Biology Official

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2011-04-29T02:18:00.000-07:00

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2011-04-29T02:03:00.000-07:00

Malignant melanoma

2011-04-22T07:27:00.001-07:00

MODEL RELEASED. Malignant (cancerous) melanoma on the waist of a 47 year old woman. A malignant melanoma is a type of skin cancer that arises from the melanocytes, the cells that produce the pigment (melanin) that gives skin its colour. The main cause of melanoma is exposure to ultraviolet radiation in sunlight. It is an aggressive cancer that often spreads (metastasises) to other parts of the body. Treatment is with surgical excision of the melanoma.

Biology Official: Pregnancy

2011-04-22T02:46:00.000-07:00

Biology Official: Pregnancy: "Pregnancy at approx. full term (9 months). A lateral view (right side) of the uterus relative to the pelvis is shown. The uterus is semi-..."

Pregnancy

2011-04-22T02:45:00.000-07:00

Pregnancy at approx. full term (9 months). A lateral view (right side) of the uterus relative to the pelvis is shown. The uterus is semi-transparent.

Plant genetics research

2011-03-20T10:13:00.000-07:00

Plant genetics research. Plant biotechnology researcher collecting samples of digestive fluids from the leaf glands of a Drosera capensis carnivorous plant. This research involves producing human recombinant proteins with medical applications, based on the natural proteins produced by carnivorous plants. This research is being carried out for PATsas, a French biotechnology company.

Transgenic strawberry

2011-03-18T03:53:00.000-07:00

Transgenic strawberry (Fragaria sp.). Transgenic plants are plants that have been genetically engineered to contain one or more genes not found in that species. The genes confer desirable traits, such as disease resistance, herbicide resistance, increased flavour, increased hardiness, or increased size. Photographed at the University of Verona, Italy.

Bacterial conjugation

2011-03-16T10:36:00.000-07:00

Bacterial conjugation, cutaway artwork. Conjugation is a form of sexual reproduction in which pieces of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) called plasmids (circular, shown in the cutaway portions) are transferred between bacteria through a structure called a pilus.

Antibiotic resistance

2011-03-16T10:18:00.000-07:00

Artwork of bacterial cells becoming resistant to antibiotics. This resistance is acquired from a donor cell's plasmid (circular unit of deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA), which has resistance seen at upper left (red/yellow, red is resistance). Viral transmission involves a virus (pink, lower left) obtaining a resistant gene, and passing it to a bacterial cell that incorporates it into its plasmid. Bacterial cells also acquire segments of DNA released from dead cells (upper left). Mutations (not seen) may also occur, which may be antibiotic resistant and thus allow the bacteria to survive and reproduce.

Human immune response

2011-03-15T08:13:00.000-07:00

Human immune response. Computer artwork showing the interactions of the various white blood cells (purple) involved during an immune response in the human body. Red blood cells (red, round) can also be seen in a blood vessel (bottom), in which the white blood cells migrate to the site where they are needed.

Human papilloma virus

2011-03-15T08:07:00.000-07:00

Human papilloma virus (HPV). The protein coats, or capsids enclose their genetic material. The capsids are studded with surface proteins. HPV causes warts, which commonly grow on the hands, the soles of the feet, the body's mucous membranes and the genitals. It has also been linked with some skin and cervical cancers. The papilloma virus belongs to the papovavirus group, most of whose members are capable of inducing non- malignant tumours.

Blood pressure measurement

2011-03-14T19:19:00.000-07:00

Blood pressure measurement. Doctor holding the pump of a sphygmomanometer as he measures a patient's blood pressure. Blood pressure is an important measure of health. High blood pressure (hypertension) puts a great deal of strain on the heart, and is one of the major risk factors in heart attacks and strokes.

Bacteriophage viruses

2011-03-14T19:05:00.000-07:00

Bacteriophage viruses. Computer artwork of T- bacteriophages, or phages (small particles in image), infecting E. coli bacterium cells (larger, cylindrical particles in image). Phages are viruses that infect bacteria. T-phages consist of an icosahedral (20- sided) head, which contains the genetic material (either DNA or RNA), and a thick tail with several bent tail fibres. The tail is used to inject the genetic material into the host cell to infect it. The phage then uses the bacterium's genetic machinery to replicate itself. When a sufficient number have been produced the phages exit the cell by lysis, a process that kills the cell.

Insulin receptor, molecular model

2011-03-14T08:11:00.000-07:00

Insulin receptor. Molecular model of the insulin receptor molecule (brown, orange, blue, grey and mauve) bound to an insulin molecule (red and yellow). Both the surface structure (blobs) and secondary structure (ribbons) of the receptor are shown. The insulin receptor is a transmembrane protein, that is it spans the cellular membrane (yellow and cream). Binding of insulin to the extracellular part of the protein activates a number of changes inside the cell that lead to the uptake of glucose, the synthesis of glycogen and fatty acids and glycolysis, the production of energy from glucose.

Antibiotic resistance enzyme molecule

2011-03-14T08:07:00.000-07:00

Antibiotic resistance enzyme. Molecular model of the metallo-beta-lactamase protein fold, a part of metallo-beta-lactamase enzymes, in a bacterial cell. This bacterial enzyme confers antibiotic resistance on cells that carry it. The gene that codes for the enzyme is found on a plasmid, a ring of DNA that is separate to the cell's main DNA, and so can be transferred between cells in close contact. This is possible even if the bacteria do not belong to the same genus. The enzyme inactivates antibiotics in the beta-lactam group, including penicillin and carbapenems, which are the last line of defence used against other drug-resistant bacteria.

DNA CHIP

2011-03-14T07:39:00.000-07:00

DNA chip. Here, the slide after hybridation. The fluorescence reveals the gene expression.

Arabidopsis seedlings, genetics research

2011-03-14T07:23:00.000-07:00

Arabidopsis seedlings (Arabidopsis thaliana) being grown in a laboratory. This plant is used as a model organism in plant studies, including plant genetics. It has a relatively small genome for a plant, with only 5 chromosomes. It also grows and reproduces rapidly, taking only 6 weeks to pass through its entire life cycle. Another advantage is that it is relatively easy to manipulate its genome, for example by using bacteria to transfer new DNA to the plant's cells. Photographed at the Plant Development and Genome Laboratory at the University of Perpignan, France.

BIOTECHNOLOGY, GMO

2011-03-14T07:14:00.000-07:00

BIOTECHNOLOGY, GMO Illustration of the different techniques for creating GMOs from transformed DNA. On the left, the DNA is introduced into the nucleus of a cell which will grow into a genetically-modified animal. In the center, plant DNA is placed in a plasmid vector and then either transferred to a plant cell indirectly via bacteria or transferred directly to the plant cell through electroporation. On the right, the gene is anchored to metallic particles and transferred directly to the cell using a gene gun. The resulting plant cells then grow into plants.

GM bacterial cultures

2011-03-14T07:11:00.000-07:00

GM bacterial cultures on a light box. The bacteria have been genetically engineered to contain a plasmid, a circle of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). The plasmid contains a gene (iaaM) that prevents tomatoes from developing seeds. The bacteria are used to multiply the gene many times because of their quick replication rate. The genes will then be inserted into tomato plant genomes. Photographed at the University of Verona, Italy.

Transgenic tomato genome sequencing

2011-03-14T07:09:00.000-07:00

Transgenic tomato genome sequencing. Researcher holding a seedless transgenic tomato above a DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) autoradiogram of its genome. The bands on the film show the position of the four nucleotide bases from DNA. The sequence of bases make up genes, which encode an organism's genetic information. A gene has been inserted into the tomato plant to prevent the development of seeds. Photographed at the University of Verona, Italy.

Transgenic tomato genome sequencing

2011-03-14T07:06:00.000-07:00

Transgenic tomato genome sequencing. Researcher watching an electrophoresis gel running to sequence the genome of a tomato that has been genetically modified to be seedless. The bands on the gel show the position of the four nucleotide bases from DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). The sequence of bases make up genes, which encode an organism's genetic information. A gene has been inserted into the tomato plant to prevent the development of seeds. Photographed at the University of Verona, Italy.