mHD Biz Insights

5 Secrets For Effective Visual Merchandizing

noreply@blogger.com (Mahmudur Rahman (MHD)) — Tue, 10 Mar 2015 04:15:00 +0000

The visual presentation in the store has always been the major customer motivation accounting for the a majority of retail purchase.

Your window display has the potential to attract the customer, reel them in and ultimately lead to purchase. However, there are a few key points every merchandizer should keep in mind.

1. Show less, Focus more
The human mind has a limited attention and focus span and therefore it is advisable to keep the display simple and uncluttered. Leave a lot of space around. The most common mistake is trying to show too much at the same time. Props should be simple in shape, preferably something that provides a large mass of color or texture, such as blocks, covered boxes or risers.

2. Love odd numbers
Always place an odd number of elements in a group. Since it's easier for the brain to zone in on the middle and the arrangement is slightly off balance, the eyes moves around to look at each frame or object. A perfectly balanced arrangement ie even no is dull to the eye.

3. Repeat, repeat and repeat
Use variations of identical elements as that creates a very powerful display mechanism. It's a simple idea but can have a lot of impact on the mind of the consumer and it's hard to miss such a display.

4. Contrast is key
Make sure the items or frames you want to focus clearly contrast with the background. This includes color contrast as well as material texture contrast. For example, don't put a metal frame on top of a glossy background. Try making the background dull and repeated so that the frame that displays important information stands out.

5. Attract first, provide choice later: Pyramid method
Place one element at the top of the display which is clear and focussed. Below that, in the form of a pyramid, place other elements which provide choice. It's hard to go wrong with a pyramid display.

6. BONUS: Always hire a good agency to execute your campaigns. An idea is only as good as it's execution. So while your presentation might look fabulous in your laptop, the real thing in the store must be as efficiently done.

"Good visual merchandising is a mix of art, inspiration and science. While great visual can sell lousy product, poor visuals can do nothing for great merchandise."
Paco Underhill, Why We Buy

Get comfortable with having some empty space in your high fashion displays. Crowding is a symbol of low value. So anything that is high value deserves a lot of space around it. If you keep an expensive item in a crowd the human brain perceives it to be of lower value.

Above all, use the K.I.S.S. theory of display: Keep It Simple, Sweetheart!

Author: Maniraj Singh Juneja, is a director at Amitoje India: One of India's best store branding and execution firms based in New Delhi. Check www.amitoje.com for more details.

THESIS REPORT ON Present and Prospect of Corporate Social Responsibility: A Study on the Banking Sector of Bangladesh

noreply@blogger.com (Mahmudur Rahman (MHD)) — Fri, 09 Mar 2012 08:43:00 +0000

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The banking system plays a critical role in underpinning economic development. Banking sectors of Bangladesh has shown a great success in all areas of operation with a view to improve the socio-economic development of the country.

Awareness of issues in socially and environmentally responsible business and organizational practices is increasing among users of financial services in Bangladesh. Banks and financial institutions will therefore be well advised to adopt CSR practices in formal, structured manner inline with global norms. Socially and environmentally responsible practices will, besides fulfilling the moral obligations involved, also help preserve competitive edge in client bases sensitive to these concerns. Further, the disadvantaged population segments aided by social responsibility initiatives will hopefully constitute their future new client bases.

This study reviews recent CSR activities of banks, in light of the BB guidance circular issued in June 2008 for mainstreaming CSR practices in the financial sector in Bangladesh. The financial sector in turn can contribute hugely by catalyzing CSR practices in their real sector corporate clients, promoting inclusive economic and social development. I hope this report will be useful for banks and financial institutions in learning from each other’s examples.

Contents

Chapter-1: Introduction

1.1	Origin of the study	1
1.2	Rationale of the study	1
1.3	Objectives of the study	1
1.4	Methodology	2
1.5	Limitation of the study	3

Chapter-2: Theoretical Review

2.1	Corporate Social Responsibility	4
2.2	Potential Business Benefits	5
2.3	Human Resources	6
2.4	Risk Management	6
2.5	Brand Differentiation	7
2.6	Review of Literature	8

Chapter-3: Overview of CSR in Bangladesh

3.1	Introduction	10
3.2	CSR in Historical Perspective	13
3.3	CSR Implications to Business Activities	14
3.4	CSR as Community Development	14
3.5	CSR Applications and realities in Bangladesh	17
3.6	Prospects and Future of CSR	17
3.7	Good Governance and CSR in Bangladesh	19

Chapter-4: CSR practices in banks: An Analytical Review

4.1	CSR Expenditures by Banks	20
4.2	Financial Inclusion	20
4.3	Social and Environmental Improvement	21
4.4	Reporting CSR Initiatives	23

Chapter-5: Some CSR Initiatives taken by the banks

5.1	CSR Initiatives by AB Bank LTD	34
5.2	CSR Initiatives by BCBL	34
5.3	CSR Initiatives by BKB Ltd	37
5.4	CSR Initiatives by Bank Asia Ltd	40
5.5	CSR Initiatives by BRAC Bank Ltd	43
5.6	CSR Initiatives by Dhaka Bank Ltd	46
5.7	CSR Initiatives by DBBL	49
5.8	CSR Initiatives by UCBL	50

Chapter-6: Recommendations and Conclusion

6.1	Findings	53
6.2	Recommendations	54
6.3	Conclusion	55
6.4(a)	Annexure A	56
6.4(b)	Annexure B	57
6.4(c)	Annexure C	58

1.1 Origin of the Study

As a student of Business Administration (MBA Program) every student has to conduct a practical orientation in any organization for fulfilling the requirements of the 12 weeks Research Program. The main purpose of the program is to expose the students to the real world situation. This thesis report is generated under the academic supervision of Professor Dr Md Nazrul Islam Dept. of Business Administration, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet. This report is prepared as the partial requirement of MBA degree. The topic is, Present and Prospect of Corporate Social Responsibility: “A Study on the Banking Sector of Bangladesh”

1.2 Rationale of the study

The ‘social contract’ between the corporation and the community is of critical importance. The motivations for these contracts are continuously being revisited to understand how CSR programs can nurture and contribute to the growth of firms. While CSR issues are attracting a great deal of attention in the developed world, there is a need for more research into CSR in the developing world. This paper considers the CSR practices of a small sample of banks in Bangladesh to better understand this situation.

1.3 Objectives of the Study:

Before any research work, setting up objectives is very essential and it is as the half of completing the work. The reasons behind conducting this study are clear and were motivational towards the achieving of goals. In defining the objective, the CSR practices in the banking is given special emphasis. The main objective of this study is to identify the nature of CSR practices in the banking sector of Bangladesh.

1) To identify the attitude & responsibility towards the society of various banks in Bangladesh.

2) To get insight of actual scenerio of the CSR practices of banks operating in Bangladesh.

3) To highlight the social responsibility of banking sector in Bangladesh.

4) To recommend suggestions for better CSR practices.

1.4 Methodology:

All the information incorporated in this report has been collected both from the primary sources and as well as from the secondary sources. The details of these sources are highlighted in the following.

1.4.1 Primary Sources:

I have collected primary data by interviewing employees and clients of the various banks in Sylhet. I made a questionnaire and collected primary data by survey method. I also collected Primary data by face to face conversation.

1.4.2 Secondary sources:

I have collected secondary data for my research paper from:

•Annual reports

•Bank records

•Journals of the Bank

•Different books, training papers, manuals etc. related to the topic.

•Website of the Bank

1.4.3 Target Group:

The banks operating in Sylhet region have been considered as the population of the study.

1.4.4 Data Collection and presentation Techniques:

I designed a structured questionnaire for the study. This structured questionnaire was the major tool of this research paper. For collaborating the data and information collected through primary and secondary sources I have used both qualitative and quantitative method. I analyzed and presented the data by percentage, graphical presentation techniques, used different types of charts. I tried to analyze the major or critical findings .Then, based on everything; I provided recommendations and conclude the research paper.

1.4.5 Sample Size:

I surveyed 20 branches of different banks operating in Sylhet by the questionnaire. My Study includes qualitative analysis of data which were collected through the questionnaire. I used both qualitative and quantitative method for collaborating the information that was collected.

1.5 Limitation of the study:

As it is the first organized research on this topic, we had to face a lot of problems since adequate information is not available, in many cases these were hard to gather. Some obstacles are given below:

· Lake of experience in research work.

· Insufficient supply of relevant books and journals.

· Most of the bsnks dislike disclosing information.

· Many individuals are not familiar with this type of work.

· Time and Budget were limite

2.1 Corporate Social Responsibility:

One of the most frequently asked questions at this era - and probably for all those individuals and organizations dealing with CSR issues is the obvious - just what does "Corporate Social Responsibility" mean anyway? Is it a stalking horse for an anti-corporate agenda? Something which, like original sin, you can never escape or what? Different organizations have framed different definitions - although there is considerable common ground between them. My own definition is that CSR is about how companies manage the business processes to produce an overall positive impact on society.

The World Business Council for Sustainable Development in its publication "Making Good Business Sense" by Lord Holme and Richard Watts used the following definition. "Corporate Social Responsibility is the continuing commitment by business to behave ethically and contribute to economic development while improving the quality of life of the workforce and their families as well as of the local community and society at large"[1]

Definitions,"CSR is about capacity building for sustainable livelihoods. It respects cultural differences and finds the business opportunities in building the skills of employees, the community and the government" from Ghana, through to "CSR is about business giving back to society" from the Phillipines.

Philip Kotler and Kevin Lane Keller urge that, “Raising the level of socially responsible marketing calls for a three-pronged attack that relies on proper legal, ethical, and social responsibility behavior.”[2]

2.2 Potential business benefits

The scale and nature of the benefits of CSR for an organization can vary depending on the nature of the enterprise, and are difficult to quantify, though there is a large body of literature exhorting business to adopt measures beyond financial ones (e.g., Deming's Fourteen Points, balanced scorecards). Orlitzky, Schmidt, and Rynes[6] found a correlation between social/environmental performance and financial performance. However, businesses may not be looking at short-run financial returns when developing their CSR strategy.

The definition of CSR used within an organization can vary from the strict "stakeholder impacts" definition used by many CSR advocates and will often include charitable efforts and volunteering. CSR may be based within the human resources, business development or public relations departments of an organization, or may be given a separate unit reporting to the CEO or in some cases directly to the board. Some companies may implement CSR-type values without a clearly defined team or program. The business case for CSR within a company will likely rest on one or more of these arguments:

2.3 Human resources

A CSR program can be an aid to recruitment and retention,[8] particularly within the competitive graduate student market. Potential recruits often ask about a firm's CSR policy during an interview, and having a comprehensive policy can give an advantage. CSR can also help to improve the perception of a company among its staff, particularly when staff can become involved through payroll giving, fundraising activities or community volunteering.

2.4 Risk management

Managing risk is a central part of many corporate strategies. Reputations that take decades to build up can be ruined in hours through incidents such as corruption scandals or environmental accidents. These can also draw unwanted attention from regulators, courts, governments and media. Building a genuine culture of 'doing the right thing' within a corporation can offset these risks.

2.5 Brand differentiation

In crowded marketplaces, companies strive for a unique selling proposition that can separate them from the competition in the minds of consumers. CSR can play a role in building customer loyalty based on distinctive ethical values.[10] Several major brands, such as The Co-operative Group, The Body Shop and American Apparel[11] are built on ethical values. Business service organizations can benefit too from building a reputation for integrity and best practice.

License to operate

Corporations are keen to avoid interference in their business through taxation or regulations. By taking substantive voluntary steps, they can persuade governments and the wider public that they are taking issues such as health and safety, diversity or the environment good corporate citizens with respect to labor standards and impacts on the environment.

2.6 REVIEW OF LITERATURE

The focus of this chapter is to provide a selective review of the past research works related to the present study. A lot of researches will ve done but (as a sample) very few are related with this unique one. Among the researches done the following are mentionable:

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), which is also known as corporate citizenship or sustainable responsible business (SRB) , is a form of corporate self-regulation integrated into the business culture. CSR is defined as:

“CSR is a concept whereby financial institutions not only consider their profitability and growth, but also the interests of society and the environment by taking responsibility for the impact of their activities on stakeholders, employees, shareholders, customers, suppliers, and civil society represented by NGOs. Banks must take on new responsibilities that go beyond a simple policy of “paternalism” vis -a- vis their suppliers, customers and employees, such as that practiced up until recent times” (Noyer , 2008).

There are many theoretical reasons (such as political economy, legitimacy and stakeholder theories) why companies should engage in social responsibility reporting. Some companies do not engage in corporate social disclosure becaus e they: (i) do not have the information, (ii) do not want to disclose this information since it signals bad performance, and (iii) it is an expensive process. This study focuses on two important theories that explain the extent of corporate social disclosure: legitimacy theory and stakeholder theory. Previous studies have used either legitimacy theory or stakeholder theory to develop themes of disclosure easurement and to analyze the extent to which companies disclose their corporate social responsibility. Legitimacy is defined as:

“a generalized perception or assumption that the actions of an entity are desirable, proper, or appropriate within some socially constructed system of norms, values, beliefs, and definition” (Suchman, 1995, p. 573).

Although a relatively new concept in Bangladeshi corporate culture, awareness of corporate social reporting has rapidly increased. All companies need to consider their CSR for two basic reasons. Firstly, there is intensifying pressure from stakeholders to do so (Belal, 2001). Any company that does not develop and promote its CSR policy to all stakeholders will face increasing threats to its reputation. Secondly, because it makes sound business sense, CSR enhances the reputation of an organization, brings in new business and improves stakeholder return (Kabir, 2003). The government of Bangladesh has not imposed or proposed requirements for disclosure of social and environmental performance. The Bangladesh Companies Act 1994 sets the general framework for corpor ate financial reporting.

However, no provisions regarding CSR exist in the Companies Act 1994 (GoB, 1994)[3]. Until recently, neither is there a separate Bangladesh Accounting Standard (BAS) regarding social and environmental reporting (IASCF, 2003). However, since the adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) in Bangladesh on 5 July 2006i, Presentation of Financial Statements (BAS 1) encourages companies listed on the Stock Exchange of Bangladesh to publish additional statements on their non-financial activities; if management believes they will assist users in making economic decisions. Therefore, in Bangladesh, CSR is still voluntary with the exception of disclosure of expenditures on energy usage required under the Companies Act of 1994 and the Securities and Exchange Rules of 1987, which require the total amount spent on energy to be shown as a separate expenditure in the notes to the financial statements (Belal, 2001).

Since corporate social reporting disclosure is voluntary in Bangladesh, it is not surprising that in previous research only a few companies did disclose their CSR. Using annual reports of 40 companies listed on the DSE, Imam (2000) found that in 1996–97 annual reports[4]:

….. a total of 25 per cent of the sample companies made community and 22.5 per cent environmental disclosure. Only 10 percent of companies provided consumer related disclosure (Imam, 2000, p.136).

Though some progressive companies disclosed some information on community, environmental and consumer related activities, that information was not at all adequate in discharging social responsibilities. Imam conclude that

….. the sample listed companies tend to represent a relatively minor quantity of disclosure when compared with corporate financial disclosures. The disclosures mostly comprise narrative qualitative information (Imam, 2000, p. 140).

Belal‟s (2001) study represents 30 annual reports collected on a n ad hoc basis directly by contacting the company source or collected from the Dhaka Stock Exchange. In his study, listed companies dominate the survey (28 out of 30) representing 15 percent of the total listed companies in Bangladesh (196 at June, 1997). Belal (2001) concluded that

…although a number of companies are making social d isclosures, the quality of information

disclosed is very low. The nature of disclosure is mainly descriptive (Belal, 2001, p.286).

These conclusions echo the findings of the research by Imam (2000). In the absence of independent verification, the credibility of information disclosed is questionable. Hossain et al. (2006) also used the annual reports of 107 non -finance companies, for the financial year 2002-2003, showing that:

an average 8.33% of Bangladeshi companies disclose social and environmental information in their corporate annual report (Hossain et al., 2006, p. 10).

Hossain et al. (2006) concluded that these disclosures were voluntary in nature and largely qualitative. They also mentioned that the findings between developed and some developing countries are compared, the disclosure of social and environmental information made by the listed companies in their corporate annual reports in Bangladesh is “very disappointing” (Hossain et al., 2006).

3.1 Introduction

‘Corporate Social Responsibility’ or CSR for short is a relatively new term that has suddenly gained currency. Hundreds, indeed thousands, of companies are adopting ‘ethical policies’ or ‘codes of conduct’ saying how they intend to behave. More and more companies are signing up to such initiatives as the United Nations Global Compact or the Fair Labor Association. They are joining bodies such as World Business Council for Sustainable Development and CSR Europe. On both sides of the Atlantic there are myriads of conferences and ‘initiatives’, where corporate ‘CSR Executives’, some even from companies with a long anti-union record, meet up with campaigns, NGOs and indeed trade unions. Take the example of McDonald’s. In the 1990s, the hamburger corporation took two campaigners through a long and exhausting libel court case in London after they criticized its corporate practices. Then there was the 2004 film ‘Super Size Me’. Its public image thoroughly dented, today McDonald’s leaflets in the UK show happy local farmers producing organic crops for healthy meals. Or the oil company Unocal, which was severely criticized for knowingly using forced labour to construct a pipeline in Burma, a country run by a vicious regime and subject to an international boycott. Labour rights’ groups in the US took Unocal through the courts. Unocal now has a huge area on its website devoted to CSR. In fact, CSR means different things to different people. However, certain ideas are becoming commonly accepted. One is that CSR is not about philanthropy or charitable work. It refers to something much more fundamental. It is about how companies take responsibility for their actions in the world at large. Conventional CSR Watchdogs include Labor Unions, Consumer Groups, Environmentalists, NGOs and all ‘Stakeholders’ watching over their interest as opposed to ‘Stockholders’ only.

The role of business worldwide and specifically in the developed economies has evolved over the last few decades from classical ‘profit maximizing’ approach to a social responsibly approach, where businesses are not only responsible to its stockholders but also to all of its stakeholders in a broader inclusive sense. One can identify so many reasons for shifting the role of business from classical concept to a responsible business concept, but negative impression of stakeholders on the enterprise would get a higher priority among others. In one hand, enterprises create wealth and job opportunities for the society and on the other, they are pollute and destroy environment and ecology with devastating impact on human health and bio-diversity worldwide. To address the social problems or the problems of the stakeholders, the business community evolved a new approach in their business strategies named CSR and through CSR enterprises are intent to strike a balance between economic and social goals, where resources are used in a rational manner and social needs are be addressed responsibly. CSR can be viewed as a comprehensive set of policies, practices, and programs that are integrated into business operations, supply chains, and decision making processes throughout the company and include responsibilities for current and past actions as well as adequate attention to future impacts. CSR focuses vary by business, by size, by sector and even by geographic region. The umbrella of CSR is quite big and it includes all the good practices that increase the business profitability and can preserve interest of all stakeholders.

3.2 CSR in Historical Perspective

CSR is a concept whereby companies integrate social and environmental concerns in their business operations and in their interactions with their stakeholders on a voluntary basis. (Green Paper, 2001) Socially responsibility means not only fulfilling legal expectations, but also going beyond compliance and investing ‘more’ into human capital, the environment and in rapport-building with stakeholders. It is relevant in all types of companies and in all sectors of activity, from MSMEs to Multinational Enterprises (MNEs). “A number of companies with good social and environmental records indicate that these activities can result in better performance and can generate more profit and growth. (Green Paper, 2001) Research (Industry week, 15 January 2001) has shown that about one half of the above average performance of socially responsible companies can be attributed to their CSR image while the other half is explained by their performance. Socially responsible companies are expected to deliver above-average financial returns. (Green Paper, 2001) CSRhas some internal dimensions such as: human resources management, health and safety at work, adaptation to change and management of environmental impact and natural resources. The external dimensions include local communities, business, partners, suppliers and consumers, human rights and global environmental concerns. Again, CSR may be as simple as sponsoring social service oriented entertainment events. In essence, ‘CSR is positive rapport with the society’. In a Bangladesh context, several multinational companies and local companies practice CSR. While the multinationals are influenced by their own ESRB disposition, most of the business concerns in Bangladesh do not rate high in practicing CSR unless being pressured by the foreign buyers in case of export oriented business.

3.3 CSR Implications to Business Activities

Companies are facing the challenges of adapting effectively to the changing environment in the context of globalization and in particular in the export sector. Although Consumer Rights Movement, enforcement of government regulations and a structured view regarding the economic importance of CRS are not yet so widespread in the corporate world in Bangladesh, companies have gradually attaching more importance to CSR in the local market as well. They are increasingly aware that CSR can be of direct economic value. Companies can contribute to social and environmental objectives, through integrating CSR as a strategic investment into their core business strategy, management instruments and operations. This is an investment, not a cost, much like quality management. So, business organizations can thereby have an inclusive financial, commercial and social approach, leading to a long term strategy minimizing risks linked to uncertainty.

3.4 CSR as Community Development

CSR in Bangladesh can also contribute a lot to community development. The corporate house can develop the community by creating employment, providing primary education, contribution to infrastructure development like road and high-ways and addressing environmental concerns. This is more relevant for a country like Bangladesh where the government interventions in these fields being augmented by corporate alliance can go a long way in developing the economy, society and environment.

3.5 CSR Applications and Realities in Bangladesh

CSR concepts and practices in Bangladesh have a long history of philanthropic activities from the time immemorial. These philanthropic activities included donations to different charitable organizations, poor people and religious institutions. Till now, most of the businesses in Bangladesh are family owned and first generation businesses. They are involved in the community development work in the form of charity without having any definite policy regarding the expenses or any concrete motive regarding financial gains in many instances. Moreover, most of the SMEs fall under the informal sector having low management structure and resources to address the social and environmental issues. These limitations drive the top management of local companies to think only about the profit maximization rather than doing business considering the triple bottom line: profit, planet and people (CSR definition of Lotus Holdings). The discussions on CSR practices in Bangladesh in its modern global terms, are relatively new, but not so for the concept itself. Because, being a part of the global market, it is difficult to ignore CSR standard specifically in the export sector. In general, it is true that in Bangladesh, the status of labor rights practices, environmental management and transparency in corporate governance are not satisfactory, largely due to poor enforcement of existing laws and inadequate pressure from civil society and interest groups like Consumer Forums. Globally, as CSR practices are gradually being integrated into international business practices and hence is becoming one of the determining factors for market accesses, it is becoming equally instrumental for local acceptability . A focus on CSR in Bangladesh would be useful, not only for improving corporate governance, labor rights, work place safety, fair treatment of workers, community development and environment management, but also for industrialization and ensuring global market access. Since, CSR entails working with stakeholders it is important to work from within and diagnose the stakeholders; concerns so that CSR is truly embedded in the companies. By now, many CSR dimensions are practiced in Bangladesh. The SMEs largely depend upon export. The US and EU buyers set guidelines to RMG industry to ensure the standards. The 1992 Hrkin’s Bill and subsequent consumer and industry boycott of RMG products by USA and the consequent remedial moves by local RMG sector is one example. Moreover, some buyers from EU visited the sites of recently collapsed garments factories. A temporary ban was also imposed on Shrimp export to the EU on health and hygienic standard and appropriate remedial action followed in that instance too. But, some of the exporters found difficulty in convincing the US/EU buyers to have positive attitude towards Bangladesh due to inadequate CSR practices,

Lack of enforcement of Industrial Laws and Regulations, weak unions, absence of consumer rights groups and high level of corruption within the regulatory bodies make CSR violation rampant in Bangladesh. Two most significant foreign exchange sources is the RMG sector and the overseas manpower export. Unbelievably low compensation, working hours, health/hygiene/sanitation conditions, fire safety and various types of abuse are so common and to the extent of inhumanity that wild shock any conscientious individual to the core. Recently, the RMG sector employees have embarked on a industry wide movement to establish their rights.

Overseas workers are mostly exploited by recruiting agencies whereas these rural and mostly illiterate people have to sell all their belongings becoming paupers of lend money at very high interest. Owing to cheating by the recruiters and unlawful behavior by the overseas employers, many of them get compelled to come back as beggars, some after long confinement in overseas jails. Hardly any remedy is available from the law enforcing agencies.

Many industrial units run with half-century old machinery producing fatal air, soil and water pollutions. More modern factories also don’t care to install Effluent Treatment Plants.

Starting from FMCGs, vegetables, fruits and all other conveyable goods, adulteration, abnormal ripening at times with poisonous elements, keeping fish fresh with applying deadly Formalin and all other malpractice is rampant and carefree. Good Governance and efficient law enforcing agencies can only solve these plights.

3.6 Prospects and Future of CSR in Bangladesh

Bangladesh is a developing country. Because of global competitiveness and demand, the CSR practices and standards are being implemented in Bangladesh. But we are yet go a long way. There are challenges to implement CSR properly in Bangladesh. Ultimately CSR practices should be better practiced in Bangladesh for better and enhanced performance. In the publication “Good Governance and Market-Based Reforms: A Study of Bangladesh, Fara Azmat and Ken Coghill relates Good Governance with CSR by discussing the good governance indicators of regulatory quality, rule of law and control of corruption in the context of Bangladesh and analyses how lack of good governance indicators affects the success and sustainability of reforms and contributes to the lack of business ethics and CSR in Bangladesh.

3.7 Good Governance and CSR in Bangladesh

CSR has been defined in general terms as ‘the obligation of the firm to use its resources in ways to benefit society, through committed participation as a member of society, taking into account the society at large and improving the welfare of society at large independent of direct gains of the company’ (Weile et al., 2001: 288). In this article, CSR, as related to the problems of the agricultural input sector of Bangladesh, is used to explain the need of the businesses to be socially responsible and focus on economic, social, legal, ethical and environmental issues. Farmers are being cheated into buying underweight, low quality inputs sometimes at higher prices, which do not benefit yields. The contaminated inputs also cause damage to soil fertility, which eventually results in decreased yields. While the economic aspect is represented by the resultant effect of a price hike on the farmers, the social impact is due to the decrease in farmers’ income. The legal and ethical components are represented by the private sector not complying with the laws and rules and not meeting the obligations placed on them by the state and the society. Finally, the environmental consideration is also important because of the effect of contaminated and unbalanced inputs on the soil and on soil fertility.

As discussed above, lack of effective good governance in Bangladesh has resulted significantly in lack of business ethics and poor CSR culture. According to Wilson (cited in McIntosh and Thomas, 2002: 7), the key idea behind CSR and corporate citizenship is that responsible behavior makes good business sense. In Bangladesh the private sector seems to focus on earning profits in the short term, ignoring the issue of responsible behavior and the desirability of earning the trust of consumers which are important for the long-run success of their operations. The incidence of selling adulterated low quality products at high prices and with underweight and above all, hoarding to reap dishonest profit, all confirm this. In the absence of a socially responsible behaviour in the private sector, there is need to enhance capacity-building on the part of the state to intervene and implement sanctions effectively to enforce compliance. CSR does not develop and is not sustained independently of the context in which business operates. Importantly, the context includes the legal infrastructure created by the state and the enforcement effort imposed by the state. In the absence of an effective state intervention in the public interest, private entrepreneurs are less constrained to behave in the public interest and in conformity with CSR. Thus lack of capacity or lack of will, or both, by the state weakens the incentives for private sector entrepreneurs to practice CSR.

In addition, private sector entrepreneurs lack expertise and are not efficient and competent enough to take advantage of the open economy. The government has recognized the need for educating the private sector and is undertaking some programmes. However, this is not done on a large scale and nor is the potential exploited sufficiently for NGOs to be involved to educate the private sector on business ethics and issues of corporate social responsibility.

CSR Perceptions of Business Community in Bangladesh

AT a Roundtable organized by CSR Center of Bangladesh Enterprise Institute, held on Thursday, 23 February, 2006, speakers identified dearth of expertise, poor accountability as major obstacles to obstacles to practicing CSR in Bangladesh. They elaborated that lack of expertise and poor accountability of corporate houses are obstacles to implementation of CSR in Bangladesh. The speakers also said many CSR activities by Bangladeshi corporate houses are centered mainly around publicity and short-term implications. The BEI roundtable on CSR titled 'Corporate Social Responsibility Practices and Challenges in Bangladesh' was a part of its 'Dialogue Series on CSR in Action'.

Sanjiv S Mehta, chairman and managing director of Unilever Bangladesh Ltd, Mohammad Abu Musa, deputy managing director of Dhaka Bank Ltd, and Mohin Khan, executive assistant (Board Affairs) of BRAC, spoke at the discussion.

BEI President Farooq Sobhan said corporate entities should understand what CSR is and

why it is important. The private sector enterprises will remain weak unless and until they practice CSR in their ventures, the BEI president said, adding that when it comes to adopting good corporate governance, Bangladeshi companies are lagging far behind those in India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. "Properly implemented CSR programmes help the companies meet legal and societal expectations and benefit governments, employees, citizens and businesses," noted Farooq. On the other hand, poorly implemented CSR programmes are nothing but public relations exercises, he mentioned.

Representatives of Unilever Bangladesh, Dhaka Bank and BRAC briefed the roundtable about their CSR activities. Around 20 high-level executives from local and international corporate houses and donor agencies participated in the roundtable.

CSR practices in Banks: An Analytical Review

4.1 CSR expenditures by banks

The banking sector of Bangladesh has a long history of involvement in benevolent activities like donations to different charitable organizations, to poor people and religious institutions, city beautification and patronizing art & culture, etc. Recent trends of these engagement indicates that banks are gradually organizing these involvements in more structured CSR initiative format, in line with BB Guidance in DOS circular no. 01 of 2008. The June 2008 BB Guidance circular suggested that banks could begin reporting their CSR initiatives in a modest way as supplements to usual annual financial reports, eventually to develop into full blown comprehensive reports in GRI format. Information on CSR expenditure available from annual reports of banks, compiled together, bring up the following picture of sectoral patterns :

In the year 2007, large concentration in the field of disaster relief, both in participation and expenditure wise, was observed mainly because of the cyclone ‘Sidr’. Whereas, in the year 2009, the ‘Education’ and ‘Health’ sectors were getting more attention and appeared to be the most popular area for CSR activities as huge investments are being made by several banks in these segments. These shifts point to the responsiveness of the banking community to the changing need of the society.

Following are some notable features observed from the CSR activities carried out by the banks:

Ø In a natural calamity-prone area like Bangladesh, there remains an existing and distinctive CSR agenda focused on the business contribution to tackling social crises in the affected area. Disaster relief and rehabilitation became the segment where the highest number of banks participated to help ease the sufferings of the affected people. In the current context, a desired move from the traditionally popular fields of education or health.

Ø In the education segment, more and more banks have taken long-term or renewable scholarship programs for under-privileged but meritorious students for the persuasion of their studies instead of providing one time recognition awards to good performers.

Ø Some banks choose to provide continued financial support for maintaining operating costs of health care organizations. A bank undertook a continuous program called ‘Smile Brighter Program’ to perform as many operations possible per year on cleft-lipped boys and girls to bring back smile on their face.

Ø Several banks have taken steps and introduced investment schemes to cater the needs of selfemployment and poverty alleviation under which micro-finance is channeled to the target groups, such as poor farmers, landless peasants, women entrepreneurs, rootless slum people, handicapped people, etc.

Ø A few banks have taken steps to introduce Interest-free Education Loan to poor and meritorious students to help bear monthly educational expenditure including food, accommodation etc. The loan is distributed to the selected students in monthly installments till their completion of studies upto the Masters Degree level.

4.2 Financial Inclusion

The CSR guidelines issued by Bangladesh Bank put special emphasis on reaching out with financial services to the less well-off population segments of the community in order to speed up financial inclusion of the large socially disadvantaged rural and urban population segments; drawing them in with appropriate financial service packages and with _inancing programs innovatively designed to generate new employment, output and income.

It was observed that 4 SCBs, 3 DFIs, 29 PCBs and 3 FCBs have responded positively to this call and undertaken programs for speeding up _inancial inclusion of the large socially disadvantaged rural and urban population segments. Out of these programs-

4 SCBs, 3 DFIs, 28 PCBs and 3 FCBs were engaged in self-employment credit and Small and Medium Enterprise (SME) lending programs, taken up solo or in association with locally active Micro Finance Institutions (MFIs). These programs were mainly designed to create productive new on-farm/off-farm employment. The banks also formally recognized their philanthropic obligation towards the promotion and development of small and medium industries sector.

1 DFI has _inanced programs for installation of biomass processing plants and for Effluent Treatment Plants (ETPs) in manufacturing establishments.

In order to provide support to small landholder farmers of Bangladesh who play a crucial role in the development of the country, 4 SCBs, 3 DFIs, 25 PCBs and 3 FCBs have disbursed agricultural loans mainly through their rural branches for diversi_ied production of crops, oilseeds, spices, vegetables, fruits etc. by rural households, financing the growers directly or through suitable intermediaries in the value chain, and have provided credit support for combinations of farming activities. Concurrently, credit lines are also extended to different NGOs to support the initiatives for agricultural development and alleviation of poverty in the rural areas.

Two banks reported taking up initiatives aimed at prompt delivery of remittances from migrant workers to recipients in remote rural households, or programs for card based/ mobile phone based delivery of financial services to such households.

Among bank financed self-employment & SME projects; dairy, fishery, poultry, goat rearing & cow fattening projects and financing of NGOs for enhancing the _low of micro-credit under NGO Linkage Loan were more prominent. Among the four classes of bank, DFIs were the most important participant in the SME sector. From chart 3 below it can be seen that, during the year 2008, the DFIs had the dominant share of SME credit outstanding during 2008 and 2009. Involvement of SCBs in SME lending do not show signs of stable upward trend. The engagement of PCBs however, have been in signi_icant upward trend. Involvement of FCBs even though small in absolute size, is also showing signs of steady increase.

Chart 4 shows the trends of outstanding agricultural credit. Here again, the DFIs have dominant role, because of statutory obligation of two DFIs (BKB, RAKUB).

The volume of credit outstanding is no firm evidence of extent of financial inclusion per se however, chart 5 plots the trend of number of small sized bank loan accounts, a plausible proxy for increase in number of agricultural and small enterprise loan accounts and hence for financial inclusion. Trend lines in the chart indicate that the positive results from the CSR and other current

initiatives for broadening financial inclusion are yet to show up with prominence.

4.3 Social and Environmental Improvement

The banks had significant community investments by way of donations to initiatives of Civil Society Organizations (CSOs), NGOs and institutions involved in health, education and culture; for social and environmental improvement including nutrition, health and education in the disadvantaged population segments. The following table shows participation of banks in various areas of community development :

It was observed that, Education and Health were the more popular area of participation by the banks in community development. A total of 3 SCBs, 2 DFIs, 22 PCBs and 5 FCBs have made donations to various educational institutions for their cause. In the health sector, 1 SCB, 3 DFIs, 25 PCBs and 4 FCBs patronized a number of health care organizations by way of financial support to them. Disaster Relief also received due attention as 3 SCBs, 2 DFIs, 25 PCBs and 8 FCBs have provided donations to Relief and Rehabilitation Programs for the people affected in different

natural calamities.

On the other hand, as shown in the following table, only 12 banks out of 30 PCBs and 3 banks out of 9 FCBs have conducted direct social interventions, both as sustainable/continuous projects or occasional/remedial measures. These banks actually tried to enrich economic and social indicators of the society by way of reducing poverty, giving standard health care service, proper nutrition, and ensuring environment friendly society for the present and future generation. However, none

of the SCBs or DFIs conducted any direct social interventions. The following areas were covered by the banks that had direct social intervention programs :

Having considered education as a tool for social change, 8 PCBs and 1 FCB have chalked out programs with a view to remove the access barrier of some of many economic hardship-hit estimable students to their desired level of education by providing scholarship, fellowship, infrastructural development, etc.

Since a large number of poor people in our country are deprived of the opportunity to cure their health problem, 4 PCBs and 2 FCBs have established permanent health projects to reduce their sufferings.

Bangladesh lies in a natural calamity-prone area where floods, cyclones and other natural calamities often occur. Some Banks have always been at the service of the people afflicted by the natural calamities. 5 PCBs and 1 FCB have taken direct steps to provide aid and rehabilitation program they considered necessary to the group of people affected in different natural disaster.

1 PCB and 1 FCB have some projects covering Art & culture aspects.

1 PCB and 1 FCB have environmental project to combat the devastating effects of environmental changes for Green House affects due to Global warming.

4.4 Reporting CSR initiatives

The following figure shows that, 3 SCBs (75%), one DFI (20%) and 29 PCBs (97%) have reported their CSR initiatives as supplements to usual annual financial reports in accordance to the directive of Bangladesh Bank.

In case of FCBs, only audited financial statements are prepared for the host country, and their annual reports are published from their parent country. As a result, disseminating their CSR activities as supplements to usual annual financial report do not apply. It was also observed that :

1. 1 SCB, 1 DFI and 13 PCBs have reported the CSR activities separately as a chapter in the annual report to make it available in the public domain for perusal by stakeholders.

2. 1 SCB and 11 PCBs have provided details in those supplements. They have reported the action programs along with amount of investment made in each program.

3. 2 SCBs, one DFI and 4 PCBs have included a future plan in the annual financial reports.

None of the banks have issued separate reports of their CSR programs and activities in comprehensive standard formats such as the GRI. Additional information had to be asked for in compiling this review, over and above the information provided in annual reports of banks. For convenience of all involved, banks and financial institutions will be well advised to take steps for more elaborate reporting in comprehensive standard formats.

Some CSR Initiatives taken by the Banks

5.1 AB BANK LIMITED

Education

Ø AB Bank limited assisted 20 blind students to participate in a specialized ICT training program. A contribution of Tk. 10.00 lac was made for phase-1 of the program. Upon successful completion of phase-1, 8 visually impaired students were able to find gainful employment in various offices.

Ø The Bank contributed a further Tk. 12.41 lac in August 2009 to BODA towards providing Braille support for visually impaired students.

Social Welfare

Ø AB Bank’s “Save the River” campaign appeared in national dailies in July 2009.

Ø Supported the awareness campaign of ADHUNIK- ‘Amra Dhumpan Nibaron Kori’ aimed at youths of the country.

Ø Supported an exhibition organized by SAARC Women’s Association, Dhaka to set up a life saving ventilator for the ICU unit at the Shishu Hospital.

Ø Contributed to Zonta International Club to raise funds for “Shishu Bikash Kendro” for 160 under privileged children.

Ø Contributed Tk. 5 lac to ‘Chhayanat’, a cultural organization, to partly support the construction of an auditorium.

Ø Arranged to publish a supplement in one of the national newspaper commemorating “International Day of the Misuse of Drug and it’s Illegal Trade” organized by Home Ministry.

Ø Periodically participating in such national campaigns as “World Environment Day” organized by Ministry of Environment and Forests, “World Breastfeeding Week” organized by Bangladesh Breastfeeding Foundation, “National Fishery Week” organized by Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock etc.

Ø CSR activities also include contribution for the treatment of prominent cultural artists, donation for procurement of training room equipment for Dhaka Stock Exchange Training Academy, etc.

Sports

Signed an agreement with Bangladesh Table Tennis Federation in April 2008 for arranging National Table Tennis Championship for four years and contribute an

amount of Tk. 7.9 lac each year. Further agreement has been executed under which AB Bank to pay Tk. 15.13 lac per year for scouting new talents.

5.2 BANGLADESH COMMERCE BANK LIMITED

Financial Inclusion

Disbursed term loan to BRAC (NGO) for alleviation of poverty and agro-based farming projects.

Social welfare

Ø Donated to UCEP to establish a school at Sylhet.

Ø Donated Tk. 1.00 Lac to an organization named “Center for the Rehabilitation of the Paralyzed”.

5.3 BANGLADESH KRISHI BANK

Financial Inclusion

Ø Financing activities relating to poverty alleviation, creating self-employment, reducing gender discrimination, women empowerment, environmental development, increasing social awareness, development of the handicaps, development of the rootless slum people etc.

Ø Sanctioned loan of Tk. 20.00 Crore with easy-conditions to an NGO named “Bureau Bangladesh” under “BKB-NGO Linkage Wholesale Microcredit Program”.

Ø Huge investment has been made in Mymensingh for fishery applying intensive/half-intensive system.

Ø Started implementation of Special Fishery Loan Program for other potential areas of the country.

Ø Loan program for landless/marginal peasants.

Ø Special micro credit program for the development of the handicaps.

Ø Financing at concessional interest rate for the socio-economic development of the country.

5.4 BANK ASIA LIMITED

Bank Asia contributes to the development efforts of the government and other recognized agencies including charitable, educational and healthcare institutions, throughout the country.

Education

Ø Under Bank Asia’s “Higher Studies Scholarship” scheme, poor but meritorious students of rural areas where the bank has branches are awarded scholarships for their higher studies in several core subjects. The scholarships are given basing on the SSC and HSC exam results and the duration of the scholarship is generally 4 to 5 years. Under the program, students receive Tk.2,000 per month and a lump sum grant of Tk.10,000 is given annually to purchase books and for payment of tuition fees. This scheme was introduced in 2005, presently a grand total of 80 students are enjoying bene_it of this scheme.

Ø Help poor students in rural areas by establishing and operating Computer Learning Centers (CLC) in different schools in providing a technological platform for students. Already 13 CLCs have been established in different rural schools and are in full operation. About 1,000students have enrolled so far in these CLCs out of which 900 students have already obtained certificates. The bank is also going to setup another 15 CLCs from where more than 3,000students are expected to receive education in computer technology every year.

Health

Ø In the year 2005, Bank Asia started a program in collaboration with Bangladesh Eye Hospital (BEH) to help the underprivileged children by performing ophthalmologic operation of all born blind children of Bangladesh. So far, a total of 929 children have been operated.

Ø The bank arranges free Eye Camps in the rural areas where free treatments including spectacles are provided to a large number of school going poor boys and girls and other people of the localities concerned.

Ø The bank has donated an amount of Tk. 2.00 million to Islamia Eye Hospital (IEH) for the construction of a children ward at the hospital premises.

Ø Donated Tk. 1.5 million for purchasing an ambulance for a hospital run by Bir Shreshta Matiur Rahman Foundation.

Ø Financial support to Thengamara Mohila Sobuj Shangha for their hospital at Bogra, Centre for rehabilitation of the Paralyzed (CRP) and to Acid Survivors Foundation.

Ø The bank also arranges voluntary blood donation campaign on various national occasions where the of_icers of the bank and general people participated spontaneously.

Financial Inclusion

Ø Credit lines are extended to different NGOs to support the initiatives for agricultural development and alleviation of poverty in the rural areas.

Ø Introduced ‘Palli Shawnirvor’ and ‘Kormoshangsthan Prokolpo’ under which micro_inance is channeled to the target groups. So far, the bank has extended loans in these sectors amounting to Tk. 460.67 million up to September 30, 2008 through NGOs and rural branches.

5.5 BRAC BANK LIMITED

Health

Ø Donation made to extend BRAC Bank short Stay Ward at ICDDR,B.

Ø Donated to Kidney Foundation Hospital.

Ø Sponsored Photography Exhibition & Publishing a Book for Thalessemia Awareness Program.

Ø Sponsored 3rd South Asia Regional Conference on Autism.

Social welfare

Ø Sponsored 10th Anniversary of Acid Survivors Foundation-International Conference of the survivors of Acid Violence.

Ø Sponsored SAARC Women’s Association Dhaka Chapter.

Ø Supplement sponsored 4th Convocation of BRAC University.

Ø Sponsored 2nd International Conference on Genocide, Truth & Justice.

Ø Sponsored 10th Daily Star O & A Level Performance Awards.

Ø Sponsored Junior Tennis initiatives to Bangladesh Tennis Federation.

Ø Sponsored Inter School Soccer Tournament.

Ø Donated to Bangladesh Wintering Water Fowl Census & Bird Festival.

5.6 DHAKA BANK LIMITED

Dhaka Bank Ltd. has formed a five member CSR committee headed by the Managing Director to oversee the overall activities and management of the CSR fund of the bank. Dhaka Bank Foundation, established in 2002 as a non-profitable, non-governmental organization, is solely devoted to the cause of charity, social welfare and other benevolent activities towards the promotion of the objective of the foundation. Dhaka Bank has taken the decision to provide 2% of the pre-tax profit

each year as its CSR activities.

Health

Ø Donation of passenger lifts and two haemodialysis machines to BIRDEM Hospital and Tk. 1.2 million per year from 2006 for supporting operating costs.

Ø Donation of Tk. 10 million to Centre for Women and Child Health Hospital for setting up pathological laboratory.

Ø Setting up of a 10-bed ward at the proposed Ahsania Mission Cancer and General Hospital,sponsoring Society for the Welfare of Autistic Children (SWAC).

Ø Donating to Bangladesh Eye Hospital, Sponsorship for Shield Trust.

Disaster relief

Ø Among Dhaka Bank’s contribution as corporate social responsibility, a few initiatives are donation to Asiatic Society of Dhaka.

Ø Relief operation for _lood victims at a cost of Tk. 5.0 million.

Ø The bank distributed 10 kg rice, 1 kg pulse, and 1 kg salt to each of the 10,000 distressed families of Araihazar, Sirajdikhan and Belkuchi.

Social welfare

Ø Renovation of the auditorium of Dhaka Reporters Unity.

Ø Sponsoring of Anti Drug Debate Festival, Distribution of winter cloths by the employees of the bank.

Ø Sponsoring of Bangladesh Under-19 cricket team.

Ø Awareness creation for Road Safety, Blood Donation, Eye Donation, Prevention of AIDS.

Ø Provided _inancial assistance for Educational Development Trust of Scholastica to support and nurture academically gifted students.

Ø Sponsorship for BADC School.

Environment

Ø Sponsored the city beauti_ication program initiated by Dhaka City Corporation by refurbishing Dhaka Bank Fountain in front of Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Dhaka Bank Park in front of Dhaka Bank Head Office, beautification at Jashimuddin Crossing at Uttara costing 1.5 m, and also in front of Dhaka Bank Head Office costing 1.2 m.

5.7 DUTCH BANGLA BANK LIMITED

Dutch Bangla Bank Limited (DBBL) has been playing a pioneering role in implementing social and philanthropic programs to help disadvantaged people of the country. Education, healthcare, human resource development, conservation of nature, creation of social awareness, rehabilitation of distressed people and such other programs to mitigate human sufferings are some of the important areas where the bank carries out its social and philanthropic activities. Dutch-Bangla Bank Foundation, established in June 2001, carries out humanitarian activities like

rehabilitation of the destitute and neglected section of the society. DBBL provides 5 percent of its gross profit to the foundation every year.

Education

Ø DBBL is providing scholarships to students, especially for those who can not continue their study due to financial constraints as well as to the meritorious and needy students every year since 2003. The bank awards around 300 new scholarships of Tk. 1,000 per month every year along with continuing scholarships for those studying at HSC level. So far around 745 scholarships have been awarded in this level. The Graduation level scholarships of Tk. 2,000 per month are renewable for their entire academic period of graduation level and about 876 scholarships have been awarded in this level. The bank also awards 50 fellowships of Tk.5,000 per month every year to the researchers having Masters Degree and those studying at different public universities at M. Phil, PhD or post-doctoral level. About 129 fellowships have been awarded so far.

Ø As part of its corporate social responsibility, DBBL donated more than Tk. 10 crore to Dhaka University for constructing a research centre (Centre for Advanced Research in Arts & Social Science Bhaban). The research centre, first of its kind in Bangladesh, aims to play a vital role in higher study in human and social sciences. Researchers and scholars from home and abroad will be awarded scholarships and fellowships for conducting higher study.

Ø Donated to establish a modern Braille printing press to Bangladesh National Society for the Blind for publishing Braille books for the blind students.

Ø Donated reference books to the library of different educational institutions like BSMMU, Dhaka University etc.

Ø Donated a pick-up van to Botanic Garden of Bangladesh Agriculture University for collection, conservation and utilization of rare and endangered plant species of Bangladesh etc.

Health

Ø Cleft-lip problem is not only a health problem but it affects the whole family along with the victim. Since 2003 DBBL is working with these vulnerable groups under its Smile Brighter Program to bring back smile on their face and to enable them to start normal life. This is a continuous program aiming to perform as much operation possible per year. Total 5,000 poor cleft-lipped boys and girls have so far been successfully operated across the country till date.

Ø DBBL Foundation provides financial support for operative treatment of rural and poor women who have been suffering from Vasico Vaginal Fistula (VVF) and other related problems with a view to ensure their healthy and productive life. A total of 86 patients have so far been successfully operated across the country till date.

Ø In 2008, DBBL took an initiative of conducting surgery on some 12,000 poor cataract patients across the country. So far some 2000 poor cataract patients have so far (during 2008 & 2009) been successfully operated across the country under the Cataract operation for underprivileged rural people program.

Ø Under DBBL’s Medicine and nutrition support for HIV/AIDS patients program, 50 HIV/ AIDS patients including women and children are being provided with ARV (Anti-Retro-Viral) medicines, vitamins and nutritious food supplement and clinical supports.

Ø DBBL provides free rural medical services for rural poor people specially mother and children through rural branches such as Shimrail, Donia, Gazipur Chowrasta, Boardbazar, Savar Bazar, Baburhat, Patherhat, Hathazari branch etc. Medical of_icers are providing advices and prescriptions to poor patients of surrounding areas of these branches.

Ø DBBL donated generous amount of money to different health organizations for medical instruments and medical infrastructural development such as operation theatres, laboratory, hospital building, etc.

Disaster relief

Bangladesh faces various kinds of natural calamities like cold, _lood, storm, cyclone etc. in every year. Considering the sufferings of common people DBBL has introduced following special programs for the people of the affected areas :

• Financial support for rehabilitation of land slide victims of Chittagong.

• For rehabilitation of devastating flood victims.

• For rehabilitation of cyclone ‘Sidr’-hit people.

• Twenty lacs blankets for cold-hit people of northern region of Bangladesh.

• Water purifying tablets, oral saline & Cholera saline for the Flood victims.

• To ensure hygienic sanitation system DBBL provided 460 numbers of sanitary latrines for the inhabitants of Angorpota and Dahagram enclave. DBBL also provided support for ensuring pure drinking water by providing 50 hand tube wells for them.

Sports

DBBL provides financial support for promoting the sports and culture of Bangladesh. Some mentionable events were :

• Sponsoring inaugural Test Match between Bangladesh and India.

• Financial support to Bangladesh Hockey Federation.

• Sponsoring Dutch-Bangla Bank President cup Golf Tournament.

• Sponsoring Dhaka Sports Carnival-2007.

• Donation to Bangladesh Olympic Association.

Social welfare

Ø For the development of the vulnerable segments of Bangladesh, DBBL assisted to rehabilitate the acid and dowry victim women by providing one-time financial assistance for establishing small scale agro-based rural economic enterprise to be self reliant. Total 884 women received financial assistance from DBBL.

Ø DBBL provides financial support for rehabilitation of physically handicapped, mental impaired, visually impaired, hearing impaired, autistic and street children by ensuring education and vocational training.

Ø DBBL runs mass awareness programs on different burning issues through print and electronic media. Some remarkable issues are as follows: Save the Nation from curse of Dowry, Stop Acid violence, Prevent Drug Abuse, Tree plantation and preservation of environment, Right of disable children etc.

Ø Financial support to ‘Nirapad Sarak Chai’ for helping the victims of road accident and mass campaign for prevention of traffic accident.

Ø City beautification and preserving environment to develop an eco-friendly society for healthy human life.

5.8 UNITED COMMERCIAL BANK LIMITED

As part of its CSR, United Commercial Bank Ltd. is continuing donations to different organizations which support social welfare.

Disaster relief

Ø Donation to Prime Minister’s Relief Fund for Tornado victims in 2004, and ‘Aila’ victims.

Ø Donation to Victims of Landslide, Chittagong.

Health

Ø Donation to Riverboat Hospital project.

Ø Donation to ORBIS.

Ø Donation to ‘Chattagram Maa O Shishu Hospital’.

Ø Donation to SIED Trust for providing physiotherapy support to underprivileged children.

Ø Sponsored Immunization Campaign.

Social welfare

Ø Donation to Election Commission for preparing Voter & National ID.

Ø Sponsored New Voter Campaign.

Ø Donation to TRY Foundation.

Ø Arrangement of job fair.

Ø Donation to Monga affected people.

Ø Sponsored Tree plantation program for maintaining ecological balance.

Sports

Ø Donation to Bhatiary Golf & country club, Chittagong for construction of Halfway house.

Ø Games & Sports sponsorship (ICC T20 World Cup & Athletic Federation

6.1 Findings

Globally, the notion of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is fast gaining acceptance as the contribution that businesses can and should make voluntarily towards environmentally sustainable and socially equitable development. Besides the usual financial reporting, ‘non-financial’ or ‘sustainability’ reporting is accordingly also fast gaining usage.

Stated briefly, CSR is about (i) taking stock of the economic, social, and environmental impacts of a business, (ii) mitigating the negative impacts and bolstering the benign impacts, (iii) taking up action programs and community investments to reduce social exclusion and inequality and to address the key sustainable development challenges (‘meeting the needs of the present generation without impairing the ability of future generations to meet theirs’ is a generally accepted meaning of ‘sustainable development ’).

Because of their ethical and public interest dimensions, many of the desired social and environmental practices are compulsorily mandated by laws and regulations (e.g., safe and healthy work environment, equal opportunity and fair treatment in respect of gender and ethnicity in hiring and career advancement, avoidance of forced labor or child labor, and so forth). CSR programs and actions go beyond such mandatory compliances into voluntary engagements to promote equitable, sustainable development. Besides the self-evident ethical case, a strong business case for CSR ( as investment in a strategic asset or distinctive capability, rather than an expense) is also getting clearer with developing practice; seen as benefiting a business by :

Ø building reputation, brand value, customer loyalty, employee motivation and retention;

Ø mitigating risks in own operations and in assessing suppliers and clients;

Ø cutting down wastes (of energy, raw materials etc.), driving up efficiency;

Ø gaining new markets for products and services, in the communities/ social groups benefited by the CSR actions.

6.2 Recommendations

It would be of strategic, longer run competitive advantage for banks and financial institutions in Bangladesh to embrace CSR in their management approaches and operations, with initiatives chosen in broad-based, extensive stakeholder engagement. Besides adoption of socially and environmentally responsible practices in own internal operations, banks and financial institutions can make major CSR contribution by speeding up financial inclusion of the large socially disadvantaged rural and urban

population segments; drawing them in with appropriate financial service packages and with financing programs innovatively designed to generate new employment, output and income. The following could be some priority areas, among the broad range of possible useful initiatives:

Ø Self-employment credit and small and Medium Enterprise (SME) lending programs, taken up solo or in association with locally active Micro Finance Institutions (MFIs), designed to create productive new on-farm /off-farm employment, such initiatives are of particular urgency for regions with endemic high seasonal unemployment (e.g., the manga afflicted Northern districts);

Ø Financing programs for installation of biomass processing plants (e.g. biogas plants), solar panels in rural households, for waste recycling plants in locations populated by urban poor, and for Effluent Treatment Plants (ETPs) in manufacturing establishments;

Ø Credit programs for diversified production of crops, oilseeds, spices, vegetables, fruits etc. by rural households, financing the growers directly or through suitable intermediaries in the value chain. Credit support for combinations of farming activities (like co-production of a minor crop with a major one, fish/duck farming with aman rice of deep water variety in low lying fields), may also be well worthwhile;

Ø Mobile phone based/ local MFI outlet supported programs promptly delivering remittances from migrant workers to recipients in remote rural households; programs for card based/ mobile phone based delivery of financial services to such households;

Ø Financing programs supporting folk crafts, folk musical and performing arts, aimed at promoting domestic tourism and markets in cultural products/events besides income and employment for the population groups involved.

With the employment and new income generated by successfully executed programs, the targeted population segments can eventually constitute big new client bases for financial products and services.

6.3 Conclusion

Embracing CSR has to begin with decision at the highest corporate level (board of directors), and adoption of action programs and performance targets chosen in consultative processes involving the internal and external stakeholders concerned. A first time CSR program of a bank or financial institution would be likely to include action plans for:

i) Ingraining environmentally responsible practices within the organization;

ii) Engaging with borrowers in scrutiny of the environmental and social impacts of their proposed undertakings (along the PKSF 2004 or Equator Principles 2006 guidelines, as relevant);

iii) Reaching out with financial services to the less well-off population segments of the community (with own initiatives along lines indicated at paragraph 1.2 above); and

iv) Community investments by way of donations to initiatives of Civil Society Organizations (CSOs), NGOs and institutions involved in health, education and culture; for social and environmental improvement including nutrition, health and education in the disadvantaged population segments (most banks and financial institutions in Bangladesh already have significant outlays of such charitable expenditures, these can fit in appropriately as elements in the new structured CSR programs).

Foreign banks in Bangladesh having structured CSR programs (in line with their home country practices) can come forward to usefully mentor the new, incipient CSR initiatives of local banks. Networking and joint initiatives in CSR programs among banks and financial institutions may be useful in some cases in devising more inclusive, comprehensive programs of necessary critical size.

Reporting of the CSR initiatives can begin in a modest way as supplements to usual annual financial reports, eventually to develop into full blown comprehensive reports in the GRI format. Like the statutory financial reports, the CSR reports are expected to be available in the public domain for perusal by stakeholders.

Annexure A

References

1. Sustainability Reporting Guideline

(www.globalreporting.org, info@globalreporting.org).

2. Financial Services Sector Supplement: Social performance, for use with the sustainability reporting guidelines (www.globalreporting.org).

3. Financial Services Sector Supplement: Environmental Performance, for use with the sustainability reporting guidelines (www.globalreporting.org).

4. The Collevecchio Declaration on financial institutions and sustainability (www.foe.org/camps/intl/declaration.html).

5. Revised and Updated Guideline for Management of Microenterprise Environmental Health and Safety (EHS) Risks: August 2004, PKSF (available at Bangladesh Bank website www.bangladeshbank.org.bd).

6. The Equator Principles, July 2006 (www.equator-principles.com).

7. Probal Dutta, Sudipta Bose: Corporate Social and Environmental Reporting on corporate websites: a study on listed companies of Bangladesh, The Cost and Management, Vol.35 No.4. July-August 2007, pp31-49.

8. Theresa Moyo, Shanon Rohan: Corporate citizenship in the context of the _inancial services sector: what lessons from the Financial Sector Charter? Development Southern Africa, 23:2, 289-303, 01 June, 2006.

9. John G. Ruggie: Globalization, the Global Compact and corporate social responsibility, Transnational Associations, 6/2000, 291-294.

10. Jane Covey, L. David Brown: Critical Cooperation: An Alternative Form of Civil Society- Business Engagement, IDR Reports: A continuing Series of Occasional Papers, Vol. 17, No.1, 2001.

11. David Husselbee: NGOs as development partners to the corporates: child football stitchers in Pakistan, Development in Practice, 10:3, 377-389, 01 August 2000.

12. Department of Environment, Govt. of Bangladesh (www.doe-bd.org, info@doe bd.org).

13. UN Environment program (www.unep.org).

14. Sustainable Development Networking Program (SDNP) Bangladesh (www.sdnbd.org).

Annexure B

CSR expenditures by banks

Amount in Taka

Annexure C

Department of Business Administration

Shah Jalal University of Science & Technology, Sylhet

Topic: Present and Prospect of Corporate Social Responsibility: “A Study on the Banking Sector of Bangladesh”

(The collected data will be used only for preparing academic report and will be kept confidential)

Dear Sir/Madam:

For your kind information, this is a survey research regarding Present and Prospect of Corporate Social Responsibility: “A Study on the Banking Sector of Bangladesh”. We will be very obliged if you kindly give your responses to the following questions. Please pick the right answer:

i. Bank Name :

ii.

Islamic

Private

Govt. Owned

Branch :

iii. Type :

Yes

No

Does your bank do CSR activities?
How do you decide on CSR activities (what are the criteria)?

…………………………………………………………………………….

Regional Branch

Central Branch

Who makes the CSR planning?
No

Yes

Does the regional branch has any planning authority?
Tk.……………….

If yes, what is the threshold amount of the CSR expnditure?
Tk.……………….

How much does your bank spend for CSR activities?
What are the sectors in which your bank does CSR activities?
Tk.……………….

Till now, how much did your bank spent as CSR?

Who are the beneficiary?

No

Yes

On your opinion, do you think it is sufficient?

How would you assess your organization’s awareness of the current range of the CSR initiatives (check one)

Excellent

Good

Fair

Poor

Is your organization currently active in developing or supporting voluntary CSR instruments/initiatives? If so which?

13. If you have not been involved in any such initiatives, what are the main reasons? (Check all that apply)

Not invited

Don’t consider it a priority

No relevant experience or skills

Limited financial resources

Other _____________________________________

Does your organization have a policy on corporate accountability and/or the role of CSR? If so, how could this be best summarized?

If yes, ……………………………………………………………………………………..

“Thanks for your cordial cooperation”

Tourism Industry – The Next Driving Sector of Bangladesh Economy: A Study in Sylhet

noreply@blogger.com (Mahmudur Rahman (MHD)) — Fri, 09 Mar 2012 08:38:00 +0000

2.1 What is Tourism?

Tourism is a mechanism and all part of travel sector activities which results from the interactions of the people who travel for touristic purposes with the people at the destination and institutions of the travel trade.

Tourism is traveling for predominantly recreational or leisure purposes or the provision of services to support this leisure travel. According to UNWTO, tourism comprises the activities of persons travelling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes not related to the exercise of an activity remunerated from within the place visited. UNWTO defines tourists as people who "travel to and stay in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes not related to the exercise of an activity remunerated from within the place visited".

2.2 Who is a tourist?

Any person who travel to a country or a place other than his/her usual place of residence for a period of at least one night (24 Hours) but not more than a year, except remunerated from within the country he visited.

2.3 What is a destination?

A place which supplies the reason for travel and where the journey of a traveler ends for sometime. According to its facilities a destination can be a business destination or a touristic destination.

2.4 Definition of Attractions

Attractions are the facilities, activities, location or sights that do visit monuments, museums, mountains or any other natural wonder.

2.5 9-S in Tourism

1. Sea 2. Sand 3. Snow

4. Sun 5. Scenery 6. Sight seeing

7. Shopping 8. Sex 9. Show

2.6 Trends That Favor Tourism

Rise in disposable income
Smaller family and changing rules
Higher divorce rate and many singles
Greater mobility
Growth of multinational companies
Greater credit availability
Growth in government securities program
Increase in education and motivation
Growth of cities and towns
Travel simplification
Increase in number of retired person
Change in social values

2.7 Trends that Decrease Tourism

· Political unrest

· Terrorism

· Economic uncertainty

· Irritating behavior of Airport, Immigration, Custom officials etc.

· Dangerous diseases

· Natural Calamities

2.8 Types of Traveler

1. Corporate or Business traveler

2. Conference or meeting traveler

3. Incentive traveler

4. Adventure traveler

5. Leisure traveler

2.9 Tourism Products

1. Natural resources (Lake, Mountain etc)

2. Manmade resources (Park, Garden etc)

3. Geographical resources

4. Culture and historical features

5. In fractures (Airport, Rail, Road etc.)

6. Tourism super structure (Motel, Resort, Guest house etc)

2.10 Travel & Tourism – The Winds Of Change

Tourism is a leading industry of the 21st century. It is the single largest industry in the world today. As per statistics issued by the World Travel & Tourism Council (WTTC) more than 255 million people earn their livelihood from tourism and by the year 2006, no fewer than 385 million will be doing so. With an estimated 1,600 thousand million US dollars having been invested by then, its 11.1 percent share of gross world product will have established tourism as the most significant factor in the entire global economy. In 2001 international tourist arrivals and receipts stood at 693 million and $ 462 billion respectively making it the highest export earning sector of the world.

The New Millennium and the coming decades are very much crucial for the developing countries to achieve Sustainable Economic Growth. Tourism is considered to be the largest income generator of the world economy contributing over 10% to Global Gross Domestic Product (GDP). For at least one third of the developing countries, the tourism receipts are the main source of export revenue and the tourism industry generates substantial economic benefits to the developing countries.

The exceptional growth of tourism over the last 50 years is one of the most remarkable economic and social phenomena of the 21st century. The number of international arrivals shows an evolution from a mere 25 million arrivals in 1950 to the 763 million of 2004 representing an average annual growth rate of more than 7% over a period of 50 years - well above the average annual economic growth rate for the same period. Tourism has clearly outperformed all the other sectors of the economy and has grown into the most significant economic activity in the world.

For many developing countries, in particular the Least Developed Countries (LDCs), tourism is considered to be the one of the fundamental pillars of their Economic Development.

Tourism industry did not play any significant role in the internal or international economy until the first-half of the twentieth century: Tourism then used to be a means of recreation and diversion of only a few wealthy and aristocratic people of taste and some committed travelers to lands far and near. But over the last four decades there has been radical change in the situation and tourism has made remarkable contributions to the economy of various countries and that of the World by developing into an industry and has gained importance in increasing the domestic wealth. Tourism industry is now recognized as the World's third largest trade.

As it is now possible to travel far and wide in shorter times due to unprecedented development in communication and transportation system, tourism has developed into an important popular medium of greater contact between peoples of different countries, of exchange of social and cultural ideas, and above all as a contributory factor to growing international amity, cooperation and global fraternity. The international community has unanimously accepted this reality and thereupon the World Tourism Organization was established in 1975 under the aegis of the United Nations Organization for providing administrative and institutional support to this industry. Bangladesh is one of the founder-members of this organization. Besides, various international, regional and multinational organizations, such as UNDP, World Bank, IMF, UNESCO, EEC, ESCAP, ADB are giving different types of financial and technical assistance at an increasing rate for promotion and development of the tourism industry.

Chapter III

Tourism in Bangladesh

3.1 Introduction

Bangladesh is situated on the north-eastern side of the South Asian subcontinent and is bordered by India in the east, west and north; by a small part of Myanmar in the south-east and by the bay of Bengal in the south. Bangladesh is mainly a flat alluvial plain, criss-crossed by the world's three mighty river systems, namely the Padma, the Jamuna and the Meghna and their innumerable tributaries. The land mass of Bangladesh is home to 120 million people. The hill districts are situated in the eastern fringes of the country reaching an average elevation of 660 meters. The slopes and valleys are covered with virgin forests that are home to numerous flora and fauna. In the south are the Sundarbans, the world's largest mangrove forest and the habitat of the Royal Bengal1iger. The climate of Bangladesh is sub-tropical with a hot and humid summer and a cool and dry winter. Annual rainfall ranges from 160 to 200 cm. The best period to visit Bangladesh is from November to March when temperatures range from 13.50 C to 26.50 C.

Bangladesh Information

Official Name
The People's Republic Of Bangladesh.

Capital
Dhaka (Area 414 sq. km. Master plan 777 sq.km.)

Currency
Currency unit is Taka. Notes are of 1,2,5,10,20,50,100 and 500 Taka.
Coins are of 1,5,10,25,50 and 100 Poisha (100 Poisha = 1 Taka)

Language
Bangla is the state language. English is also widely spoken and understood. Arabic is read and spoken for religious purposes.

Population
Total estimated population 130 million.

Religions
Muslim 88.3%, Hindu 10.5%, others 1.2%.

Area
» Total: 144,000 sq km.
» Land: 133,910 sq km.
» Water: 10,090 sq km.

Location
Latitude from 20 degree 34' to 26 degree 38' north. Longitude from 88 degree 01' to 92 degree 41' east.

Boundary
Bounded by India from the north, east and west, Burma from the south-east and the Bay of Bengal from the south.

Climate
Tropical; cool, dry winter (October to March); hot, humid summer (March to June); cool, rainy monsoon (June to October).

Rainfall
Lowest 47" and highest 136".

National Days
» National Martyrs Day (February 21)
» Independence Day ( March 26 )
» Victory Day ( December 16)

Principal Rivers
Padma, Meghna, Jamuna, Brahmaputra, Madhumati, Surma and Kushiara.

Principal Crops
Rice, jute, tobacco, tea, sugarcane, vegetables, potato, pulses, etc.

Fruits
Mango, banana, pineapple, jack-fruit, water-melon, green coconut, guava, lichis, etc.

Major Industries
Jute, sugar, paper, textiles, fertilizers, cigarette, cement, steel, natural gas, oil-refinery, newsprint, power generation, rayon, matches, fishing and food processing, leather, soap, carpet, timber, ship-building, telephone, etc.

Airports
Zia International Airport, Dhaka, Chittagong International Airport, Sylhet International Airport and domestic airports at Jessore, Sylhet, Cox's Bazar, Rajshahi and Saidpur.

Sea Ports
» Chittagong
» Mongla.

Tourist Interests
Longest sea beach, colorful tribal life, centuries' old archeological sites, the Sundarbans (home of the Royal Bengal Tigers and spotted deer), largest tea gardens, interesting riverine life, etc.

Bangladesh is endowed with enchanting scenic beauty, mighty rivers, sunny beaches, historical relics and colorful tribal life all the potentials to attract visitors for eco tourism, sight seeing and plain holidaying in pristine and unspoiled surroundings.

Bangladesh tourist attractions are varied and include UNESCO-declared archeological world heritage sites like ancients mosques, pagodas, temples and other monuments, world’s longest unbroken sandy beach, green hills, lively, verdant forests, colorful indigenous cultures and diverse wild life. Bangladesh offers ample opportunities for angling, water skiing, river cursing, hiking, rowing and yachting, sea bathing or simply communing with pristine nature. Although most of the country is an alluvial plain scored by countless rivers, the landscape has enough variety to sustain the visitors’ interest. Here tourist from all over the world can enjoy the experience of watching exquisite setting sun and the rising moon at the same time in the primeval forest of the Sundarbans or the unrivalled splendor of Inani beach where the blue surf on the black corals continuously creates a magical ambience under steady gaze of green hills.

Bangladesh Parjatan Corporation the national tourism organization- and allied Government and private tour operators are making vigorous efforts to develop the special interest places for visitors. As a result modern hotels, motels with recreational and other facilities, rest houses, youth inns, restaurants and café’s of world-class standards are rapidly coming up all over the country. Currently, 12 such locations starting from the capital to the hinterlands have evolved into frequently visited tourist spots offering regular and specialized services. These facilities coupled with improved communications and liberal customs and immigration rules have turned Bangladesh into a favorite tourist destination in the region.

3.2 The Role of Tourism in Bangladesh Economy

Tourism industry has an increasingly vital economic, social, cultural and environmental impact, both globally and on the national scale, and that the continuing growth of tourism and tourism-related activities has diverse implications for the attainment of sustainable development.

For many developing countries, in particular the Least Developed Countries (LDCs), tourism is considered to be the one of the fundamental pillars of their economic Development.

But despite of many prospects, the tourism industry in Bangladesh remains neglected for a long time. Bangladesh is bestowed with the beauties of nature. Its fascinating natural beauty has provoked many travellers from far and nears through ages to undertake a journey to this land of the Bengalis. One such traveler aptly observed, "Bangala has a hundred gates open for entrance, but not one for departure.”

Bangladesh offers the rare beauty spot of sunrise & sunset in fascinating Kuakata, the rare beauty of the Sundarbans-abode of the Royal Bengal Tiger, the longest smooth sandy beach in Cox's Bazar, the oldest archeological site in Mahasthangarh and many other delightful beauties of cultural and historical heritage. Bangladesh is inheritor to a rich cultural legacy.

In more than two thousand years of its history, many illustrious dynasties of kings and Sultans have ruled and gone, but not without leaving their mark in the form of magnificent cities and monuments and the desolate ruins which can still be seen in many places throughout the country. Above all, the simple and friendly people of Bangladesh - along with its tribes isolated from modern society by their own distinct culture and way of life - make Bangladesh a unique attraction for tourists.

Bangladesh Parjatan Corporation (BPC), the national tourism organization of the country, was established in 1973 with the intention of developing the tourist facilities and promoting tourism products and created a favorable image of the country. Although BPC is one of the few public sector corporations earning profit since 1983-84, it fails to attract foreign tourists due to some limitations.

The Tourism sector can play an important role as a driving force of Economic Development by contributing in three high priority goals of developing countries: the generation of income, employment and foreign exchange earnings.

Tourism Expenditures and the Export related goods and services generate income to the host Economy and can stimulate the investment necessary to finance growth in other Economic sectors. Government may earn revenue by imposing tax on the popular products demanded by the tourists.

Tourism offers the opportunity of providing jobs for different classes of people and thereby contributing to the alleviation of poverty in developing countries. Tourism generates jobs directly through hotels, restaurants, taxis, souvenir sales and indirectly through the supply of goods and services needed by tourism-related business. In addition Tourism can induce the local government to make infrastructural improvements and also make an important contribution to a country's Balance of Payments (BOP). So Tourism is a powerful engine of growth for many developing countries.

In Singapore, tourism has made a significant contribution to output, employment, and income and overall Balance of Payment. Singapore has unveiled a new tourism blueprint titled "Tourism 21" that is expected .to turn the nation into a world class tourism business center and the tourism capital of the East and Singapore has earned 30000cr taka in the last year.

Malaysia allocated millions of dol1ars for tourism infrastructure in an effort to increase arrivals and receipts to 50000 Cr Taka. The tourism industry is one of the few sectors in which Nepal holds a comparative advantage and the industry has influenced segments of Nepal's economy and social system through the multiplier effect including hotels, restaurants, transport, shopping, entertainment and other allied economic activities. Some 20% of Nepal's

Tourism is now the highest foreign currency generating industry in the Maldives, earning 70% of the country's foreign exchange, 40% of the government revenue and contributing almost 20% to the Gross Domestic Product. The Maldives has also earned the distinction of being recognized by the World Tourism Organization as a model for the sustainable development of tourism.

Although the number of tourist arrivals in Bangladesh has shown an increasing trend over the years, Bangladesh has not been able to reap the full benefits in the tourism sector up to the desired level according to its potentiality. In the year of 2007-2008, approximately 271270 tourists visited Bangladesh and it earned 3967 million taka whereas in 2008-2009 300000 tourists visited Bangladesh contributing more than 4000 million Taka to the domestic economy.

Having realized the importance of tourism's multidimensional effects such as the balance of payments situation, diversification of the economy, expansion of revenues, and generation of employment opportunities directly and indirectly Bangladesh should give top most priority to the Tourism Industry.

Chapter IV

Data Analysis

4.1 Economic Impact

Travel & tourism in 2012Bangladesh's is expected to generate BDT 208 bn (us$2,964 mn) of economic activity (GDP). The industry's direct impact includes: however, since travel & tourism touches all sectors of the economy, its real impact is even greater. Bangladesh's travel & tourism economy directly and indirectly accounts for:

GDP: Bangladesh - The Travel &Tourism Industry is expected to contribute directly 1.6% to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in 2012 (BDT83.2 bn or US$1,185.4 mn), rising in nominal terms to BDT221.2 bn or US$2,446.1 mn (1.5% of total) by 2018. The T&T Economy contribution (% of total) should rise from 3.9% (BDT208.0 bn or US$2,964.2 mn) to 4.0%

Foreign Exchange Earnings from Tourism & Other Travels

(2001-2010)

(Million Taka)

Month	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010
January	231.80	351.20	184.90	227.80	273.80	297.50	259.00	457.00	450.42	653.71
February	106.50	146.00	224.90	261.60	218.10	260.60	327.00	393.70	502.73	554.11
March	142.60	302.70	255.30	230.90	196.10	336.20	355.90	425.90	468.50	538.94
April	130.50	170.60	207.20	234.00	219.00	312.50	241.10	309.40	335.56	411.62
May	182.90	161.70	172.30	210.70	240.50	282.70	226.30	305.00	347.95	452.02
June	172.20	179.80	182.70	193.10	221.70	313.00	288.00	279.70	301.23	394.96
July	156.70	167.50	167.00	234.80	207.10	267.50	302.30	303.60	296.98	398.14
August	145.20	192.50	182.80	129.30	170.50	251.50	232.00	285.90	354.61	424.16
September	692.80	154.50	179.70	218.10	193.40	245.90	217.30	293.10	334.14	362.29
October	256.10	167.30	196.10	239.40	187.00	205.00	265.10	247.90	332.67	327.95
November	253.20	245.50	280.50	234.50	234.80	277.70	224.20	250.42	324.45	444.50
December	270.90	215.50	218.50	212.80	291.80	262.50	371.80	415.94	444.65	568.25
Total	2741.40	2454.80	2451.90	2627.00	2653.80	3312.60	3310.00	3967.56	4493.89	5530.65
% Change	95.65	-10.45	-0.12	7.14	1.02	24.82	-0.08	19.87	13.27	23.07
Million US$	62.45	52.37	49.95	50.37	47.56	57.21	56.98	66.82	70.01	80.44

Source: Bangladesh Bank

The following figure shows the trend of foreign exchange earnings from tourism and other travel from the year 2001 to 2010.

The graph shows the upward trends of foreign earnings as time passed. In the year 2001 the contribution of tourism in total GDP was 2,741.40 million. As the time elapses the number of tourist increases as well as total earnings. Though the world economy faces recession from the period 2009, the number of tourist arrival decreases but the foreign earnings increases because of increase of prices of commodities.

Demand: Bangladesh - In 2012, Travel & Tourism is expected to post BDT279.8 bn (US$3,987.6 mn) of economic activity (Total Demand), growing to BDT789.9 bn (US$8,735.2 mn) by 2018.

Growth: Bangladesh - The Travel & Tourism Economy is expected to grow by 5.5% per annum in real terms between 2012 and 2018.

Foreign Visitors Arrival by Months: 2001-2010

Month	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010
January	17,600	14,485	17,663	23,160	25,548	22,193	23,711	23,670	20,213	16,382
February	16,490	19,800	14,022	18,730	20,724	19,041	16,152	25,012	15,848	13,473
March	17,485	17,394	15,323	15,982	20,062	16,506	17,898	24,262	19,853	13,659
April	14,453	18,143	13,730	14,976	19,216	15,299	15,372	23,173	16,234	12,261
May	14,788	13,169	13,432	15,647	15,926	17,996	15,771	14,959	18,535	20,971
June	13,311	12,076	12,484	14,212	16,606	21,867	15,754	23,020	17,496	17,002
July	12,830	12,475	13,688	14,809	15,517	22,957	14,345	26,991	19,773	25,604
August	13,484	11,348	13,016	13,399	16,739	19,041	14,315	21,938	15,292	14,244
September	12,468	9,986	11,529	12,874	11,015	17,968	13,022	19,860	13,166	16,823
October	15,688	15,127	17,126	15,855	13,053	23,498	18,601	21,785	15,568	17,237
November	16,971	13,909	15,388	19,489	15,265	21,028	17,136	27,208	18,399	14,734
December	16,852	14,049	15,380	20,078	17,528	27,115	25,169	19,392	17,285	17,921
Total	182,420	171,961	172,781	199,211	207,199	244,509	207,246	271,270	207,662	200,311
% Change	9.97	-5.73	0.48	15.30	4.01	17.98	0.02	10.94	-23.45	-3.54

Source: Special Branch

The following diagram shows the number of tourist arrivals from the year 2001 to 2010. The figure depicts upward trend of tourist arrivals. In the year 2007, the political condition was unrest. For that reason the number of tourist arrival decreased significantly. But after the caretaker government, political unrest situation removed and the number of tourist arrivals raise. But due to economic recession from the year 2009 it declines notably again.

Visitors export: Bangladesh - Exports make up a very important share of Travel & Tourism's contribution to GDP. Of Bangladesh's total exports, Travel & Tourism is expected to generate 3.4% (BDT38.1 bn or US$543.7 mn) in 2012, increasing to BDT99.4 bn or US$1,099.3 mn (3.5% of total), in 2018.

Capital investment: Bangladesh - Travel & Tourism Capital Investment is estimated at BDT59.2 bn, US$843.8 mn or 4.5% of total investment in year 2012. By 2018, this should reach BDT186.6 bn, US$2,063.9 mn or 4.4% of total.

Employment: Bangladesh - Travel &Tourism Economy employment is estimated at 2,065,000 jobs in 2012, 3.1% of total employment, or 1 in every 32.0 jobs. By 2018, this should total 2,791,000 jobs, 3.2% of total employment or 1 in every 31.7 jobs. The 801,000 T&T Direct Industry jobs account for 1.2% of total employment in 2007 and are forecast to total 1,035,000 jobs or 1.2% of the total by 2018.

Government: Bangladesh - Government Travel & Tourism operating expenditures in Bangladesh in 2012 are expected to total BDT6.3 bn (US$89.7 mn), or 2.1% of total government spending. In 2018, this spending is forecast to total BDT21.5 bn (US$238.2 mn), or a 2.2% share.

Bangladesh is one such country in South Asia, which is seen as highly prospective for tourism. But potentials in this sector remain largely untapped. This aspect was highlighted at a function that was arranged for the signing of a memorandum of understanding (MOU) between the Dhaka Sheraton Hotel and the Tour Operators Association of Bangladesh (TOAB) on Friday. Speaking on the occasion, the General Manager of Dhaka Sheraton Hotel said, “Bangladesh can be one of the hottest spots for the international tourists.”

Indeed, what the Sheraton Hotel GM observed in respect of the prospects of tourism in Bangladesh is an objective one. Bangladesh has natural assets unlike many other countries in having the unpolluted longest sea beach in the world, the world’s biggest mangrove forest, its beautiful coral islands, centuries old archaeological sites counted as among the world’s heritages by UNESCO. Costs of living are comparatively cheaper in Bangladesh for foreign tourists and they can also depend on comfortable accommodations and other infrastructures. Depending on these plus points and many others, prospects are good for Bangladesh to flourish as a point of attraction for natural, recreational, historical and cultural tourism. The government and the private sector need to get their acts together and adopt and implement a comprehensive strategy to develop this sector.

Developmental allocations need to be increased officially to set up more infrastructures such as roads, helipads, telecommunication networks and airports in tourist spots. Relying on these, the private sector will then be enthused to set up various facilities in these areas to attract the tourists. Especially resorts can be set up in the coastal islands like in the Maldives to draw foreign tourists in large numbers. The number of the local tourists is also likely to increase from such developmental and expansion activities.

The spin-offs from tourism are multi-faceted. It creates direct and indirect employment in service industries and in the growth of these industries. The spending by foreign tourists can be a big booster for the country’s foreign currency reserve. Considering these factors, the development of this sector merit serious attention. The present interim government is playing an enthusiastic role in different fields. It can similarly direct its attention to give a spur to the development of tourism. This would be counted as a significant positive contribution to the overall economy.

4.2 Problems and Prospects

Despite its poor-country status, increasing numbers of tourists have visited Bangladesh, a new but minor source of foreign exchange earnings. Tourism in the early 1980s amounted to some 49,000 visitors per year, but by 1986 more than 129,000 tourists--mostly from India, the United States, Britain, and Japan--visited Bangladesh. According to the Bangladesh Parjaton Corporation (Bangladesh Tourism Corporation), some Tk44.6 million in foreign exchange was earned in 1986 from the tourism industry.

The Bangladesh government and the Bangladesh Aid Group have taken seriously the idea that Bangladesh is the test case for development. In the late 1980s, it was possible to say, in the somewhat patronizing tone sometimes adopted by representatives of donor organizations, that Bangladesh had generally been a "good performer." Even in straitened times for the industrialized countries, Bangladesh remained a favored country for substantial commitments of new aid resources from a strikingly broad range of donors. The total estimated disbursement for FY 1988 was estimated at US$1.7 billion, an impressive total but just US$16 per capita. Half of that total was for food aid and other commodities of limited significance for economic growth. Even with the greatest imaginable efficiency in planning and administration, resource-poor and overpopulated Bangladesh cannot achieve significant economic improvements on the basis of that level of assistance.

In examining the economy of Bangladesh, wherever one turns the problems crowd in and threaten to overwhelm the analysis. Underlying problems that have threatened the young nation remain unsolved. These problems include overpopulation and inadequate nutrition, health, and education resources; a low standard of living, land scarcity, and vulnerability to natural disaster; virtual absence of valuable metals; and inadequate government and bureaucratic structures. Yet the brief history of independent Bangladesh offers much that is encouraging and satisfying. The World Bank, leader of the Bangladesh Aid Group, described the country in 1987 as a success story for economic development and expressed optimism that the goals of the Third Five-Year Plan, and longer term development goals as well, could be attained. Government policies had been effective in stimulating the economy. The private sector had benefited from an environment of greater economic freedom and had improved performance in banking and production of jute, fertilizer, ready-made garments, and frozen seafood. The average growth rate of economy had been a steady, if unspectacular, 4 percent since the beginning of the 1980s, close to the world average for developing countries.

The picture of day-to-day and even year-to-year performance of the economy of Bangladesh is a mixture of accomplishment and failure, not significantly different from that of the majority of poor Third World countries. The government and people of Bangladesh are entitled to take some pride in the degree of success they have achieved since independence, especially when one contrasts their success with the gloomy forecasts of economists and international experts. The international donor community, led by the World Bank, similarly can be proud of the role it has played in assisting this "largest poorest" nation to become a respected member of the family of nations.

4.3 General Trends in Inbound Tourism

Unfortunately, since its independence in 1971 following a devastating war of liberation, Bangladesh has gotten publicity about negative incidents like natural calamities, cyclones, floods and epidemics, in the international media, and this adversely affected international tourist flows to the country. The trend appears to have continued in recent years. Statistics showing foreign tourist arrivals for ten years to July 1996 is presented in annex table 1. For three consecutive years up to 1995, there has been encouraging annual growth in international tourist arrivals. It is expected that the growth rate would further increase in the coming years. It is also expected that eco-tourists and special interest tourists will increasingly choose Bangladesh as one of their destinations. Tour operators of the country are expected to intensify their efforts to bring in more groups and package tours. In order to develop tourist products, the country has already begun development of a second sea resort at Kuakata, a half-day trip from the Sundarbans, which shows the nationality of tourist arrivals, India is the top tourist generating country for Bangladesh, closely followed by United Kingdom and the United States of America. Trends for in bound tourism from traditional tourist market areas like Germany, France and the Scandinavian countries appear to be positive. Bangladesh can count on a “favored nation” status with respect to tourist arrivals from Japan.

Chapter V

Present Status of Tourism

Tourist Spot in Sylhet

5.1 Present Status of Tourism

Tourism today is not confined to a few countries of traditional tourist interest. More and more tourists are now avoiding the over crowded beaten tract and heading for new areas and destinations. This changing behavior and trend in global tourist movement was identified and exploited by many countries by developing their own tourism industry. The tourism industry of Bangladesh has great potentials both as a foreign exchange earner and provider of job opportunities with the resultant multiplier effect on the country’s economy as a whole.

Bangladesh has a host of tourist treasures to offer to international tourists - beaches, lakes, rivers, hills, forests, wildlife, tribal life, archaeological remains, including historical monuments, folklore, religious and cultural heritage, handicrafts and much more. All these combined are enormous tourist products for international tourists, if properly exploited can fetch the country its due share of the ever-expanding world’s tourist trade.

Bangladesh is the land of traditional hospitality and sea-route. The structure of the tourism sector in Bangladesh is predominantly managed by a public sector. Government involvement in the tourism sector is channeled through Bangladesh Parjatan Corporation (BPC), the National Tourism Organization (NTO) which is responsible for the development, promotion, regulation and operation of tourism activities. It was established in the year 1972 with the dual responsibility of development and promotion of tourism in the country and commenced business as a Corporation in January 1973. As a semi-autonomous organization it provides tourism facilities to construct and run hotels, restaurants, operate Duty Free Shops (DFS), transportation and car rental, establish and run tourism training institution. NTO in Bangladesh is primarily a tourism service provider and promoter of tourism product.

5.2 Attempts taken by Bangladesh Government for Tourism Development

The Bangladesh government has taken necessary measures to encourage the private sector to play a positive role in the development and diversification of tourist facilities; and to promote domestic and international tourism in the country. It has declared a National Tourism Policy, recognized tourism as an industry and. a thrust sector in the latest Industrial Policy. Furthermore it is taking appropriate measures to offer incentives to both the local and foreign investors. A National Tourism Council has been set up. In the meantime, a Strategic Master Plan for Tourism for the country has been prepared by the World Tourism Organization (WTO) with the assistance of UNDP. This comprehensive tourism plan has identified our major potential tourist products and types of tourist facilities to be developed in the country. Recently, the Government has taken the initiative to revise and update the Master Plan with the help of international technical assistance for the purpose. The Government had decided to setup and develop Special Tourist zones (STZ) at different potential places of the country to cater to the needs and demands of the foreign tourists. These include Cox’s Bazar, Sundarbans and Kuakata. The Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT) comprising three districts: Rangamati, Khagrachari and Bandarban will also be developed as a Tourists Zone.

Tourism facilities at major tourist spots like Dhaka, Cox’s Bazar, Rangamati, Kuakata, Mongla, Teknaf, Sylhet, Rajshahi, Dinajpur, Rangpur, Bogra etc. have been established mainly by Bangladesh Parjatan Corporation (NTO). However, private sector investors are showing keen interest now a day to participate in the tourism sector too.

5.3 Sylhet as a Tourist destination

Sylhet (Sylheti: সিলট Silôţ Bengali: সিলেট Sileţ), previously Shilhat, Sreehatta, and Jalalabad, is a major city in north-eastern Bangladesh. It is the capital of Sylhet Division and Sylhet District. Located on the northern bank of the Surma River and surrounded by the Jaintia, Khasi and Tripura hills, Sylhet is nestled among picturesque tea plantations and lush green tropical forests.

Nestled in the picturesque Surma Valley amidst scenic tea plantations and lush green tropical forests, greater Sylhet is a prime attraction for all tourists visiting Bangladesh. Laying between the Khasia and the Jaintia hills on the north, and the Tripura hills on the south, Sylhet breaks the monotony of the flatness of this land by a multitude of terraced tea gardens, rolling countryside and the exotic flora and fauna. Here the thick tropical forests abound with many species of wildlife, spread their aroma around the typical hearth and homes of the typical health and homes of the Manipuri Tribal maidens famous for their dance.

The Sylhet valley is formed by a beautiful, winding pair of rivers named the Surma and the Kushiara both of which are fed by innumerable hill streams from the north and the south. The valley has good number of haors which are big natural depressions. During winter these haors are vast stretches of green land, but in the rainy season they turn into turbulent seas.

These haors provide a sanctuary to the millions of migratory birds who fly from Siberia across the Himalayas to avoid the severe cold there. Sylhet has also a very interesting and rich hilstory, Before the conquest by the Muslims, it was ruled by local chieftains. In 1303, the great Saint Hazrat Shah Jalal came to Sylhet from Delhi with a band of 360 disciples to preach islam and defeated the then Raja Gour Gobinda.

Sylhet thus became a district of saints, shrines and daring but virile people. Its rich potentialities became easily attractive and the 18th century Englishmen made their fortune in tea plantation. About 80 km. from Sylhet town connected by road and rail, Srimangal, which is known as the tea capital of Bangladesh, is the actual tea centre of the area. For miles and miles around, the visitor can see the tea gardens spread like a green carpet over the plain land or on the sloping hills. A visit to the tea plantation in Sylhet is a memorable experience. Sylhet, the tea granary of Bangladesh, not only has over 150 tea gardens but also proudly possesses three largest tea gardens in the world both in area and production.

5.3.1 Sylhet –At a glance

Country	Bangladesh
Administrative District	Sylhet District
Government
- Mayor	Bador Uddin Ahmed Kamran
Area ^[1]
- City	57.64 km² (22.3 sq mi)
- Urban	31.14 km² (12 sq mi)
- Metro	26.50 km² (10.2 sq mi)
Population (2007)^[2]^[3]
- City	369,425
- Density	5,488/km² (14,213.9/sq mi)
- Urban	53,114
- Urban Density	951/km² (2,463.1/sq mi)
- Metro	339,368
- Metro Density	11,936/km² (30,914.1/sq mi)
Time zone	BST (UTC+6)

5.3.2 History

Historians believe that Sylhet or, as it was known in ancient times, Shilhat was an expanded commercial center from the ancient period, which explains its original namesake. During this time, Sylhet was probably inhabited by Indo-Aryan Brahmins, though ethnically the population would also have traces of Munda, Assamese, and Dravidian ancestry. It has also been suggested that Ancient Kingdom of Harikela was situated in modern Sylhet.

In the ancient and early medieval period, Sylhet was ruled primarily by local chieftains as viceroy of the kings of Pragjyatispur. There is evidence to suggest that the Maharaja Sri Chandra, of northern Bengal, conquered Bengal in the 10th century, although this is a much disputed topic amongst Bangladeshi historians and archaeologists. This was a period of relative prosperity and there is little evidence to suggest this was marred by wars or feuds. Sylhet was certainly known by the rest of India, and is even referred to in the ancient Hindu sacred Tantric text, the Shakti Sangama Tantra, as 'Silhatta'. The last chieftain to reign in Sylhet was Govinda of Gaur, also known as Gaur Govinda.

The 14th century marked the beginning of Islamic influence in Sylhet. A messianic Muslim saint, Hazrat Shah Jalal, arrived in Sylhet in 1303 from Mecca via Delhi and Dhaka (Sonargaon) with the instructions for aiding Sikhander Khan Gazi in defeating Govinda of Gaur . Sikhander Khan Gazi was the direct nephew of sultan Firoz Shah of Delhi. Under the spiritual leadership of Hazrat Shah Jalal and his 360 companions the local pagans were brought under control and they began to spread Islam. He died in Sylhet about the year 1350. His shrine is located inside the parameter of the mosque complex known as Dargah-e-Shah Jalal. Even today Shah Jalal remains revered; visitors arrive from all over Bangladesh and beyond to pay homage.

5.3.3 Geography and Climate

Sylhet is located in north-eastern Bangladesh at 24°32′0″N, 91°52′0″E, on the northern bank of the Surma River.

The physiography of Sylhet comprises mainly of hill soils, encompassing a few large depressions known locally as "beels" which can be mainly classified as oxbow lakes, caused by tectonic subsidence primarily during the earthquake of 1762.

Sylhet experiences a hot, wet and humid tropical climate. The city is within the monsoon climate zone, with annual average highest temperatures of 23°C (Aug-Oct) and average lowest temperature of 7°C (Jan).Nearly 80% of the annual average rainfall of 3,334 mm occurs between May and September

5.3.4 Civic Administration

Sylhet (City) consists of 27 wards and 210 mahallas. The area of the town is 57.64 square km. It has a population of 369425; male 54.68%, female 45.32%; density of population is 11,936 per sq km. Literacy rate among the town people is 66.9%. The rapid growth and expansion of Sylhet occurred during the colonial period. Sylhet Municipality was established in 1878. A devastated earthquake demolished almost the entire town on 12 June 1897. On the wreckage a modern and European model new town was built later on. Many new roads were constructed in late 1890s. Sylhet became really connected to the other parts of the country with the establishment of an extension line of Assam-Bengal Railway in 1912-15. From the very beginning of the 20th century, importance of Sylhet city increased with the establishment of tea industry. In 1950s and 1960s, rapid urbanization took place in the town by the expatriate Syletis and still the process is going on. At present, Sylhet is the district-headquarter as well as the divisional headquarter of the districts of Sunamganj, Habibganj, Moulvibazar and Sylhet.

5.3.5 Land and Economy

The city is noted for its picturesque rolling hills, such as the Jaintia and Khasia hills. Sylhet is also famed for its tea gardens, pineapple gardens and orange gardens most notably those in the Moulvibazaar area.

5.3.6 Demographics & Culture

The Sylheti language (Silôţi or Sileţi) is spoken throughout Sylhet Division, with some minor dialectal variations. Sylheti is an Eastern Indic language closely related to Bengali (Bangla), Chittagonian and Assamese (Ôxômiya) languages. Most Sylhetis are at least bilingual to some degree, as they are taught Bengali at all levels of education in Bangladesh. Sylheti is also the dominant dialect of Bengali among the inhabitants of the Barak Valley in India, centered around Cachar district in Assam. The largest Sylheti-dominated city in India is Silchar, with significant Sylheti-speaking populations in Agartala, Delhi, Guwahati, Mumbai, Shillong and Kolkata.

Sylhet is the home of most Bangladeshi migrants to the United Kingdom and the rest of the world. Certain parts of the United Kingdom are heavily populated with people from Sylhet, most notably the East End of London, especially the boroughs of Newham Camden Redbridge and Tower Hamlets, which includes Brick Lane, a famous street dubbed "Banglatown" for its large Bangladeshi, almost entirely Sylheti, population. The town of Sylhet is twinned with St Albans, United Kingdom.

Another area where Sylhetis have remained as a large group abroad is New York City in the United States. Although there are many of them living in Manhattan and Brooklyn, Sylhetis are mostly found in the borough of Queens. Most of them live in areas like Astoria, Long Island City, and Jackson Heights. Hillside Avenue in Jamaica, Queens has seen a tremendous amount of newly opened Bangladeshi restaurants mainly by Sylhetis and a great influx of such residents attracted by the real estate boom there.

As so many Sylhetis are resident abroad, Sylhet has a major flow of foreign currency from non-resident Bangladeshis; many Sylheti families' sole source of income comes from relatives abroad and this attracts influx migrant workers and families from other parts of Bangladesh, earning livings by peddling rickshows, working as servants and peasants, particularly people from Comilla, Noakhali, Mymensingh and Barisal are found lower denomination jobs in Sylhet.

Given its unique cultural and economic development, and linguistic differences (Greater Sylhet region was a part of Assam and Surma Valley State for much of the British Raj in comparison to the rest of Bangladesh), and given that Sylhet has, for most of its recent history, been a region of a larger entity (ie, Assam, Bengal, Bangladesh), Sylheti's have a strong attachment to their regional and religious identity.

Many Sylhetis regard themselves as fiercely proud of their own language, family-orientated community culture and conservative practice of Islam, but it must be remembered that not all Sylhetis are Muslim. Indian Sylhetis are either Hindu or Christian. Hasan Raja, a Sylheti cultural icon, was depicted in a film as a lecherous fellow who forsakes his family and uses obscene language. Enraged Sylhetis took the makers of the film to court. Adding insult to injury, the film was also shot in Bengali rather than Hason Raja's native Sylheti language. Although Hason Raja was a practicing Muslim, he is revered even by Hindu and Christian Sylhetis.

Sylheti attachment to their regional identity also continues in the efforts of many Sylhetis to keep marital relationships within the same regional cultural background.

5.3.7 Transport

Cycle rickshaws, auto rickshaws, busses, mini-buses and cars are the main mode of transport for the inhabitants of the city, with close to 80,000 rickshaws running each day.Sylhet is well connected by highways and railway links to Chittagong, Dhaka as well as other parts of Sylhet. Highway links to the India have been established though Asian highway.The Sylhet Railway Station is the main railway station providing trains on national routes operated by the state-run Bangladesh Railway.The city of Sylhet is served by Osmani International Airport. It is Bangladesh's third busiest airport and has flight services to Abu Dhabi, Dhaka, Doha, Dubai, Kuwait, and London. Work started in 2006 to upgrade the airport to international standards including a new terminal building, a jetway, a taxiway, and a new expansion project of the runway to allow for landing of wide-bodied aircraft.

5.3.8 Places of Interest

Sylhet has a number of interesting places to attract tourists. Sylhet is a major destination for tourists. Some important places are listed here.

Historical:

1. Kean Bridge & Watch Of Ali Amjad

2. Shahi Eidgah

3. Gour Gobinda Fort

4. Raynogor Rajbari

5. Manipuri Rajbari (Medical Road)

6. Palace Of Jamindar Prosanna Takur

7. Shrines & Masjid

8. The Shrine of Hazrat Shah Jalal

9. The Shrine of Hajrat Shah Paran

10. The Shrine of Sri Chaitanya Mahaprabhu(medival Hindu spiritual leader.)

11. The Shrine of Gazi Burhanuddin

12. The Shrine of Shah Shundor

13. The Shrine of Chasni Pir

14. Manik Pir Tilla (The Shrine of Manik pir)

15. The Shrine of Shah Taiab Coylani (Museum)

16. Osmani Museum

17. Museum of Raja's

Natural:

1. MadhavKunda Waterfall

2. Jaflong

3. Tilagorh Eco Park (Alutol)

4. Lakkatura,Malnichara & Tarapur Tea Estates.

5. Parjatan Corporation,Sylhet.(Resort)

6. Kanishile River Bank

7. Bholaganj

8. Tangua Haor

9. Hakaluki Haor

10. Lawachhara:

Urban:

1. Shahjalal University of Science and Technology

2. Sylhet Engineering College

3. M C College.

4. Dream Land (Theme Park)

5. Adventure World (Amusement Park)

6. ZAK Estate (Park and Resort)

7. Osmani Shishu Udyan (Park)

8. Shindabad (Al Hamra Market)

5.3.9 Brief Description of Tourist Attractions in Sylhet

Home of Tea gardens

Nestled in the picturesque Surma Valley amidst scenic tea plantations and lush green tropical forests, greater Sylhet is a primeattraction for all tourists visiting Bangladesh. Lying between the Khasia and the Jaintia hills on the north, and the Tripura hills on the south, Sylhet breaks the monotony of the flatness of this land by a multitude of terraced tea gardens rolling countryside and the exotic flora and fauna. Here the thick tropical forests abound with many species of wild life, scented orange groves and luxuriant pineapple plantations spread their aroma around the typical hearth and homes of the Manipuri Tribal maidens famous for their dance.

The Sylhet valley is formed by a beautiful, winding pair of rivers named the Surma and the Kushiara both of which are fed by innumerable hill streams from the north and the south. The valley has good number of hoers which are big natural depressions. During winter these haors are vast stretches of green land, but in the rainy season they turn into a turbulent sea. These hoars provide a sanctuary to the millions of migratory birds who fly from across the Himalayas to avoid the severe cold of Siberia.

Sylhet has also a very interesting and rich history. Before the conquest by the Muslims, it was ruled by local chieftains. In 1303, the great Saint Hazrat Shah Jalal came to Sylhet from Delhi with a band of 360 disciples to preach Islam and defeated the then Raja Gour Gobinda. Sylhet thus became a district of saints, shrines and daring but virile people.

Its rich potentialities became easily attractive and the 18th century Englishmen made their fortune in tea plantation. About 80 km. from Sylhet town connected by road and rail, Srimangal, which is known as the tea capital of Bangladesh, is the actual tea centre of the area. For miles and miles around, the visitor can see the tea gardens spread like a green carpet over the plain land or on the sloping hills. A visit to the tea plantation in Sylhet is a memorable experience. Sylhet, the tea granary of Bangladesh, not only has over 150 tea gardens but also proudly possesses the three largest tea gardens in the world both in area and production.

The Shrine of Hazrat Shah Jalal:

Among the several places of historical interest in Sylhet town is the shrine of SaintHazrat Shah Jalal. Even today, more than six hundred years after his death, the shrine is visited by innumerable devotees of every caste and creed, who make the journey from far away places. Legend says, the great saint who came from Delhi to preach Islam and defeated the then Hindu Raja (king) Gour Gobinda, transformed the witchcraft followers of the Raja into catfishes which are still alive in the tank adjacent to the shrine Swords, the holy Quran and the robes of the holy saint are still preserved in the shrine.

Hairpur Gas Field and other spots:

Only 5 km. from Jaintiapur is Jaflong, a scenic spot amidst tea gardens. At about 35 km. north-west of Sylhet town, linked by rail road and river is Chhatak, the seat of Assam Bengal Cement Factory. Chhatak is famous for orange gardens.

Tamabil-Jaflong:

Situated amidst splendid panorama, Tamabil is a border outpost on Sylhet-Shilong Road about 55 km. away from Sylhet town. Besides enchanting views of the area one can also have a glimpse of the waterfalls across the border from Tamabil. Jaflong is also a scenic spot nearby amidst tea gardens and rate beauty of rolling stones from hills.

Manipuri Dance:

An interesting feature of Sylhet region is the aboriginal tribes such as the Tipperas, the Monipuris, Khasis and Garos who still live in their primitive ways in the hills, practising their age-old rites, rituals, customs and traditions. During festivals such as, Rash Leela (Full-moon night in February) and Doljatra, the attractive young girls dressed in colorful robes, dance with the male members of their choice & love. The Monipuris perform their famous dance, based on allegorical love themes of the ancient mythology.

Handicrafts:

Sylhet is well-known for its wide variety of exquisite handicrafts. Well-known Sylhet cane products such as chair, table, tea trays, flower vases, bags and the exquisitely designed fine Sital Pati (a kind of mattress having natural cooling effect) are colorful souvenirs.

Temple of Sri Chaitannya Dev:

About 500 years old famous temple of Sri Chaitanya Dev is located at Dhaka Dakhin about 45 km south-east from Sylhet town. The place is revered from being the ancestral home of the famous Vaishnava saint. Yearly fair is organized on the full moon day of the Bangla month Falgun. Hundreds and thousands of devotees from home and abroad attend this colorful fair.

Shahi Edgah:

Three kilometers to the north-east of the circuit house, the Shahi Eidgah was built on a hill by the Mughal Emperor Aurangazeb in the 17th century. It looks like a grade fort but is actually meant for Eid congregation-the two biggest Muslim festivals.

Gour Gobinda Fort:

The Murarichand Government College is situated in a beautiful surrounding on a hillttop. To the north-west of the college lie the remains of King Gour Govinda’s fort.

Jaintiapur:

Situated 43 km. to the north of Sylhet town, on the Sylhet- Shillong road, Jaintiapur was the capital of an ancient kingdom which included the khasi and Jaintia Hills and plains of Jainta. Interesting ruins of this forgotten period lie scattered throughout Jaintiapur. A drive to Jaintiapur is an interesting and worthwhile experience.

Bholaganj:

This is on border area passing through a river near Companyganj. This place provides an eye-soothing view of Indian Meghalaya hill in the northern side, emanates the murmuring sound of the Douki river and allures the visitors. Migratory birds, natural beauties and stone collection enrich the significance of Bholaganj.

Laurer Garh:

The kingdom of Jaintia was split up three distinct principalities known as Jaintia, Gaur and Laur which roughly speaking corresponded respectively to present (i) Jaintia Hills and Jaintia Parganas (ii) and part of Moulivibazar and Habiganj subdivision and iii) Laur Hill, entire of Sunamganj and part of Habiganj subdivision.

Lawachhara:

This is the second largest artificial reservoir of bio-diversity on 1250 ha area, was planted in 1922 by the British rulers. Over the period, it has become an abode of rich bio-diversity and now it turned to Lawachhara National Park. The forest is endowed with 300 species of birds, 64 species of animals and 30 species of plants. Hundred avian species are great feasts for the eyes of the bird watchers. It is 160 km northwest of Dhaka and 60 km south of Sylhet, and 7 km north-east from Srimongal – well connected by rail and road from other places of the country.

Tangua Haor:

Tangua Haor is an ecologically rich wetland located in the north-eastern part of Bangladesh. It lies within Sunamganj district extending over a vast area in Dharmapasha and Tahirpur upazilas. On the northern side of the haor (wetland) basin, lies the Indian state of Meghalaya. The haor consists of 120 beels (swamps) of various sizes. The area of Tangua Haor including 46 villages within the haor area is about 100 sq. km of which 2802.36 hectres are wetland. It harbours about 200 species of aquatic plants, 11 amphibians and 39 reptiles and many other aquatic species. Besides, a number of plant species are sporadically found all over the haor area. The haor, which is fed by rainwater, is only 20 km away from the hills of Cherrapunji in India, which records the world's highest rainfall.

The haor is an ideal place for the migratory birds. Every winter aabout 200 species of migratory birds in their million fly in to this haor and make their temporary habitat here. One of the notables among them is the globally threatened Haliaeetus leucoryphus. Other rare bird species include prinia burnesili, pellorneum palustre, Chaetornis Striatus, Falco Peregrinus, Platalea Leucorodia and Sarkidirnis melanotos.

Tangua Haor is of special values as breeding and spawning area for many fish species. A total of 135 fish species have been recorded, including 15 species listed as critically endangered in Bangladesh. Bagarius bagarius, Clupisoma garua, Crosso Cheilus latis, Ctenops etc.

Hakaluki Haor:

Hakaluki Haor is the largest haor of the country, which lies partly under Moulvibazar and Sylhet districts Areas. Its area is 181.15 sq km, of which 72.46 sq km (40.01%) is in Moulvibazar District. This Haor is very attractive while water waves to the brim.

Srimongol:

Srimongal is famous for the largest tea gardens of world covered by lush green carpet. One can have a look into the spectacular tea processing at Tea Research Institute. Bangladesh produces and exports a large quantity of high quality tea every year. Most of the tea estates are in Sremongol. It is called "The land of two leaves and a bud". It is also called camellia, green carpet or Tea Mountain. There are a lot of tea estates including the largest one in the world. The terraced tea garden, pineapple, rubber and lemon plantations from a beautiful landscape. It is known as the tea capital in Bangladesh. Just offer entering into the tea estates the nice smells and green beauty will lead you many kilometers away.

Pineapple cultivation in numerable rows of Pineapple cultivation covering largest area is very amazing and fascinating. Largest quantity of pineapple grown here of Bangladesh. It is also sweetest and best quality. Pineapple is really a greatest offer of summer but now it is cultivated all the year round. So, you can enjoy the juicy summer fruit in any time coming to its real field. Just after entering into pineapple plantation. It can be highlight for you in Sremongol.

Madhabkunda:

Madhabkunda surrounded by lush tea estates and full of waters lilies is a unique one. Magurchara ruined gas & Oil reserved field, which was blasted while digging 3 years ago and was burning an 500-feet height for more than 3 months. A lot of burnt trees now carrying the symbols of digester. Ever where a lot of rubber & lemon plantation form a beautiful landscape. And you can have a visit to Madhobkundo water fall.

Sylhet stadium:

Sylhet Stadium is the only Stadium for all Sports activity. Another new Stadium is about to build by the new Surma bridge, Unfortunately some people, who has connection to the upper level discouraging the allocated area and trying to grab the land for their sake. This new Stadium is very necessary for the economic and sports development for our Sylheti people. So we hope the new Sylhet Stadium should be completed as soon as possible.

Shahjalal University of Science & Technology:

After a long desire the Shahjalal University of Science & Technology was initiated in 1987. It started its career on 14th February 1991 with three departments: Physics, Chemistry and Economics. 13 teachers and 205 students. At the end of 1996. It has expanded to seven faculties : School of Physical Sciences, School of Applied Sciences & Technology, School of Social Sciences, School of Agriculture & Mineral Sciences, School of Management & Business Administration, School of Medical Sciences and School of Life Sciences. Now there are 25 departments under these three faculties and more subjects are under process to open from the next session.

Attractions in Sylhet Sadar and contiguous area

The Shrine of Hazrat Shah Jalal (R), The Shrine of Hajrat Shah Paran (R), Shahi Eidgah, Gour Gobinda Fort, Kean Bridge & Watch of Ali Amjad, Rampasha, Biswanath (Home of Mystic Poet Hason Raja & Eklimur Raja), Sree Chaitanya Mandir, Jainta Rajbari Museum, Osmani Museum, Museum of Raja (Mystic Poet Hason Raja & Folk Museum), Tilagorh Eco-Park (Alutol), Lakkatura, Malnichara & Tarapur Tea Estates, Parjatan Corporation Sylhet (Resort), Jaflong, Tamabil & Sripur, Bholaganj, Dream Land (Theme Park), Adventure World (Amusement Park), ZAK Estate, Osmani Shishu Udyan, Monipuri Para, Handicraft, Shitol Pati, etc.

5.4 Exposing the Current Spots in a Different Fashion

There are many attractive destinations in Sylhet which can be and are utilizing in a significant and meaningful way. However, let us take some sample spots in which we can add some feature to create it more utility. For example:

Kean Bridge:

Hanging over on the river of Surma is a bridge, made of iron and steel looked like a bow is gateway to Sylhet. The length of the bridge is 1150 feet and breadth is 18 feet, this bridge had been built during 1936. It named after Micheal Kean, the then, English Governor. About Taka 56 lac had been spent to build the bridge.

Ali Amzad Historical watch:

Standing over the keanbridge, if anybody peers down will catch the sight of Ali Amzad clock. It is said that, Ali Amzad, the famous Zamidar of Pritrimpasa was invited to see Delhi and thereby charmed by the clock made with the instigation of the princess of Delhi. He also craved to build the same and eventually made it with the similar design & pattern. It’s now called Ali Amzad watch garh located at chadnighat, sylhet.

Recommendations:

Introducing Boating Facilities
Lunching Floating restaurant
Making tourist friendly environment
Regular and sincere supervision by the Sylhet city corporation
Need to start information and souvenir centre at the spot area

Shrine of Hazrat Shah Jalal

The town of Sylhet is very popular with tourists, as it is located on the banks of the Surma River and is surrounded by breathtaking lush forests, abundant wildlife, fragrant fruit tree groves and endless tea plantations. It is a small piece of paradise in Bangladesh, hidden between the rolling green hills of Tripura, Jainitia and Khasi. It is the ideal location to escape to, to experience Bangladesh at its best. Over and above the picturesque wonder of the landscape and terraced gardens found in the town, there are many attractions for visitors to explore, and amongst the religious attractions, the Shrine of Hazrat Shah Jalal is probably the most sacred.

The Shrine of Hazrat Shah Jalal has become a place of pilgrimage for hundreds of devotees who come to the shrine in their droves from all over the country. It has been six hundred years since Hazrat Shah Jalal was laid to rest, but his memory and a love for him has been passed down from generation to generation, and he is as admired today as he was when he was still alive.

The exact date of birth and death of Hazrat Shah Jalal is unknown, however some believe that he was born in 1271 and others have suggested that he passed away in 1347. But what is known for certain is that Hazrat Shah Jalal was born Shaikh Makhdum Jalal ad-Deen bin Mohammed. He received his education in Mecca and memorized the Qur’an, making him a Hafiz. He also studied for thirty years to achieve spiritual perfection. It is said his respect for the Muslin religion led to him establishing and preaching Islam in Sylhet region. He remained a bachelor for his entire life and had no dependants, devoting him to religion and assisting others.

Hazrat Shah Jalal was buried in Sylhet and his tomb attracts visitors every day. His robes and sword are preserved within the mosque, but these sacred artifacts are not on display to the public. The guardians of the shrine decide who may enter to view the tomb, and sometimes visitors are turned away if the guardians feel that they are dressed inappropriately, or for other reasons, as the tomb is viewed as a place of respect and admiration, not as one of the town’s tourist attractions. Visitors who are allowed to enter are advised to treat this privilege as a great honor. In the evenings, the tomb is illuminated by candles and outside visitors will find a massive pond filled with catfish and a separate tank with gold fish, both of which are considered sacred. Not far from the Shrine of Hazrat Shah Jalal, is the Shrine of Hazrat Shah Paran, who is believed to be Hazrat Shah Jalal’s nephew.

Sylhet is a town filled with tradition, culture and folklore, and the Shrine of Hazrat Shah Jalal is definitely worth the visit. Learning about Jalal’s struggles and the history of this region, which are entwined, is a very rewarding experience.

Recommendations:

# Making tourist friendly environment

# Setting up display of various emblems that is used by Hajrat Shahjalal (RmJ.For example- Brief history of Hazrzt Shahjalaj(RmJ footwear (khorom),Sword etc.where entrance fee could be charged for the viewers.

# Development work needed to the surrounding of pond area where mysterious fish (local name-Gojar fish) are situated and to the area where huge pot (Local name-Deg) are located.

# Entrance and exit area should be separated.

Manipuri Culture:

Manipuri, The one of the many ethnic communities in Bangladesh`Manipuri culture has a rich and colourful tradition. Dance and music play a vital role in the life span of Manipuri people. The most flourishing branch of Manipuri culture is dance. The Manipuri synonym of dance is jagoi and in this dance, body movements create either circle or ellipse. Rasa dance is the finest product of Manipuri culture- an interesting feature of Sylhet region is the aboriginal tribes such as the Tipperas, the Monipuris, Khasis and Garos who still live in their primitive ways in the hills, practicing their age-old rites, rituals, customs and traditions. During festivals such as, Rash LeeIa (Full-moon night in February) and Doljatra, the attractive young girls dressed in colourful robes, dance with the male members of their choice & love.

Recommendations:

# There should be some place where different Manipuri handicrafts are made and displayed, presentation of food item etc. that can be viewed and purchased easily by the visitors.

#There should be arrangement of performing shows( Monipuri Dance) at a certain time (Daily or Weekly basis) through which Manipuri dance, Theater of usual culture can be displayed for enjoying the program where applicable fees can be charged to the visitors.

Tea Garden:

For miles and miles around, the visitor can see the teagardens spread like a green carpet over the plain land or on the sloping hills. A visit to the tea plantation in Sylhet is a memorable experience. Sylhet, the tea granary of Bangladesh, not only has over 150 tea gardens but also proudly possesses three largest tea gardens in the world in both area and production.

Recommendations:

#There should be some arrangement facilities of visiting the tea garden area, The bud plucking activities, the manufacturing place, Managers Bungalow, life style of tea labors etc.

#To enjoy this facilities applicable charge can be applied through the negotiation of tea planter and tour operator company.

5.5 Results

Sylhet district is rich with wonderful natural beauty and its typical culture made it exclusive attraction for the tourist.

In Sylhet city there are many spots that allure visitors to visit those areas. But due to lack of proper management and absence of care we are failing to earn the desired return. At present, actual earning is far behind than the expected estimates. The following drawbacks have found for which we are unable to get our expected visitors as well as desired return:

Spots are not well organized to expose for marketing purpose.
Lack of tourist friendly environment.
Law and order situation of is not in favor of a visitor.
Lack of proper tour Operator Company, chain rent a car, trained tour guide etc.
Lack of ancillaries facilities like ISD phone, fax, internet etc.
Lack of taking more initiative from private sector.
Government initiatives are not implementing as needed.
Lack of patriotism in our country’s people.
Presence of floating people, beggar and fear of hijacking.
Lack of professional tour guides, tourist Bus, Taxies etc.
Due to low literacy rate of general people, they cannot communicate with the domestic and foreign tourists significantly. So, the tourists felt discourage to visit repeatedly to the tourist spots.
Presently, specialized formal education like bachelor's degree, under graduate degree or postgraduate degrees are not available in universities of Bangladesh on tourism.
Tourists are virtually unknown; developing countries like Bangladesh and are concerned about food, disease, infection, inconvenience, language barriers, safety and security and so on.
Lack of proper tourism management plan and their implementation.
Lack of special arrangement for the foreign tourists.
Visa facilities are not good and lack of on arrival visa.
Lack of proper planning for long run.
Lack of efficient tourism manpower.
Insufficient government and private sector involvement

Chapter VI

SWOT Analysis

The Possibility of Investment Return from the Tourist Spot

( Sample spot –Tea Garden)

Table1:

Internal Strategic Factors

Weight

Rating

Weighted Score

Comments

Strengths:

To see the charming beauty of tea garden
Plucking activities of ‘Two leave and a bud’
Hilly area with scenic beauty
To experience the manufacturing process
To see the life if tribal people
To visualize the bungalow of the Manager

Total score:

Weaknesses:

Need permission to seethe manufacturing process and inside the tea garden
Plucking time is fixed
To see the tribal people is sometime troubling
Lack of tourist friendly environment

Total score:

0.30

0.10

0.20

0.10

1.00

0.30

0.20

0.30

1.00

1.50

0.30

0.60

0.80

0.20

3.60

1.20

0.60

0.40

0.90

3.10

●Prime reason for visiting the spot

●Have hidden desire to see

●Excellent view for nature lovers

●Learning for practical knowledge

●To see something extraordinary

●It is also another attraction

●Vital reason for the visitors

●people cannot match with time

●Visitors some fall in odd situation

●Another vital reason for visiting a place

Table2:

External strategic factors

Weight

Rating

Weighted score

Comments

Opportunities:

Communication is well
Accommodation facilities in Sylhet is excellent
Not far from Sylhet town
Travel to and from Sylhet is available by Air, Bus and Train
Sylhet has its own culture

Total score:

Threats:

Law and order situation is not favorable for tourist environment
Spots are not properly organized for the visitors
Lack of proper information and advertisement

Total score:

0.30

0.20

0.10

0.30

0.10

1.00

0.40

0.30

1.00

1.50

0.80

0.30

0.90

0.30

3.80

1.60

0.90

3.40

●Allow visitors to move

●Feel comfort to stay in

●Good reason to visit

●Face easy communication

●Creates more interest

●Make negative impact in the mind of tourist

●Feels uncomfortable in the process of experiencing

●Annoyed the visitors and feel inconvenience

Calculation

Strengths + Opportunities = 3.6+3.8 = 7.4

Weaknesses + Threats = 3.1+3.4 = 6.5

We get, Strengths + Opportunities > Threats + Weaknesses

Decision

Thus we see strengths and opportunities are higher than the weaknesses and threats. So it can be said that taking initiative for the investment to this spot as tourist attraction destination will be profitable.

Chapter VII

Recommendations

And

Conclusion

7.1 Recommendations

Tourism is a multi-dimensional industry. For the development of this industry, it is essential to have effective coordination of. national planning (Planning Commission); Capital investment (Finance Division & Banks); arrangement of economic resources and technical assistance (Economic Relations Division); physical infrastructural facilities development (Road and Road Transport Division, Railway - Division, Ministry of Post and Telecommunications, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, Ministry of Works)'; preservation of historical and archaeological monuments and sites, patronage to fine arts and crafts (Ministry of Cultural Affairs); simplification of entry-exit regulations for foreigners (Ministry of Home Affairs, National Board of Revenue and Bangladesh Bank); development of the handicrafts industry (Ministry of Industries); conservation of forests and wildlife (Ministry of Environment and Forest); improvement of transfer arrangements for air passengers (Civil Aviation Authority); external publicity and marketing (Bangladesh Parjatan Corporation, Ministry of Information, Bangladesh Biman, Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Export Promotion (Bureau); traveling through waterways (Ministry of Shipping).

Besides it is essential to construct hotels and motels, create recreational facilities, make arrangements for suitable types of transport for the movement of tourist groups (Package Tour).

The following tourist facilities to be created in the respective tourism zone to generate market potential of the spots:

· Bangladesh should brand itself globally to expose it as a unique name in tourism (Such as-‘Truly Malaysia’, ‘Incredible India’ etc.)

· Should take necessary action by the government to set up and develop special tourism zone (STZ) for Sylhet including its all tourist spots.

· Have to implement the policy taken by the Bangladesh Government and Bangladesh Parjatan Corporation (BPC) / National Tourism Organization (NTO).

· Need a huge amount of investment by the private sector to set up the infrastructure of tourist destinations.

· Should follow the tourism policy of the other successful countries (for eg.India, Thailand, Malaysia, Nepal, Singapore, China etc.) which are earning a lot from this sector.

· Have to establish tourist friendly environment and law and order situation of the country should in favor of tourists.

· Establishing tourist information centre and Souvenir shop.

· Arranging better accommodation and restaurant facilities.

· Need better and chain rent- a-car service.

· Introducing more meet and greet service.

· Need more organized Tour Operator Company.

· Need to set up ancillaries facilities like Money changer, ISD phone Service, Fax, Internet etc.

· Tourism shall be considered as an industry of due priority, and this will be appropriately reflected in the annual/five-year plans and development partners shall be apprised of this accordingly.

· Provision has to be made for special allocation in the annual/five-year plans for the coordinated development of physical infrastructures by, giving- priority to development of roads and other communication systems to tourist attractions of the country.

· The negative image has to be addressed by the Bangladesh Parajatan Corporation by participating in international fairs, seminars and workshops and also through advertising and publicity campaigns.

· Some facilities for modern recreation may be provided in a limited way. Some special areas/places/sites or islands may be earmarked and developed for foreigners only.

· Natural, historical and religious attractions of Bangladesh will be nicely projected to the foreign tourists. Presentation of our own culture and way of life will be given precedence.

· Overall Communications Tools:

The following communication tools should follow to provide information and make liaison with the tourists.

*Tool*	*Recommendations For Use*
*Website*	• Should represent Sylhet as a visitor destination and provide valuable information for consumers. It should also be easy-to-use for trip planning. • Should cover information of interest to residents and locals as well as out-of-towners. All other communication tools should drive people to the website. • Should be a portal to websites of umbrella organizations that promote tourism, such as Sylhet.net, the City of Sylhet, Chamber of Commerce, Sylhet Downtown on the Lake, The Arts Gallery Association and nonprofits such as Sylhet Arts Center, Sylhet Performance Center and the Heritage Society. • Will be highly graphic and easy to use. • Will focus on the needs of the consumer. • Name site sample: www.visitSylhet.org.
*E-mail*	• Should be used for internal communications. • Will be used for highly targeted consumer • Communications. • Should be used to survey consumers. • Should be used to survey stakeholders • Messages will be brief and link people to the website where more information is available.
*Faxes*	• Should be used only for high-priority items, i.e., when immediate action is needed on urgent issues. •Should clearly articulate the action and desired response for the tourism task force or stakeholders.
*Tourism Forums*	• Means to stay informed both internally and through knowledge/skills building. • Open to all Sylhet tourism stakeholders •Held quarterly. Half or full day with box lunch.
*Press Kit*	• Should articulate Sylhet as a visitor destination in both print and electronic pieces. • Should be distributed to media mailing list and as new press prospects arise. • Should be updated to reflect new products and activities. • Should be organized by activity/lifestyle theme. • Should be designed to reflect Sylhet’s branding.
*Brochures (In general)*	• Should be image-driven and reflect visitor experiences and opportunities in Sylhet. Should be designed to reflect Sylhet branding. • Should have colorful photos and include web address. • Mailed as needed to fulfill visitor inquiries.
*Shopping Guide*	• Should have a listing and description of Sylhet’s retail stores that have products and services of value to the visitor. • Should reflect Sylhet branding. •Ad sales on left side of booklet will underwrite costs.
*Restaurant Guide*	• Should have a listing and description of Sylhet’s restaurants. • Should reflect Sylhet branding. •Ad sales on left side of booklet will underwrite costs.
*Media Relations*	• Press should be cultivated to spread visitor and local messages. • Will need a printed Press Kit and website Press Room that responds both to the overall messages and to time sensitive items, such as events. • Campaign should be planned to launch the Sylhet Tourism branding and website. • Press tours should be conducted periodically. • Connect with Regional Partner itineraries. • Offer individualized itineraries. • Partner with hotels/restaurants/tour operators for comped overnight stays, dining, cruises. etc. • Provide “behind the scenes” experiences.
*Tourism Product* *and Promotions*	• Should be provided or produced by other entities and marketed by the Sylhet Tourism Program.

7.2 Conclusion

Bangladesh is one of the fewest countries in South Asia, which remains to be explored. Bangladesh has a delicate and distinctive attraction of its own to offer and it is definitely not a tourist haunt like Nepal or India. Bangladesh is like a painter's dream come true with a rich tapestry of colors and texture. The traditional emphasis of the tourist trade has always been on the material facilities offered by a country rather than on its actual charms. This may be a reason why Bangladesh has seldom been highlighted in the World's tourist maps.

It's a land of enormous beauty, hundreds of serpentine rivers, crystal clear water lakes surrounded by ever green hills, luxuriant tropical rain forests, beautiful cascades of green tea gardens, world's largest mangrove forest preserved as World Heritage, home of the Royal Bengal Tiger and the wild lives, warbling of birds in green trees, wind in the paddy fields, abundance of sunshine, world's longest natural sea beach, rich cultural heritage, relics of ancient Buddhist civilizations and colorful tribal lives, - Bangladesh creates an unforgettable impression of a land of peace.

One will appreciate our culture and the environment. These are not simply sight-seeing excursions, but real-time learning experiences. One can enjoy an ideal blend of adventure and exploration with comfort and relaxation. Here you find that you are not alone with us, any place in Bangladesh is a home away from home.

Appendix

Questionnaire:

Topic: Tourism Industry – The Next Driving Sector of Bangladesh Economy: A Study in Sylhet

Name of the respondent:

Profession:

Question 01: According to your opinion what are the popular/Major tourist destination around Sylhet city that can be marketed as a source of generating revenue in our country’s economy?

□Tea Garden

□Shrine of Hazrat Shahjalal(Rm:)

□Keanbridge&Ali

□Amjad Watch/Manipuri culture/

Quetion02: How can we develop Kean bridge site to attract more visitors from both home and abroad:

□ Arrange boating for short distance to see the riverine life

□ Establishing floating restaurant

□ Adding garden and beauty trees

□ Making tourist friendly environment

Question 03: Do you feel these arrangements will attract the tourist?

□Yes □ No

Question 04: Do you think these implementation will make expected earning?

□ Yes □ No

Question05: What sort of investment is needed to fulfill these arrangements?

□Private sector investment □Public sector (BPC) investment

Question 06: will private investors step forward to establish these projects?

□Yes □No

Bibliography

Books:

● Mahmood, Kalam. Meet Bangladesh,Third Edition, Department of film & Publication, 1987.

● Murary, John. Bangladesh-A travel survival Kit, Lonely Planet Publication,1991.

● Aziz, Mohammed. Rahman, Mohammed Habibur. Boshor, Mohammed Abul. History of Greater Sylhet, Boipotro Prokashana, 2006.

● Ahmed, Sharif Uddin. Sylheter Itihas O Oitizyo, Bangladesh Itihas Somitee, 1999.

● Hoque, Shahidul Ahmed. Bangladesh Travel Guide, Chokku Melia Prokashana, 2003.

● Ahmed, Shaheen. Rahman, Mizan. Sylhet Division Travel Guide, S M Communication, 2008.

Articles:

● Amin, Sakib-Din. The role of tourism in Bangladesh economy, 2006.

● Siddiqi, Raquib. public private sector partnership essential in the development of tourism, Dhaka Travel Mart 2005, 2005.

● Khandakar, Adnan. Investigates the tourism industry of Bangladesh and finds out what is holding it back, New Age, 2005.

● Shamsuddoha, Mohammad. Hossain, Md. A., Shahriar, Shams E. S. and Chakraborty.Sustainability of tourism industry-Bangladesh prespective, Intelligent Organization: A Roadmap to Success, February 2004.

● Kang, Siew Kheng. Bangladesh holds scope to become attractive tourist destination, Star business report, The Daily Star,October 2007.

● Islam, Md. Wasiul. Promoting tourism in Bangladesh, The New Nation, Internet Edition, November 2008.

Editorial Page

● The New Nation, Turn BPC into self governed to draw foreign tourists:

Government urged at round table conference, Internet Edition, Jun2008.

Websites

www.discoverbangladesh.com

www.bangladeshtourism.gov.bd

www.bangladeshinfo.com

www.bangladeshembassy.com.cn

www.tripadvisor.com

www.bdonline.com/tourism/spots/sylhet.htm

www.bangla2000.com/bbs/bulletin

www.sylhet-travel-guide.html

www.informationbd.com/travels/sylhet.aspx

Internship Reports Unlimited Collection

noreply@blogger.com (Mahmudur Rahman (MHD)) — Thu, 01 Mar 2012 18:40:00 +0000

Download Internship Reports on several topics collected from BBA/MBA students who have completed their Internships in several banks, MNCs and other organizations in Bangladesh. New reports will come regularly, so keep in touch with us. You can also request us for reports, we'll try our best to make the report available for download.

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Internship Report on A Comprehensive Analysis of the Performance and Customer Satisfaction of the Multinational Banks in Bangladesh: A Case Study on Commercial Bank of Ceylon Limited

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Internship Report on Grameenphone Limited, Customer Service as a ‘Differentiator’ - A Cross-Sectional Study of the Mobile Market of Bangladesh

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Internship Report on A relational study on service quality, switching cost, trust, customer satisfaction and customer loyalty in the context of Grameenphone

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Internship Report on BRAC Bank Ltd - A Study on Castomer Satisfaction

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Internship Report on An Investigation into consumer Banking Division of Standard Chartered Bank, Bangladesh

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Internship Report on An Investigation into Customer Satisfaction Level at the HSBC, Sylhet

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Internship Report on Analysis of Credit Department of Dhaka Bank Limited

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Internship Report on Analyzing the services of the Foreign Exchange Division ofUnited Commercial Bank Limited (UCBL)

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Internship Report on Assessment of Adopting New Product Opportunities For Abul Khair Tobacco Company Limited

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Internship Report on A Relational Study on Perceived Organizational Support, Supervisory Support, Work Climate, and Employee Service Quality in the context ofBritish American Tobacco Bangladesh (BATB)

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Internship Report on Credit Management Procedure of Southeast Bank Limited

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Internship Report on Foreign Exchange Mechanism of Prime Bank Ltd

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Internship Report on United Leasing Company Limited

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Internship Report on Correspondent Banking Products and Operations - A Study onStandard Chartered Bank

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Internship on Credit Management of Prime Bank Ltd

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Internship Report on - Retail Banking of BRAC BANK LTD (Quick Loan)

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Internship Report on A review of the overall operations of Social Investment Bank Ltd (SIBL)

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Internship Report on A Study on Remittance Activities of Rupali Bank

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Internship Report on AB Bank Online Operations Management System

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Internship Report on An Analysis of Consumer Finance Policy and Performance Evaluation of a Private Commercial Bank; Prime Bank Ltd

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Internship Report on An attempt to exploring the potential tourist spots in Sylhet

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Internship Report on Asset and Liability Management of HSBC

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Internship Report on Banglalink - Comparing the Brand Image of Banglalink against the other Mobile Phone Companies

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Internship Report on Bangladesh Bank: Credit Risk Grading System in Bangladesh

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Internship Report on Branding Strategy of MNC Bank in Bangladesh - A Case Study on Standard Chartered Bank

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Internship Report on Comparative Study of Various Deposit and Loan Schemes ofPremier Bank Ltd

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Internship Report on Correspondent Banking Business of Financial Institution Department of Standard Chartered Bank

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Internship Report on Credit Assessment Criteria and Financial Performance Analysis of HSBC Bangladesh

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Internship Report on Credit Management of National Credit and Commerce Bank Ltd (NCC Bank)

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Internship Report on Credit Management of Prime Bank Ltd - Focusing on SME

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Internship Report on Credit Management System of State Bank of India

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Internship Report on Credit Management of Prime Bank Ltd. (Islami Banking)

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Internship Report on Credit Policy and Risk Management A Case Study on Bank Asia Limited

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Internship Report on Credit Policy of BRAC Bank ltd

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Internship Report on Credit Policy of Dutch-Bangla Bank Limited

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Internship Report on Credit Quality Loan of Dhaka Bank Ltd

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Internship Report on Credit Recovery of The City Bank Ltd

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Internship Report on Credit Risk Grading and Credit Risk Management the case ofJamuna Bank Limited

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Internship Report on Credit Risk Management - A Case Study On Pubali Bank Limited

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Internship Report on Credit Worthiness Analysis - An empirical study on Mercantile Bank Limited

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Internship Report on criteria for loan assessment of HSBC

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Internship Report on Customer Satisfaction About various funded facilities provided By Southeast Bank Ltd

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Internship Report on Customer Satisfaction in Prime Bank Limited

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Internship Report on Customer Satisfaction Level of Standard Chartered Bank Ltd

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Internship Report on Customer Satisfaction of Grameenphone

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Internship Report on Customer Service Quality of Prime Bank Limited

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Internship Report on Customer Services of HSBC

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Internship Report on DESCO - Prospect of investment in Bangladesh Power Sector

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Internship report on Dhaka Bank Ltd - An Exploratary Study on Credit Risk Management of DBL

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Internship Report on e-banking of HSBC

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Internship Report on EXIM Bank - Performance Appraisal of A Private Bank in Bangladesh

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Internship Report on Foreign Banking Operations in Bangladesh A study on theStandard Chartered Bank

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Internship Report on Foreign Inward and Outward Remittance under local currency account of HSBC

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Internship Report on Garments Labour Compliance of Mansheen Company Bangladesh Limited

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Internship Report on General Banking and Credit Management of The City Bank Ltd

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Internship Report on General Banking of IFIC Bank

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Internship Report on General Banking of Mercantile Bank Ltd

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Internship Report on Grameen Bank Microfinance for poverty elimination

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Internship Report on Simplifying Customer Service by Grameenphone and Measurement of Customer Satisfaction

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Internship Report on How to Uplift the Image of Globe Soft Drinks Ltd. through Appropriate Marketing

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Internship Report on Human Resource Management (HRM) of Bangladesh Bank

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Internship Report on Human Resource Management (HRM) of Hydroxide Knitwear Ltd.

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Internship Report on Analysis of Delinquency Level and Nature of Defaulters of Personal Asset Products of HSBC

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Internship Report on An Investigation into Customer Satisfaction at HSBC Bangladesh

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Internship Report on HSBC

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Internship Report on Islamic Bank Bangladesh Ltd (IBBL)

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Internship Report on Internet Banking of Dutch Bangla Bank Ltd

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Internship Report on Investment Portfolio of Standard Bank Limited (SBL) in Sylhet

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Internship Report on inward and outward remittance operation of BRAC Bank Ltd

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Internship Report on Inward and Outward Remittance process of HSBC

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Internship Report on Loan Automation Processing and Recovery Management System in RFC - The City Bank Ltd

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Internship Report on Loans and Advances of Pubali Bank Limited

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Internship Report on Management of Loan and Advances of Dhaka Bank Ltd

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Internship report on Mercantile Bank Ltd

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Internship Report on Measuring quality of service delivered by HSBC Sylhet

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Internship Report on Nestlé

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Internship Report on Organizational Structure and Customer Service of EXIM Bank

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Internship Report on Overall Banking Performance by Pubali Bank Limited

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Internship Report on Peace Technology (Pvt.) Ltd.

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Internship Report on Penetration of Mobile Phone Companies in Small and Medium Enterprises in Bangladesh

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Internship Report on Performance Evaluation of Export Import Bank (EXIM Bank) of Bangladesh Limited

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Internship Report on Performance of Dutch-Bangla Bank Limited in Online Banking

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Internship Report on Personal Financial Services For Resident and Non Resident Bangladeshi of HSBC

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Internship Report on Personal Financial Services of HSBC Bangladesh

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Internship Report on Plastic Money Market of Bangladesh - Sales Management ofBRAC Bank ATM Card

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Internship Report on Practical Orientation of Jamuna Bank Limited

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Internship Report on Present HR strategies of Recruitment and Selection at Beximco Pharma Ltd

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Internship Report on Retail Banking Operation of Prime Bank Ltd

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Internship Report on Retail Credit of Prime Bank Ltd

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Internship Report on Retail Product Management of BRAC Bank Limited

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Internship Report on Services Provided by Multinational Bank - A Study on HSBC

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Internship Report on Socio-Economic Impact of Foreign Remittance A study onAgrani Bank Limited

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Internship Report on A study on Customer Satisfaction of Southeast Bank Ltd (SEBL)

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Internship Report on The Causes Behind The Price Hike of Raw Cotton and Its Effect on Square Textiles Ltd

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Internship Report on The Role of the Employees and the Servicescape of the BASIC Bank for Maintaining Customer Relationships

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Internship Report on Treasury and Other Functions of Financial Control Department of HSBC Bangladesh Ltd

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Internship Report on Treasury and Other Functions of Financial Control Department of HSBC

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Internship Report on Unsecured Personal Loan (UPL) of BRAC Bank

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Internship Report on Wood Coatings (Lacquer Polish) Market Challenges and Opportunities in Bangladesh

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Internship Report on Online Banking in Bangladesh: An Exploratory Study on Dhaka Bank Limited

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Internship Report on Human Resource Management Practices (HRMP) in Standard Chartered Bank, Bangladesh

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The Problems and Prospects of Retail Credit in context of Prime Bank Limited

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Introduction to computer

noreply@blogger.com (Mahmudur Rahman (MHD)) — Tue, 07 Feb 2012 06:52:00 +0000

1. Elaborate the following: MIPS, OMR, ROM, WWW, USB, MBR, FAT, GUI, POP, RPM, LCD, SFTP, RAM, EPROM, DVD, MAN, CRT, URL, FTP, LAN, WAN, ENIAC, EDVAC, EDSAC, UNIVAC, ABC, IBM, PC, CD, CPS, BCD, EBCDIC, ASCII, CPU, ALU, HDD, FDD, EPROM, EEPROM, RAM, CGA, VGA, SVGA, AGP, CCD, OSI, ISO, NIC, LASER, LED, TCP/IP, NOS, HTML, HTTP, SMTP, IRC, NNTP.

Ans. to the question no: 1

MIPS - Millions Instructions Per Second

OMR – Optical Mark Reader

ROM – Read Only Memory

WWW – World Wide Web

USB – Universal Serial Bus

MBR – Master Boot Record

FAT – File Allocation Table

GUI – Graphical User Interface

POP – Post Office Protocol

RPM – Revolutions Per Minute

LCD – Liquid Crystal Display

SFTP – Secure File Transfer Protocol

RAM – Random Access Memory

EPROM – Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory

DVD – Digital Video Disc

MAN – Metropolitan Area Network

CRT – Cathode Ray Tube

URL – Uniform Resource Locator

FTP – File Transfer Protocol

LAN – Local Area Network

WAN – Wide Area Network

ENIAC – Electronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator

EDVAC – Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer

EDSAC – Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Computer

UNIVAC – Universal Automatic Computer

ABC – Atanasoff Berry Computer

IBM – International Business Machine

PC – Personal Computer

CD – Compact Disk

CPS – Characters Per Second

BCD – Binary Coded Decimal

EBCDIC – Extended Binary Coded Decimal Information Code

ASCII – American Standard Code of Information Interchange

CPU – Central Processing Unit

ALU – Arithmetic Logic Unit

HDD – Hard Disk Drive

FDD – Floppy Disk Drive

EPROM – Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory

EEPROM – Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory

RAM – Random Access Memory

CGA – Color Graphics Adapter

VGA – Virtual Graphics Array

SVGA – Super Virtual Graphics Array

AGP – Accelerated Graphics Port

CCD – Charge Coupled Devices

OSI – Open Systems Interconnection

ISO – International Standards Organization

NIC – Network Interface Card

LASER – Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

LED – Light Emitting Diode

TCP/IP – Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol

NOS – Network Operating Systems

HTML – Hypertext Markup Language

HTTP – Hypertext Transfer Protocol

SMTP – Simple Mail Transfer Protocol

IRC – Internet Relay Chat

NNTP - Network News Transfer Protocol

—— ○ ——

2. What are the features that distinguish computers from other machines?

Ans. to the question no: 2

Computers can be programmed. Programming means that a computer can be instructed in detail about what it should do in solving a problem. This unique feature enables computer to have diverse use and endless possibility.

Ø Speed: Computers work lot faster than human, especially in numerical calculations. Two moderately long integer numbers can be added in a very small fraction of second that may need few minutes for human. Computer speeds are measured in MIPS (Millions Instructions per Second). Five to six years ago, a typical desktop computer had speed of around five MIPS whereas, now computers with speed of less than forty MIPS are hard to find.

Ø Accuracy: Computers function accurately because their-principles are based on mathematical laws. If the data provided by the users are good, and the program used to process them is flawless, then a computer is expected to produce the same accurate result every time it runs. However, compute human programmers who are prone to make mistakes that end up in generating wrong results develop programs.

Ø Diligence: Computers neither get tired after long use nor get bored for repetitive use the only boredom is the heat produced by the different components inside. If enough measures are taken to remove that extra heat, computers can function continuously for their entire life.

Ø Price Decline: This is an unusual feature of computers and related accessories. Where prices of most things rise with time, computer prices tend to decline. Added to that, they come with faster speed and extra features. The factors contributing this price decline are the extraordinary development in semiconductor technology, improvement in manufacturing engineering and higher sales. Some people argue that, with the price decline, the reliability of computers has been compromised.

Ø Automation: Computers can work automatically. If the required data and instructions are provided, computers can process them without requiring any intervention of human operator. The results produced can be instructed to store in proper place. Most of the modern manufacturing plants are now computer controlled. A TV advertisement can be a good example.

Ø Memory: Computers have been designed with the ability to store. Data and instructions given to a computer system are usually stored in temporary memory for immediate processing. For future use, they are stored in permanent storage. Computer memories do not get erased or weak after multiple times of use.

—— ○ ——

3. Write short notes on different types of computer.

Ans. to the question no: 3

Supercomputers: The large and powerful mainframe computer is called a supercomputer. The supercomputer is the top of the heap in power and expense.

Figure 3.1: Cray XMP Supercomputer.

Largest and fastest
Several million dollars
Can process enormous volume of data
Over 50 BIPS (Billions Instructions Per Second)
Uses

Ø Weather forecasting

Ø Code breaking

Ø Special effects

Ø Engineering design

Ø Economic forecasting

Ø Space research and administration

Ø Researches for Genetic Engineering and DNA mapping.

Ø Astronomical and Cosmological researches

Ø Calculating the value of pi (π)

Example: Cray-11, Cray-XMP, Cray-T90 and Cyber-250.

Main Frame: The main frame is the workhorse of the business world. A main frame is the heart of a network of computers or terminals, which allows hundreds of people to work at the same time on the same data. It requires a special environment, cold and dry.

Figure 3.2: IBM 9673 Mainframe Computer.

Centralized storage, processing, and management for large amounts of data
Cost — ½–1½ million dollars
1000s of users
Uses

Ø Governmental agencies

Ø Large Business corporations

Ø Airline reservations

Example: IBM System/370, IBM 4300, IBM 9672, NCR 8000, UNIVAC 1100/90 etc.

Minicomputers:

Figure 3.3: PDP8 Minicomputer.

A minicomputer system performs the basic arithmetic and logic functions and supports some of the programming languages used with large computer systems. They are physically smaller, less expensive, and gave a small storage capacity than mainframes. Minicomputers are ideally suited for processing tasks that do not require access to huge volumes of stored data. As a result of their low cost, ease of operation, and versatility, minicomputers have gained rapid acceptance from their introduction in the mid-sixties. Some of the larger and expensive minicomputers are capable of supporting a number of terminals in a time-shared mode. DEC PDP8, DEC PDP11, IBM 134 and DEC VAX, etc. are some examples of Minicomputers.

Workstation:

Figure 3.4: Sun Ultra 60 workstation.

Workstations are single user computer with more processing power than personal computers. Such computers have many features of minicomputer but at slightly lower price. Workstations are mainly equipped with one or more processor, specialized processor for mathematics and graphics, high-speed larger size memory and fast disk storage. They also have bigger high-resolution monitor. Workstations are more reliable than personal computers and so popular among scientists, engineers, graphic artists and animators who need to process real time data reliably. Video editing, animations, scientific modeling are few applications of workstations. Sun Ultra 60 is an example of popular workstation. Price of workstations is two to three times than of a personal computer.

Microcomputers:

Microcomputers are microprocessor based small laptop or desktop systems with varying capability depending on the input/ output and secondary storage devices supporting it.

Figure 3.5: Microcomputers.

Subcategories:

Desktop

Notebook

Ø Single user

General computing tasks:

Ø Word processing

Ø E-mail

Ø Internet access

Hand-held computers or PDA:

Figure 3.6: Handheld Computer.

Cost — $100–$700
Fit in the palm of people’s hand
Run on batteries
Uses

Ø Appointment book

Ø Address book

Ø Calculator

Ø Notepad

—— ○ ——

4. Describe with example various generation of computers.

Ans. to the question no: 4

First Generation Computers (1944-1958)

They were the fastest calculating devices of their time.
They used vacuum tubes.
Discrete semiconductor device based with limited system software supported.
They were too bulky in size.
They should be properly air-conditioned.
The power consumption was very high.
They were prone to frequent hardware failures.
Constant maintenance required.
Commercial production of these computers was difficult and costly.
They had limited commercial use.

Figure 4.1: UNIVAC — First Generation Computer.

Figure 4.2: Vacuum Tubes.

Example: ENIAC, EDVAC, EDSAC, UNIVAC-I, IBM 701, etc.

Second Generation Computers (1959-1963)

Ten times faster than the first-generation computers.
Used transistors in circuits.
Much smaller in size.
Consumed much less power.
Much more reliable and less prone to hardware failures.
Had faster and larger primary and secondary storage devices.
Easier to program.
Hence they had wider commercial use.
High-level programming Languages like FORTRAN, COBOL, ALGOL and SNOBOL were developed.

Figure 4.3: Transistor.

Third Generation Computers (1964-1970):

Much more powerful (Performs 1 million instruction per sec).
Used IC (Integrated Circuit) instead of transistors.
Much smaller in size.
Much less power consumption.
Much more reliable and less prone to hardware failures.
Faster and larger primary and secondary storage devices.
Totally general-purpose machines suitable for both scientific and commercial applications

Standardization of high-level programming languages allowed programs written for one computer to be easily ported to and executed on another computer.
Timesharing O.S helped in drastically improving the productivity of programmers cutting down the time and cost of program development by several fold.

Figure 4.4: IC.

Fourth Generation Computers (1971-now):

Microprocessors came into existence.
Starting of Personal Computer Revolution.
P.C. Compact and inexpensive
Hard disk: Cheaper, smaller in size and larger in capacity
Floppy disks became popular.
LAN, WAN came into existence.
Several O.S like MS-DOS, MS Windows, and UNIX were developed.
C, C++ programming became popular.
The PCs were much smaller and cheaper than the mainframes or minicomputers of 3rd generation.
They are much more powerful.
No air-conditioning was required for the PCs
Consumed much less power.
Much more reliable and less prone to hardware failures.
Faster and larger primary and secondary storage devices.
Totally general-purpose machines.
They contained graphical user interface.
Availability of C programming language allowed these systems to be effectively used for systems programming also, like design of compilers and O.S
Object-oriented languages allowed rapid software development.

Figure 4.5: Microprocessor.

Fifth Generation Computers (Now to future):

Superconductors like Gallium Arsenide (GaAs₂), which has zero resistance, will be used in computers’ electronic circuits.
Larger disk space
Optical disks (CD-ROM) emerged.
Internet came into existence.
The concept of ‘Multithreading’ was introduced.
Java programming gained popularity.

Portable PCs (notebook computers) are much more smaller and handy.
Desktop PCs and workstations are several times more powerful
Consume less power
Hot pluggable feature.
Commercial production of these systems is easier and cheaper.
Newer and more powerful applications, including multimedia applications.

Internet usage by common man.

Figure 4.6: An IC made by Gallium Arsenide.

Figure 4.7: Fifth Generation Computers.

—— ○ ——

5. What factors determine the type of a computer?

Ans. to the question no: 5

There are seven factors. They are following:

Types of CPU;
Amount of main memory;
Storage capacity;
Speed of output device in CPS;
Processing speed in MIPS;
Number of users;
Price.

—— ○ ——

6. a) Subtract (100)₂ from (1011)₂ using the 1’s/2’s complement method.

b) Subtract (7)₁₀ from (14)₁₀ using the 1’s/2’s complement method.

c) Subtract (9)₁₀ from (7)₁₀ using the 1’s/2’s complement method.

d) Subtract (1010)₂ from (011)₂ using the 1’s/2’s complement method.

Ans. to the question no: 6

1’s complement method

Here, the length of 100₂ is not equal to 1011₂ so an extra zero will be added with 100₂ to make the length of both numbers the same.

Now,

Taking the 1’s complement of 0100₂ we get, 1011₂, which will be added with 1011₂

∴

Since, there is an overflow, the result will be positive and this overflow will be added with 0110₂

∴

∴ The result is (111)₂ using 1’s complement method.

2’s complement method

Here, the length of 100₂ is not equal to 1011₂ so an extra zero will be added with 100₂ to make the length of both numbers the same.

Now,

Taking the 1’s complement of 0100₂ we get, 1011₂ and to get 2’s complement of 0100₂, we have to add 1 with 1011₂.

Hence, the 2’s complement of 0100₂ is

Now, this 2’s complement 1100₂ will be added with 1011₂

∴

Since, there is an overflow, the result will be positive

∴ Ignoring the overflow, the result is (111)₂ using 2’s complement method.

1’s complement method

Here, the length of 111₂ is not equal to 1110₂ so

an extra zero will be added with 111₂ to make

∴

the length of both numbers the same.

Now,

Taking the 1’s complement of 0111₂ we get, 1000₂,

which will be added with 1110₂

∴

Since, there is an overflow, the result will be positive and this overflow will be added with 0110₂

∴

∴ The result is (111)₂ using 1’s complement method.

Now, (111)₂ → (7)₁₀

Hence, the result is (7)₁₀ using 1’s complement method.

2’s complement method

Here, the length of 111₂ is not equal to 1110₂ so an extra zero will be added with 111₂ to make the length of both numbers the same.

Now,

Taking the 1’s complement of 0111₂ we get, 1000₂ and to get 2’s complement of 0111₂, we have to add 1 with 1000₂.

Hence, the 2’s complement of 0111₂ is

Now, this 2’s complement 1001₂ will be added with 1110₂

∴

∴ Ignoring the overflow, the result is (111)₂ using 2’s complement method.

Since, there is an overflow, the result will be positive

Now, (111)₂ → (7)₁₀

Hence, the result is (7)₁₀ using 2’s complement method.

1’s complement method

Here, the length of 111₂ is not equal to 1001₂ so

an extra zero will be added with 111₂ to make

∴

the length of both numbers the same.

Now,

Taking the 1’s complement of 1001₂ we get, 0110₂,

which will be added with 1110₂

∴

Since, there is no overflow, the result will be negative. To get the result, we take 1’s complement of 1101₂ and find 0010₂. Attaching a negative sign the result is -0010₂ using 1’s complement method.

Now, -(0010)₂ → -(2)₁₀

Hence, the result is -(2)₁₀ using 1’s complement method.

2’s complement method

Here, the length of 111₂ is not equal to 1001₂ so an extra zero will be added with 111₂ to make the length of both numbers the same.

Now,

Taking the 1’s complement of 1001₂ we get, 0110₂ and to get 2’s complement of 1001₂, we have to add 1 with 0110₂.

Hence, the 2’s complement of 1001₂ is

Now, this 2’s complement 0111₂ will be added with 0111₂

∴

1’s complement

Since, there is no overflow, the result will be negative. To get the result, we take 2’s complement of 1110₂ and find 0010₂.

Attaching a negative sign the result is -0010₂ using 2’s complement method.

Now, -(0010)₂ → -(2)₁₀

Hence, the result is -(2)₁₀ using 2’s complement method.

1’s complement method

Here, the length of 011₂ is not equal to 1010₂ so an extra zero will be added with 011₂ to make the length of both numbers the same.

Now,

Taking the 1’s complement of 1010₂ we get, 0101₂, which will be added with 0011₂

∴

Since, there is no overflow, the result will be negative. To get the result, we take 1’s complement of 1000₂ and find 0111. Attaching a negative sign the result is -0111₂ using 1’s complement method.

2’s complement method

Here, the length of 011₂ is not equal to 1010₂ so an extra zero will be added with 011₂ to make the length of both numbers the same.

Now,

Taking the 1’s complement of 1010₂ we get, 0101₂ and to get 2’s complement of 1010₂, we have to add 1 with 0101₂.

Hence, the 2’s complement of 1010₂ is

Now, this 2’s complement 0110₂ will be added with 0011₂

∴

1’s complement

Since, there is no overflow, the result will be negative. To get the result, we take 2’s complement of 1001₂ and find 0111₂.

Attaching a negative sign the result is -0111₂ using 2’s complement method.

—— ○ ——

7. Fill in the question marks:

i) (10101010)₂ → (?)₈ ii) (50)₈ → (?)₁₆ iii) (3F)₁₆ → (?)₈

iv) (1110111)₂ → (?)₁₀ v) (40)₈ → (?)₁₆ vi) (A0)₁₆ → (?)₂

vii) (1110111)₂ → (?)₁₆ viii) (40)₈ → (?)₁₀ ix) (A0)₁₆ → (?)₈

x) (1010101)₂ → (?)₁₀ xi) (39)₈ → (?)₁₆ xii) (3F)₁₆ → (?)₂

Ans. to the question no: 7

i) (10101010)₂ → (?)₈

Solution:

To convert (10101010)₂ to octal number we have to convert it first into decimal and than we have to convert the decimal number into octal. Then we will get the result.

(10101010)₂ Converting into decimal:

= 1×2⁷ + 0×2⁶ + 1×2⁵ + 0×2⁴ + 1×2³ + 0×2² + 1×2¹ + 0×2⁰

= 1×128 + 0×64 + 1×32 + 0×16 + 1×8 + 0×4 + 1×2 + 0×1

= 128 + 32 + 8 + 2

= 170

LSB

Now (170)₁₀ converting into octal:

8 170

8 21

MSB

∴ (170)₁₀ = (252)₈

∴ (10101010)₂= (252)₈

ii) (50)₈ → (?)₁₆

Solution:

To convert (50)₈ to hexadecimal number we have to convert it first into decimal and than we have to convert the decimal number into hexadecimal. Then we will get the result.

(50)₈ Converting into decimal:

= 5×8¹ + 0×8⁰

= 5×8 + 0×1

= 40 + 0

= 40

LSB

Now (40)₁₀ converting into hexadecimal:

MSB

∴ (40)₁₀ = (28)₁₆

∴ (50)₈= (28)₁₆

iii) (3F)₁₆ → (?)₈

Solution: To convert (3F)₁₆ to octal number we have to convert it first into decimal and than we have to convert the decimal number into octal. Then we will get the result.

(3F)₁₆Converting into decimal:

= 3×16¹ + 15×16⁰

= 3×16 + 15×1

= 48 + 15

= 63

LSB

Now (63)₁₀ converting into octal:

MSB

∴ (63)₁₀ = (77)₈

∴ (3F)₁₆= (77)₈

iv) (1110111)₂ → (?)₁₀

Solution:

(1110111)₂ Converting into decimal:

= 1×2⁶ + 1×2⁵ + 1×2⁴ + 0×2³ + 1×2² + 1×2¹ + 1×2⁰

= 1×64 + 1×32 + 1×16 + 0×8 + 1×4 + 1×2 + 1×1

= 64 + 32 + 16 + 0 + 4 + 2 + 1

= 119

∴ (1110111)₂ = (119)₁₀

v) (40)₈ → (?)₁₆

Solution: To convert (40)₈ to hexadecimal number we have to convert it first into decimal and than we have to convert the decimal number into hexadecimal. Then we will get the result.

(40)₈ Converting into decimal:

= 4×8¹ + 0×8⁰

= 4×8 + 0×1

= 32 + 0

= 32

LSB

Now (32)₁₀ converting into hexadecimal:

MSB

∴ (32)₁₀ = (20)₁₆

∴ (40)₈= (20)₁₆

vi) (A0)₁₆ → (?)₂

Solution: To convert (A0)₁₆ to binary number we have to convert it first into decimal and than we have to convert the decimal number into binary. Then we will get the result.

(A0)₁₆Converting into decimal:

= 10×16¹ + 0×16⁰

= 10×16 + 0×1

= 160 + 0

= 160

Now (160)₁₀ converting into binary:

160

LSB

∴ (160)₁₀ = (10100000)₂

∴ (A0)₁₆= (10100000)₂

vii) (1110111)₂ → (?)₁₆

Solution: To convert (1110111)₂ to hexadecimal number we have to convert it first into decimal and than we have to convert the decimal number into hexadecimal. Then we will get the result.

(1110111)₂ Converting into decimal:

= 1×2⁶ + 1×2⁵ + 1×2⁴ + 0×2³ + 1×2² + 1×2¹ + 1×2⁰

= 1×64 + 1×32 + 1×16 + 0×8 + 1×4 + 1×2 + 1×1

= 64 + 32 + 16 + 0 + 4 + 2 + 1

= 119

∴ (1110111)₂ = (119)₁₀

Now (119)₁₀ converting into hexadecimal:

∴ (119)₁₀= (77)₁₆

∴ (1110111)₂ = (77)₁₆

viii) (40)₈ → (?)₁₀

Solution:

(40)₈ Converting into decimal:

= 4×8¹ + 0×8⁰

= 4×8 + 0×1

= 32 + 0

= 32

∴ (40)₈ = (32)₁₀

ix) (A0)₁₆ → (?)₈

Solution: To convert (A0)₁₆ to octal number we have to convert it first into decimal and than we have to convert the decimal number into octal. Then we will get the result.

(A0)₁₆Converting into decimal:

= 10×16¹ + 0×16⁰

= 10×16 + 0×1

= 160 + 0

= 160

Now (160)₁₀ converting into octal:

160

LSB

∴ (160)₁₀= (240)₈

∴ (A0)₁₆ = (240)₈

x) (1010101)₂ → (?)₁₀

Solution:

(1010101)₂ Converting into decimal:

= 1×2⁶ + 0×2⁵ + 1×2⁴ + 0×2³ + 1×2² + 0×2¹ + 1×2⁰

= 1×64 + 0×32 + 1×16 + 0×8 + 1×4 + 0×2 + 1×1

= 64 + 0 + 16 + 0 + 4 + 0 + 1

= 85

∴ (1010101)₂ = (85)₁₀

xi) (39)₈ → (?)₁₆

Solution:

(39)₈ cannot be converted into hexadecimal number because the digits, which are included in octal number system are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 and obviously 9 is not a number of octal number system. So 39 cannot be an octal number. So it is absurd to convert 39 into hexadecimal or any other number.

xii) (3F)₁₆ → (?)₂

Solution: To convert (3F)₁₆ to binary number we have to convert it first into decimal and than we have to convert the decimal number into binary. Then we will get the result.

(3F)₁₆Converting into decimal:

= 3×16¹ + 15×16⁰

= 3×16 + 15×1

= 48 + 15

= 63

Now (63)₁₀ converting into binary:

LSB

∴ (63)₁₀ = (111111)₂

∴ (3F)₁₆= (111111)₂

—— ○ ——

8. Convert (12.525)₁₀ to Octal/Binary number.

Ans. to the question no: 8

Solution:

Converting (12.525)₁₀ into Octal:

(12)₁₀ Octal (.525)₁₀ Octal

0.525×8 = 4.2 4

0.2×8 =1.6 1

LSB

MSB

0.6×8 = 4.8 4

0.8×8 = 6.4 6

0.4×8 = 3.2 3

∴ (12)₁₀= (14)₈ 0.2×8 = 1.6 1

LSB

∴ (.525)₁₀ = (414631)₈

∴ (12.525)₁₀ = (14.414631)₈

Converting (12.525)₈ into Binary:

(12)₁₀ Binary(.525)₁₀ Binary

LSB

0.525×2 = 1.05 1

0.05×2 = 0.1 0

0.1×2 = 0.2 0

0.2×2 = 0.4 0

MSB

0.4×2 = 0.8 0

0.8×2 = 1.6 1

LSB

∴ (.525)₁₀ = (100001)₂

∴ (12)₁₀ = (1100)₂

∴ (12.525)₁₀ = (1100.100001)₂

—— ○ ——

9. How (-25)₁₀, (-57)₁₀, (-28)₁₀, (- 40)₁₀ will be stored in an 8-bit RAM?

Ans. to the question no: 9

Solution:

(-25)₁₀ is stored in a 8-bit RAM by this way,

First (-25)₁₀ will be converted into Binary.

LSB

So,

So, -(25)₁₀ = -(11001)₂

As the number is negative, so, to store -(11001)₂ in 8-bit RAM we have to take the 2’s complement of the number.

So, 11001 → 00110

2’s complement

+ 1

So, (00111)₂ that means -(25)₁₀ will be stored in 8-bit RAM like shown below.

Sign bit

Figure1-8bit RAM

(-57)₁₀ is stored in a 8-bit RAM by this way,

First (-57)₁₀ will be converted into Binary.

LSB

So,

MSB

So, -(57)₁₀ = -(111001)₂

As the number is negative, so, to store -(111001)₂ in 8-bit RAM we have to take the 2’s complement of the number.

So, 111001 → 000110

2’s complement

+ 1

So, (000111)₂ that means -(57)₁₀ will be stored in 8-bit RAM like shown below.

Sign bit

Figure1-8bit RAM

(-28)₁₀ is stored in a 8-bit RAM by this way,

First (-28)₁₀ will be converted into Binary.

LSB

So,

So, -(28)₁₀ = -(11100)₂

As the number is negative, so, to store -(11100)₂ in 8-bit RAM we have to take the 2’s complement of the number.

So, 11100 → 00011

2’s complement

+ 1

So, (00100)₂ that means -(28)₁₀ will be stored in 8-bit RAM like shown below.

Sign bit

Figure1-8bit RAM

(-40)₁₀ is stored in a 8-bit RAM by this way,

First (-40)₁₀ will be converted into Binary.

LSB

So,

So, -(40)₁₀ = -(101000)₂

As the number is negative, so, to store -(101000)₂ in 8-bit RAM we have to take the 2’s complement of the number.

So, 101000 → 010111

2’s complement

+ 1

So, (011000)₂ that means -(40)₁₀ will be stored in 8-bit RAM like shown below.

Sign bit

Figure1-8bit RAM

—— ○ ——

10. What is BCD? Represent (15)₁₀, (253)₁₀ in BCD.

Ans. to the question no: 10

BCD: BCD is the shortcut of Binary Coded Decimal, which is a coding scheme used to represent decimal numbers only. In BCD a decimal number is not converted to binary rather each digit of the number is replaced by its binary equivalent.

Decimal and binary equivalent

Decimal Binary	Decimal Binary
0 0000	5 0101
1 0001	6 0110
2 0010	7 0111
3 0011	8 1000
4 0100	9 1001

As compared to binary, BCD codes use lots of bits to represent a decimal number. BCD is used because; it does not require any conversion of decimal numbers just each digit is replaced. Conversion to binary requires a fair amount of calculation for a digital system to use binary. Computers have great computing power and so use binary. But small digital systems (like pocket calculator) cannot afford the computation and so use BCD.

(15)₁₀will be represented in BCD as:

1 5

0001 0101

So, (15)₁₀ ≡ 00010101_BCD

(253)₁₀ will be represented in BCD as:

2 5 3

0010 0101 0011

So, (253)₁₀ ≡ 001001010011_BCD

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11. Describe all Logic gates, their symbols, truth table.

Ans. to the question no: 11

Logic Gates: Computers work on an electrical flow where a high voltage is considered a 1 and a low voltage is considered a 0. Using these highs and lows, data is represented. Electronic circuits must be designed to manipulate these positive and negative pulses into meaningful logic. Logic gates are the building blocks of digital circuits. Combinations of logic gates form circuits designed with specific tasks in mind. Basic Logic Gates are:

NOT,
AND,
NAND,
OR,
NOR,
XOR and
XNOR.

The AND Gate:

The AND gate implements the AND function. With the gate shown to the left, both inputs must have logic 1 signals applied to them in order for the output to be a logic 1. With either input at logic 0, the output will be held to logic 0.

Input A

Input B

Output Q

Inputs

Outputs

Figure 11.1: Truth Table and Symbol for AND Gate.

There is no limit to the number of inputs that may be applied to an AND function, so there is no functional limit to the number of inputs an AND gate may have. However, for practical reasons, commercial AND gates are most commonly manufactured with 2, 3, or 4 inputs. A standard Integrated Circuit (IC) package contains 14 or 16 pins, for practical size and handling. A standard 14-pin package can contain four 2-input gates, three 3-input gates, or two 4-input gates, and still have room for two pins for power supply connections.

The OR Gate:

Outputs

Input A

Input B

Output Q

Inputs

Figure 11.2: Truth Table and Symbol for OR Gate.

The OR gate is sort of the reverse of the AND gate. The OR function, like its verbal counterpart, allows the output to be true (logic 1) if any one or more of its inputs are true. This is correctly reflected by the basic OR function. In symbols, the OR function is designated with a plus sign (+). In logical diagrams, the symbol to the left designates the OR gate. As with the AND function, the OR function can have any number of inputs. However, practical commercial OR gates are mostly limited to 2, 3, and 4 inputs, as with AND gates.

The NOT Gate, or Inverter:

Inputs

Outputs

Input A

Output Q

Figure 11.3: Truth Table and Symbol for NOT Gate.

The inverter is a little different from AND and OR gates in that it always has exactly one input as well as one output. Whatever logical state is applied to the input, the opposite state will appear at the output. The NOT function, as it is called, is necessary in many applications and highly useful in others. The NOT function is denoted by a single bar mark ( ¯ ) may also be used for this purpose: 0 and . In the inverter symbol, the triangle actually denotes only an amplifier, which in digital terms means that it "cleans up" the signal but does not change its logical sense. It is the circle at the output, which denotes the logical inversion. The circle could have been placed at the input instead, and the logical meaning would still be the same.

The NAND Gate:

Inputs

Input A

Input B

Output Q

Outputs

Figure 11.4: Truth Table and Symbol for NAND Gate.

The NAND gate implements the NAND function, which is exactly inverted from the AND function you already examined. With the gate shown to the left, both inputs must have logic 1 signals applied to them in order for the output to be a logic 0. With either input at logic 0, the output will be held to logic 1. The circle at the output of the NAND gate denotes the logical inversion, just as it did at the output of the inverter. As with AND, there is no limit to the number of inputs that may be applied to a NAND function, so there is no functional limit to the number of inputs a NAND gate may have. However, for practical reasons, commercial NAND gates are most commonly manufactured with 2, 3, or 4 inputs, to fit in a 14-pin or 16-pin package.

The NOR Gate:

Input A

Input B

Output Q

Inputs

Outputs

Figure 11.5: Truth Table and Symbol for NOR Gate.

The NOR gate is an OR gate with the output inverted. Where the OR gate allows the output to be true (logic 1) if any one or more of its inputs are true, the NOR gate inverts this and forces the output to logic 0 when any input is true.

In symbols, the NOR function is designated with a plus sign (+), with an over bar over the entire expression to indicate the inversion. In logical diagrams, the symbol to the left designates the NOR gate.

As expected, this is an OR gate with a circle to designate the inversion. The NOR function can have any number of inputs, but practical commercial NOR gates are mostly limited to 2, 3, and 4 inputs, as with other gates in this class, to fit in standard IC packages.

The Exclusive-OR, or XOR Gate:

Input A

Input B

Output Q

Outputs

Inputs

Figure 11.6: Truth Table and Symbol for XOR Gate.

The Exclusive-OR, or XOR function is an interesting and useful variation on the basic OR function. Verbally, it can be stated as, "Either A or B, but not both." The XOR gate produces a logic 1 output only if its two inputs are different. If the inputs are the same, the output is a logic 0. The XOR symbol is a variation on the standard OR symbol. It consists of a plus (+) sign with a circle around it; that is ⊕. The logic symbol, as shown here, is a variation on the standard OR symbol. Unlike standard OR/NOR and AND/NAND functions, the XOR function always has exactly two inputs, and commercially manufactured XOR gates are the same. Four XOR gates fit in a standard 14-pin IC package.

XNOR (Exclusive-NOR) gate:

Input A

Input B

Output Q

Outputs

Inputs

Figure 11.7: Truth Table and Symbol for XNOR Gate.

If a NOT is attached to the output of an XOR gate, an XNOR gates is formed. XNOR gate produces an output of 1 when there are even (or zero) number of 1 in the input. Otherwise, the output is 0. The symbol used for XNOR gate and truth table is shown in Figure . XNOR operation sometimes is denoted by ⊙ symbol. XNOR gates can only have 2 inputs.

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12. What is scan code? Write the binary of ASCII value for uppercase & lowercase characters.

Ans. to the question no: 12

Scan Code: The code a keyboard sends on each key-press and release is unique for each key on the keyboard. This code is known as scan code.

Under the keys of a keyboard, there is a circuit board containing a processor and few other support chips. Keys are actually switches arranged in rows and columns. When a switch is pressed or released it produces an electric signal along particular row and column. The processor receives the signal and locates the position of the key. It then sends a predefined binary code to the computer. After receiving the code, it is then job of the processing devices (of system unit) to process that code.

Scan codes are unique; so Shift keys on the left and right have different scan code values. Similarly, the digit keys on the topside and on the numeric keypad have different scan codes.

The binary of ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) value for uppercase and lowercase characters are shown in the table below:

Uppercase Characters	Decimal Equivalent	ASCII Code in binary value	Lowercase Characters	Decimal Equivalent	ASCII Code in binary value
A	065	01000001	a	097	01100001
B	066	01000010	b	098	01100010
C	067	01000011	c	099	01100011
D	068	01000100	d	0100	01100100
E	069	01000101	e	0101	01100101
F	070	01000110	f	0102	01100110
G	071	01000111	g	0103	01100111
H	072	01001000	h	0104	01101000
I	073	01001001	i	0105	01101001
J	074	01001010	j	0106	01101010
K	075	01001011	k	0107	01101011
L	076	01001100	l	0108	01101100
M	077	01001101	m	0109	01101101
N	078	01001110	n	0110	01101110
O	079	01001111	o	0111	01101111
P	080	01010000	p	0112	01110000
Q	081	01010001	q	0113	01110001
R	082	01010010	r	0114	01110010
S	083	01010011	s	0115	01110011
T	084	01010100	t	0116	01110100
U	085	01010101	u	0117	01110101
V	086	01010110	v	0118	01110110
W	087	01010111	w	0119	01110111
X	088	01011000	x	0120	01111000
Y	089	01011001	y	0121	01111001
Z	090	01011010	z	0122	01111010

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13. Name keyboard connectors.

Ans. to the question no: 13

Keyboards are connected with the CPU via connectors, which are called keyboard connectors. The followings are the names of common keyboard connectors –

Ø 5–pin DIN (Deustche Industrie Norm) connector

Ø 6–pin IBM PS/2 mini-DIN connector

Ø 4–pin USB (Universal Serial Bus) connector

Figure 13.1: 5–pin DIN (Deustche Industrie Norm) connector.

Figure 13.2: 6–pin IBM PS/2 mini-DIN connector.

Figure 13.3: 4–pin USB (Universal Serial Bus) connector.

Normal DIN connectors are becoming obsolete. They are being replaced with smaller size mini-DIN PS/2 connectors. Newer keyboards are coming with USB connectors. Regardless of the connector used, the connecting cable has wires to carry power supply and scan codes. Power is supplied to a keyboard from the system unit, but scan code data are transferred from the keyboard to the system unit. (Technically the reverse flow is also possible.) There are also wireless keyboards.

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14. Describe all the keys in a keyboard with types and use.

Ans. to the question no: 14

Types And Uses of All The Keys on A Keyboard:

The keyboard is the primary way of entering text in a computer. The personal computers, which we are using today, have 101 to 105 keys. The IBM Enhanced standard keyboard is the most popular keyboard today. It contains 101 keys. Figure 14.1 shows the IBM Enhanced standard keyboard.

Figure 14.1: The IBM Enhanced standard keyboard

Types of Keys:

Different keys of a keyboard have different functions and uses. The keys, which are contained in on a keyboard (for example, The IBM Enhanced standard keyboard), are classified in five types and these are:

1. Alphanumeric keys

2. Numeric keypad

3. Function keys

4. Modifier keys

5. Cursor-movement keys

Alphanumeric Keys: The Alphanumeric keys are:

Ø Letters of the English alphabet from a to z;

Ø Decimal digits 1, 2, 3… etc.;

Ø Punctuation marks such as comma, semicolon, full stop, question mark etc.

Ø Some special symbols for example, braces, hash (#), dollar sign (&), percentage sign (%) etc.,

Ø Special characters for example, Space bar, Enter, Tab Caps Lock and Backspace;

Alphanumeric keys remain from the second to fifth rows on the keyboard from the top. These keys are used to input characters (letters from a to z), digits, punctuation signs and some other special symbols. The alphanumeric keys are like the keys of an ordinary typewriter machine. The second row contains the keys of decimal digits and other common symbols (such as @, #, &, $ etc.). The letters of English alphabet and punctuation marks are on the third, fourth and fifth rows from the top. There are few other keys in alphanumeric group that have special use. They are the following:

Ø Tab:

1. The Tab key is used to move the current typing position that is the cursor or the insertion point (on the screen) by a predefined amount.

2. In dialog boxes it moves the focus of default key-press into different buttons.

3. Tab is often used to switch between two or more running programs or to go one program from another without using mouse.

Ø Caps Lock: The Caps Lock key is used to type capital letters of English alphabet.

Ø Space bar:

1. It is used to give spaces between two letters during typing.

2. Sometimes space bar is used to assign tick (ü) marks in dialog boxes or menus.

Ø Enter:

1. In text editor programs the Enter key ends the current text line and starts a new one.

2. It usually finishes a command or data entry or executes the final command.

3. In dialog boxes or popup menus it executes a given command.

4. Without using mouse the Enter key can be used to give the command ‘OK’ in dialog boxes.

5. In MS-DOS the Enter key executes the command after writing the command.

6. During browsing the Internet the Enter key is pressed after typing the web address in the address bar.

Ø Backspace: The Backspace key erases the last typed word, which is useful in editing any text writing.

Cursor Movement Keys:

The small blinking mark on the screen that indicates the point of current text input is called cursor. The cursor control keys are in the middle of the Alphanumeric Keys and the Numeric Keypad and these are the left, right, up and down arrows, the Home, End, Page Up and the Page Down keys. These keys are used to move the cursor across the screen. The Home key sends the cursor at the beginning of the current text line and the End key sends the cursor at the end of the current text line. The Page Up and the Page Down keys move a page full of text or graphics up and down respectively.

Numeric Keypad:

1. The numeric keypad exists on the very right side of the keyboard and is used for numeric inputs.

The layout of the numeric keypad is just like the ordinary calculators, which is helpful to input data quickly.

It contains the 10 decimal digits, the decimal point (.), the Num Lock key and some keys of mathematical symbols such as addition (+), subtraction (-), multiplication (*) and division (/).
At the right top of the Numeric Keypad a key named Num Lock is remained. When the Num Lock key is on, the Numeric Keypad is activated and when it is off, the numeric keypad is deactivated. A Status LED for the Num Lock key, which indicates the activated or deactivated situation of the Numeric keypad, is situated at just above of the Num Lock key. When the LED is on, the Numeric Keypad is activated and when the LED is off, the Numeric Keypad is deactivated.

When the Numeric Keypad is deactivated that means the LED is off, the keys 4, 6,8 and 2 work as just like the left, right, up and down arrow keys and the keys 7, 9, 1 and 3 work as just like the Home, Page Up, Page Down and End keys.

Function Keys:

On the top of the keyboard in the first row the keys labeled from F1 to F12 are called Function Keys. These keys have different functions in different application programs. The uses of some of the Function Keys are described below:

Ø The F1 key is generally used to view help in any application program.

Ø The F2 key is used to rename the selected icon of any file or folder.

Ø The F3 key is used to show the Search Window, which searches files and folders.

Ø The F5 key is used to refresh the screen.

Ø The F8 key is used to enter the Windows in “Safe Mode” after booting the PC.

Ø The F11 key is used to view full screen the windows of some application programs.

Ø The F12 key is used to execute the input of the “Save As” command.

Modifier Keys:

Modifier Keys modify the usual functions of other keys and creates the opportunity to make more commands using same keys. Any key those functions for an individual command can be functioned for multiple commands. These keys need to be pressed and held down while other keys are pressed. The names and uses of some Modifier Keys are given below:

Ø Ctrl: The Ctrl (Control) key is used for command input in association with other keys in editing and formatting texts and various kinds of tasks. For example, to copy any text, graphics, file and folder, we have to press Ctrl and C (Ctrl + C) that means we have to press and hold down Ctrl first and then to press C. There are two Ctrl keys on the keyboard, which have same use.

Ø Alt: The function of the Alt (Alternative) key is almost same as the Ctrl key. Traditionally, Alt key is programmed to active some menus, or selecting an item from the menu. For example, to open File menu, Alt + F has to be pressed. However, there are some complex functions of Alt key, when it is pressed in association of Ctrl to execute some complex commands, such as Ctrl + Alt + Delete to open the program Windows Task Manager. Two Alt keys on the keyboard have the same function.

Ø Shift: There are two Shift keys on the keyboard having the same function. Shift key converts an Alphanumeric Key, which is a lowercase English alphabet into an uppercase alphabet. However, the Shift key is also used to execute the functions done by the Ctrl and Alt key when it is pressed in conjunction with them. For example, to select some texts to the end of the document from any part of the document, the Ctrl + Shift + End has to be pressed.

Special Keys: There are some special keys on the IBM keyboard and they are:

Ø Esc: The Esc (Escape) key is situated at the top left of the keyboard. It is used to cancel a command and to close a dialog box and popup menus.

Ø Delete: It is used to erase a character, which is at the left side of the cursor. It functions like the Backspace key. An important function of Delete key is, after booting the PC the Delete key is pressed to enter the BIOS (Basic Input/Output System).

Ø Insert: The Insert key controls whether the text typed will overwrite the current text line or not. If it is on, subsequent characters are inserted into the current cursor position and the text on the right side of cursor are pushed further right. Status of the Insert is not indicated on the keyboard and only a program can make use of it.

Ø Print Screen: The Print Screen key is used to print any graphics or the sceneries that is shown in the monitor screen.

Ø Scroll Lock: The Scroll Lock had the use of locking scrolling of large amount of running text. This key has now been depreciated and still found on keyboards for unknown reason.

Ø Pause: The Pause key pauses the execution of running program. This is useful in diagnosis of hardware problems.

In fact, there are some more keys are available in today’s computers such as Power, Sleep, Wake and Multimedia keys etc.

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15. Describe the types and working of scanner with diagram.

Ans. to the question no: 15

Scanners: Scanners allow a PC to convert a drawing or photograph into code that a graphics or desktop publishing program can use to display the image on the screen, to reproduce the image with a graphics printer.

Types of Scanners: Three types of scanners are available.

Flatbed Scanner

Handheld Scanner

Drum Scanner

Figure 15.1: Flatbed Scanner

Figure 15.2: Drum Scanner

Working Mechanism of a Scanner:

Figure 15.3: Working of a Scanner

A scanner works much like a photocopy machine. The document to scan is placed on the top of a glass plate and covered by a white cover. Under the glass plate, is scanning head. The scanning head is comprised of a lamp and an array of sensors. The sensors are known as CCDs (Charge Coupled Devices). The CCDs are arranged in an array so that the width of the document can be covered. When the lamp is illuminated, an optical image of a thin slice of the document is produced on a mirror. After two or three optional reflections, the image is passed through a lens and projected on the CCD sensors. These sensors convert the image into digital signals. As there are finite number of sensors, the thin slice of the document that looks continuous to human eyes, gets divided into small dots, called pixels. To scan the entire document, the scanning head is moved in vertical direction in small steps, and in each step a thin slice of the document gets scanned. Scanning a whole page of a document is called a pass. Some scanners use multiple passes to improve image quality. CCDs are inherently insensitive to colors. So to scan a color document, prior to project the optical image on sensors, it is split into RGB (red, green, blue) components. These components are sensed by the sensor-array separately, and then the on-board processor combines them digitally to produce a color image.

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16. Describe different types of monitor, their working process and scanning process.

Ans. to the question no: 16

Monitor:

A monitor is simply a physical display device that allows one to see what the computer is doing. Monitors come in many different sizes.

CRT Monitors:

Figure 16.1:CRT Monitor and scanning process

A standard monitor screen is a CRT (cathode ray tube). The screen is coated on the inside surface with dots of chemicals called phosphors. When a beam of electrons hits a dot, the dot will glow.

On a color monitor these phosphor dots are in groups of three: Red, Green, and Blue. This RGB system can create all the other colors by combining what dots are aglow.

There are 3 signals that control the 3 electron beams in the monitor, one for each RGB color. Each beam only touches the dots that the signal tells it to light. All the glowing dots together make the picture that you see. The human eye blends the dots to "see" all the different colors.

A shadow mask blocks the path of the beams in a way that lets each beam only light its assigned color dots.

LCD screen monitor or flat panel monitor:

Figure 16.2: LCD Monitor and its Scanning Process

LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screens use an entirely different technique. The screen is still made of dots but is quite flat. LCD displays are made of two layers of a polarizing material with a liquid crystal solution in between. An electrical signal makes the crystals line up in a way that keeps light from going through entirely or just partly. A black screen has all the crystals lined up so that no light gets through. A color LCD screen uses groups of 3 color cells instead of 3 phosphor dots. The signal for a picture cleverly lets just the right spots show their colors. Human eye does the rest.

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17. Describe different types of printers, their working process and comparison.

Ans. to the question no: 17

Types of Printers: Basically two types of printers are available. They are:

Impact Printers, and
Non-Impact Printers

Impact Printers: With this type of printer something strikes paper & ribbon together to form a character, like a typewriter.

Types of Impact Printers:

Ø Daisy-wheel Printers:

These printers have print heads composed of metallic or plastic wheels cut into petals. Each petal has the form of a letter (in capital and lower-case), number, or punctuation mark on it. When the petal is struck against the printer ribbon, the resulting shape forces ink onto the paper. Daisy-wheel printers are loud and slow. They cannot print graphics, and cannot change fonts unless the print wheel is physically replaced. With the advent of laser printers, daisy-wheel printers are generally not used in modern computing environments.

Figure 17.1: Daisy-wheel Printers Figure 17.2: Petals

Advantages: Best print quality

Disadvantages:

Very slow - 20 to 80 cps.
Only one font can be used at a time.
Cannot print graphics.

Ø Dot Matrix Printer:

Figure 17.3: Dot Matrix Printer

Pins fired at a ribbon, producing dots on the paper, form characters. Using more and smaller pins produces higher resolution output. Two standards have emerged 9-pin and 24-pin. Dot matrix printers typically print up to 200 characters per second in draft mode. They usually have a slower higher resolution (NLQ - Near Letter Quality) mode. Graphics are possible as is color with a special four-color ribbon.

Figure 17.4: Working process of Dot Matrix Printer

One application of dot matrix printers is in POS terminals where they are used to print the itemized receipt for a customer. Multi-part stationery is used and the second copy is retained at the till to provide an audit trail.

Forms characters using row(s) of pins, 9, 18, or 24, which impact the ribbon on top of the paper. Also called pin printers. The more pins, the smoother looking the characters.

Most dot matrix printers have the characteristics below:

Bi-directional: prints left to right and also right to left

Tractor feed: uses sprockets to pull continuous-feed paper

Friction feed: uses pressure to pull single sheets

Advantages:

Inexpensive
Can does multi-copy forms

Disadvantages:

Can be slow
Loud
Graphics of low quality, if possible at all

Non-Impact Printers: This type of printer does not involve actually striking the paper. Instead, it uses ink spray or toner powder.

Types of Non-Impact Printers:

Ø Ink-Jet Printer:

Figure 17.5: Ink-Jet Printer

Ink Jet printers work by firing small bubbles of ink from a series of jets. The dots formed when the ink hits the paper build up the image. Ink Jet printers are faster than a dot matrix printer, and the quality of the image formed is much better although it can depend on the paper used. If the paper is not absorbent then the ink will smear. Ink jet printers have a resolution of 300 dots per inch although in practice if the ink smears, the final result is not this good. The inks are water based and will run if the paper gets wet.

Good quality color is available with many monochrome printers having a color upgrade option. Color printing is more economical when there is a separate black cartridge; otherwise black has to be produced by mixing all three colors. Since color cartridges are more expensive than black this adds to the cost.

A monochrome ink-jet printer does not cost much more than a dot matrix to buy, but the running costs are much greater. The ink cartridges are expensive and it may be necessary to buy special high quality absorbent paper to obtain the best results.

Ink jet printers are non-impact and are therefore quiet in operation. They are an option when high quality output is required, but the total amount of output does not justify the cost of a laser printer. Most ink jet printers use cut sheet stationery some can be adapted to take continuous stationery. Like the dot matrix printer, they produce text one character at a time.

Advantages:

Quiet
High quality text and graphics
Some can do color.

Disadvantages:

Cannot use multiple-copy paper
Ink can smear

Ø Laser Printers:

Laser printers set up the image of the complete page before printing. This means that there is an initial delay while the page is processed but once printing starts the page is completed within a second or so. For this reason we call laser printers page printers.

The image is formed by small particles of toner that are distributed electro-statically on the paper. The laser is used to build up a pattern of charge on a roller that then transfers the toner to the paper. The toner is then heated so that it melts onto the paper forming a permanent image.

Figure 17.6: Laser printers

The resolution of a typical laser printer is 600 dots per inch. This refers to the number of dots per inch used when the laser beam marks out the pattern of electric charge that is used to distribute the toner. If the toner particle size is too large then the effective resolution is reduced but a laser printer still produces the highest quality output of all the printers described. Special fine tone toner is used to obtain the best results in laser printers.

The initial cost of buying a laser printer is two to three times that of an ink jet. The running costs are however much less. In addition laser printers can print overhead transparencies and they have a higher print speed compared to an ink jet.

Laser printers are non-impact and all of them use cut sheet paper. Because of the way that they produce the image it would be very expensive to produce a laser printer handling large size paper. Most will take A4 paper and it is possible to buy an A3 laser printer. Color is also an expensive option.

Laser printers are used when high quality output is required and there is sufficient output to justify the initial outlay or where speed of printing is important. The quality is sufficiently good for CAD applications but these often require output to sheets larger than the A4 that the normal laser printer can handle.

Comparison Between Printers:

Printer Type	Technology	Advantage	Disadvantage	Typical Speed
*Daisy-wheel Printers*	Characters are fully formed on the “petals”, like typewriter keys.	Best print quality.	Cannot print graphics; Very slow; Only one font can be used at a time.	20 to 80 CPS (Characters Per Second).
Dot Matrix Printer	Print head contains a cluster of pins. The pins press an inked ribbon against the paper, creating an image.	Cheaper in price; Can print multi-copy forms.	Slow; Loud; Low quality Graphics.	500 CPS.
*Ink-Jet Printer*	Electro-statically charged drops hit paper.	Quiet; Prints color; Less expensive; Fast.	Relatively slow; Clogged jets; Lower DPI (Dots Per Inch).	Several hundred characters per second.
Laser Printer	Laser beam directed onto a drum, “etching” spots that attract toner, which is then transferred to paper.	Quiet; Excellent quality; Very high speed; Color/black and white.	High Cost.	Up to several hundred pages per minute.

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18. A 2.5” square image was scanned with resolution 350 ppi. If we are using 5 bit to represent this image, how much space it would need to be stored in the computer? Leave your answer in KB, MB, Kb, Mb, GB, Gb.

Ans. to the question no: 18

The total area of the image is 2.5×2.5 = 6.25 square inch.

So the whole area in pixels is 6.25×350 pixels as 350 pixels per inch.

2.5”

= 2187.5 pixels

Since we are using 5bit memory to represent this image so it will take

2.5”

2187.5×5 = 109375 bits

Hence 109375-bit memory would need to store the image in the computer.

Now, the answer in KB (kilobyte) is

8 Bit = 1 Byte

1024 Bytes = 1 KB

1024 KB = 1 MB

1024 MB = 1 GB

Byte

= 13671.875 Byte

Or, KB

= 13.35 KB

Now, the answer in MB (Megabyte) is

1000bit = 1Kb

1000 Kb = 1Mb

1000 Mb = 1 Gb

Or, MB

= 1.40625 MB

= 0.013 MB

Now, the answer in GB (Gigabyte) is

Or, GB

= 0.000012731 GB

Now, the answer in Kb (Kilobit) is

= 109.375 Kb

Now, the answer in Mb (Megabit) is

= 0.109375 Mb

Now, the answer in Gb (Gigabit) is

= 0.00109375 Gb

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19. Resize a 1024´768 image with same aspect ratio and width of 480.

Ans. to the question no: 19

Here the ratio =

Given that width = 480

Let, height = x

According to the rule,

So, 1024×768 size in imaged into width of 480. Then the size of the image will be 480×360.

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20. A 15” color monitor has aspect ratio of 4:3. Calculate the actual length and width of any image (in pixels) that fits exactly with the monitor. Your monitor’s resolution is 768´624 ppi.

Ans. to the question no: 20

Let, the length is x and the width is y.

So, the aspect ratio is __________(1)

Hypotenuse

Since the monitor is given that 15”

15”

So its length of the diagonal is 15”

Perpendicular

Now from the Pythagoras’ theorem,

(Hypotenuse)² = (Base)² + (Perpendicular)²

Figure 20.1

∴ 15² = y² + x²________________________(2)

Again from equation (1),

and

Now, putting the value of x in equation (2) we find

Hence, the width is 12 inch.

Now, putting y = 12 in equation (2) we find

Hence, the length is 9 inch.

Given that, resolution is 768´624 ppi.

So the width in pixels will be 12×768 = 9216 pixels

And the length in pixels will be 9×624 = 56616 pixels

Hence, the actual length and width of any image (in pixels) that fits exactly with the monitor is

Length = 9216 pixels

Width = 56616 pixels

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21. Draw and label the block diagram of m - processor and computer hardware.

Ans. to the question no: 21

Block Diagram of m - Processor (Microprocessor):

Block Diagram of Computer Hardware:

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22. Define Software. Draw the hierarchical model of S/W with examples of each.

Ans. to the question no: 22

Software:

Software is a set of electronic instructions that tells the computer how to do certain tasks. A set of instructions is often called a program.

Software of a computer system is intangible rather than physical. It is the term used for any type of program. Software consists of statements, which instruct a computer to perform the required task. Without software a computer is simply a mass of electronic components. For a computer to input, store, make decisions, arithmetically manipulate and output data in the correct sequence it must have access to appropriate programs. Thus, the software includes all the activities associated with the successful development and operation of the computing system other than the hardware pieces. Hardware does the actual computing, and the software drives the computer. Figure 22.1 shows the communication between users and hardware, Software plays the role to connect the users and the hardware. The application software conveys the user intention to system software and the system software transfers and translates the intention for the hardware.

Figure 22.1

Hierarchical Model of Software:

Figure 22.2: Hierarchical model of Software.

System Software

System software refers to programs that assist the users to generate, debug, test modify application programs, and then to execute them. System software consists of programs designed to facilitate the use of the computer by the user. The followings are some characteristics of system software:

Ø System software exists primarily for the computer itself, to help the computer perform specific functions.

Ø One major type of system software is the operating system (OS). All computers require an operating system.

Ø The OS tells the computer how to interact with the user and its own devices.

Example of system software:

Common systems software includes MS DOS, Windows95/98/200/XP, the Macintosh OS, OS/2, and UNIX, LINUX etc.

Application Software:

Ø Application software is a program designed for specific user application.

Ø Application software tells the computer how to accomplish tasks the user requires, such as creating a document or editing a graphic image.

Some important kinds of application software are:

Word Processing Programs: Microsoft Word, Notepad, WordPad, and WordPerfect etc.

Spreadsheet Software: Microsoft Excel, Lotus 1-2-3, and LATEX etc.

Database Management Software: Microsoft Access, dBASE etc.

Presentation Programs: Microsoft PowerPoint

Graphics Programs: Microsoft Paint, Adobe Photoshop, and 3D Studio Max etc.

Networking Software: Novell NetWare, Microsoft Windows NT Server, Microsoft Windows 2000, etc.

Web Design Tools And Browsers: Microsoft FrontPage, Internet Explorer etc.

Entertainment: Windows Media Player, Power DVD etc.

Utility Software:

Utility software gives the user greater control over the computer system through efficient file management. For example, file can be easily prepared, copied, deleted, merged, sorted, and updated by using the appropriate utility programs.

Examples of Utility Software:

1. Antivirus Software (Norton, McAfee etc.),

2. File Compression Utilities (Win Zip),

3. Disk Management Utilities (Disk Defragmenter, Disk Cleanup etc.).

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23. Describe the structure of FDD and HDD. Calculate the storage capacity of a 3.5” HD/ED/DD floppy disk. Define low-level & high-level formatting.

Ans. to the question no: 23

Structure of Floppy Disk Drive (FDD):

A floppy disk is a thin magnetic-coated disk contained in a flexible or semi-rigid protective jacket. Data is stored in tracks and sectors. The 3½-inch disk is made of two pieces of rigid plastic, with the fabric-medium-fabric sandwich in the middle. The front has only a label and a small aperture for reading and writing data, protected by a spring-loaded metal cover, which is pushed back on entry into the drive.

Figure 23.1:The basic internal components of a 3½-inch floppy disk: 1. Write-protect tab, 2. Hub, 3. Shutter, 4. Plastic housing, 5. Paper ring, 6. Magnetic disk, 7. Disk sector.

The 3½-inch floppy disk drive automatically engages when the user inserts a disk, and disengages and ejects with the press of a button, or by motor on the Apple Macintosh.

Figure 23.2: Floppy disk drive on front of the system case Figure 23.3: Inside of a FDD

Figure 23.4: Internal Architecture of FDD

The reverse has a similar covered aperture, as well as a hole to allow the spindle to connect into a metal plate glued to the media. Two holes, bottom left and right, indicate the write-protect status and high-density disk correspondingly, a hole meaning protected or high density, and a covered gap meaning write-enabled or low density. (Incidentally, the write-protect and high-density holes on a 3½-inch disk are spaced exactly as far apart as the holes in punched A4 paper (8 cm), allowing write-protected floppies to be clipped into European ring binders.) A notch top right ensures that the disk is inserted correctly, and an arrow top left indicates the direction of insertion. The drive usually has a button that, when pressed, will spring the disk out at varying degrees of force. Some would barely make it out of the disk drive; others would shoot out at a fairly high speed. In a majority of drives, the ejection force is provided by the spring that holds the cover shut, and therefore the ejection speed is dependent on this spring. Data are read from or writtrn onto the disk by a read/write head. This head moves in or out over the head-access slot in the jacket to access different tracks on the surface of the disk.

Structure of Hard Disk Drive (HDD):

The hard disk drive in computer system is the "data center" of the PC. It is here that all of programs and data are stored between the occasions that use the computer. Hard disk (or disks) is the most important of the various types of permanent storage used in PCs (the others being floppy disks and other storage media such as CD-ROMs, tapes, removable drives, etc.) The hard disk differs from the others primarily in three ways: size (usually larger), speed (usually faster) and permanence (usually fixed in the PC and not removable).

Figure 23.5: Internal structure of a HDD

A hard disk uses round, flat disks called platters, coated on both sides with a special media material designed to store information in the form of magnetic patterns. Cutting a hole in the center and stacking them onto a spindle mount the platters. The platters rotate at high speed, driven by a special spindle motor connected to the spindle. Special electromagnetic read/write devices called heads are mounted onto sliders and used to either record information onto the disk or read information from it. The sliders are mounted onto arms, all of which are mechanically connected into a single assembly and positioned over the surface of the disk by a device called an actuator. A logic board controls the activity of the other components and communicates with the rest of the PC.

Each surface of each platter on the disk can hold tens of billions of individual bits of data. These are organized into larger "chunks" for convenience, and to allow for easier and faster access to information. Each platter has two heads, one on the top of the platter and one on the bottom, so a hard disk with three platters (normally) has six surfaces and six total heads. Each platter has its information recorded in concentric circles called tracks. Each track is further broken down into smaller pieces called sectors, each of which holds 512 bytes of information.

Calculation: Storage capacity of a HD (Higher Density) floppy disk which size is 3.5".

We know,

A 3.5" floppy disk has 80 tracks

HD floppy disk has 18 sectors

Each sector contains 512 bytes of data.

Storage capacity is –

= (2×80×18×512) byte

= 1474560 byte = 1440 KB [1024 byte = 1 KB]

= 1.40625 MB. [1024 KB = 1 MB]

Storage capacity of ED floppy disk:

ED floppy disk has 36 sectors

(2×80×36×512) byte

= 2949120 byte = 2880 KB [1024 byte = 1 KB]

= 2.8125 MB. . [1024 KB = 1 MB]

Storage capacity of DD floppy disk:

ED floppy disk has 9 sectors

(2×80×9×512) byte

= 737280 byte

= 720 KB. [1024 byte = 1 KB]

Ø Low-level formatting: Sectors (or cluster) are the smallest addressable unit in a hard disk. Marking the tracks and sector is known as low-level formatting. Low-level formatting also creates master boot record (MBR) – a set-aside area for special purpose.

Ø High-level formatting: A low-level formatted hard disk is required to be partitioned into one or more logical partitions. Each partition can be split into one or more logical drives. Each drive needs to be formatted by an operating system to create file system and FAT (File Allocation Table). This type of formatting is called high-level formatting.

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24. What is OS? Define various types of OS with their examples. What is the function of OS?

Ans. to the question no: 24

Operating System (OS): An operating system is an organized collection of software that controls the overall operations of a computer. In other words, an operating system is a program that acts as an interface between a user of a computer and computer hardware. The primary goal of an OS is to make the computer system convenient to use. A secondary goal is to use the computer hardware in an efficient manner.

Types of OS: Operating systems can be classified in a number of ways: by how they organize primary memory, by how many different programs they can execute concurrently, by what kind of secondary storage devices they use for work areas, by the setting in which they are to be used, or by the basic design of their components. So, operating system can be classified according to above outstanding, characteristics, but some overlap occurs among the categories. We will divide operating system into four types:

Serial Batch-Processing
Multiprogramming
Time Sharing
Multiprocessing

1. Serial Batch-Processing: Batch processing involves collecting transactions together over some interval of time and then processing the whole batch. Serial batch processing operating system can run only a single user program at a time. These are simple systems generally used on mainframes that run in batch mode and on single-user microcomputers. In another words, a system, in which a number of similar items or transactions to be processed are grouped (bathed) for sequential processing during a machine run. For example, suppose the operators received one FORTRAN job, one COBOL job and another FORTRAN job. If they ran them in that order, they would have to set up for FORTRAN (load the compiler tapes), then set up for COBOL and finally set up for FORTRAN again. If they ran the two FORTRAN programs as a batch, however, they could set up only once for FORTRAN, saving operator time. The following diagram shows, how each program is run before the next begins.

Figure 24.1: Serial-batch processing operating systems.

Advantages:

Ø It allows a computer to be dedicated to a specific use.

Ø It is less complex.

Ø There is only user at a time.

Ø There is no possibility that multiple programs will deadlock.

Disadvantages:

Ø A long turnaround time is needed.

Ø Batch systems are slow in both processing and output.

Ø In batch system the programs must be debugged statically.

Examples: CP/M, DOS, and Macintosh operating system are the example of serial batch-processing systems.

2. Multiprogramming Operating System: This system involves simultaneous handling of multiple independent programs by interleaving or overlapping their execution. Multiprogramming operating systems can execute several jobs concurrently by switching the attention of the CPU back and forth among them. This switching is usually prompted by a relatively slow input, output or storage request that can be handled by a buffer, spooler or channel, freeing the CPU to continue processing.

Figure 24.2: Multiprogramming operating systems

Advantages:

Ø It increases CPU utilization.

Ø It decreases total real time needed to execute a job.

Ø It maximizes the total job throughput (the amount of work accomplished in a given time interval) of a computer.

Disadvantages:

Ø It is fairly sophisticated and more complex than serial batch processing operating system.

Ø Multiprogramming operating systems must keep track of all the fobs it is concurrently running.

Examples: UNIX, Pick and IBM VM can be classified as multiprogramming operating system.

3. Time Sharing Operating Systems: Time-sharing operating systems are time driven multiprogramming systems that serve several users concurrently by rapidly switching among them. With time-sharing systems, many users simultaneously share computer resources. Each makes use of a tiny slice of CPU time and then relinquishes the CPU to another uses. As the system switches rapidly from one user to the next, user are given the impression that they each have their own computer. Users are unaware that there are other users on the system. Windows 95, 98, 2000, XP are the time-sharing operating systems.

2 – millisecond time slices of CPU attention

JOB A

JOB B

JOB C

JOB D

JOB B

Job B is given higher priority by allowing it two time slices per cycle.

JOB A

One cycle

JOB B

JOB C

JOB D

JOB B

JOB A

JOB B

JOB C

JOB D

JOB B

Figure 24.3: Time sharing operating systems

4. Multiprocessing Operating Systems: Multiprocessing operating systems can execute several jobs simultaneously through the use of more than one processor. Multiprocessing is the execution of several instruction in parallel fashion on a single computer system having several central processing units. The example of multiprocessing operating systems is SOLRIS.

Multiprocessing systems can be subdivided into four general types, all of which have more than one processor; they are:

Homogeneous Multiprocessors
Non-homogeneous Multiprocessors
Array Processor
Pipeline Processors

Common main storage

Figure 24.4: Multiprocessing operating system

Advantages:

The main advantage of multiprocessing systems is speed; since more than one CPU is available; jobs can be processed faster than they can with only one CPU.
Multiprocessing systems are high-performance operating systems, implemented almost exclusively on mainframes and supercomputers.
In this system CPU will more likely be available when it is requested.

Function Of OS:

1. Process Management

2. Memory Management

3. Device Management

4. Storage Management

5. Application Interface

6. User Interface

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25. What are the types of languages? Describe with example.

Ans. to the question no: 25

Types of Languages:

The instruction given to the computer must have a particular format. Computers are unable to understand human language. There are several levels of format or language, which a computer can understand. The interest of understanding computer languages increases day by day. The programming languages are classified in three types:

Low-Level Languages

High-Level Languages

Fourth Generation Languages (Non-Procedural Languages)

There are, however, languages that are high-level in nature but do not serve the purposes of traditional programming. These languages are used for various other purposes. Two common types of such languages are:

Scripting Languages

Special Purpose Languages

Low-Level Languages:

In odd days computers were very large and were not much reliable. Switches did programming and there was no facility to use the program. This approach of computer programming was completely a hardware technology. Next the approach of machine language comes up. In this approach instruction set of the computer consists of some numerical digits. This instruction set is used to build up a program. This code is difficult to understand for human beings. Next assembly language was introduced. In assembly language the numerical codes are replaced by suitable names, which are understandable. This has made programming easier.

Ø Machine language:

The machine language is written in words comprising of 1s and 0s. Computers execute commands or instructions fed into the memories in machine language. The program is entered through the switches located on the front panel or the operator console. The switches are manually set to correspond to the binary code of each instruction; they are then stored in the program memory. After loading the program, the address of the first instruction is manually loaded into the program counter from the front panel. The program is then executed by pushing on start button. Programming in machine language has the following disadvantages:

Ø The program must be written entirely in machine language (I.e., with 1s and 0s).

Ø Manually setting the switches on the front panel, corresponding to each instruction in the program, is a tedious and cumbersome process and likely to introduce many errors.

Ø Errors detection and correction is tedious and consumers even more time.

Ø Programs written in machine language for a specific machine cannot be used for another type of machine. Rewriting the same program for another machine is a laborious and time-consuming process.

Ø Assembly Language:

Programming in assembly language is easier than programming in machine language. The programmer is required to write a source code for each instruction in the program and the assembler translates it to machine languages. The programmer maintains total control of the computer operation. Assembly language offers the greatest degree of efficiency in operation and execution of programs. The followings are the characteristics of assembly language:

Ø Designed to overcome shortcomings of machine languages

Ø Create a more productive, user-oriented environment

Ø Earlier termed second-generation languages

Ø Now viewed as low-level programming languages

Ø Use of symbolic operation codes rather than numeric (binary) ones

Ø Use of symbolic memory addresses rather than numeric (binary) ones

Ø Pseudo-operations that provide useful user-oriented services such as data generation

High-level languages:

These types of languages are like English language. But this is more structured. Actually this type of languages support mathematical notations used in arithmetic expressions. There are some special rules for writing programs in high-level languages. High-level languages are easy to write, compile and suitable for error correction. The followings are some of the high level languages:

Ø FORTRAN (Formula Translation)

Ø BASIC (Beginner’s All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code)

Ø PASCAL

Ø C/C++

Ø Java

Fourth Generation Languages (Non-Procedural Languages):

Scientists are trying to develop computer languages like human languages. They have not been successful but may be successful in near future. These languages have greater built-in facility such as database query, searching, sorting and interfacing. FoxPro, Oracle, MATLAB, etc. are some of the fourth generation languages.

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26. What is network? Why we use network? Illustrate the types of network.

Ans. to the question no: 26

Network:

A Computer Network is an interconnected collection of autonomous computers in order to share information. An autonomous computer is one whose start, stop and control do not depend on any other computer. Or, Network is a group of computers and other devices, such as printers and scanners, connected by a communications link, enabling all the devices to interact with each other.

Two computers are able to exchange information then they are called interconnected. This connection between two computers may be using copper wire, telephone lines, fiber optics, microwaves, and communication satellites.

Networks can be small or large, permanently connected through wires or cables, or temporarily connected through phone lines or wireless transmissions. The largest network is the Internet, which is a worldwide group of networks.

We use Networks for the following reasons:

Resource sharing: Programs, equipment, and data available to anyone on the network can be shared without regard to the physical location of resource and the user.

High reliability: Alternative sources of resource supply provide high reliability. For example, files could be placed on two or three computers, so if one of them is unavailable due to a hardware failure, the other copies could be used. In addition, for presence of multiple CPUs, if one goes down the other may be able to take over its work.

Saving money: Resource sharing provides considerable saving money.

Salability: Computer network provides ability to increase system performance gradually as the workload grows just by adding more processor in the network.

Communication medium: A computer network provides a powerful communication medium among widely separated people. For example, it is easy for two or more people who live far apart to write a report using a computer network.

Simultaneous Access:

Ø In organizations, many people may need to use the same data or programs. A network solves this problem.

Ø Shared data and programs can be stored on a central network server. A server that stores data files may be called a file server.

Managers may assign access rights to users. Some users may only be able to read data; others may be able to make changes to existing files.

Figure 1 shows the illustration of simultaneous access.

This user can open the files; make changes to them, and save the changes on the server. All users see the changes that this user makes to the shared data. This type of access privilege is called “read/write” access.

Figure 26.1: Simultaneous Access

Shared Peripheral Devices:

Ø Because peripheral (external) devices like printers can be expensive, it is cost-effective to connect a device to a network so users can share it.

Ø Through a process called spooling, users can send multiple documents (called print jobs) to a networked printer at the same time. The documents are temporarily stored on the server and printed in turn.

Personal Communication:

Ø One of the most common uses of networks is for electronic mail (e-mail).

Ø An e-mail system enables users to exchange written messages (often with data files attached) across the local network or over the Internet.

Ø Two other popular network-based communications systems are teleconferencing and videoconferencing.

Figure 1 shows the illustration of Personal Communication.

Figure 26.2: Personal Communication

Easier Backup:

Ø Networks enable users to easily back up (make backup copies of) important data.

Ø Administrators commonly back up shared data files stored on the server, but may also use the network to back up files on users' PCs.

Types of Computer Networks:

Ø Types of Computer Networks Based on Transmission Technology:

There are two types of computer networks based on transmission technology:

Broadcast Networks: Broadcast networks have a single communication channel that is shared by all the computers on the network. All the others receive packets sent by any computer. An address field within the packet specifies for whom it is intended. Upon receiving a packet, a computer checks the address field. If the packet is intended for some other computer, it is just ignored.

Figure 26.3: Broadcast networks.

Point-to-point Networks: Point-to-point networks consist of many connections between individual pairs of computers. To go from source to the destination, a packet on this type of network may have to first visit one or more intermediate computers.

Figure 26.4: Point-to-point networks.

Ø Types of Computer Networks Based on Their Scale:

Local Area Networks (LAN): Local area networks, generally called LANs, are privately owned networks within a single building or campus of up to a few kilometers in size. They are widely used to connect personal computers and workstations in company offices and factories to share resources and exchange information. The characteristics of LANs are:

Its activities are limited in small area.

The rate of data transfer is usually between 0.1 to 100Mega bits per second.

The computers are connected in series combination.

It is easy to establish and cheaper to construct a LAN.

Figure 26.5: A very simple LAN (Bus topology)

Metropolitan Area Networks (MAN): A metropolitan area network, or MAN, is basically a bigger version of a LAN and normally uses similar technologies. It might cover a group of nearby corporate offices or a city and might be either private or public.

Figure 26.6: Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

Wide Area Networks (WAN): A wide area network, or WAN, spans a large geographical area, often a country or continent. It contains a collection of computers intended for running user programs called hosts or end systems. The hosts are connected by a communication subnet, or just subnet for short. The following benefits are available from WAN:

· Various statistical data, newspapers, journals, books, movies can be collected and used.

· Letters can be sent to any place of the world by electronic mail (e-mail) system.

· Bulletin boards can be formed individually or jointly.

· Online shopping can be done.

LAN 1

LAN 2

Type A header

Payload

Server

Type A header

Payload

Significant geographical distance

Type A header

Payload

ROUTER

Server

Figure 26.7: Wide Area Network (WAN)

Types of Computer Networks Based on Server:

In addition to the individual users' PCs (nodes), many networks use a central computer, called a server.

A server has a large hard disk for shared storage. It may provide other services to the nodes, as well.

In a file server network, nodes can access files on the server, but not necessarily on other nodes. Server-Based Networks are:

Client/Server Networks:

Ø In client/server computing, individual nodes share the processing and storage workload with the server.

Client/server networks require specialized software that enables nodes and the server to collaborate on processing and storage, but no special type of network hardware.

Figure 26.8: Client/Server Network.

Peer-to-Peer Networks:

Ø In a peer-to-peer network, all nodes have an equal relation to one another.

Ø Each node usually has access to some resources on other nodes, so users can share files, programs, or devices on other users' systems.

Ø Some peer-to-peer networks use a server, but some do not.

If the user on this node needs a file on another node, the user simply copies the file.

The user on this machine may not even know that the file was copied.

Figure 26.9: Peer-to-Peer Networks.

Hybrid Networks: Hybrid networks are the combination of both Client/Server and Peer-to-Peer Networks. In a hybrid network, there is one or more server and central control, but individual computers still can share resources among themselves. Hybrid networks benefit from the presence of central control but also inherit the weakness of client-server networks. They enjoy the freedom of peer resource sharing.

Ø Inter-networks:

Many computer networks exist in the world, often with different hardware and software. People connected to one network often want to communicate with people attached to a different one. This desire requires connecting together different and frequently incompatible networks. The connection is made by using computers called getaways to provide the necessary transition both in terms of hardware and software. A collection of interconnected networks is called an inter-network or just Internet.

A common form of Internet is a collection of LANs connected by a WAN.

The Internet is a specific world wide Internet that is widely used to connect universities, government offices, companies, and private individuals.

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27. What is network topology? Describe all types of network topology with example of each.

Ans. to the question no: 27

The Network Topology: The manner in which computers in a network are geometrically arranged and connected is known as the Network Topology.

There are 6 kinds of network topologies and these are:

1. Bus Topology: In a Bus Topology, all the computes are connected to a common transmission medium. As a result of this, only one pair of computes on the network can communicate at the same time. Each computer has a unique address, which is used when information is transmitted. When a data packet is sent out, it propagates throughout the medium and is received by all computers. To receive message, each computer continuously monitors the medium and copies those messages that are addressed to it as the data packets go by. Since the transmission medium in a bus is generally time-shared, there must ne some type of control mechanism to prevent several stations from transmitting simultaneously.

Figure 27.1: Bus Topology

Ø Characteristics of Bus Topology:

Network maintained by a single cable.
Cable segment must end with a terminator.
Uses thin coaxial cable (backbones will be thick coaxial cable).
Extra stations can be added in a daisy chain manner.
Standard is IEEE 802.3
Thin Ethernet (10Base2) has a maximum segment length of 200 meter.
Maximum number of connections is 30 devices.
Four repeaters may be used to a total cable length of 1000 meter.
Maximum number of nodes is 150.

Thick Ethernet (10Base5) used for backbones.
Limited to 500 meter.
Maximum of 100 nodes per segment.
Total of four repeaters, 2500 meter, with a total of 488 nodes.

Ø Advantages of Bus Topology:

Easy to implement and extend.
Well suited for temporary networks that must be set up in a hurry.
Typically the least cheap topology to implement.
Failure of one station does not affect others.
Easy to connect a computer or peripheral to a linear bus.
Requires less cable length than a star topology.
Easy to add stations.
Works well for small networks.

Ø Disadvantages of Bus Topology:

Limited cable length and number of stations.
Maintenance costs may be higher in the long run.
Performance degrades as additional computers are added.
Entire network shuts down if there is a break in the main cable.
Terminators are required at both ends of the backbone cable.
Difficult to identify the problem if the entire network shuts down.
Not meant to be used as a stand-alone solution in a large building.

No longer recommended.
Limited number of devices can be attached.
Sharing same cable slows response rates.

2. Ring Topology: In a ring topology, consecutive computers are connected by point-to-point links, which are arranged to form a single closed path. Data are transmitted from node to node around the ring. The interface at each computer has the ability to recognize packets destined to it.

Figure 27.2: Ring Topology

Ø Characteristics of Ring Topology:

No beginning or end (a ring in fact!)
All devices of equality of access to media
Single ring – data travels in one direction only, guess what a double ring allows!
Each device has to wait its turn to transmit

5. Most common type is Token Ring (IEEE 802.5)

A token contains the data, reaches the destination, data extracted, acknowledgement of receipt sent back to transmitting device, removed, empty token passed on for another device to use

Ø Advantages of Ring Topology:

Growth of system has minimal impact on performance
All stations have equal access
Data packets travel at great speed
No collisions
Easier to fault find
No terminators required

Ø Disadvantages of Ring Topology:

Most expensive topology
Failure of one computer may impact others or a break in the ring will bring it down
It is complex to construct
Requires more cable than a bus

3. Star Topology: In a star topology, all computers are joined art a single point called the hub.

Figure 27.3: Star Topology

Ø Characteristics of Star Topology:

Like the spokes of a wheel (without the symmetry).
Centre point is a Hub.
Segments meet at the Hub.
Each device needs its own cable to the Hub.
Predominant type of topology.

Ø Advantages of a Star Topology:

Easy to install and wire.
No disruptions to the network then connecting or removing devices.
Easy to detect faults and to remove parts.
Can accommodate different wiring.
Easy to add devices and new stations as the network expands.
One cable failure does not bring down the entire network (resilience).
Hub provides centralised management.
Easy to find device and cable problems.
Can be upgraded to faster speeds.
Lots of support as it is the most used.

Ø Disadvantages of a Star Topology

If the hub or concentrator fails, nodes attached are disabled.
More expensive than linear bus topologies because of the cost of the concentrators.
A star network requires more cable than a ring or bus network.

4. Mesh Topology: Mesh is a highly redundant topology with multiple connections between each node. The multiple connections allow for more then one way to reach any given node directly. A true mesh would have a direct connection between every node and every other node.

Figure 27.4: Mesh Topology

Ø Characteristics of Mesh Topology:

Not common on LANs.
Most often used in WANs to interconnect LANs.
Each node is connected to every other node.
Allows communication to continue in the event of a break in any one connection.
It is “Fault Tolerant”.

Ø Advantages of Mesh Topology:

Improves Fault Tolerance.

Communication can take place directly between any two nodes without an intermediary.

Disadvantages of Mesh Topology:

Expensive.
Difficult to install.
Difficult to manage.
Difficult to troubleshoot.

5. Tree Topology: A tree topology combines characteristics of linear bus and star topologies. It consists of groups of star-configured workstations connected to a linear bus backbone cable. Tree topologies allow for the expansion of an existing network, and enable schools to configure a network to meet their needs.

Figure 27.5: Tree Topology

Ø Advantages of Tree Topology:

Point-to-point wiring in order to individual segments.
Supported by several hardware and software venders.

Ø Disadvantages of Tree Topology

The type of cabling used, limits overall length of each segment.
If the backbone line breaks, the entire segment goes down.
More difficult to configure and wire than other topologies.

6. Wireless Topology: The wireless topology has been developed for mobile computing. In a wireless topology, single or multiple machines can connect through a single wireless access point.

Figure 27.6: Wireless Topology

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28. Describe Computer Virus.

Ans. to the question no: 28

Computer Virus:

Computer Virus is a program that attempts to spread from computer to computer and either cause damage (by erasing or corrupting data) or annoys users (by printing messages or altering what is displayed on the screen). The elaboration of the word VIRUS is Vital Information and Resources Under Siege.

History:

A program called “Elk Cloner” is credited with being the first computer virus to appear “in the wild” -- that is, outside the single computer or lab where it was created. Written in 1982 by Rich Skrenta, it attached itself to the Apple DOS 3.3 operating system and spread by floppy disk.

The Anatomy of A Virus: Basically a virus has three parts:

Ø Replicator: In order to replicate itself, a virus must be permitted to execute code and write to memory. For this reason, many viruses attach themselves to executable files that may be part of legitimate programs. If a user tries to start an infected program, the virus' code may be executed first. Viruses can be divided into two types, on the basis of their behavior when they get executed. Nonresident viruses immediately search for other hosts that can be infected, infect these targets, and finally transfer control to the application program they infected. Resident viruses do not search for hosts when they are started. Instead, a resident virus loads itself into memory on execution and transfers control to the host program. The virus stays active in the background and infects new hosts when other programs or the operating system itself accesses those files.

Ø Concealer: Concealer hides the virus from the eyes of users and anti-virus programs. Unless a virus is detected, it cannot be removed. Today’s viruses use advance techniques to camouflage them.

Ø Payload: The payload of a virus can be practically anything, but generally it refers to the damage a virus causes. Virus opting for long life has no or very little payload so that the users do not notice their existence. Other viruses, however, can format hard disks, delete files, erases operating systems, show annoying messages, reboot computer and even erase the BIOS ROM program.

Types of Viruses:

Ø Boot Sector Viruses: These viruses infect boot record of a floppy or hard disk. Boot viruses move the boot record program elsewhere and copies them in boot sector. When the computer is started, the virus copies gets loaded into main memory where it can hide and infect other disks. Computer that tries to read an infected floppy disk also gets infected. Example of boot viruses: Form, Disk Killer, PETTER, QRRY and Stone.

Ø Program Viruses: This type of virus infects executable program files, such as those with extensions like .BIN, .COM, .EXE, .OVL, .DRV and .SYS. When an infected program is run, the virus also gets executed. Example includes Sunday, June 12^th, July 13^th and Cascade

Ø Stealth Viruses: These viruses reside in memory and use certain techniques to avoid detection. They can also conceal the changes they make. They often befool the operating system and user. Example includes Frodo, Joshi and Whale.

Ø Polymorphic Viruses: This kind of viruses, uses garbling or encryption technique to mutate themselves so that they appear different in each infection. Those viruses are more difficult to detect. Examples of polymorphic viruses are Involuntary, Stimulate, Cascade, Phoenix, Evil, and Proud etc.

Ø Macro Viruses: A macro virus is a fragment of code that infects the macros within a specific type of document file, such as MS Word or Excel files. They also infect the templates so that every new document gets infected. Any computer opening an infected Word or Excel file will also fall victim. Example includes DMV, Nuclear, and Word Concept.

Ø Trojan Horses: A Trojan horse is malicious but benign program that does not replicate when infecting a system but used to open back doors or security holes so that hackers (virus writers) can take control over the infected system or steal vital data. As an example, QAZ helped hackers steal secret source codes at Microsoft web sites.

Ø Worm: Worms are viruses that have the capability to spread themselves over networks. Worms are commonly spread over the Internet using email attachments. When a user opens an infected email, the worm gets installed on the computer. The virus then collects email address from the address book of mail program, and sends itself to those addresses. The worm Blaster infected more than 1 million computers worldwide in August 2003.

Prevention of Viruses: Computer virus can cause huge loss of data if sufficient measures are not taken. As prevention is better than cure, computer viruses are to be prevented from infecting computers. To stay free from viruses the following steps should be followed:

Ø Floppies from other users should be avoided. Floppies are hosts of boot virus.

Ø Any program downloaded from the Internet should not be executed without checking for viruses in them.

Ø Shareware games are known to be good carrier of viruses. They should be run after virus inspection.

Ø Worms are spread relying on the ignorance and curiosity of email users. Email from unexpected sources should never be opened or read.

Ø Script (VB/Java) should be given minimum privileges in Internet browser software. Installing any form of component directly from the Internet should be avoided.

Removing Viruses: Computers infected with viruses are cured with Antivirus programs. The followings are some popular Antivirus software:

McAfee Antivirus
Norton Antivirus
AVG Antivirus
PC Cillin Antivirus

—— ○ ——

29. Draw a flowchart/Algorithm to sum all odd/even numbers below 20/50.

Ans. to the question no: 29

Flowchart/Algorithm to sum all odd numbers below 20:

Start
Statement 1
Read ODD NUMBER, SUM
Statement / operation 2
If ODD NUMBER IS LESS THAN 20, go to step 3
Print SUM
END

Flowchart/Algorithm to sum all even numbers below 50:

Start
Statement 1
Read EVEN NUMBER, SUM
Statement / operation 2
If EVEN NUMBER IS LESS THAN 50, go to step 3
Print SUM
END

—— ○ ——

Job Evaluation in a Business Organization

noreply@blogger.com (Mahmudur Rahman (MHD)) — Tue, 07 Feb 2012 06:49:00 +0000

1. Definition of Job Evaluation

Job evaluation is the process used to measure the relative job worth of positions within an organization at a point in time. Job evaluation focuses on the actual requirements of the position, not on a person or their performance. Job evaluation measures the content/work value and not the volume of work. The work value of the position is dependent on a range of factors including the experience, skills and training required to perform the duties and responsibilities of the position.

2. Reasons for Evaluation Positions

a) Positions are evaluated to establish internal relativities and to determine the appropriate classification level within the University’s applicable Industrial Instrument and this in turn establishes the salary range.

b) When the requirements of the position have changed, or when there have been significant changes or growth in the role, or when new roles have been created, the position will be formally evaluated.

c) Trained job evaluators in the Human Resources Unit evaluate positions based on one or more of the following circumstances: -

i) Creation of new positions

ii) Ongoing significant change(s) to the function or scope required of the position

iii) Change(s) to the position over time as a result of redesign or change(s) to other jobs that directly affect the functions and/or focus of the position

iv) Change(s) to a position as part of a restructure of the immediate organizational area

v) Change(s) to a position as a result of the restructure of another organizational area that directly affects the position’s function and/or focus

3. Staff Classification System

a) The University utilizes the Higher Education Officer (HEO) classification grading structure Levels 1-10. The classification grading structure is underpinned by the Hay Chart Points Job Evaluation Methodology, which is utilized globally in both the private and public sectors and is recognized as being a valid and reliable method of evaluating positions.

b) The information required to assess a position may come from position descriptions (PD), performance management documentation, interviews with Supervisors and Staff Members, specially designed questionnaires which are completed by both the Staff Member and Supervisor and the organisational structure chart.

c) The following systems are used to evaluate positions:

i) Hay methodology & CAJE (Computer-Aided Job Evaluation questionnaire – Points system sourced from the Hay Group Human Resource Consultancy and is the basis on which the CAJE program evaluates positions.

ii) Hay job evaluation system – Points system designed by Hay Group

iii) Mercer CED job evaluation system – Points system designed by Cullen Egan Dell

iv) General Staff Position Descriptors (DWM Descriptors)

d) Each position from Level 1 to 10 is evaluated using a comprehensive process based on three areas common to all jobs:

i) Knowledge & Experience

ii) Problem Solving & Judgement

iii) Accountabilit

e) External remuneration benchmarking and advice is also obtained as required (e.g. HEO10 and above).

4. Criteria for Job Evaluation

There are four opportunities for evaluating non-casual positions:

a) New positions

All non-casual positions that are new to the area must be evaluated. However, if the position is the same as an existing position in the same organizational unit, there is no need for the new position to be evaluated. If the position (or a similar position) exists within the University, a consistent approach is required. Any relevant position descriptions will be reviewed to ensure consistency.

b) Vacant positions

Where the position has not been formally evaluated in the previous five years or where there are changes to the requirements of the position, the position must be evaluated.

c) Currently filled positions

Positions can only be considered for evaluation where there is someone in the position currently and there is a view that the work value has changed.

d) Position changes arising from a major restructure

While an organizational area is undergoing a substantial change process, applications for reclassification will be frozen for all affected positions in the area. However, part of the change process may require positions to be evaluated. Applications for reclassification received prior to the notification of a managing change process will still be considered.

Job Evaluation

In a preceding section we have seen that internal equity in pay isone of the requisites of a sound primary compensation structure. Management’s method to achieve equity in pay is jab evaluation. It is the cornerstone of formal wage and salary programme. The central purpose of job evaluation is to determine the relative worth of jobs of an enterprise. It thereby helps in establishing fair pay differentials among jobs. According to Knowles and Thompson2 evaluation is useful in eliminating the following discrepancies of a wage payment system:

· Paying high wages and salaries to persons who hold jobs and positions not requiring great skill, effort and responsibility;

· Paying beginners, less than they are entitled to receive in terms of what is required of them;

· ‘Giving a raise to persons whose performance does not justify the raise;

· Deciding rates of pay on the basis of seniority rather than ability;

· Paying widely varied wages for the same or closely related jobs and positions; and

· Paying unequal wages and salaries on the basis of race, sex, religion or political differences.

Advantages of Job Evaluation

According to an LL.D. publication3, job evaluation enjoys the following advantages:

(a) It is an objective and logical method of rankil1g jobs and of removing unjust differentials in the existing wage structure.

(b) It helps in fining new jobs at their appropriate places in the existing wage structure.

(d) It establishes an objective and clear basis for wage bargaining.

(e) It simplifies wage administration by making wage rates more uniform.

(f) It reveals the possibilities of more efficient use of the plant’s labor force by pointing out jobs which need less or more skilled workers than those who are manning these jobs at present.

Major Steps in Job Evaluation

Major procedural steps to be followed in a job evaluation programme are as under:

I. Planning Acceptance of the Job Evaluation Programme:

Since the personnel department is a staff department it cannot itself enforce a job evaluation program. It must win cooperation and acceptance for the programme from top line executives, employees, labor unions and first line supervisors.

This can be done in two ways: by soliciting participation and by communicating information. Participation leads to identification with the plan and greater acceptance of it by persons active in its formulation. Communication regarding the purposes of

job evaluation, the’” process by which it is carried out, and the results currently attained is also vitally important. To the extent this information is provided voluntarily to all concerned it creates a feeling of trust and stimulates interest.

A variety of methods may be adopted to organize and communicate information to different categories of persons. Conferences may be planned for top line executives to explain to them their obligations under the programme. For example, job evaluation necessarily presupposes selfdiscipline by management and its willingness to abide by job evaluation findings rather than to allow judgment or favoritism to influence salary decisions. Similarly, training programme may be instituted to acquaint supervisors with the plan to be used, role that they will be expected to play and the day-to-day problems which they may face in administering and explaining the programme to their subordinates.

One of the most effective and widely used media Jar introducing job evaluation to workers is a letter addressed to the employees signed by the personnel officer. It brings out two important points in which employees are interested: namely, it stresses management’s support and it assures the employee that his wages will not be reduced as a result of a programme. Effective results have also been attained through the pub· location and distribution of booklets, which explain in some detail the general principles of job evaluation.

2. Selection of Jobs to Be Evaluated

Due to difficulties of time and money all jobs and positions within an enterprise are not evaluated at one time. Most companies in the beginning evaluate only shop jobs and office work. Executive, professional, and technical jobs are usually excluded. But later on when conditions permit these jobs are also brought into the plan. Sometimes a pilot plan is installed to evaluate a group of jobs within a single department or in a single plant of a multi-plant company. If the plan works well, it is extended to other units in the organization.

3. Preparing job descriptions and job specifications

Before any job can be evaluated it is necessary to know what the duties of the job are. A job description is required, therefore, indicating in considerable detail the duties and responsibilities of each job or position in the enterprise. From these job descriptions, individual job specifications are prepared. On the basis of the information contained in these job specifications individuals in the enterprise are evaluated.

Before employing any job specification for evaluation purposes, its accuracy and acceptance should be thoroughly checked. It should be made certain that there are no omissions and duplication of responsibilities in it and that it has been harmoniously accepted by the employee concerned. Once all job specifications covering jobs selected for evaluation have been thus checked and agreed upon we have the foundation for determining the relative worth of each job through one of several methods of job evaluation described below.

4. Appointment of A Committee to Perform Job Evaluation:

Job evaluation may be carried out either by the employees or by outside consultants or by employees and outside consultant) jointly. In the first case, a committee consisting of senior, experienced and respected representatives of management and workers is constituted. Employees’ participation in job evaluation work reduces their doubts and suspicions about the programme. But the committee lacks objectivity and speed because its members have to carry out job evaluation work in addition to their normal duties. These disadvantages areremoved when job evaluation is performed by outside experts who generally work on a full time basis. Employees. however, resent appointment of outside experts and view them with suspicion and doubt. These experts may also lack intimate knowledge about the problems’ of the enterprise. As such the best course is to ask both employee representatives and consultants to perform job evaluation jointly. The joint venture makes it possible to combine the intimate knowledge of the company possessed by the employees with the necessary expertise of the consultants.

5. Selection of A Job Evaluation Method

As a student will read in the following section there are in use today four basic methods of job evaluation. While the basic approaches of all these methods are somewhat similar, they differ in their detailed procedures. Some methods are designed specifically for evaluating clerical and administrative jobs; others work best when applied only to operative jobs. Sometimes it may be decided to evaluate the same jobs by two t different methods. The greater the amount of agreement between the two results, the greater would be their reliability.

6. Periodic Review

A periodic review, usually every one or two years, of all job descriptions must be done. Many job evaluation programme have failed because management failed to recognize this fact. A periodic review of all job descriptions is important for two reasons:

One, it softens the feelings of those who believe that their work was not properly described or evaluated last time and that they will get a fair deal at the time of review. Two, it enables management to keep itself abreast of changes taking place in the nature of a job. As the nature of a job changes factors which form the basis of job evaluation also change. Thus automation of job reduces ‘physical effort’ and increases ‘responsibility’.

The need for daily application of a skill is also reduced but the need for potential skill in emergencies increases. New factors ,aches ‘machinery utilization’ and ‘isolation from fellow workers’ become important.

Methods of Job Evaluation

Determining the relative worth of all jobs in the enterprise is difficult. Different jobs make varying demands on workers. One job, for example, might demand a prescribed level of education, require a certain physical ability, or

~exact specific responsibilities from an employee, whereas another job may be very lax in these aspects. Jobs, therefore, differ with repeat to the demands made on the employee as well as in value to the enterprise.

Job evaluation compares all demands made on each worker and, by means of this comparison, establishes the relative worth of each job in an enterprise. The comparison and evaluation may be made on a non-quantitative basis by simply ranking or classifying the jobs from lowest to highest, or on a quantitative basis where points value are assigned to the various demands of a job, and its relative worth determined by the sum of such point values.

Job evaluation programme should be implemented carefully.The following principles help in successful implementation of the programme:

1. Rate the job but not the employee. Rate the elements on the basis of the job demands.

2. The elements selected for rating should be easily understood.

3. The elements should be defined clearly and properly selected.

4. Employees concerned and the supervisors should be educated and convinced about the programme.

5. Supervisors should be encouraged to participate in rating the jobs.

6. Secure employee cooperation by encouraging them to participate in the rating programme.

7. Discuss with the supervisors and employees about rating but not about assigning money values to the points.

8. Do not establish too many occupational wages.

For, better understanding let us look at the flowchart given below:

Job evaluation process

The job-evaluation process starts defining objectives of evaluation and ends with establishing wage and salary differentials.

The main objective of job evaluation, as was stated earlier, is to establish satisfactory wage and salary differentials. Job analysis should precede the actual program of evaluation. Job analysis, as was discussed earlier, provides job-related data, which would be useful in drafting job description and job specification.

A job-evaluation program involves answering several questions:

The major ones are: I) which jobs are to be evaluated. II) Who should evaluate the jobs? Iii) What training do the evaluation need? IV) How much time is involved? V) What should be the criteria for evaluation? VI) What methods of evaluation are to be employed?

Which jobs are to be evaluated in any exercise, where there are more than 30 or 40 jobs to be evaluated, it is necessary to identify and select a sample of benchmark jobs, which can be used for comparisons inside and outside the organs. The benchmark jobs should be so selected to achieve representative sample of each of the main levels of jobs in each of the principal occupations.

The size of the sample depends on the number of different jobs to be covered. It is likely to be less than about five percent of the total number of employees in the organization and it would be difficult to produce a balanced sample unless at least

25 percent of the distinct jobs at each level of the organization were included.

Staffing the Evaluation Exercise

A committee, which consists of Head of several of department’s, as was pointed out earlier, does representatives of employee unions and specialist drawn from the National Productivity council Job evaluation. HR specialists will be normally the chairmen of the committee.

Responsibility for the overall coordination of the job-evaluation programme should be in the hands of a senior executive who can then report its progress to the board, and advise it on ensuring wage and salary development.

Training for the Committee

Members of the job-evaluation committee should be trained in its procedure so as to make the program successful.

Time Factor

Job evaluation should not be conducted in haste. Any rushing through will lead to appeals against the grading of jobs. Eight jobs in a day can be the ideal pace. After this, the quality of evaluation tends to drop, and more time has to spent later in checking and assessing the validity of the grading. The final review of all the time should be allowed for re-evaluation, if necessary.

Isolating Job-evaluation Criteria

The heart of job evaluation is the determination of the criteria for evaluation. Most job evaluations use responsibility, skill, effort and working conditions as major criteria. Other criteria used are difficulty, time-span of discretion, size of subordinate staff, and degree of creativity needed. It needs no emphasis that job evaluation criteria vary across jobs.

So friends you must have got a fare idea what is job evaluation; now we will discuss what are the methods involved in job evaluation.

Methods of Job Evaluation

Job-evaluation methods are of two categories- non-analytical and analytical.

Job Evaluation

Analytical Non–Analytical

Point Ranking Factor Comparison Ranking Job-grading

Method Method Method Method

Analytical

1. Point-Ranking method

2. Factor comparison Method

Non-Analytical

1. Ranking Method

2. Job-grading method

Non-analytical Methods

Ranking and job classification methods come under this category because they make no use of detailed job factors. Each job is treated as a whole in determining its relative ranking.

Ranking Method

This is the simplest, the most inexpensive and the most expedient method of evaluation. The evaluation committee assesses the worth of each job on the basis of its title or on its contents, if the latter is available. But the job is not broken down into elements or factors. Each job is compared with others and its place is determined.

The method has several drawbacks. Job evaluation may be subjective as the jobs are not broken into factors. It is hard to measure whole jobs.

Ranking is the most straightforward method of work evaluation. Jobs, people, or even teams can be ranked from the ones adding most value to least value to the organization. Criteria for the ranking are not made explicit. Jobs rather than people are easier to rank when there are a large number of people in jobs. Teams can be ranked in a team-based environment as a substitute for or addition to the ranking of jobs and people.

When a larger number of jobs, people, or teams are to be ranked, the method of paired comparisons can be used. With this approach each entity is compared to every other entity in terms of value to the organization.

Overall value of the entity is determined by the number of times that the entity is evaluated as being of greater value then the entity being compared against. If an extremely large number of comparisons needs to be made, statistical formulas are available to reduce the number of comparisons required using sampling theory.

Advantages

1. Simple to use if there is a small number of jobs, people, or teams to evaluate

2. Requires little time

3. Minimal administration required

Disadvantages

1. Criteria for ranking not understood

2. Increases possibility of evaluator bias

3. Very difficult to use if there is a large number of jobs, people, or teams to evaluate

4. Rankings by different evaluators are not comparable

5. Distance between each rank is not necessarily equal

6. May invite perceptions of inequity

Banding

A banding procedure takes place when jobs are grouped together by common characteristics. Characteristics used to group jobs follow: exempt versus nonexempt, professional versus nonprofessional, union versus nonunion, key contributor versus non-key contributor, line versus staff, technical versus non-technical, value-added versus non-value-added, and classified versus non-classified. Often these groups are then rank ordered and each group is then placed in a pay band.

Advantages

1. Quick and easy procedure

2. Has initial face validity to employees

3. Allows for organizational flexibility

4. Minimal administration required

Disadvantages

1. Subtle, but important, differences between groups ignored

2. Subtle, but important, differences within groups ignored

3. May invite inequity perceptions

Classification

Classification systems define the value of jobs, people, or teams with written standards for a hierarchy of classification level. Each classification level may be defined by a number of factors that need to be present for a job, person, or team to be slotted into a particular classification level. These factors are usually blended together resulting in one standard for each classification level.

Advantages

1. Jobs, people, and teams can be quickly slotted into the structure

2. Classification levels have face validity for employees

3. Standards to establish value are made explicit

Disadvantages

1. Many jobs, people, or teams do not fit neatly into a classification level

2. Extensive judgment is required because standards used to define each factor are blended together

3. Differences between classification levels may not be equal

4. Creates status hierarchies within organizations

5. Extensive administration required

Job-grading Method

As in the ranking method, the job-grading method (or job classification method) does not call for a detailed or quantitative analysis of job factors. It is based on the job as a whole. The difference between the two is that in the ranking method, there is no yardstick for evaluation, while in the classification method, there is such an yardstick in the form of job classes or grades. Under the classification method, the number of grades is first decided upon, and the factors corresponding to these grades are then determined.

The advantages of the method are; I) job grade descriptions are vague and are not quantified; ii) difficulty in convincing employees about the inclusion of a job in a particular grade because of vagueness of grade descriptions; and iii) more job classification schedules need to be prepared because the same schedule cannot be used for all types of jobs.

Analytical Methods

Point-ranking Method

The system starts with the selection of job factors, construction of degrees for each factors, and assignment of points to each degree. Different factors are selected for different jobs, with accompanying differences in degrees and points.

Factor-Comparison Method

The factor-comparison method is yet another approach for job evaluation in the analytical group. Under this method, one begins with the selection of factors, usually five of them- are assumed to be constant for all the jobs. Each factor is ranked individually with other jobs. For example, all the jobs may be compared first by the factor ‘mental requirements.’ The skills factor, physical requirements, responsibility, and working conditions are ranked. The total points are then assigned to each factor. The worth of a job is then obtained by adding together all the point values.

Let us now discuss the few important measures to improve Job Evaluation.

How to Improve Job Evaluation

Following measures and steps for improving the work of evaluation programmes;

· A job evaluation scheme should be chosen cautiously. It should be devised and administered on the basis of employment market, demand for labour, bargaining power of the parties & job conditions.

· The details of the scheme should be drawn up in such a way that they do not conflict with other provision of a collective agreement.

· The scheme should be sold to all concerned and suggestions sought.

· Give major importance that the number of job titles and classification be kept to a minimum.

· Any anticipated changes in methods should be carried out before a scheme is installed and all modifications in it should be resisted until it becomes fully established.

· In preparing job descriptions it is a sound practice to emphasis in them the things which makes one job different from another rather than to find a comprehensive statement of all the duties of the job.

· The better the state of industrial relations the easier it is to introduce a job evaluation scheme.

Essentials for the Success of A Job Evaluation Programme

Following are the essential for the success of Job Evaluation:

1. Compensable factors should represent all of the major aspects of job content. Compensable factors selected should be (a) Avoid excessive overlapping or duplication,

(b) Be definable and measurable, (c) Be easily understood by employees and administrators, (d) Not cause excessive installation or admin cost and (e) Be selected with legal considerations in mind.

2. Operating managers should be convinced about the techniques and programme of evaluation. They should also be trained in fixing and revising the wages based on job evaluation.

3. All the employees should be provided with complete information about job evaluation techniques and programme.

4. All .groups and grades of employees should be covered by the job evaluation

The results of job evaluation must be fair and rational and unbiased to The individuals being affects

Summary

A job evaluation scheme should be chosen cautiously. It should be devised and administered on the basis of employment market, demand for labour, bargaining power of the parties & job conditions.

Questionnaire Format for Drug addiction among university students: Reasons and remedies

noreply@blogger.com (Mahmudur Rahman (MHD)) — Tue, 07 Feb 2012 06:44:00 +0000

Department of Business Administration

Shahjalal University of Science & Technology, Sylhet

“Drug addiction among university students:

Reasons and remedies”

(The collected data will be used only for preparing report and will be kept confidential)

Questionnaire

Name:

Department:

Residence: q Hall q Mess q Home

Father’s Profession: q Business q Public Job q Private Job q Farmer

Mother’s Profession: q Business q Public Job q Private Job q House Wife

Family Pattern: qNuclear qExtended

Size of Family Income: q Up to 10,000 q10,000-20,000 q above 20,000

Amount of money you get from your home: q Below 5,000 q 5,000 q 5,000+

Do you earn extra money? q Below 2,000 q 2,000-5,000 q 5,000+ q No

Do you smoke? qYes q No

Do you take any other drug? qYes q No

Questionnaire For Smokers

Why did you start smoking?

q From curiosity q From depression q By the situation q By friend q Other

Who inspired you to Smoke?

How many Cigarette do you take in a day and which brand?

q Below 6 (Brand) q 6-10 (Brand) q 10+ (Brand)

Smoking is so costly; does not it create financial crises for you? qYes q No

How long time you are involved in smoking?

q For 1 year q For 2 years q For 3 years q More than 3 years

Having lots of bad effects do you not think that smoking should be given up?

q Yes q No

Questionnaire For Drug Addicted students

Why did you addict by drug?

q From curiosity q From depression q By the situation q By friend q Others

Who inspired you to take drug?

What types of drug do you take? q Cocaine q Heroin q Marijuana q Wine q Others

Did you take cigarette before you being addicted? qYes q No

How long times are you addicted?

q For 1 year q For 2 years q For 3 years q More than 3 years

From which source do you get drug?

How much money do you spend in a month for taking drug?

q Below 1,000 q5,000 q 5,000+

What is the behavior of your family members for you?

q Positive q Negative q They don’t know

What’s the role of your friend? q Positive q Negative q They don’t know

Can you continue your study properly? qYes q No

If your answer no, what are the problems?

Do you want to give up drug? qYes q No

What is the main barrier to give up drug?

Questionnaire For All

What do you think, why our students are being addicted by drug?

Who are the culprits for this problem?

What do you think what should do for stopping drug addiction?

(Thanks for your kind cooperation)

Five Tips for Building Brand Fidelity With Tumblr

noreply@blogger.com (Mahmudur Rahman (MHD)) — Sat, 04 Feb 2012 06:08:00 +0000

Tumblr has become a go-to spot for building social presence. Fashion brands and others are realizing it's a great medium for quickly and easily spreading content—particularly images.

Might Tumblr be the engine to boost your social growth in 2012? Depends on how you answer the burning question: Is Tumblr right for me?

Lucky for you, Mashable, our inspiration for this piece, divulges a bunch of advantages and disadvantages of Tumblr, as well as providing details about its demographics.

If you decide you want to give it a go, here's a step-by-step breakdown of how to get up and tumbling:

Get on it. Set-up is easy: Visit Tumblr.com and fill out your email, password, and desired URL. Click "Customize your blog" when you're ready to start designing and posting.

Look around. Follow ... Read More

Internship Report on General Banking Practice in National Bank Ltd.(NBL)

noreply@blogger.com (Mahmudur Rahman (MHD)) — Fri, 21 Oct 2011 08:49:00 +0000

This report is a combination of three months internship program in National Bank Limited.

“Bank” a little word but plays a very significant role in each country for the economic development. Even it is become impossible now a day to think about a country’s economical environment excluding banking system. Whatever the countries are stand- poor, less develop, developing or developed but all the countries should have the banking system. Banking system is the heart of each country’s economic body. Economic, momentary and fiscal all the policy directly or indirectly depends on banking system for its better implementation.

National Bank Limited is a banking company in comported in the People’s Republic of Bangladesh with limited liability. The task of satisfying the export-import group, deposit group and borrower group is the first priority here. It aims at maintaining the high quality of service, has already achieved at the same time being in a sound financial health. Credit risk and quality risk are well under control. The management of National Bank has been focusing on these key issues for ensuring a better base foe their bank to stand on.

The internship report is divided into two parts the organizational part and the project part. The organizational part includes the company profile, company background, nature of business, vision mission, goals, objectives, capital structure, organization and management structure, products and services, human resources, market and target customers, organizational strategy. The project part consists of analysis of the fund Management System of National bank Limited. From this analysis of fund management system, I am tried to find out some recommendation issues that might be an accurate way to overcome the drawbacks of National Bank Limited.

I acknowledge different banking functions and day-to-day banking operation on my way to complete this internship. In this report I have explained my best in respect of my real

life experience gather from different department.

Department of Business Administration | Shahjalal University of Science & Technology

noreply@blogger.com (Mahmudur Rahman (MHD)) — Wed, 19 Oct 2011 17:45:00 +0000

Department of Business Administration | Shahjalal University of Science & Technology

Effects of HISTAMINES

noreply@blogger.com (Mahmudur Rahman (MHD)) — Wed, 19 Oct 2011 08:26:00 +0000

Samantha Westhorpe and Natalie Mar

Chemical Structure of Histamine taken from Wikipedia 5/4/09

HISTAMINES

Histamine is a chemical substance that was first isolated from ergot in 1910 by Sir Henry Dale at Wellcome Laboratories. Dale first began working with ergot at the suggestion of laboratory founder, Henry Wellcome. Ergot is a "parasitic fungus that infects rye and other cereal grasses" (Simmons 237). By 1910, Dale discovered that histamine was a type of stimulant that was being released from the fungus. He then found that histamine can be found in almost all the cells of the body and that it serves as an inflammatory response. (Simmons 236-238)

Histamine - What is it?

A protein, which, when released, "increases the permeability and distension of blood capillaries, resulting in edema and erythema" (Tortora 552).
A chemical containing an amine group, that is released by damaged cells in response to an injury.

Picture taken from fig.cox.miami.edu/%7Elfarmer/BIL265/BIL2001/immunesystem.html

What Causes Histamines to be Released?

IgE antibodies are released from specialized B cells in response to an antigen such as pollen. The IgE antibodies then bind to specific receptors on the surfaces of cells like mast cells and basophils. (Tortora) These cells are filled with granules containing chemical mediators--HISTAMINES! The histamines and other chemical mediators are released from the mast cells when the allergen comes in contact with the mast cell, generating an allergic reaction.

Histamine Receptors:
Histamine is only able to bind to specific receptors. The four major histamine receptors and their key characteristics are outlined in the table below. (Simons).

Characteristic	H1 Receptor	H2 Receptor	H3 Receptor	H4 Receptor
Receptor Expression	Widespread; eg: neurons and smooth muscles	Widespread; eg: smooth muscles and the heart	High expression in bone marrow and peripheral hematopoietic cells	High expression in bone marrow and peripheral hematopoietic cells
General Histamine Function	Increased pain, vasodilation, vascular permeability, hypertension, tachycardia, headache, bronchoconstriction, etc.	Increased gastric acid secretion, vascular permeability, tachycardia, bronchodilation, headache, mucus production, etc.	Prevents excessive bronchoconstriction; no mast-cell involvement	Differentiation of myeloblasts and promyelocytes
Histamine Function in Allergic & Immune Modulation	Increased release of histamine and other chemical mediators; increased cellular adhesion-molecule expression & chemotaxis of eosinophils and neutrophils; blocking of humoral immunity & IgE production	Decreased eosinophil & neutrophil chemotaxis; induction of humoral immunity; suppression of cellular immunity; indirect role in allergy, autoimmunity, malignant disease, etc,	Possibly involved in control of neurogenic inflammation through local neuron-mast-cell feedback loops; pro-inflammatory activity activity	Increased cytosolic calcium in human eosinophils; increased eosinophil chemotaxis, etc.
Histamine Function in the CNS	Cycle of sleeping & waking, food intake, thermal regulation, emotions/aggression, locomotion, memory, learning	Neuroendocrine	Presynaptic heteroreceptor; decreased histamine, dopamine, serotonin, noradrenaline, and acetylcholine release	unknown

__Samantha's Case Study: Histamines in our Lungs__
Typical symptoms of an upper respiratory allergy:

Itchy and teary eyes
Congested nasal passages
Coughing
Sneezing

These symptoms are usually treated with anti-histamine drugs that compete for histamine receptor sites.

http://www.mercksource.com/ppdocs/us/cns/content/adam_cg/allergy/allergy_step1.html

ANTIHISTAMINES

Abstract

In response to a typical allergic reaction mast cells and basophils release histamine, a mediator chemical. While the histamine response is a normal response to an allergic stimulus, the reaction can interfere with people’s daily lives. The release of histamine may cause swelling, redness, increased mucus secretion and smooth muscle contraction, which can result in difficulty breathing. (Tortora 552). To overcome these symptoms many people turn toward anti-histamine medications. What many people don’t know is what histamines do. We are going to explore is the history of antihistamines, how they work, and the advantages and risks of using them today.

Antihistamine- What is it?

Antihistamines are chemical drugs taken in order to reduce symptoms of an allergic reaction. Antihistamines are inverse agonists for the H1 receptor, blocking the ability of histamine to be released from mast cells and basophils, therefore decreasing the incidence of symptoms caused by the histamine response. Antihistamines also work to prevent histamine from binding to the outside of cells. Common Allergic reactions include allergic rhinoconjuctivitis (ex.seasonal allergies, hay fever, itchy watery eyes) and urticaria (ex. hives, red, itchy bumps on skin). Over 40 different antihistamine drugs are used world wide; they are also one of the most commonly used drugs in the world. (Simons).

When was Antihistamine first Discovered?

The first antihistamine was discovered in 1937 by Bovet and Staub at the Institute Pastuer. (Howarth). Clinical usage of antihistamines began after World War II around 1942. (De Vos). Although the early drugs did improve symptoms of allergic rhinitis ans urticaria they had problems in specificity. The drugs caused many side effects such as surpressing not only histamine but choline, seratonin, and dopamine. (Howarth). There is still ongoing research in targeting receptors. Recent research has discovered 4 different histamine receptors (H1, H2, H3, H4) that cause different responses in the body. In the development of antihistamines there is a search to create medications that block each one. Currently there are antihistamines that target H1 and H2 receptors. (Simons).

http://www.adcock.co.za/images/histamine.jpg

What is the Difference Between First and Second Generation Antihistamines?

First generation Antihistamines typically have a stronger sedative effect due to the fact that they can pass through the blood-brain barrier. (Bachert) First generation antihistamines have a low molecular weight and are non-specific, meaning they can interfere with other neurotransmitters such as choline, seratonin and dopamine. (Simons). A common first generation antihistamine that is widely used today is diphenhydramine also known as Benadryl. First generation drugs are known to be toxic when taken in high doses. (Simons). Many of the second generation antihistamines have been derived from existing medications. They are similar compounds but are able to target H1 receptors better, therefore increasing selectivity. Second generation antihistamines are known to not cause drowziness; this is becaue of their inability to cross the blood-brain barrier. A common second generation is Cetirzine which in marketed as Zyrtec. Zyrtec has become quite popular because it does not cause sedation. Although leaps have been made in improving antihistamine medications, they are not without side effects.

A Sample Second Generation Antihistamine found on http://www.healthcentral.com/common/images/z/Zyrtec_10_mg_tablets_OTC_210709_2.jpg

Are Antihistamines Affective in Treating the Symptoms of Allergic Rhinitis and/or Urticaria?

In treating acute urticaria, H1 antihistamines have been proven to "reduce the number, size, and duration of wheals and decrease itching." (Simons). Patients with chronic urticaria have a variety of options for treatment. No treatment has been studied enough to be better than the other. Some patients use only first generation, others uses only second generation, while others find a combination of both ( second generation during the day, first generation at night) to work best. Still other treatment options are being researched for chronic urticaria such as using H2 and H1 antihistamines. The choice of medication application weather oral or topical is also of concern to the patient. Seasonal allergy suffers appear to have all symptoms reduced after using H1 antihistamines. Research on first generation antihistamines has not been performed appropriately for today's standards (ex. randomization, double-blind, placebos) but second generation antihistamines have been shown to work well in research studies.(Simons). Once again the decision on which medication to use is left into the hands of the doctor and patient. Allergic Rhinitis can be treated with oral or topical H1 antihistamines.

Pro and Cons of taking H1-Antihistamines (Simons)

Benefits of Antihistamines	Negative Effects of Antihistamines
Decreased allergic inflammation, itching, sneezing, rhinorrhea, and whealing	Decreased neurotransmission in CNS
Decreased mediator (histamine release)	Increased sedation
Decreased antigen presentation, chemotaxis and proinflammatory cytokines	Decreased cognitive and psychomotor performance
	Increased appetite
	Increased dry mouth
	hypotension, dizziness, reflex tachycardia
	prolonged QT intervals, may result in ventricular arrhythmias (more common in women and those with compromised organs)

How Do First Generation Antihistamines Affect Alertness?

It is of common knowledge that taking antihistamines can make people very tired and unable to focus during the day. This is due to the fact that these drugs, like Benadryl, can cross the blood-brain barrier and affect the processes of many neurotransmitters due to the drug's lack of specificty. First generation antihistamines depress the central nervous system proceses causing sedation. In a randomized study by JM Wieler et al, "a 50mg dose of diphenhydramine (Benadryl) impared driving performance to a greater extent than alcohol; the alcohol dose produced an estimated blood alcohol concentration of 0.1 percent." (Simons)

Courtesy & Source: http://microbiology2009.wikispaces.com/Histamines--What+They+Do+%26+What+Anti-Histamines+Do+to+Stop+Them

Details	last edit by swesthorpe May 13, 2009 9:19 am - 37 revisions
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