BBA Notes, Project & Assignment

Service Sector Management

2010-06-09T18:06:00.000-07:00

Nokia Project Final

2010-06-09T18:05:00.000-07:00

BRANDING

2010-06-09T18:04:00.001-07:00

NOKIA

2010-06-09T18:04:00.000-07:00

RURAL MARKETING.pdf

2010-06-09T18:03:00.001-07:00

Internet Marketing Full Project Report

2010-06-09T18:03:00.000-07:00

AppleComputerInc.doc

2010-06-09T18:02:00.000-07:00

Lux (Project).doc

2010-06-09T18:01:00.001-07:00

Apple Computer Inc. PPS

2010-06-09T18:01:00.000-07:00

2010-06-09T17:39:00.002-07:00

Databases are used to maintain and organize large amounts of related information in an efficient manner. Databases incorporate various components including tables, queries, reports, and forms. The core element however is the database table. In designing a database table, you create a set of interrelated fields of information, such as name, street address, city, and state. There are one or more key fields that uniquely identify each table entry and the other fields are related to the information in the particular key. The key and the set of values for non-key fields constitute a record. The database table is a collection of records.

Getting Started

To start, double-click on the Microsoft Office Access shortcut icon on your Desktop or alternatively click on Start > All Programs > Microsoft Office > Microsoft Office Access. On the right-hand task pane, you are given two options for staring a new database: open an existing database file or create a new file. If you want to work on an existing file you have previously saved click on the Open icon and browse the directories for your file. If you want to create a new file click on Create a new file.

Figure 1

If you have chosen to close the task pane or are using earlier versions of the software which do not display the pane, you can achieve the same by clicking on File from the menu bar and then either Open or New.

Creating a New Database File

Once you select to create a new database file, the task pane will change to allow for selecting the type of file to create. For our purposes, we will choose Blank database. A window will appear requesting a file name and a location to save the newly created database file. Give the file a name and select the folder to save it in from the Save in drop down menu at the top of the save window and click on the Create button. Once you have saved the file, you are to select what database objects you would like to create and what method to use. We will be creating four types of objects: tables, queries, forms, and reports. We will address the tables first.

Features of MS-Excell

2010-06-09T17:39:00.000-07:00

1. Microsoft Excel is a spreadsheet program that comes with Microsoft's Office software package. Excel is a commonly used program in finance due to its ability to provide digital data organization. Excel has a variety of basic features that make it useful, even for new users who do not know how to use its more advanced functions.
Storing Data
2. Perhaps the most useful basic feature of Excel is the ability to store and organize data. Organizing data in Excel is as simple as selecting a cell in a spreadsheet and typing in the value that you want to store. A single Excel spreadsheet can contain thousands of rows and columns, allowing you to store huge amounts of data in one place. A single Excel workbook can contain many worksheets; each worksheet is a separate spreadsheet. This allows you to store many different data tables within the same Excel file.
You can create simple data tables quickly, and you can move to different cells using the "Enter" and tab keys or the arrow keys on your keyboard, rather than using the mouse pointer. You can erase data by dragging a box around the desired cells and pressing on the "Delete" key, while you can copy data to different parts of a spreadsheet simply by selecting cells and using the copy and paste functions.
Charts and Graphs
3. Another basic feature of MS Excel is the ability to create customizable charts and graphs of data. Creating a basic chart or graph is relatively simple; you must select a range of cells in the table, choose to create a graph, and specify the graph type. Excel can produce many types of graphs, such as pie charts, bar charts and line charts. Graphs are especially useful for presentations, and you can copy your graphs into MS PowerPoint slides. Formatting
4. MS Excel allows for a wide range of formatting options similar to MS Word. You can alter font size, style and color, and you can highlight cells with different colors to differentiate data values. You can also increase or decrease the size and spacing of cells to fit the data.
Formulas
5. Excel offers you the ability to enter mathematical formulas into cells to carry out calculations on other cells. Formulas can be simple or complex, and one formula may even refer to a cell that contains a value calculated using a different formula, allowing for multiple levels of calculation. Excel also has several quick calculation tools, such as column averaging and totaling.

Differences between Data and Information

2010-06-05T08:10:00.000-07:00

Differences between data and information

The interchange of the words data and information is widespread, but M150 should help you to develop a clearer understanding of the differences between the two.
Data

* Facts, statistics used for reference or analysis.
* Numbers, characters, symbols, images etc., which can be processed by a computer.
* Data must be interpreted, by a human or machine, to derive meaning
* "Data is a representation of information" *
* Latin 'datum' meaning "that which is given"
* Data plural, datum singular (M150 adopts the general use of data as singular. Not everyone agrees.)

Information

* Knowledge derived from study, experience (by the senses), or instruction.
* Communication of intelligence.
* "Information is any kind of knowledge that is exchangeable amongst people, about things, facts, concepts, etc., in some context." *
* "Information is interpreted data" *

DBMS

2010-06-05T00:09:00.001-07:00

A Database Management System (DBMS) is a set of computer programs that controls the creation, maintenance, and the use of the database with computer as a platform or of an organization and its end users. It allows organizations to place control of organization-wide database development in the hands of database administrators (DBAs) and other specialists. A DBMS is a system software package that helps the use of integrated collection of data records and files known as databases. It allows different user application programs to easily access the same database. DBMSs may use any of a variety of database models, such as the network model or relational model. In large systems, a DBMS allows users and other software to store and retrieve data in a structured way. Instead of having to write computer programs to extract information, user can ask simple questions in a query language. Thus, many DBMS packages provide Fourth-generation programming language (4GLs) and other application development features. It helps to specify the logical organization for a database and access and use the information within a database. It provides facilities for controlling data access, enforcing data integrity, managing concurrency controlled, restoring database.

Using the SUM Feature of MS EXCEL

2010-06-04T02:10:00.001-07:00

Using the SUM Function

The SUM function in Excel is specifically designed to add values from different ranges. The SUM Function can be typed into a cell in Excel, or inserted via the Insert Function tool to the left of your Formula bar. The syntax of the SUM Function is SUM(number1,number2, ...). SUM is the function name, and contained within the brackets are "arguments", or the pieces of information that Excel requires to complete the Function. The SUM function allows from 1 to 30 arguments (number 1, number ....) for which you require the total value or SUM.

Using Ctrl to Mark Cells

If you wish to add cells that are non-contiguous (not joined together), type in your function =SUM( click in the first cell you wish to add. Hold down your Ctrl key and click in all other cells you wish to add up, then type in a ). Typing in a comma instead of selecting with your Ctrl key also works just as efficiently as well.

Using SUM to Add a Range from a Different Worksheet.
You can easily use SUM to add up the same range in different worksheets. Click in the cell you want the result of your addition in, then holding down the Shift key, click on the next worksheet that you wish to include in your calculation and highlight the range to be used, then click Enter.

One thing to note here however, is that if you insert a worksheet in the middle of the range that you have told the SUM function to add, then the same range on that worksheet will be included in your sum.

TIP! If you wish to force any new inserted worksheets to be included in the SUM range, try this. insert a blank worksheet at the beginning of your sheets in your workbook, and a blank sheet at the end. Now in the cell that you wish the result of your addition to appear in type in =SUM( and then click on the new first blank worksheet and highlight the range you require to be added in all worksheets.
Hold down your Shift key and click on the new last blank worksheet, then close your bracket ) and hit enter. Now hide the first sheet and the last sheet by going to Format>Sheet>Hide. This will force any new worksheets to be included in the SUM range as all new worksheets will be between the 2 blank ones.

Computer, Types , Functions

2010-06-03T17:48:00.001-07:00

• Computer:
A computer is an electronic device that processs data, converting it into information that is useful to people. Any computer is controlle by programmed instructions, which give the machine a purpose and guide it what to do.
•
• •
•
• The first step of solving a problem a a computsfs is to develop a computer program and them store it in the memory. The computer them executes the instructions in the program. The instructions generally direct the computer to perform three basic functions over and over again; these are processing, output. Collectively, these functions constitute the data processing cycle.
• Input: Input devices feed the computer facts or data to be processed.
• Processing: The control and storing of data, numerical comparisons and arithmetic operations are performed on the input data to produce the results.
• Output: The computer feeds the processed data or information to the output devices.
A computer reads a program and stores it in the memory and executes instructions to:
• Input data from disk, keyboard, and other storage media.
• Process data and
• Output results to display screen, disk or other media.

Mini Computer v Micro Computer

2010-06-03T16:42:00.001-07:00

Mini Computer which is great/large than micro computer but smaller than mainframe computer is called Mini Computer. Certainly it can be set up on a medium scale table; its weight is not more than 25 kg, Terminal facilities are avialable here.
Mini computer is also used is statistical and Banking purposes.
Example-IBM S/34, IBM S/36, IBM AS/400 etc.

Computer Generations

2010-06-03T16:41:00.000-07:00

Development over the years have resulted in machines with greatly increased speeds, storage, memory, and computing power. The developments were so far-reaching and numerous that they are generally categorized by generations. Each generation is initiated by significant advances in computer hardware or computer software.
• First Generation (1942-1959): First-generation computers utilized vacuum tubes in their circuitry and for storage of data and instructions. The vacuum tube was bully, caused tremendous heat problems, and was never a reliable device, it caused a great number of breakdowns and inefficient operations. [Magnetic cords began to replace vacuum tubes as the principal memory device in the early machine. Small doughnut-shaped cores were strung on wires within the computer.] Programs were written in machine language employing combinations of 0 and 1. Examples of first generation computers are IBM 650, IBM 7O4, IBM 705, IBM 709, Mark II, Mark III etc.
• Second Generation (1960-1965) The second generation computers raw the replacement of the vacuum tubes by transistor can be thought of as a switch, but no moving parts. Because of high speed operation and small size, computers of this generation could perform a single operation in microseconds and were capable of storing tens of thousands of characters. [Manufactures began producing business-oriented computers with more efficient storage and faster input and output capabilities. Second generation computers efficient storage and faster input and output capabilities. Second generation computers were reliable, compact in size, virtually free of heat problems.] Programming was done in both machine and symbolic languages. Symbolic languages utilize symbolic names for computer commands and allow the use of symbolic names for items of data. This language is also known as assembly language. Examples of second generation computers are: IBM 1400, CDC 1604, RCA 501, NCR 300, GE 200, IBM 1600 etc.
• Third Generation (1965-1971) These computers were characterized by integrated circuits with component so small that in many cases they were hardly visible to the naked eye. Third generation computers wre characterized by increased input/output, storage, and processing capabilities. Input/output devices could communicate with computers over distances via ordinary telephone lines or could scan a said and input the information directly into the computer even accept voice input.
Storage capabilities wre increased and millions of characters could be stored and randomly accesssed in fractions of a second. Third-generation computers could process instructions in nanoseconds. In addition, computers were able to process several programs or sets of instructions simultaneously. Programmmers were able to make use of high-level problem oriented and procedure oriented languages that closely resembles the commonly used form of expressions. Examples of third generation computers are IBM 360, IBM 370, PDP-8, PDP-11, GE 600 etc.
• Fourth Generation (1972-Present) The fourth generation computers posses still greater input/output, storage, and processing capabilities. In the fourth generation computers, semiconductor storage devices were introduced. In the early 1970s IBM introduced the concept of virtual storage into their 5000 and 370 series of computers. Machines previously limited to a maximum internal storage capability in billions and trillions of characters. With this capability a machine could execute a program many times the size of the machine's actual memory. Microcomputers using microprocessors as the CPU proliferated in the fourth generation.
Now a days, the compact disk (CD) promises to become the data storage medium of choice. A compact disk read-only memory (CD-ROM) is encoded with on and off bits. Bits are stored on the disk's (3.5-inch diameter) aluminum surface as tiny pits at varying depths. The average CD can store about 4,800 million bits or 600 million characters of data. This is approximately a quarter of a million pages of text.
The most impressive advancement has occured in software. As a result of these changes, access to substantial computer power, previously only affordable by very large business concerns, is now economically feasible for small business and personal applications. Personal computers are examples of fourth generation microcomputers.
• Fifth Generation
Fifth generation of computers is yet to come. They will be capable of reasoning, learning, making inferences and behaving in ways usually considered exclusive of humans. These computers will be drugsed with massive primary-storage capabilities and extremely fast processing speeds. Software will proliferate and get much bigger. Hardware will continue to shrink in size but internal memory will increase dramatically. "Talking machines" will be common place. Voice-recognition, the ability for a machine to understand and obey spoken words will be developed. Industrial and personal robots will roll and wall. Experts systems software will place the knowledge of experts and consultants (such as doctors, lawyers and teachers) as the disposal of general power of an inconceivable magnitude. Artificial intelligence will be used extensively to enhance the system behavior in the future.

OS, Components, Functions/Tasks

2010-05-19T01:53:00.002-07:00

Operating System

An operating system is a software system. It acts as an interface between a user of a computer and the computer hardware. The operating system provides an environment in which a user may execute programs. The goals of an operating system are to :
Make the computer system convenient for users.
Make the efficient use of the computer hardware.

An operating system is an important part of a computer system. A computer can be viewed to have four components :

Hardware (CPU, memory, I/O devices etc.)
Operating system
Application programs (compilers, database systems, video games, business programs etc.)
Users (people, machines or other computers).

The Tasks of an Operating System

The most important task of an operating system is to process commands and to provide coordination between different processing tasks.

Processing Commands: The operating system interprets instructions entered through the keyboard. When one uses an application program, the program's commands are interpreted by the operating system.

Multitasking: Modern operating system allow to multitask, that is, to perform multiple tasks, at the same time with different programs.

Multithreading: Most application process data and commands sequentially, i.e., when one task is finished they begin another. The application therefore follows a single thread from the begining of a session to the end and individual operations are strung like beads on a necklace.

Multi-user Support: Some operating systems are designed so that many users can be connected to the system at the same time. Multi-user operating systems are also multitasking because the multiple users run their programs at the same time.

Multiprocessor Support: Some application need huge processing power. Some operating systems support multiple processors-in some cases hundreds or even more.

Miscellaneous Tasks: In addition to the processing tasks discussed, an operating system also performs the following tasks:
The operating system continually monitors the system and if it detects something wrong, it outputs an error message.
The operating system manages the use of memory and stop each programs in its own protected space so that a problem with one program will not affect others.
The operating system allocates peripheral devices for different tasks.
To conserve power, power management cuts power at those times when it is not needed.
Management file stored on disks.

Operating System's Features and Types

2010-05-19T01:53:00.001-07:00

Operating System Characteristics

There are a variety of criteria, some of which can be used to compare operating systems. These are as follows:
Character-based or graphical user interface based
Single tasking or multitasking
Single threading or multithreading
Weak or strong security
8, 16, 32 and 64 bits processed at a time
Portable or not (a portable operating system is not dependent on a specific microprocessor.)
Proprietary or open (proprietary operating systems work only with one type of computer, open operating systems run on a variety of machines).

Types of Operating Systems

Desktop Operating Systems : Operating System that run on desktop computers are the least powerful and least secure operating systems. They are also the most common. Three common types are :
Windows,
Apple's System 8, or
Rapidly fading DOS.

Features of MS-Excell

2010-05-18T01:44:00.001-07:00

Database Management

2010-05-16T23:55:00.001-07:00

2010-05-15T11:50:00.003-07:00

The Communication
Process (System)

Meaning of the Communication Process

A process consists of a series of
interrelated steps taken one after another with a
view to accomplishing a desired goal. The communication process js similarly an aggregate of many steps or operations involved
in the transmission of a message. In
other words, the total number of activities performed one after another in the exchange of a message between two or more
persons is called a communication
process. Virtually, the communication'process begins when a communicator sends
a message (being developed and encoded earlier) and ends when a receiver (after receiving) understands and
provides feedback to the original sender.
Thus, a communication process more precisely may be denned as a system which consists of developing a message,
encoding and transmitting it (by a sender on the one side); the receiving and
decoding of the message, understanding and
accepting, and finally using the message and giving response (by the receiver m the other side). Barker (1981) defines the
communication process as, "A system
that involves an interrelated, interdependent group of elements working
together as a whole to achieve a desired outcome or goal" (P.6).

The communication process is cyclical. Upon decoding a
message, understanding same
and taking action, a receiver sends his/her own reaction to the original sender
a cycle thus is formed at least once. Megginson (1985) also holds the same
view. He reflects the view as, "Communication is a cycle of interrelated
stages that include (1)
an idea, thought or mental impression, which (2) is translated, encoded, or put
into symbols, which
then (3) are transmitted to someone else, who (4) receives them and (5) retranslates or decodes them
back into an idea. Yet communicating is not complete until there is some form
of response" (P.335).

Thus, we see that the communication
process involves the following sequence of events/steps : ideation, encoding, transmitting, receiving,
decoding, understanding and finally providing feedback (action). The steps
involved in the communication process are
displayed in figure 2.1.

The dotted spaces above and below
the figure symbolize barriers (noise, road block and so forth) that can take place at any stage in
the communication cycle.

Elements of Communication Process

2010-05-15T11:50:00.001-07:00

Essential Elements-(Components) of the Communication Process
Although a communicator, a communicatee and a message constitute the
basic elements of communication, the modem communication process includes many other elements. The elements included in modem day communication are briefly discussed below:
1. Sender (Communicator): The person sending the message is called the communicator. He initiates and makes the decision to be sent. In this sense, he is the intermediate source of information. A sender in the communication process irresponsible for selection of an intended message and encoding of the message. The sender initiates the message out of reaction developed in his mind from stimuli (eitherexternal or internal or both).
2. Source: In order for communication to take place, there must be a source of information. Although a sender is the immediate source of information, due ultimate source is stimuli. For communication to occur, the source must be there to generate information.
3. Stimulus: A stimulus, is something that causes a reaction in a plant or part of the body. It creates a need to communicate and hence there must be a stimulus for communication to take place. This stimulus may be external or internal.
When it develops in an environment, it is called an external stimulus. An external stimulus is an event or a situation that creates areaction with an individual. This reaction leads one to
communicate. The external stimulus comes to you through sensory organs - eyes, ears, nose, mouth and skin. A memo or letter you just read, a presentation you heard of a meeting or a bit of gossip you heard over lunchare a few examples of external stimuli for communicating in business. An internal stimulus, better known as impulse is simply an idea or a strong desire to do something. This idea usually, develops all of a sudden within your mind without thinking about the results i.e. whether it is a sensible thing to do.
4. Filter: A filter is a piece of equipment or a device used to refine liquid, light, etc. Incase of communication, it is something that helps
a person to shape his unique impression of reality. We know that everybody's perception of reality is not alike. It varies from person to person. This variation
takes place because of the variation of the indivisual experience, culture, emotions at the moment, personality, knowledge, socio-economic status and a host of other variables. These variables act as filters to refine the message received. The filtration is done through interpreting the message received with the help of the above variables so as to derive a precise meaning.
5. Message: The next element in the communication process is a message. When the idea has been encoded, it is called a message. Thus a message is an encoded information (either verbal or non-verbal) which is communicated to the destination. It is the result of encoding. Information to be sent may or may not be factual - it may bean idea or opinion or a combination of both the fact and opinion. A message is very important element, because communication occurs if there is a message which, needs to be sent to the intended receiver. If there is no message, there will be no communication.
6. Medium: When the infonnation has been encoded, a sender is to choose amedium. A medium is a means by which something is expressed or communicated to others. It is also known as the forms of messages to be sent. The media for oral messages (through which messages are orally expressed) are conversations, telephone calls, voice mail, conferences, meetings and the like. Oral messages may also be sent even through such informal means as grapevines. Written
messages may be communicated through a letter, memo, report, newspaper, press release, e-mail, etc. Non-verbal messages may be communicated through gestures, facial expressions, body movements, dresses, etc.
7. Channel: Channels are the means (pathways or devices) through which messages are sent to the eommunicatee. A message itself cannot reach theeommunicatee. Naturally a sender is to send the message in the receiver's direction by placing it into a communication channel. Thus channels act as the carriers which carry messages from senders to receivers. Radio waves, telephone lines, television terrestrials are examples of channels. Sometimes channels and media are used in the same sense.
8. Receiver (or Destination): A receiver is a person or a body which receives a message. The receiver may be an individual or an organisation. After receiving the message the receiver decodes (interprets) the message
so as to give a precise meaning to the message received. In case of two-way communication, the receiver of the message provides feedback to the original sender of the message. Receivers' presence is inevitable for communication to take place. If a man
cries in a desert, devoid of human beings, to save his life, his message (crying) will produce no fruitful results as there is none there to receive the message (i.e. to hear the crying). So there must be a receiver on
the other side of the communication process to receive the message sent by the sender.
9. Understanding: The receiver must underst and the message passed on to himby the transmitter. Thus, if an English speaking person
addresses a Bengali speaking person in English, communication cannot take place, because the message is not understood by the receiver. Feedback is your audience's response. It is information
10. Feedback: Feedback is your audience's response. It is information about how the receiver is receiving your words. To get any
fruitful result from communication, it is to be ensured that the intended communicatee understands the message in the way the communicator desires. But communicating is not free from barriers. It may be hindered at any point (i.e., at encoding, transmitting, receiving, decoding) along the process line.
The process must be repeated in reverse so that the original sender can know what the communicatee has understood from the message received. This return (reverse) message is called feedback. Feedback is the only way to determine whether the decoded idea of the receiver corresponds with the idea the sender had in his mind. So feedback is a very important element for effective communication. However, feedback is not necessary for communication to like place.
From the discussion, it appears without any doubt that each and every element is highly essential to make communication
complete and effective. In the truest sense,
communication cannot occur in the absence of any of these component.

Mail merge

2010-05-15T11:49:00.001-07:00

Mail merge is a software function describing the production of multiple (and potentially large numbers of) documents from a single template form and a structured data source.

A feature supported by many word processors that enables you to generate form letters. To use a mail-merge system, you first store a set of information, like a list of names and addresses, in one file. In another file, you write a letter, substituting special symbols in place of names and addresses (or whatever other information will come from the first file). For example, you might write:

Dear NAME:

Our records show that your address is:

STREET

CITY, STATE ZIP

If this is incorrect,...

When you execute the merge command, the word processor automatically generates letters by replacing symbols (NAME, STREET, CITY, STATE, and ZIP) in the second file with the appropriate data from the first file

The power and flexibility of mail merge systems varies considerably from one word processor to another. Some word processors support a full set of logical operators that enable you to specify certain conditions under which information should be merged. Also, some merge systems allow you to merge data from several files at once.

Mail merge is sometimes called print merge.

COMMUNICATION PROCESS, ESSENTIAL ELEMENT

2010-05-15T11:34:00.001-07:00

Communication is the process of exchanging information and understanding from one person to another person. It provides a bridge of meaning by which people can share their feelings. The communication process has eight sequential steps which is shown in following figure.
Message
SENDER Develop Encode Transmit|Barriers :: Bridge of meaning |Recieve Decode Accept Use RECIEVER
Feedback for two-way communication
Figure: The Communication Process
[Source: J. W. Newstrom & K. Davis: 2002]
• Step-1: Develop idea: In any kind of communication at first the sender develop an idea which he/she wants to transmit.
• Step-2: In this step sender convert the idea into a message by using suitable words, charts, or any other symbol. Here the sender uses his/her own 'filter of concept' to develop the message.
• Step-3: Transmit: After encoding the message sender takes initiative to transfer the message to reciever. Sender also select proper media for the transmission of message.
• Step-4: Recieve: Here receiver receiver the message which is transferred by the sender. If the receiver do not receive the message then the communication failed.
• Decode: To understand the received the message the receiver need to decode the message. Decoding is the process of 'explanation of the message' which produce the meaning of the message. This step is very important for the success of communication because understanding of the message completely depend on it.
• Step-6: Accept: After decoding, it depends on the receiver whether he/she will accept or select the message. Acceptance mainly depends on the credibility of the sender and attitude of the receiver.
• Step-7: Use: This step also controlled by the receiver. The receiver can use the message immediately or in future considering his/her interest.
• Step-8: Feedback: It is the last but perhaps the most important step for successful communication. In this step the receiver responds to the sender. The loop of communication infact completes with the response of the receiver, which is known as feedback.
Whether the message is accepted or not can be realised by the feedback of the receiver.
• These are the steps of the communication process. It should be mentioned that there are some barriers in the communication process which can disturb whole process.