Learn Bahasa Indonesia

[Formal] Anda Dari Mana?

2014-11-10T00:46:00.000-08:00

A: Hallo.

B: Hai.

A: Apa kabar?

B: Baik. Bagaimana dengan Anda?

A: Baik. Apakah Anda bisa bahasa Indonesia?

B: Sedikit. Anda orang Indonesia?

A: Benar.

B: Anda dari mana?

A: Saya dari Jawa. Anda dari mana?

B: California. Amerika.

A: Senang berkenalan dengan Anda.

B: Senang berkenalan dengan Anda

Vocabularies:

Hallo = Hello

Hai = Hi

Apa = What

Kabar = News

Baik = Good; Fine

Bagaimana = How

Dengan = With

Apakah = What; Is/Am/Are

Anda = You (formal)

Bisa = Can

Bahasa = Language

Indonesia = Indonesia, Indonesian

Sedikit = A little bit

Orang = Man, human

Benar = True; Correct

Dari = From

Mana = Where

Jawa = Java

Senang = Happy, glad

Berkenalan = To know/to get acquaintance with someone

Lesson 9: The Verb "Pulang" And "Pergi"

2014-04-11T01:18:00.002-07:00

The verb "pulang" (go home, go back, return), "pergi" (go) and other words with more or less the same meanings can be used both in either formal or colloquial expressions, but in colloquial expressions Indonesian often omit the word which means "pulang" and "pergi".

Examples:

Danu pergi ke Bandara. => Danu ke Bandara. = Danu goes to the airport.
Pak Amir akan berangkat ke Kalimantan. => Pak Amir mau ke Kalimantan. = Mr. Amir is going to go/depart to Kalimantan.
Saya harus pulang ke Solo. => Saya harus ke Solo. = I have to go home/return to Solo.
Tante Deice sudah kembali ke Manado. => Tante Deice sudah ke Manado. = Aunt Deice has returned to Manado.

Lesson 11: The Relative Pronoun "Yang"

2014-04-08T09:10:00.000-07:00

1. "yang" can be translated as "the" and is used to emphasize adjectives, especially when there are two adjectives follow the noun.

Examples:

Rumah yang baru. = The new house.
Buku yang biru. = The blue book.
Gedung yang besar. = The big building.
Wanita yang kaya. = The rich woman.
Roti yang enak. = The delicious bread.
Anak yang pintar. = The clever child.

2. "yang" can be translated as "one" or "ones".

Examples:

Yang cantik. = The beautiful one.
Yang merah. = The red one.
Yang kanan. = The one on the right.
Yang kecil. = The small one.
Yang rusak. = The broken one.
Yang nakal. = The naughty one.

3. "yang" can also be translated as "who", "which", "that".

Examples:

Uang yang banyak. = The money, which are a lot.
Pesawat yang terbang ke Papua. = The plane which flies to Papua.
Teh yang ayah minum. = The tea that father drinks.
Bapak yang membeli bensin. = The man who buys gasoline.
Ibu yang memakai kebaya. = The lady who wears kebaya (traditional blouse for ladies).
Yang mana? = Which one/ones?

Lesson 8: Subject + Verb + Noun

2014-04-08T08:47:00.000-07:00

Structures:
(?)

Subject + Verb + Noun?
Apa/Apakah + Subject + Verb + Noun?
Subject + tidak + Verb + Noun?
Apa/Apakah + Subject + tidak + Verb + Noun?

(+)
Subject + Verb + Noun.

(-)
Subject + tidak + Verb + Noun.

Examples:

Kamu makan nasi? = You eat rice?
Apa/Apakah kamu makan nasi? = Do you eat rice?
Kamu tidak makan nasi? = You don't eat rice?
Apa/Apakah kamu tidak makan nasi? = You don't eat rice, do you?
Saya makan nasi. = I eat rice.
Saya tidak makan nasi. = I do not eat rice.

Dia naik sepeda? = He/she ride bicycle?
Apa/Apakah dia naik sepeda? = Does he/she rides bicycle?
Dia tidak naik sepeda? = He/she doesn't ride bicycle?
Apa/Apakah dia tidak naik sepeda? = He/she doesn't ride bicycle, does it?
Dia naik sepeda. = He/she rides bicycle.
Dia tidak naik sepeda. = He/she doesn't ride bicycle.

Lesson 10: Affirmative And Interrogative Sentences

2014-04-08T08:14:00.003-07:00

Affirmative Sentences:

usually start by the most important word meant by the speaker.

Interrogative Sentences:

usually have the same word order as an affirmative sentence.
determined by context, voice inflection or the using of the word "apa" (what, do, does) or "apakah" (do, does).

Examples:
Affirmative Sentences

Pak Adi sudah berangkat? = Mr. Adi already depart?
Saya boleh pergi? = I may leave?
Ibu menyukai hadiahnya? = Mother likes the present?
Itu kantormu? = That is your office?
Rumahnya jauh? = The house is far?
Harganya mahal? = The price is expensive?

Interrogative Sentences

Apakah pak Adi sudah berangkat? = Does Mr. Adi already depart?
Apakah saya boleh pergi? = May I leave?
Apa ibu menyukai hadiahnya? = Does mother like the present?
Apakah itu kantormu? = Is that your office?
Apa rumahnya jauh? = Does the house far?
Apakah harganya mahal? = Does the price expensive?

Diphtongs

2014-04-08T07:54:00.000-07:00

as a diphtong, "ai" is pronounced more or less like the English "i" in "fine".

santai = relax
pandai = clever
sampai = arrive, until
lantai = floor

"ai" can also pronounce as two separated sounds, which are "a" and "i".

air = water
baik = fine
main = play
lain = different

as a diphtong, "au" is pronounced more or less like "ou" in "about".

kau = you

atau = or

kalau = if

"au" can also pronounce as two separated sounds, which are "a" and "u".

bau = smell

mau = want, will

laut = sea

haus = thirsty

Coarticulated Consonants

2014-04-07T10:40:00.001-07:00

kh
"kh" is pronounced more or less like "ch" in the Scottish word "loch" or in the German "bach".
khusus = special, particular
akhir = end
khasiat = medical value

ng
"ng" is pronounced more or less like "ng" in the English word "bang".
kucing = cat
dengar = listen
tukang = workman
panjang = long
ringan = light (weight)
terang = bright (light)

ngg
"ngg" is pronounced more or less like "ngg" in the English word "finger".
tangga = staircase
tinggal = stay, live
bangga = proud
pinggang = waist
tunggu = wait
mangga = mango

ny
"ny" is pronounced more or less like "ñ" in the Spanish word "mañana".
nyonya = lady, Mrs.
banyak = a lot, many, much, plenty
tanya = ask
bunyi = sound
~nya = the, his, her
menyanyi = singing

sy
"sy" is pronounced more or less like "sh" in the English word "short".
syarat = requirement
syukur = grateful
syahdan = once upon a time
masyhur = famous
syur = things which rise sexual desire

Lesson 7: Prepositions

2014-04-07T08:30:00.001-07:00

1. For directions:

dari = from
di = at, in, on
ke = to, towards

Examples:

Dari adik. = From younger brother/sister.
Di Jakarta. = In Jakarta.
Ke Palembang. = To Palembang.

2. The prepositions above can be combined with prepositions indicating places or parts, such as:

atas = on, above, over
bawah = below, under
dalam = inside
luar = outside
depan = front
belakang = behind
tengah = middle
dekat = near
sebelah = beside, next to

Examples:

dari atas = from above
di atas = above
ke atas = up
dari bawah = from somewhere below
di bawah = below
ke bawah = down
dari luar = from outside
di luar = outside
ke luar = out
dari depan = from the front, frontal
di depan = at the front
ke depan = to the front
dari belakang = from behind
di belakang = behind
ke belakang = going back (also means the polite way to say "going to the toilet" when asking for an excuse to the toilet)
dari tengah = from the middle
di tengah = at the middle
ke tengah = to the middle
dari dekat = from nearby
di dekat = near
ke dekat = going closer to
dari sebelah = from somewhere next to
di sebelah = somewhere next to
ke sebelah = going to somewhere next to

3. Sometimes we also drop the use of "dari", "di", "ke" from the preposition of places or parts in colloquial conversations.

Examples:

di dalam = > dalam
di dekat = > dekat
di depan = > depan

4. Other Prepositions:

dengan = with
pakai = with (colloquial, as verb also means "to wear")
pada = on, at (time, place)
kepada = to (person)
terhadap = towards

Examples:

Dengan siapa? = With whom?
Pakai apa? = With/using what? (colloquial)
Pada bulan April tahun 2014. = On April, year 2014.
Kepada ayah. = To father.
Terhadap ibunya. = Towards his/her mother.

Lesson 6: Attribute Adjectives

2014-04-07T05:45:00.000-07:00

Structures:
Noun + Attribute Adjective

Exceptions:

banyak = a lot, many, much
sedikit = a few, a little, a bit
semua = all
seluruh = whole

Examples:

Kota besar. = Big city.
Desa kecil. = Small village.
Jam murah. = Cheap clock.
Buku mahal. = Expensive book.
Anjing hitam. = Black dog.
Kucing putih. = White cat.
Banyak orang. = Many people.
Sedikit gula. = A bit of sugar.
Semua polisi. = All of the policemen.
Seluruh tempat. = The whole place.

Susu Segar

2014-04-06T10:20:00.002-07:00

susu = milk
segar = fresh

Susu segar usually sold in tents by the streets which served fresh boiled hot or iced cow milk with various additional flavor, such as sweetened milk with sugar, ginger milk, chocolate milk, milk with syrup, STMJ (milk with egg yolk, honey and ginger), etc. although you can also opt for the original flavor. This beverage relatively popular in Surakarta (Solo), Middle Java.

Lesson 4: Personal Pronouns

2014-04-06T09:38:00.000-07:00

Personal Pronouns:
1. First Person (I/me & we/us)
Singular

saya (formal)
aku (used with those closely related or dearest ones)
aku, gue, gua, (colloquial*)

Plural

kami (excluding the person we talk with)
kita (including the person we talk with)

in colloquial expressions we mostly use "kita".

2. Second Person (you)
Singular

Anda (formal)
Saudara (used for people we do not know very well)
kamu (used with those closely related or dearest ones)
kau, engkau (used to be applied for those closely related or dearest ones, nowadays mostly found in songs, poetry, etc.)
kamu, lu, lo (colloquial*)

Plural

Anda sekalian, Anda semua (formal)
Saudara sekalian, Saudara semua (formal, used for people we do not know very well)
kalian, kalian semua (informal, used with those closely related or dearest ones)
lu pada, lo pada (colloquial*)

3. Third Person (he/she/they)
Singular

beliau (formal)
dia (informal)

Plural

beliau-beliau (formal)
mereka (formal, informal)

Other words for second and third person:
Some of these words are taken from regional dialects, so that other regions or communities might use other words.

pak = bapak = father, Mr.
bu = ibu = mother, Mrs.
kak = kakak = elder brother/sister
bang = abang = elder brother
yah = ayah = father, Mr.
om = uncle
tante = aunt
mas = elder brother (Javanese)
mbak = elder sister (Javanese)
kang = akang elder brother (Sundanese)
teh = teteh = elder sister (Sundanese)
beli = elder brother (Balinese)
mbok = elder sister (Balinese)

Structures:
Subject +Predicate

Examples:

Saya suka. = I like it. (formal)
Aku mau. = I want to. (used with those closely related or dearest ones)
Gue terima. = I accept. (colloquial)
Gua makan. = I eat. (colloquial)
Gw capek. = I am tired. (colloquial)
Kami berangkat. = We depart. (excluding the person we talk with)
Kita senang. = We are happy. (including the person we talk with)
Anda bagaimana? = How about you? (formal)
Saudara baik-baik saja? = Are you all right? (used for people we do not know very well)
Kamu sudah? = You finished? (used with those closely related or dearest ones)
Kau baik. = You are nice. (used to be applied for those closely related or dearest ones, nowadays mostly found in songs, poetry, etc.)
Engkau hebat. = You are wonderful. (used to be applied for those closely related or dearest ones, nowadays mostly found in songs, poetry, etc.)
Lu ke mana? = You are going where? (colloquial)
Lo kenapa? = What happened to you? (colloquial)
Anda sekalian kapan berangkat? = When do you all depart? (plural, formal)
Anda semua sudah siap? = Are you all ready? (plural, formal)
Saudara sekalian bisa menyaksikan. = You all can witness. (plural, formal, used for people we do not know very well)
Saudara semua tidak perlu khawatir. = You all do not need to worry. (plural, formal, used for people we do not know very well)
Kalian pilih yang mana? = Which one do you all choose? (plural, informal, used with those closely related or dearest ones)
Kalian semua tidur. = You all sleep. (plural, informal, used with those closely related or dearest ones)
Lu pada mau makan? = You all want to eat? (plural, colloquial)
Lo pada masih bangun? = You all still awake? (plural, colloquial)
Beliau tidak suka. = He/she doesn't like it. (formal)
Dia sudah tahu. = He/she already knows. (informal)
Beliau-beliau sudah pulang. = They already go home. (plural, formal)
Mereka baru datang. = They've just arrived. (plural, formal, informal)
Pak Amat suka menyanyi. = Mr. Amat loves to sing.
Bu Amir pergi ke pasar. = Mrs. Amir is going to the market.
Pak, kami sudah siap. = Sir, we are ready.
Bu, aku takut. = Mom, I am scared.
Bapak duduk di kursi. = Father is sitting on the chair.
Ibu suka berbelanja. = Mother loves to shop.
Kakak bermain basket. = Elder brother/sister is playing basketball.
Kak Ani cantik sekali. = Ani (elder sister) is very beautiful.
Kak, aku ikut. = Elder sister/brother, I am coming with you.

*colloquial expressions widely used in daily life, although based on the standardized Indonesian language those expressions are grammatically incorrect. Such expressions mostly mixed with local dialects, so that people in each regions in Indonesia might have their own expressions which might be the same or different with those used by others in different regions.

Lesson 3: "Ini" And "Itu" As Articles Vs. Demonstrative Pronouns

2014-04-06T08:41:00.000-07:00

1. As demonstrative pronouns:

"ini" and "itu" means "this" and "that".
"ini" and "itu" placed before the noun/pronoun

Examples:

Ini air. = This is water.
Ini bukan batu. = This is not stone.
Itu kuda. = That is horse.
Itu bukan kucing. = That is not cat.

2. As articles:

"ini" and "itu" can be translated as "the".
"ini" and "itu" are qualifying words which refers to things, animals or persons have been mentioned before. In Indonesian language, the qualifying word comes after the noun it qualifies.

Examples:

Kopi ini dingin. = This/the coffee is cold.
Air ini tidak panas. = This/the water is not hot.*
Kuda itu makan. = That/the horse is eating.
Anjing itu tidak tidur. = That/the dog is not sleeping.*

3. ~nya as a replacement for "ini" and "itu":

in daily conversations, we most likely use "~nya", instead of "ini" and "itu". In this case, "~nya" translated as "the".**

Examples:

Kopinya dingin. = The coffee is cold.
Airnya tidak panas. = The water is not hot.*
Kudanya makan. = The horse is eating.
Anjingnya tidak tidur. = The dog is not sleeping.*

*"bukan" is used to negate noun/pronoun, while "tidak" is used to negate verb/adjective.
**for other use of "~nya", kindly find the article for "Personal Pronouns".

Consonants

2014-04-05T08:56:00.000-07:00

Single Consonants
B/b
"b" is pronounced more or less like the English "b" in "blue".

buku = book
bapak = father, Mr.
ibu = mother, Mrs.
abang = elder brother
kebun = garden
pembantu = helper, servant

C/c
"c" is pronounced more or less like "c" in "child", but without aspiration.

cinta = love
kucing = cat
kaca = glass
kunci = key
cokelat = brown, chocolate
kecil = small, little, tiny

D/d
"d" is pronounced more or less like "d" in "dice".

adik = love
murid = cat
jendela = glass
kuda = key
dekat = near, close
pendek = short

F/f
"f" is pronounced more or less like "f" in "feel". "f" mostly found in the words loaned from other languages (such as Arabic, etc.). Due to the fact that some Indonesian can not pronounce "f" fluently, some "f" then replaced by "p".

maaf = sorry
formulir = form
pihak = fihak = side
pikir = fikir = think
paham = faham = understand
hafal = hapal = memorize

G/g
"g" is pronounced more or less like "g" in "gold".

gelas = glass
guru = teacher
gereja = church
mentega = butter
pergi = go
pagi = morning

H/h
"h" is pronounced more or less like "h" in "hug".

pohon = tree
bodoh = stupid, silly
mahal = expensive
murah = cheap
hijau = green
hitam = black

J/j
"j" is pronounced more or less like "j" in "jam".

anjing = dog
jalan = road, street, way
jam = clock
meja = table
hijau = green
keranjang = basket

K/k
"k" is pronounced more or less like "c" in "cool", but without aspiration.

adik = younger brother/sister
anak laki-laki = boy, son
kamar = room
kakak = elder brother/sister
toko = shop
kantor = office

L/l
"l" is pronounced more or less like "l" in "love".

malam = night
lampu = lamp
lemari = cupboard
polisi = policeman
sekolah = school
gelas = glass

M/m
"m" is pronounced more or less like "m" in "milk".

anak perempuan = daughter, girl
jam = clock
kamar = room
lampu = lamp
mobil = car
pembantu =helper, servant

N/n
"n" is pronounced more or less like "n" in "nice".

nasi = cooked rice
anak = child
jalan = road, street, way
kantor = office
kebun = garden
pensil = pencil

P/p
"p" is pronounced more or less like "p" in "apple".

pria = man
pelayan = waiter, waitress
pembantu = helper, servant
apa = what
siap = ready
apel = apple

Q/q
"q" is pronounced more or less like "q" in "queen".

Qur'an = Quran = Koran

R/r
"r" is pronounced more or less like "r" in "rice".

perempuan = female
guru = teacher
kamar = room
kursi = chair
roti = bread
rumah = house

S/s
"s" is pronounced more or less like "s" in "kiss".

gelas = glass
kertas = paper
kursi = chair
pensil = pencil
sekolah = school
sepeda = bicycle

T/t
"t" is pronounced more or less like "t" in "tall", but without aspiration.

kantor = office
kertas = paper
roti = bread
tas = bag
toko = shop
tukang = workman

V/v
"v" is pronounced more or less like "f" in "fox".

vas = vase
kapling = kavling = kaveling = plots

W/w
"w" is pronounced more or less like "w" in "want".

warung = small shop, stall, stand
warna = colour
bawah = bellow
bahwa = in which
pesawat terbang = aeroplane
tertawa = to laugh

X/x
"x" is pronounced more or less like "x" in "extra", but we do not use it much any longer, for nowadays most of the "x" are already transformed into "ks".

x = x

Y/y
"y" is pronounced more or less like "y" in "yolk".

ayah = father
pelayan = waiter, waitress
sayur = vegetable
kaya = rich
yang = which
sayang = care

Z/z
"z" is pronounced more or less like "z" in "zebra". "z" mostly found in loan words and some Indonesian find it difficult to read "z", so they read it as "j".

jaman = zaman = period
ijin = izin = permit
zebra = zebra

The Correct Indonesian Language?

2014-04-05T07:56:00.000-07:00

Formally, the correct Indonesian language is the official language of Indonesia, known as the Bahasa Indonesia (Bahasa = language). Bahasa Indonesia has been used as a lingua franca in Indonesian archipelago, for most Indonesian commonly speak at least one of more than 700 of the Indonesian regional languages, such as Javanese, Sundanese, Balinese, etc., which are used at home and within the local community.

The colloquial expressions of the official Indonesian language also widely used in daily life, although in accordance to the official version of the Indonesian language those expressions are grammatically incorrect. Such expressions mostly mixed with local indigenous dialects, so that people in each regions in Indonesia might have their own expressions which might be the same or different with those used by others in different regions.

Some people might think that they're learning the wrong language when they were learning the official version of the Indonesian language, only to find out that people in Indonesia do not communicate the way how they've learned the language before, but it is not true. Most formal education, media and other forms of communications are conducted in the official version of the Indonesian language, or Bahasa Indonesia, so foreigners are still advised to learn the official version first before learning the colloquial versions, as they can easily adapt their way to communicate from the official version into the colloquial versions, while they might find it difficult to understand the official version (on TV, writings, etc.) if they learn the language from the colloquial expression first.

Lesson 5: Possessive Pronouns

2014-04-05T07:32:00.000-07:00

Possessive Pronouns:
1. First Person (my/our)
Singular

~ saya (formal)
~ ku (used with those closely related or dearest ones)
~ aku, ~ gue, ~ gua, ~ gw (colloquial)

Plural

~ kami (excluding the person we talk with)
~ kita (including the person we talk with)

in colloquial expressions we mostly use "~ kita".

2. Second Person (your)
Singular

~ Anda (formal)
~ saudara (used for people we do not know very well)
~ mu (used with those closely related or dearest ones)
~ kamu, ~ lu, ~ lo (colloquial)

Plural

~ Anda sekalian, ~ Anda semua (formal)
~ saudara sekalian, ~ saudara semua (formal, used for people we do not know very well)
~ kalian, ~ kalian semua (informal, used with those closely related or dearest ones)
~ lu pada, ~ lo pada (colloquial)

3. Third Person (his/her/their)
Singular

~ beliau (formal)
~ nya (formal, informal)
~ dia (colloquial)

Plural

~ mereka (formal, informal)

Structures:
Noun + Possessive Pronoun

Examples:

Sepeda motor saya. = My motor cycle. (formal)
Kopiku. = My coffee. (used with those closely related or dearest ones)
Pesawat aku. = My aeroplane. (colloquial)
Pintu gue. = My door. (colloquial)
Buku gua. = My book. (colloquial)
Lampu gw. = My lamp. (colloquial)
Rumah kami. = Our house. (excluding the person we talk with)
Ibu kita. = Our mother. (including the person we talk with)
Kursi Anda. = Your chair. (formal)
Kantor saudara. = Your office. (used for people we do not know very well)
Gurumu. = Your teacher. (used with those closely related or dearest ones)
Kucing kamu. = Your cat. (colloquial)
Gelas lu. = Your glass. (colloquial)
Tas lo. = Your bag. (colloquial)
Ayah Anda sekalian. = Your father. (plural, formal)
Pelayan Anda semua. = Your waiter. (plural, formal)
Kamar saudara sekalian. = Your room. (plural, formal, used for people we do not know very well)
Mobil saudara semua. = Your car. (plural, formal, used for people we do not know very well)
Pensil kalian. = Your pencil. (plural, informal, used with those closely related or dearest ones)
Kebun kalian semua. = Your garden. (plural, informal, used with those closely related or dearest ones)
Sepeda lu pada. = Your bicycle. (plural, colloquial)
Roti lo pada. = Your bread. (plural, colloquial)
Meja beliau. = His/her desk/table. (singular, formal)
Jamnya. = His/her clock. (formal, informal)
Adik dia. = His/her younger brother/sister. (colloquial)
Seragam beliau-beliau. = Their uniform. (plural, formal)
Toko mereka. = Their shop. (plural, formal, informal)

Lesson 2: Negatives With Contradictions

2014-04-04T13:00:00.001-07:00

Negatives:

bukan = no, not (for noun or pronoun)
tidak = no, not (for verb or adjective)*

Contradictions:

tapi = tetapi = but (within a sentence)
akan tetapi = but (between sentences or paragraph)*

Structures:
... bukan ..., tapi/tetapi .... = ... is not ..., but ....

Examples:
Ini bukan air, tapi susu. = This is not water, but milk.
Ini bukan air, tetapi susu. = This is not water, but milk.

Itu bukan kakak, tapi adik. = That is not elder brother/sister, but younger brother/sister.
Itu bukan kakak, tetapi adik. = That is not elder brother/sister, but younger brother/sister.

*to be explained more on other lessons.

Lesson 1: Demonstrative Pronouns

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Demonstrative Pronouns:

ini = this
itu = that

Structures:
1. Questions:

Apa ini? = What is this?
Ini apa? = This is what?
Apa itu? = What is that?
Itu apa? = That is what?
Siapa ini? = Who is this?
Ini siapa? = This is who?
Siapa itu? = Who is that?
Itu siapa? = That is who?

2. Positive Sentences:
Demonstrative Pronouns + Noun/Pronouns

3. Negative Sentences:
Demonstrative Pronouns + bukan + Noun/Pronouns

Examples:
(?) Apa ini? = What is this?
(+) Ini tas. = This is bag.
(-) Ini bukan tas. = This is not bag

(?) Ini apa? = This is what?
(+) Ini mobil. = This is car.
(-) Ini bukan mobil. = This is not car.

(?) Apa itu? = What is that?
(+) Itu pohon. = That is tree.
(-) Itu bukan pohon. = That is not tree.

(?) Itu apa? = That is what?
(+) Itu meja. = That is table.
(-) Itu bukan meja. That is not table.

(?) Siapa ini? = Who is this?
(+) Ini kakak. = This is elder brother/sister.
(-) Ini bukan kakak. = This is not elder brother/sister.

(?) Ini siapa? = This is who?
(+) Ini ibu. = This is mother.
(-) Ini bukan ibu. = This is not mother.

(?) Siapa itu? = Who is that?
(+) Itu polisi. = That is policeman.
(-) Itu bukan polisi. = That is not policeman.

(?) Itu siapa? = That is who?
(+) Itu tukang. = That is workman.
(-) Itu bukan tukang. = That is not workman.

Vowel

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A/a
"a" is pronounced more or less like the English "a" in "father" or "u" in "but".

ada = available
anjing = dog
buka = open
saja = only
jalan = road, street, way
apa = what

E/e

when unstressed is pronounced as the "a" in "about".

depan = front

sekolah = school

kertas = paper

kelas = class

pelayan = waiter, waitress
pembantu = servant

when stressed it sounds like the "e" in "economical".

hebat = great, amazing

meja = table

enak = tasty, nice

sore = afternoon

in the words "sepeda" (bicycle) and "jendela" (window), the first "e" is unstressed, while the second "e" is stressed.

pronounced as "a" in "at" or the first "e" in "elephant"

bensin = petrol

teh = tea

ojek = private motorcycle for public transportation service

pendek = short

leher = neck

the first "e" in the word "ember" (bucket)

I/i
"i" is pronounced as "i" in "skin" or "ee" in "bee".

supir = driver
polisi = policeman
roti = bread
ibu = mother
itu = that
ini = this

O/o

"o" is pronounced like "o" in "both",

orang = people, human

polisi = policeman

sekolah = school

toko = shop

kotak = box

cokelat = chocolate, brown

or "a" in "all".

mobil = car

pohon = tree

roti = bread

bodoh = stupid, silly

kantor = office

U/u
"u" is pronounced like "oo" in "boom".
buku = book
kursi = chair
guru = teacher
kebun = garden
kucing = cat

U

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ump = umpama = for instance
utk = untuk = for

Y

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y.a.d. = yang akan datang = next
yang = which
yang akan datang = next
yang bersangkutan = concerned
yang lalu = past
ybs = yang bersangkutan = concerned
yg = yang = which
y.l. = yang lalu = past

Z

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zaman = period, era

N

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nyanyi = sing
nyonya = lady, Mrs.

D

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dan lain-lain = etc.
dan sebagainya = etc.
dengan = with
dgn. = dengan = with
dekat = near
dll. = dan lain-lain = etc.
demokrasi = democration
dengar = hear, listen
depan = front
departemen = department
dsb. = dan sebagainya = etc.
duduk = sit

J

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jahat = wicked, bad
jam = clock
jaman = zaman = period, era
Jawa = java
jawab = answer
jawaban = jawab + an = the answer

G

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gambar = drawing
guru = teacher