schmitt-trigger NAND gate (IC1) is configured as an astable multivibrator to generate clock for the timer (IC2). The time period can be calculated as T=1.38×R×C. If R=R1+VR1=15 kilo-ohms and C=C2=10 μF, you’ll get ‘T’ as 0.21 second. Timer IC CD4020 (IC2) is a 14-stage ripple counter. Around half an hour after the reset of IC1, transistors T1, T2 and T3 drive the buzzer to sound an intermediate beep. If IC2 is not reset through S1 at that time, around one minute later the output of gate N4 goes high and transistor T4 conducts. As the output of gate N4 is connected to the clock input (pin 10) of IC2 through diode D3, further counting stops and relay RL1 energies to deactivate all the appliances. This state changes only when IC1 is reset by pressing switch S1.
Assemble the circuit on a general-purpose PCB and enclose it in a suitable cabinet. Mount switch S1 and the buzzer on the front panel and the relay at the back side of the box. Place the 12V battery in the cabinet for powering the circuit. In place of the battery, you can also use a 12V DC adaptor.

Shadow Detector (Short Range Hand Wave Detector)

2010-10-16T15:30:00.001+05:30

   The circuit below works quite well in typical indoor room lighting. I would not recommend its use in direct sunlight. Two small PIN photo diodes positioned about one inch apart form a shadow detector. With no shadow cast on the devices, both devices produce nearly identical current levels. The current is converted to a voltage with two load resistors in parallel with the photo diode. One resistor is adjustable to the two voltages can be carefully balanced under uniform lighting. When a hand or an arm is moved over the sensors, casting a shadow, one device will detect more light than the second, as the shadow moves over the two sensors.




   This triggers an imbalance. A voltage  comparator connected to the two devices detects the imbalance and sends a high logic level signal to an n-channel FET, which can turn on a beeper or activate a relay. If a low power voltage comparator is used, such as the LMC7211, a 9 volt battery will power the circuit for many years. The more popular LM358 would also work but would draw more current.

SIMPLE DIGITAL SECURITY SYSTEM

2010-10-16T15:23:00.000+05:30

You can use this simple and reliable security system as a watchdog by installing the sensing loops around your building. You have to stretch the loop wires two feet above the ground to sense the unauthorized entry into your premises. Wire loops 1, 2 and 4 are connected to the A, B and C inputs of 7-segment decoder 4511 (IC1), respectively, while the D input of IC1 is grounded permanently.

loops are intact or not. If loop 1 is broken, the display will show ‘1’. If two or all the three loops are broken, the display will show the sum of the respective broken loop numbers. For example, if loops 1 and 4 are broken, the display will show 5(1+4).

When any loop is broken, the output of NOR gate N1 goes low, while the output of gate N2 goes high. Transistor T1 conducts and the buzzer sounds to alert you. You can mute the buzzer by switching off power to the circuit through switch S1.