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Tokens In C |Keywords in c| Identifiers in c| Constant in c

2021-05-19T23:13:00.004+05:30

Tokens in C

Tokens are the smallest unit of the C program. The compiler breaks a program into the smallest possible units (tokens)

and proceeds to the various stages of the compilation.

Before moving forward don't forget to check our previous post on "Introduction To C Programming".

Tokens are divided into 6 different types and these are:-

keyword, Operators, Strings, Constants, special symbols, and Identifiers.

1.Keywords:-

Keywords can be defined as reserved words or predefined words

which has some special functionality. In C there are 32 keywords present.

And these are as follows:-

auto	double	int	struct
break	else	long	switch
case	enum	register	typedef
char	extern	return	union
const	float	short	unsigned
continue	for	signed	void
default	goto	sizeof	volatile
do	if	static	while

2.Identifiers:-

Identifiers are those who identify. These are basically name given

to any element in a program. For example name of variable, function, etc.

The identifier is a user-defined word. It can be written in both lowercase and uppercase letters.

It is a combination of alphanumeric characters. It can contain the underscore character.

3.Operators:-

Operators are symbols that perform some operations.

There are different types of operators that perform various operations.

Some of these are follow:-Arithmetic Operators(+,-,*,/,%),

Relational Operators(>,<,!=,<=,>=,==), Shift Operators(<<,>>),

Logical Operators(&&,||,!), Bitwise Operators(&,|,~,^),

Ternary or Conditional Operators(?:), Assignment operators(=,+=,-=,*=).

4.Constant:-

A constant is a value or variable that can't be changed in the program,

for example, 10, 2, 'a', 5.32, "Hello" etc.

There are two ways to define constant. The first uses

const keyword(eg. const float PI=3.141) and the second uses

the #define preprocessor.

5.Strings:-

Strings in C are enclosed within double-quotes.

The string represents an array of characters. Example: char nm[10]=” Hello”.

6.Special -symbols:-

In c there are special symbols that have some special meaning and cannot

be used for any other purpose. Example:-{ },[ ],( ), etc.

Previous

Introduction to C Programming| Features of C| Basic Structure of C

2021-05-18T22:16:00.001+05:30

Introduction to C Programming

C is a general-purpose, procedural computer programming language supporting structured programming.
C was originally developed at Bell Labs by Dennis Ritchie between 1972.
During the 1980s, C gradually gained popularity. It has become one of the most widely used programming languages.
C has been standardized by the ANSI since 1989 (ANSI C) and by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO).

Features of C

The Following features of C are as follows:-

Procedural Language.
Fast and Efficient.
Modularity.
Statically Type.
General Purpose Language.
Rich set of built-in Operators.
Libraries with rich Functions.
Middle-Level Language.
Simple.
Machine Independent.

Basic Structure of a C Program

A Normal C program consists of the following parts:-

# include <stdio.h> – This command is a preprocessor directive in C that includes all standard input-output files before compiling any C program so as to make use of all those functions in our C program.
int main() – This is the line from where the execution of the program starts. The main() function starts the execution of any C program.
{ (Opening bracket) – This indicates the beginning of any function in the program (Here it indicates the beginning of the main function).
/* some comments */ – Whatever is inside /*——-*/ are not compiled and executed; they are only written for user understanding or for making the program interactive by inserting a comment line. These are known as multiline comments. Single line comments are represented with the help of 2 forward slashes “//——”.
getch() – This command helps to hold the screen.
return 0 –This command terminates the C program and returns a null value, that is, 0.
} (Closing brackets)- This indicates the end of the function. (Here it indicates the end of the main function)

Example Program:

#include<stdio.h>

Int main()

{

printf(“Hello Everyone”);

return 0;

}

Basic components of computer

2020-06-05T15:07:00.002+05:30

Input Unit

It accepts data and instructions from the external environment.

Then it converts the data and instruction to machine-readable form.

Then it stores the converted data and instructions to the storage unit for further processing.

Storage Unit

The data and instruction received from the input device get stored inside it.

•This data will remain there until and unless it gets processed.

•After processing, the result also remains in the storage unit it gets to display.

The storage unit is of two types:- Primary memory and Secondary memory.

Primary memory stores data for the short term whereas secondary memory stores for the long term.

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

After input and storage of data processing of data takes place and it is done by CPU.

The CPU processes the data according to the instruction provided.

So, we can say that the CPU is the brain of the computer.

The arithmetic and logic unit(ALU) and Control Unit(CU) are the two major components of the CPU.

Arithmetic and Logic Unit(ALU)

This is a part of the CPU and it performs basic mathematical calculations like addition and subtraction.

It can also do some logical operations like comparison.

Control Unit(CU)

The Control Unit is the backbone of any computer system.

It manages and coordinates the operations of all other components of the computer system.

It takes the data from the input device and sends it for processing and also

further, transfer it to the output unit.

Output Unit

The Output Unit is the final component of the Computer.

The output unit receives the processed data and converts it to a human-readable format.

Then it supplies the converted result to the output device so that we can see it.

Text formatting in HTML

2020-06-05T14:33:00.003+05:30

Text formatting in

HTML

What is the Formatting?

Formatting refers to the arrangement of text in a desirable manner.

HTML provides different Tags to format the text of an Html page.

Some of these are as follows:-

Paragraph tag (i.e. <p> tag)
Line Break (i.e. <BR\> tag)
Headings
Draw Line
Center tag
Text Style (i.e. Bold, Italic, Underline, etc.)

Paragraph Tag OR <p> Tag

<p> tag represents paragraph of a Html page.

A blank line is always a separate paragraph when we use the <p> tag.

It is a paired tag and always present inside the <body> tag.

Example:- <p> Hello!! This is a paragraph.</p>

Line Break or <BR\>

When text need to start from a new line

Without skipping any line then we use <br> tag.

This tag simply jumps to a new line.

Example : <p> Name: Ram <br> Age:10</p>

Headings

Html provides 6 different types of headings.

The highest level is <h1> and lowest is <h6>.

The text inside these tags appeared in bold.

Example:- <H1>hello!!</H1>

<H2>hello!!</H2>

<H3>hello!!</H3>

<H4>hello!!</H4>

<H5>hello!!</H5>

<H6>hello!!</H6>

Draw line

To draw a line <hr> tag is used.

This tag draws a horizontal line across the whole page.

Example:-

Center Tag

<Center> tag is used to put everything inside it in the center.

It is also a paired tag.

Example:- <center><h1> Hello!!</h1> </center>

Text Style

<B> tag is used to display the text in bold.

ex:- <p><b>hi </b>good to see you</p>

<I> tag is used to display the text in Italic.

ex:- <p><I>hi </I>good to see you</p>

<U> tag is used to display the text as underline.

ex:- <p>hi <u>good to see you</u></p>

<Q> tag is used to display the text in quotes.

ex:- <p><q>hi </q>good to see you</p>

Classifications Of Computer | Types of computer | Classifications Of Computer

2020-05-23T21:44:00.000+05:30

Classifications Of Computer

So, today we are going to cover the classification of Computer-based on their Applications as well as Size.

Now let's see the classification of the computer-based on Application:-

It is basically categorized into three types and these are Analog, Digital, and Hybrid computers. Let's cover all these one by one.

1. Analog computer

They are designed to process analog data. They take data directly from the Machine without converting it to any other format( i.e. numbers).Analogue data is continuous nature.

Ex-: speedometer, Thermometer etc.

Note:-Analogue describes a continuous measurement or transmission of a signal.

2. Digital computer

They process data in the form of binary digits ie.0 and 1. They are basically designed to perform calculation & Logical operation as fast as possible.

Ex-: IBM PC, MAC Book, Smartphones, etc.

3. Hybrid computer

They are the combination of digital & analog computes. A hybrid computer is constructed in such a way that its components make the device fast and accurate.

Now, let's see the classification of computers based on Size. So based on the size they are categorized as follows:-

1. Supercomputers

Super computers are the most powerful expensive , biggest and fastest computer of all the time.

They are mainly used for processing complex scientific and

engineering applications such as weather forecasting,

to solve structural engineering problems , cash simulation of

automobile design etc.

Ex-: PARAM, PACE, etc.

2. Mainframe Computers

Mainframe computers are designed to handle large of users

simultaneously. Organization such as banks, hospitals, railways, etc. use them. Mainframe computers are capable of handling and processing a very huge amount of data efficiently.

3. Minicomputer

They are mid-size systems capable of supporting around

4 to 250 users at once. It is a multiprocessor system.

They are used in small to medium-sized businesses, hospitals, laboratories etc.

4. Microcomputers

They are general-purpose computers. They were designed to

meet the need for an individual at work place or at home.

They are also multitasking.

Ex-: Laptops, Desktops.

5. Work stations

They are also a type of microcomputers, having powerful

Micro processor.

Designed to meet need of engineers, architect and other

personals.

so, I hope you learn something!!

You can watch our video to understand it in a better way.

Html tutorials for beginners | What is Html? |What is Hypertext? |What is Mark Up?| How to write code in html? | What are Tags? | Basic structure of Html

2020-05-13T16:56:00.004+05:30

Introduction to HTML

The language that is used for developing web pages is called HTML (Hypertext markup language).

HTML is made up of 2 words -: Hypertext and markup Language.

Hypertext is the text displayed on a computer screen or some other electronic device. Hypertext gets connected with other text that the reader can immediately access through hyperlinks. In other words, we can say that Hypertext documents are interconnected by hyperlinks.

Hypertext can also refer to tables, images, and other presentational content.

Markup language-: How we format the content or structure the content.

Q) Why HTML called a markup language?

HTML is called markup Language because it allows users to organize the appearance of the web page.

Q) What is the difference between programming language and mark language?

Programming language are those through which we give instruction to our system whereas markup Languages are those which basically used for documentation and formatting of text.

In an HTML document HTML is specified using tags.

Type of tags

There are basically two types of tags-:

(1) Paired Tag (2) Singular Tag / Standalone tag

Companion tag no companion tag.

Ex-: < B> -----< /B>

The opening tag activates the effect and the closing tag turns the effect off.

Additional information supplied to HTML tags known as Attributes.

Steps to create HTML document-:

(1) Open Notepad.

(2) Write HTML instructs.

(3) Save it as "*.HTML" or "*.htm”

Structure of HTML document

It has a rigid structure -:

< ! DOCTYPE HTML>

<html>

< Head>

< title> < /title>

< /Head>

< Body> </ Body>

< /html>

Explanation:-

According to the structure the first element is <!DOCTYPE html> this element basically give the information about the version of HTML and <!DOCTYPE html> represent HTML5.

The next element is <html> this is a paired tag and contains the entire HTML document inside it.

The next element is <head> this represents the header portion of the HTML document. It is also a paired tag and contains other tags like <title>, <script>, etc.

Inside the <head > we have a <title> tag which represents the title of the HTML document.It is also a paired tag.

Then comes the <body> element which holds the entire body of the HTML document. It is also a paired tag and it can also have other tags inside it like <p>, <h1>, <b> etc.

Example:-

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>

</head>

<body>

<p> Bing Studious One </p>

</body>

</html>

When we execute the HTML file we get the output as:-

Practice Question:-

Write an HTML program to create a Web page to display some information about your school

Brief History and Generation of Computer

2020-05-05T01:09:00.000+05:30

Brief History and Generation of Computer

Every problem has solution and solution never exists without any problem.

In this era of computers, we cannot imagine the world without computers. But this computer which we use in our day to day life has a huge history behind.

History of Computers

The Story of computers starts with the desire to calculate fast and accurately.

The journey of the computer starts with the birth of Abacus.

Abacus was a wooden frame with metal wires along with beads mounted on them.

Abacus

It was basically used for arithmetical calculation.

In 1642 Blaise Pascal invented the first mechanical adding machine. This device can perform addition and subtraction.

Later in 1671 Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz, a German mathematician-Philosopher invented the first calculator for multiplication, known as Stepped Reckoner or Leibnitz weel.

Leibnitz Weel

Charles Babbage, the 19th-century professor also consider as the father of modern programmable computer design Difference Engine in the year 1822 that could produce reliable tubules.

Difference Engine

In1842, Charles Babbage came up with the idea of Analytical Engine which can perform the basic arithmetical function with an average speed of 60 addition per minute.

Analytical Engine

In 1940, Dr. Jhon von Neumann introduces the concept of "stored program".

Dr. Jhon von Neumann

According to the concept, a sequence of instructions and data can be stored in the computer memory for automatically directing the flow of operations. And this idea considerably influences the development of modern digital computers.

Generations of computer

First Generation (1942-1955)

1. They were the fastest calculating devices of those times.

2. They are bulky in size, requiring larger rooms for installation.

3. They use thousands of vacuum tubes that emitted a large amount of heat and burnt out frequently .ie air conditions room required.

4. Each vacuum tube 1/2 a watt of power and comp.use thousands of vacuum tubes so, power consumption is high

Vacuum Tube

5. These computers face frequent hardware failure due to vacuum tubes.

6. Here thousands of individual components were assembled manually and costly into circuit commercial production was difficult.

7. These computers are very difficult to program.

Second Generation (1955-1969)

1. They were more than times faster than 1st generation computers.

2. They are smaller and required smaller space then 1st generation computers.

3. They consume less power and dissipated less heat but stip need proper air condition rooms

4. They were more reliable and fewer chances of hardware failure then 1st generation computers

5. They had fast and large storage then 1st generation.

6. They were easier to program and use than the 1st generation.

Transistor

7. Thousands of individual transistors were assembled manually in the circuit so, it is difficult to make the computer commercial.

3rd Generation (1964-1975)

1. more powerful and can perform 1 million instructions per sec.

2. They were smaller than 2nd generation computers.

3. consume less power and commit less heat then 2nd generation but still required air-conditioned rooms.

4. They are more reliable and less prone to hardware failures.

5. They had first &largerer storage space then 2nd generation computer

6. They are General purpose machines suitable for scientific & commercial purposes.

7. Here IC chips with MSI and SSI were used.

IC chips

8. Standardization of HLL all programs are written for computers, to be easily ported to and executed on another computer.

9. Time starting os allows interactive usage & simultaneous use of these systems by multiple users.

4th Generation(1975-1989)

1. PCs were smaller and cheaper than mainframes or mini comps of 3rd generation.

2. Although the 4th generation mainframe and supercomputer need air condition rooms PCs don't require it.

3. They consumed less power then 3rd generation computer

4. Faster and large storage then 3rd generation computer

5. Reliable and less prone to hardware failure then 3rd generation computer maintenance cost is negligible.

6. They were general-purpose machines.

7. Here LSI and VLSI chips were used.

LSI chip

8. The graphical user interface enables new users to quickly learn how to use computer

5thGeneration (1989-present)

1. Portable Pcs (Notebook computers) are much smaller and handy allow the user to use pcs while traveling.

2. 5th generation pcs and workstations are several times powerful than the 4th generation.

3. Consume less power.

4. Reliable & less prone to hardware failure.

5. The replaceable part is there.

6. They have faster and have large storage space.

7. They are general-purpose machines.

8. Use ULSIchips.

5th Generation Computers

9. Use of standard High-Level Programming Language.

10. User-friendly interface and multitasking.

11. Affordable and can be used in different fields.

Introduction to Computer|Definition of Computer| need of Computer|Characteristics or Features of Computer in Fundamentals of Computer

2020-05-01T01:17:00.001+05:30

Introduction to Computers

According to the definition,

A computer is an electronic device that can give output according to Input. It can perform arithmetical and logical operations, store data, Process data, and retrieve data when we need them.

why we need a computer?

For better understanding let's take a scenario,

Suppose, I ask you to remember the name, that are Raju, Rahen, and Shayam, It is quite an easy right!.

Now, I will ask you to tell me your classmate's name, it is also an easy task for you right!

Now, what if, I ask you to tell me each and every name of students in your school or college, then, It may be difficult for you to answer me and on that note, the computer can provide greate help!

Let's take another scenario, suppose your teacher asks you to solve this -32*95, you can easily do it right!

But what if she asks you to calculate-

57*73/39*60/95/625/199*1876/6.07
and so on, then you can also solve it but you may need some time to solve it. On that note, the computer came into action.

From the above, it is now clear that why we need a computer, in Nut sell we can say us need a computer to:-

process data or to get information as fast as possible
To perform a calculation in a fraction of a second accurately

The computer is calculating the device!

The word computer comes from the word computer which means to calculate.
The main objective of inventing the computer was to create a fast calculation.

so, we can say that a computer is a calculating device that can perform Arithmatices operation in a fraction of a second

A computer is a Data Processor!

What is Data?

Data can be anything. It can be no, it can be a character, Name, etc. Data are raw facts. That means data are something that exists but does not have any meaning or we can say which doesn't make any sense by itself. when multiple data combined and get processed it form some meaning i.e, information.

DATA -->PROCESS--> INFORMATION

What is information?

When data get a process or combined it form information, in other words, processed data is known as information.

A computer is known as Data processor Asit stores data, process data and retrieve data whenever desired.
for Example-- If we want to store data of students then, we can store there

Name|class| Roll|sec|etc .we can do it for multiple students . when we combine all these data, it provides students with information and can retrieve it whenever required.

NOTE:- Processing data means performing manipulation on data.

Now, we are in the state to know about the characteristics of a computer.

What are the characteristics of a computer?

(i) Automatic--: computer is automatic as it can carry out several jobs without any human interference.

(ii) speed--: computers are very fast they can perform billions and even trillions of operations in fractions of a second.

(iii)Accuracy--: Human-made errors but the computer doesn't. A computer can perform every calculation Accurately with great speed.

(iv) Diligence--: when a human works for several hours he/she may get tired and lack can centration but on the other hand, a computer doesn't. A computer is free from tiredness and lack of concentration.

(v) versatility--: computers can perform a wide variety of tasks gracefully.

(vi) Memory--: It can store a huge amount of data and information and retrieve it whenever required.

(vii) No IQ-: computers have zero IQ. They can not take their own decisions and they need to be instructed for further process.

(viii) No feeling--: As with other machines, computers don't have any feelings.

Points to Remember

The computer is an electronic device that can be used for performing the operation on data, calculating, Animation, etc.
we need computers to make our work faster and easier.
The computer is a calculating device as well as a data processor.
Computers have characteristics like Automatic, Speed, Accuracy, Diligence, Versatility, Memory, No IQ, No feelings.