BASIC GRAMMAR in USE

Pronouns and Possessives : Unit 30, I/me he/him they/them, etc.

noreply@blogger.com (Richard Maliki) — Mon, 09 May 2011 10:57:00 +0000

A. People

Subject : I we you he she they

Object : me us you him her them

Subject	Object
I I like Ann We We like Ann You You like Ann He He likes Ann She She likes Ann They They like Ann	Ann likes me. Me Ann likes us. Us Ann like you. You Ann likes him. Him Ann likes she. Her Ann likes they Them

Use me/him/her, etc. (object) after prepositions (for/to/at/with, etc.) :

- This Letter isn’t for you. It’s for me.

- Where’s Tom? I want to talk to him.

- Who is that woman? Why are you looking at her?

- We’re going to the movies. Do you want to come with us?

- They are going to the movies. Do you want to go with them?

B. Things

Subject : it they
object : it them

- I want that book. Please give it to me

- I want those book. Please give them to me.

- Sue never drinks milk. She doesn’t like it

- I never go to parties. I don’t like them.

- “Where’s the newspaper?” “You’re sitting on it.”

Future and Modals : Unit 29, I’d rather . . .

noreply@blogger.com (Richard Maliki) — Mon, 09 May 2011 10:47:00 +0000

Ann likes to sit on the floor. She doesn’t
want to sit on a chair. So she says:

I’d rather sit on the floor. (= I would prefer
to sit on the floor.)

I’d rather . . . = I would rather.

A. I would rather ( do something) = I would prefer ( to do somethng ) :

I’d rather

(I would rather)

Do . . .
stay . . .
have . . .
be . . .

I’d rather not

(I would rather not)

Do . . .
stay . . .
have . . .
be . . .

Would you rather

Do . . .
stay . . .
have . . .
be . . .

- I don’t really want to go out. I’d rather stay home. (= I’d prefer to stay home)

- “Shall we go now?” “No, not yet. I’d rather wait until later.”

- I want to go now but Tom would rather wait until later

- I’m feeling tired. I’d rather not go out this evening. (= I’d prefer not to go out)

- Sue is feeling tired. She’d rather not go out this evening.

- We’re not hungry. We’d rather not eat yet.

- “Do you want to go out this evening?” “I’d rather not.” (= I’d rather not go out)

- “Would you rather have milk or juice?” “Juice, please.”

- What would you rather do? Go to the movies or watch a video at home?

B. We say “I’d rather do something” (not “to do something”) :

- I’d rather sit on the floor. (not “I’d rather to sit”)

- Sue would rather not go out. (not “would rather not to go”)

But we say “I’d prefer to do something” :

- I’d prefer to sit on the floor.

- Sue would prefer not go out. (not “would rather not to go”)

But we say “I’d prefer to do something” :

- I’d prefer to sit on the floor.

- Sue would prefer not to go out.

C. You can say “ I’d rather do . . . than . . . “ :

- I’d rather go out than stay home.

- I’d rather have a dog than a cat.

- We’d rather go to the movies than watc a video at home.

Future and Modals : Unit 28, Would you like . . . ?

noreply@blogger.com (Richard Maliki) — Sun, 08 May 2011 13:36:00 +0000

A. Would you like . . . ? = Do you want . . . ?
We use Would you like . . . ? to offer things :

- “Would you like some coffe?”
“Yes, please.”

- “Would you like a cigarette?”
“No, thank you. I don’t smoke.”

- “What would you like, tea or coffe?”
“Tea, please . . . “

We Use Would you like to . . . ? to invite someone :

- Would you like to come to a party?

- “Would you like to have dinner with me on Sunday?”

“Yes. I’d love to.” (= I would love to have dinner with you.)

Where would you like to go this evening?

B. I’d like ( I would like) is a police way of saying “I want” :

- (in a restaurant) I’d like fish, please.

- I’m thirsty. I’d like a drink.

- I’d like to watch the news on television.

C. Study the difference :
Would you like . . . ? / I’d like . . . .
Do you like . . . ? / I like . . .

- “Would you like to go to the movies tonight?” (tonight)
“Yes, I’d love to go.”
but “Do you like to go to the movies?” (in general)
“Yes, I go to the movies a lot.”

- “I’d like an orange. (= I want an orange now.)
but I like oranges. (in general)

Future and Modals : Unit 27, Should

noreply@blogger.com (Richard Maliki) — Sun, 08 May 2011 13:33:00 +0000

Should + base form (should do / should write, etc.) :

I/we/you/they

He/she/it

Should

Shouldn’t

do
go
stop
write

A. (Someone) should do something = It is a good thing to do or the right thing to do :

- Tom should go to bed earlier. He usually goes to bed very late, and he’s
always tired.

- It’s a good movie. You should go and see it.

- When you play tennis, you should always watch the ball

- When way should we go? Left or right.

B. Shouldn’t (or should not) = It’s not a good thing to do or it’s not the right thing to do :

- Tom shouldn’t go to bed so late.

- You work all the time. You shouldn’t work so hard.

C. We often use think with should :

I think . . . should . . . :

- I think Ann should buy some some new clothes.
(= I think it’s a good idea.)

- It’s late. I think we should go home now.

- “Should I buy this coat?” “Yes, I think.”
you Should.

I don’t think . . . should . . . :

- I don’t think you should work so hard.
(= I don’t think it’s a good idea.)

- I don’t think the police should carry guns.

Do you think . . . should . . . ? :

- Do you think I should buy this jacket?

- What time do you think we should go home?

D. ought
ought to = should :

- I ought to go home now. (= I should go home know.)

- It’s a good movie. You ought to see it. (= You should see it.)

Remember that we say “ought to do” (with to), but “should do” (without to) :

- Ann ought to buy some new clothes. (not “Ann ought buy”)

Future and Modals : Unit 26, Have to . . .

noreply@blogger.com (Richard Maliki) — Sat, 07 May 2011 15:00:00 +0000

A. I have to do something = it is necessary for me to do it or I am obliged to do it :

I/we/you/they have

He/she/it has

To do . . .

To work . . .

To go . . .

To wear . . .

- I’ll be late for work tommorow. I have to go to the dentist. (=it is neccessasry
for me to go to the dentist)

- Sue starts work at 7:00, so she has to get up at 6:00.

- You have to pass a test before you can get a driver’s license

B. The Pass (Yesterday / last week, etc.) is had to . . . :

- I was late for work yesterday. I had to go to the dentist.

- There was no bus, so we had to walk home.

C. In questions and negatives we use do/does (present) and did (past) :

- What time do you have to get up tommorow morning?

- Does Sue have to work on Saturday?

- Why did they have to leave the party early?

I don’t have to do (something) = it is not necessary to do it :

- I’m not working tommorow, so I don’t have to get up early.

- Mike doesn’t have to work very hard. He has an easy job.

- We didn’t have to wait very long. The bus came right on time.

D. Must

You can also use must to say it is necessary to do something :

- The windows are very dirty. I must clean them. (or I have to clean them)

- It’s a fantastic movie. You must see it. (or You have to see it)

We use have to more often than must, especially in spoken English.

Future and Modals : Unit 25, May and Might

noreply@blogger.com (Richard Maliki) — Sat, 07 May 2011 14:56:00 +0000

A. may or might + base form (may go/ might go / may play / might play, etc.)

I/we/you/they

He/she/it

May (not)

Might (not)

Play

Come

B. may/might = it is possible that something will happen.
You can use may or might :

- I may go to the movies tonight.
or I might go to movies tonight. (=perhaps I will go)

- “When is Pam going to phone you?” “I don’t know. She may phone
this afternoon.”

- Take an umbrella with you. It might rain.

- “Do you think Jack will come to the party?” “I’m not sure. He may.”
(= He may come.)

- “Are you going out tonight?” “I might.” (= I might go out.”)

Study the difference :

- I’m studying tennis tommorow. (sure)
I may play tennis tommorow. (possible)

- Barbara is going to France next week. (sure)
Barbara might go to France next week. (possible)

C. The negative is may not or might not :

- I might not to go work tommorow. ( = perhaps I will not go)

- Sue may not come to the party ( = perhaps she will not come)

D. May I . . . ? = Is it okay to do something ?:

- May I smoke? (= Is it okay if I smoke? / Can I smoke?)

“May I sit here?” “Yes, of course.”

Future and Modals : Unit 24, Can and could

noreply@blogger.com (Richard Maliki) — Sat, 07 May 2011 04:16:00 +0000

A. Can + base form (can do / can / can come, etc.)

Positive and negative
I/we/you/they He/she/it	Can Can’t (cannot)	Do play come see

Question
can	I/we/you/they He/she/it	Do . . . ? play . . . ? come . . . ? see . . . ?

B. I can do something = I know how to do it or it is possible for me to do it :

- I can play piano. My brother can play the piano too.

- Ann can speak Portugese, but she can’t speak Spanish

- “Can you swim?” “Yes, but not very well.”

- “Can you change a ten dollar bill?” “I’m sorry, I can’t.”

- Mary and Andy can’t come to the party next week.

C. In the past (yesterday / last week, etc.) :

Can (do) --------> Could (do)

Can’t(do)--------> Couldn’t (do)

- When I was young, I could run very fast

- Before she came ro Canada, she could’t speak English. Now she can speak English very well.

- I was tired last night, but I couldn’t sleep.

- Mary and Andy couldn’t come to the party last week.

We use Can you . . . ? or Could you . . . ? when ask people to do things:

- “Can you (or Could) you open the door, pease?” “Sure.”

- Can (or Could) you tell me the time, please?

We use Can I . . . ? when ask if it is Okay to do something:

- (in a restauran) “Can I take your order?” “Yes, we’re ready.”

- (on the phone) Hello. Can I speak to Don, please?
Yu can also say May I . . . ?

We use Can I have . . . ? to ask for something :

- (in a store) Can I Have these postcards, please?

Future and Modals : Unit 23, I’ll . . . Shall i . . . ? Shall we . . . ?

noreply@blogger.com (Richard Maliki) — Sat, 07 May 2011 04:13:00 +0000

A. You can use I’ll . . . ( = I will) when you offer or decide to do something :

- “My suitcase is very heavy.” “I’ll carry it for you.”

- “I’ll call you tommorow, okay?” “Okay. Bye.”

We often say I think I’ll / I don’t think I’ll . . .when we decide to do something:

- I’m tired. I think I’ll go to bed early tonight.

- It’s a nice day. I think I’ll sit in the sun.

- It’s raining. I don’t think I’ll go out.

Don’t use the simple present (I go/ I call, etc.) in sentences like these:

- I’ll call you tommorow, okay? (not “I call you.”)

- I think i’ll go to bed early. (not “I go to bed.”)

Don’t use I’ll . . . for something you decided before :

- I’m working tommorow. (not “I’ll work.”)

- I’m going to watch TV tonight. (not “I’llwatch.”)

- What are you doing this weekend? (not “whaat will you do”)

See units 20-21

B. Shall I . . . ? / Shall we . . . ?

Shall I / Shall we . . . ? = Do you think this is a good thing to do? Do oyu think this is a good idea?

- It’s warm in this room. Shall I open the window?

- “Shall i call you this evening?” “Okay”

- I’m going to a party tonight. What shall i wear?

- It’s a nice day. Shall we go for a walk?

- Where shall we go for four vacation this year?

- “Let’s go out this evening.” “Okay. What time shall we meet?”

Future and Modals : Unit 22, Will

noreply@blogger.com (Richard Maliki) — Sat, 07 May 2011 04:12:00 +0000

A. Will + base form ( will be / will win / will come, etc.)

Positive and Negative
I/we/you/they He/she/it	Will (“ll) Will not (won’t)	be win come eat

Questions
will	I/we/you/they He/she/it	Be . . . ? win . . . ? come . . . ? eat . . . ?

Will = ‘ll : I’ll ( = I will ) / you’ll / she’ll, etc.

Will not = won’t ( = I will not ) you won’t / it won’t, etc.

B. We use will for the future (tommorow / next wekk, etc.) :

- She travels a lot. Today she is in New York. Tommorow she’ll be in Los Angeles.
Next week she’ll be in Tokyo.

- Phone me this evening. I’ll be home.

- Throw the bread on the ground. The Birds will eat it.

- We’ll probably go out this evening.

- Will you be home this evening?

- I won’t be here tommorow. (=I will not be there)

- Don’t drink coffe before you go to bed. You won’t sleep.

We often say I think . . . will . . . :

- I think Linda will pass the exam.

- I don’t think it will rain this afternoon.

- Do you think the exam will be difficult?

But do not use will for things you have already arranged to do or decided to do :

- We’re going to the theater on Saturday. (not “we will go”)

- Are you working tommorow? (not “will you work”)

Future and Modals : Unit 21, I’m going to . . .

noreply@blogger.com (Richard Maliki) — Sat, 07 May 2011 04:11:00 +0000

A. We use am/is/are going to . . . for the future :

He/she/it

We/you/they

is (not)

are

going to

do . . .
drink . . .

Watch . . .

am
is
are

he/she/it

we/you/they

going to

buy . . . ?

eat . . . ?

wear . . . ?

I am going to do something = I have already decided to do something, my intention is to do something:

- I’m going to buy some books tommorow

- Pam is going to sell her car

- I’m not going to have breakfast this mornig. I’m not hungry.

- What are you going to wear to the partyon Saturday?

- “Your hair is dirty.” “Yes, I know. I’m going to wash it.”

- Are you going to invite John to your party?

B. You can say that something is going to happen when it is clear now that it is sure to happen :

- Look at the sky! It’s going to rain.
(Black clouds now -----> rain)

- Oh no! It’s 9 o’clock and I’m not ready.
I’m going to be late.
(9 o’clock now and not ready ----> late.)

C. We also use the present continuous (I am –ing) for the future, usually for arrangements:

– I am playing tennis with Jack tommorow.

Future and Modals : Unit 20, What are you doing tomorrow? (Present for the future)

noreply@blogger.com (Richard Maliki) — Sat, 07 May 2011 04:04:00 +0000

A. We use am/is/ are –ing (present continuous) for something happening now.

- “Where are Bob and Sue?” “They’re playing tennis in the park.”

- Please be quiet. I’m working.

We also use am/is/are –ing for the future (tommorow/next week, etc.) :

- Ann is playing tennis tommorow.

- I’m not working next week.

I am doing something tommorow = I have arranged to od something, I have a plan to do something:

- Carla is going to the dentist on Friday.
(=she has an appointment with the dentist)

- They are going to a concert tommorow night.
(=they have tickets for the concert.)

- Are you meeting Bill this evening?
(=have you and Bill arranged to meet?)

- What are you doing this weekend?

- I’m not going out tonight. I’m staying home.

You can also say “I’m going to do something.”

B. Do not use the simple present (I go/ do you go?, etc.) for arrangements:

- I’m going out this evening. (not “I go”)

- Are you going out tonigh? (not “do you go”)

- Ann isn’t coming to the party next week. (not “Ann doesn’t come”)

But we use the simple present for timetables, trains, program, schedules, etc.:

- The concert starts at 7:30

- What time does the train leave?

C. Study the difference :

- I’m going to a concert this evening.
The concert starts at 7:30.

I’m going – present continuous : usually for people.
The concert starts – simple present : for programs, trains, etc.

Present Perfect Tense : Unit 19, It is done / it was done (passive)

noreply@blogger.com (Richard Maliki) — Sat, 30 Apr 2011 02:05:00 +0000

A. The passive is :

Past participle
Present Past	Am/is/are (not) Was/were	+	Cleaned done Exported made Damaged broken

The past participle of regular verbs is –ed (cleaned/damaged, etc.). For a list of irregular past participles (made/seen, etc.), see Appendixes 1 and 2.

- Butter is made from milk.

- Oranges are imported into Canada

- How often are these room cleaned?

- I am never invited to parties.

- This house was built 100 years ago.

- These houses were built 100 years ago.

- When was the telephone invented?

- I wasn’t invited to the party last week.

- Six people were injured in the accident yesterday

B. We say was/were born :

- I was born in Los Angeles in 1974. (not “I am born”)

- Where were you born?

C. Passive+by . . . :

- We were woken up by the noise. (= The noise woke us up)

- The telephone was invented by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876.

- My Brother was bitten by a dog last week.

Present Perfect Tense : Unit 18, I Have Done (present perfect) and I did (simple past)

noreply@blogger.com (Richard Maliki) — Sat, 30 Apr 2011 01:54:00 +0000

A. Sometimes you can use the present perfect or the simple past (“I have lost” or “I lost,”
“he has gone” or “he went” “they have seen” or “they saw”, etc.) :

- “Where’s your key?” “I’ve lost it.” Or “I lost it.”

- “Is Jack here?” “No, he’s gone home.” Or “He went home.”

B. With a finished time (for example : yesterday / last week / in 1998 / six months ago), you can only use the past (not the present perfect) :

Do not use the present perfect (have done/have lost/have been, etc.) with a finished time :

- I saw Jack yesterday. (not “I have seen Jack yesterday.”)

- Where were you last night? (not “Where have you been last night?”)

- We didn’t take a vacation last year. (not “We haven’t taken.”)

- I got up at 7:15. I washed, got dressed, and then I had breakfast.

- William Shakespearce (1564-1616) was a writer. He wrote many plays and poems.

(not “. . . has been a writer . . . has many written many plays.”)

Use the simple past to ask When? Or What time? :
-When did they arrive ? (not “When have they arrived” )

C. Compare :

For the present perfect, see units 14-16. For the simple past, see units 9-10

Present Perfect Tense : Unit 17, for since ago

noreply@blogger.com (Richard Maliki) — Sat, 30 Apr 2011 01:48:00 +0000

for and since :
We use for and since to say how long :

- Mary has been in Rio since Monday.

We use for + a periode of time (four days / two years, etc) :

Compare:

- Dan has been in Canada since January. ( = from January to now)

- Dan has been in Canada for six months. (not “since six months”)

- I’ve known her since 1990. (= from 1990 to now)

- I’ve known her for a long time. (not “since a long time”)

Ago = before now :

- Sue started her new job two weeks ago. (=two weeks before now)

- “When did Tom go out?” “Ten minutes ago.” (=ten minutes before now)

- I had dinner an hour ago. (= an hour before now.)

- Life was very different a hundred years ago.

We use ago with the simple past (did/had/started, etc.)

Compare ago and for :

- When did she arrive in Rio?
She arrived in Rio for foiur days.

- How long has she been in Rio?
She has been in Rio for four days.

For the present perfect + for and since, see Unit 16.

Present Perfect Tense : Unit 16, How long have you . . . ? (present perfect 3)

noreply@blogger.com (Richard Maliki) — Sat, 23 Apr 2011 03:09:00 +0000

Marry is on vacation in Rio.

She arrived in Rio on Monday.
Today is Friday.

How long has she been in Rio?

She has been in Rio for four days.

She is in Rio now. (is = present)

But

She has been in Rio for four days. (has been = presen perfect)

Compare :

Simple Present		Present Perfect
Mark is in Canada Are you married? Do you know Sue? Linda lices in Hong kong. We have a car	but but but but but	He has been in Canadasince April. (not “He is in Canda since April.”) How long have you been married? (not “How long are you married?”) How long have you known her? (not “How long do you know her?”) I’ve known her for a long time. How long has she lived in Hong Kong?” She has lived thee all her live. How long have you had your car? We”ve had it for a year.

Present continuous		Present perfect continuous (have been –ing)
I’m studying German It’s raining	but but	How long have you been studying German? I’ve been studying German for six weeks. It’s been (= it has been) raining since I got up this morning.

Present Perfect Tense : Unit 15, Have you ever . . .? (present perfect 2)

noreply@blogger.com (Richard Maliki) — Sat, 23 Apr 2011 03:05:00 +0000

We use the present perfect (have been/have played/have done, etc) when we talk about a time from the past until now – for example, you life :

Have you ever been to Japan?
time from the past until now

Past now

- “Have you been to France?” (in your life) “No, I haven’t.”

- I’ve been to Canada, but I haven’t been to the United States.

- She is an interesting person. She has had many different jobs and has visited many countries.

- I’ve seen that woman before, but I can’t remember when.

- How many times has Brazil won the World Cup?

- “Have you read this book?” “Yes, I”ve read it twice.” (=two times)

You can use the present perfect + ever (in questions) and never :

- “Has Ann ever been to Hungary?” “No, never.”

- “Have you ever played golf?” “Yes, once.” (=one time)

- My mother has never traveled by air.

- I’ve never ridden a horse.

Gone and been

He’s gone to Spain. He’s been to Spain
(=He is in Spain now) (=he went to Spain but now he is back)

Compare:

- I can’t find Sue. Where has she gone? (=Where is she now?)

- Oh, hello, Sue. I was looking for you. Where have you been?

Present Perfect : Unit 14, I have Done done (present perfect 1)

noreply@blogger.com (Richard Maliki) — Fri, 15 Apr 2011 07:51:00 +0000

Has washed/have gone, etc. Is the present perfect (have/has + past participle*) :

I We have (‘ve) You have not (haven’t) they	Washed Arrived Done Been Bought Taken begun		I Have we you they	washed? arrived? done? been? bought? taken? begun?
He She has (‘s) It has not (hasn’t)			he has she it

We use the present perfect for an action in the past with a result now :

- I’ve lost my passport. (=I can’t find my passport now.)

- She’s (=She has) gone to bed. (=she is in bed now)

- We’ve bought a new car. (=we have a new car now)

- It’s Mary’s birthday tomorrow and I haven’t bought her a present.

- “Bob is on vacation.” “Oh, where has he gone?”

- “Are they still having dinner?” “No, they’ve finished.”

Sometimes you can use the present perfect or the simple past .

*The past participle of regular verbs is –ed:
wash=have washed arrive=have arrived stop=have stopped

The past participle of irregular verbs is sometimes the same as the simple past and sometimes different. For example :
the same : lose=have lost make=have made have=have had
different : do= have done see= have seen write=have written

Simple Past Tense : Unit 13, I was doing (past continuous) and I did (simple past)

noreply@blogger.com (Richard Maliki) — Wed, 13 Apr 2011 10:13:00 +0000

I was doing (past continuous) and I did (simple past)

Jack was reading The phone rang He stopped reading He answered the phone
a book.

What happened?             The phone rang. (simple past)
What was Jack doing when the phone rang?
      He was reading a book. (past continuous)
What did he do when the phone rang?
      He stopped reading and answered the phone.   (simple past)

Jack began reading before the phone rang. So:
When the phone rang, he was reading.

Simple past

Beginning end
(3 o’clock) (4 o’clock)

We played

(complete action)

We played tennis yesterday.

(from 3 o’clock until 4 o’clock)

Beginning

(3 o’clock)

we were playing

(in the middle of an action)

A: What were you doing at 3.30 yesterday?

B: We were playing tennis.

- Jack was reading the newspaper when the phone rang.
but Jack read the newspaper yesterday

- Were you watching television when I called you?
but Did you watch the movie on television last night?

- I started work at 9:00 and finished at 4.30. At 2.30 I was working.

- When we went out, it was raining. (=it started raining before we went out)

- I saw Sue and Tom this morning. They were standing at bus stop.

- Ann felt asleep while she was reading.

Simple Past Tense : Unit 12, I was doing (Past Continuous)

noreply@blogger.com (Richard Maliki) — Wed, 13 Apr 2011 10:10:00 +0000

Now it is 6:00.
Ann is t me.
She is watching television

At 4:00 she was’t t home.
She was at the health club.
She wasn’t watching television.

Was/were –ing (doing/playing/working, etc) is the past continuous tense :

Positive		Negative			Question
I he She It	was-ing	I he she it	was not (wasn’t)	-ing	was	I he she it	-ing?
We You They	were-ing	we you they	were not (weren’t)	-ing	were	we they you	-ing?

- “What were you doing at 11:30 yesterday?” “I was working.”

- “What did he say?” “I don’t know. I wasn”t listening.”

- It was raining, so we didn’t go out.

- In 1990 they were living in Japan.

- Today she’s wearing a skirt, but yesterday she was wearing pants.

- I woke up early yesterday. It was a beautiful morning. The sun was shining and the birds were singing.

Am/is/are –ing (present)---------> was/were –ing (past) :

- I’m working (now). I was working at 10:30 last night.

- It isn’t raining (now). It wasn’t raining when we went out.

- What are you doing (now)? What were you doing at 3 o’clock?

Simple Past Tense : Unit 11, Was/were

noreply@blogger.com (Richard Maliki) — Sun, 10 Apr 2011 05:28:00 +0000

Now Bill is not work.

At midnight last night he wasn’t at work.

He was in bed.
He was sleep.

Am/is (present) was (past) :

- I am tired (now). I was tired last night.

- Is she at home (now) ? Was she at home yesterday morning?

- The weather is nice today. The weather wa nice yesterday.

Are (present) were (past) :

- You are late (now). You were late yesterday.

- They aren’t here (now). They weren’t here last Sunday.

Positive		Negative		Question
I He She it	was	I he she It	was not (wasn’t)	was	I? He? She? It?
We You they	were	we you they	were not (weren’t)	were	We? You? They?

- Last year she was 22, so she is 23 now.

- When I was a child. I was afraid of dogs.

- We were tired after the trip, but we weren’t hungry.

- The hotel was very comfortable, and it wasn’t expensive.

- Where were you at 3 o’clock yesterday afternoon?

- Was the weather nice when you were on vacation?

- Those shoes are nice. Were they expensive?

- Why was he angry yesterday?

Short Answers
I/he/she/it was Yes, we/you/they were	I/he/she/it wasn’t No, We/you/they weren’t

- “Were you late?” “No, I wasn’t.”

- “Was Ted at work yesterday?” “Yes, he was.”

- “Were they at the party?” “No, they weren’t.”

Simple Past Tense : Unit 10, I didn’t . . . Did you . . .? (Simple past Negative and questions)

noreply@blogger.com (Richard Maliki) — Sun, 10 Apr 2011 05:26:00 +0000

We use did in simple past negative and questions:

Base form

Positive

Negative

Question

watch
clean
play
do
go
have
begin

You

They

She

watched
cleaned
played
did
went
had
began

You

They

She

did not
(didn’t)

watch

clean

play

have

begin

did

You

They

She

watch . . .?
clean . . .?
play . . .?
do . . .?
go . . . ?
have . . .?
begin . . .?

Do/does (present) did (past) :

- I don’t watch televisionvery often.

- I didn’t watch television yesterday.

- Does she go out very often?

- Does she go out last night?

We use did/didn’t + base form (watch/clean/do, etc)
I watched but I didn’t watch (not “I didn’t watched”)
he went but did he go? (not “did he went”)

- I played tennis yesterday, but I didn’t win.

- Don didn’t have breakfast this morning.

- They went to a movie, but they didn’t enjoy it.

- We didn’t do much work yesterday.

Note the word order in question with did :

Did + subject + base form
What How Where	Did did did did	Sue you the accident your parents	give do happen? go	you a birthday present? last night? on their vacation?

Short answer
I/we/you/they Yes, did she/he/it	I/we/you/they No, didn’t she/he/it

- “Did you see Joe yesterday?” “No, I didn’t.”

- “Did it rain on Sunday?” “Yes, it did.”

- “Did Mary come to the party?” “No, she didn’t.”

- “Did your friends have a good vacation?” “Yes, they did.”

Simple Past Tense : Unit 9, I watched/cleaned/went, etc. (Simple Past)

noreply@blogger.com (Richard Maliki) — Sun, 10 Apr 2011 05:24:00 +0000

I watch television every night.
(simple present)

I watched television last night.
(simple past)

Watched is the simple past :

I/we/you/they
watched
he/she/it

The simple past is often –ed. For example :

work=worked brush=brushed start=started
stay=stayed live=lives dance=danced

These verbs are regular verbs.

- I brush my teeth every morning. This morning I brushed my teeth.

- Lee worked in bank from 1989 to 1992

- Yesterday it rained all morning. It stopped at noon.

- We enjoyed the party last night. We danced a lot and talked to a lot of people.
the party ended at midnight.

Spelling :

Study = Studied Worry = Worried
Stop=stopped Plan=planned

Some verbs are irregular (not regular). For irregular verbs, the simple past is not –ed.
Here are some important irregular verbs (see also Appendixes 1 and 2) :

begin began

break       broke
bring        brought
buy          bought
catch       caught
come       came
cost         cost
do            did
drink       drank
eat           ate

fall               felt
find             found
fly                flew
forget          forgot
get               got
give             gave
go                went
have            had
hear            heard
know           knew

leave           left
lose             lost
make          made
meet           met
pay              paid
put              put
read            read*
ring             rang
say              said
see              saw

sell               sold
sit                 sat
sleep            slept
speak           spoke
stand           stook
take              took
tell                told
think             thought
win                won
write             wrote

*The Past tense of read sounds like “red.”

- I usually get up early, but this morning I got up at 09.30.

- We did a lot of housework yesterday.

- Ann went to the movies three times last week.

- Mr.Wood came into the room, took off his coat, and sat down.

Simple Present Tense : Unit 8, I am doing (present continuous) and I do (simple present)

noreply@blogger.com (Richard Maliki) — Tue, 05 Apr 2011 15:48:00 +0000

Jim is watching television.
He is not playing the guitar.

But Jim has a guitar.
He often plays it, and plays very well.

Jim plays the guitar,
but he is not playing the guitar.

“Is he playing the guitar?” “No, he isn’t.” (present continuous.)
“Does he play the guitar?” “Yes, he does.” (simple present)

Present Continuous (I am doing) – now, at the time of speaking :

I am doing
past NOW future

- Please be quiet.I’m working.

- Linda is taking a shower at the moment.

- Take an umbrella, It’s raining.

- You can turn off the television. I’m not watching it.

- Why are you under table the table? What are you doing?

Simple present (I do) – in general, all the time, or sometimes :

I do

past NOW future

- I work every day from 9 o’clock until 5.00.

- Linda is taking a shower at the moment

- It rains a lot in the winter.

- I don’t watch television very often.

- What do you usually do on weekends?

Do not use these verbs in the present continuous (I am –ing) :
want like love hate need prefer depend know mean understand
believe remember forget

Use the simple present only (I want/do you like?. Etc) :

- I’mtired. I want to go home. (not “I’m wanting”)

- “Do you know that woman ?” “Yes, but I don’t remember her name.”

- I don’t understand. What do you mean?

For the present continuous, see also unit 3 and unti 4
For the simple present, see also Units 5-7.

Simple Present Tense : Unit 7, Do You . . . ? (simple present questions)

noreply@blogger.com (Richard Maliki) — Tue, 05 Apr 2011 15:46:00 +0000

We use do/does in simple present questions :

Positive		Questions
I We You they	Work Like Do Have	do	I We You They	Work . . . ? Like . . . ? Do . . . ? Have . . .?
He She It	Works Likes Does has	does	He She it

The word order in these questions is :

Do/does + subject + base form
Where How often What How much What	Do Do Do Do Do Does Does Does	you your parents they you you usually Chrish It This word	Work Live? Have Wash Do Play Cost Mean?	On Saturday? A car? Your hair? Om weekends? Tennis often? To fly to Hawaii?

What do you do? = What’s your job?:
- “What do you do?” “Iwork in a bank.”

Remember :
do I/we/you/they - Do they like music?
does she/he/it - Does she like music?

Short Answer
Yes, I/we/you/they do. Yes, he/she/it does.	No, I/we/you/they don’t. No, he/she/it doesn’t

- “Do you have the time?” “No, I don’t.”

- “Do they speak English?” “Yes, they do.”

- “Does he work hard?” “Yes, he does.”

- “Does your sister live in Toronto?” “No, she doesn’t.”

For the simple present, see also unit 5, unit 6, and unit 8.

Simple Present Tense : Unit 6, I don’t . . . (negative simple present)

noreply@blogger.com (Richard Maliki) — Tue, 05 Apr 2011 15:44:00 +0000

She doesn’t like my apples. He Doesn’t drive

Positive		Negative
I we you they	Work Like Do Have	I We You They	do not (don’t)	work like do have
He She it	Works Likes Does has	He She it	does not (doesn’t)

- I drink coffee, but I don’t drink tea.

- Sue drinks tes, but she doesn’t drink coffee.

- They don’t have any children.

- We don’t know many people in this town.

We use don’t/doesn’t + the base form (like/do/speak/work, etc) :

- I don’t like washing the car. I don’t do it very often.

- She speaks Spanish, but she doesn’t speak Portuguese. (not “she does’t speaks”)

- It’s a nice house, but it doesn’t have a garage. (not “it doesn’t has”)

Remember:
I/we/you/they don’t - I don’t like golf.
he/she/it doesn’t - He doesn’t like golf.

- I don’t like Fred and Fred doesn’t like me. (not “Fred don’t like”)

- My car doesn’t use much gas. (not “my car don’t use”.)

- Sometimes she is late, but it doesn’t happen very often.

For the simple present, see also Units 5 and 7.