A NEW WAVE IN BIOLOGY

Horseshoe Crab-Living Fossil

2010-10-15T16:22:00.002+05:30

Back in time, The earliest horseshoe crab species were crawling around coastal seas for at least 100 million years before the dinosaurs even arrived (which was about 200 million years ago). Horseshoe crabs are among the world's oldest and most fascinating creatures. They are estimated to be at least 300 million years old. Thousands of other species have evolved and gone extinct, but horseshoe crabs have survived and today remain much as they were those millions of years ago, so they are truely living fossils. HORSESHOE CRAB BLOOD
The blood of the horseshoe crab provides a valuable medical product critical to maintaining the safety of many drugs and devices used in medical care. A protein in the blood called Limulus Amebocyte Lysate (LAL) is used by pharmaceutical and medical device manufacturers to test their products for the presence of endotoxins, bacterial substances that can cause fevers and even be fatal to humans. The LAL test is one of the most important medical products derived from a marine organism to benefit humans. Biomedical companies obtain the LAL by bleeding horseshoe crabs in a laboratory environment. The crabs are washed to remove sand and other marine debris from their exoskeletons. Those crabs without visible injuries are placed on a bleeding rack and bled by puncturing the heart with a large gauge needle. On average, 30% of the crab�s blood is removed before the wound clots naturally. The blood is placed in a centrifuge to separate the amebocytes from the blue haemolymph that comprises the supernatant. Distilled water is then added to the separated amebocytes. The added water will eventually cause the cells to burst, or lyse. Clotting proteins inside the cells are released and separated from the rest of the solution. The collected proteins are further processed into the powdered LAL product. The Horseshoe Crabs are generally returned to the water within 72 hours of bleeding.

Discovery of LAL
The white blood cells (amebocytes)of horseshoe crab clotted when exposed to endotoxins is the basis of LAL Test (Limulus Amebocyte Lysate)

Limulus -Taxonomic name of the horseshoe crab
Amebocyt-The white blood cells of the horseshoe crab
Lysate-Describes the original process used by Bang and Levin to rupture the cell membrane

In the 1970's, the LAL test was recognized by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as an alternative to current methods of testing for endotoxins. LAL test became an FDA required test for the presence of endotoxins in injectable drug products and implanted medical devices.

What are Endotoxins?

Endotoxins are fever inducing bacterial toxins found only in gram-negative bacteria. They are able to resist destruction by steam sterilization and removal by filtration. Endotoxins are found within the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria. As these cells grow and die, the endotoxins are released into the surrounding aquatic environment. Lipopolysaccharide is the biologically active component of endotoxins. During the late 1800 vaccinations were being developed to combat certain diseases. In many cases, people that where given these vaccines became sick with an illness called 'injection fever'. Years later, injection fever was discovered to be an immune response to the presence of endotoxins in two types of bacteria. Gram-negative bacteria is the one type commonly found in aquatic environments. It is called gram-negative because the bacteria do not become stained during the Gram staining process.

How the LAL Test Works

The LAL Gel Clot test is simple to use. Add a small amount of the sample solution being tested to a glass test tube containing the LAL solution. Next, incubate the test tube at 37 Celsius for specified time. After time has lapsed, invert the test tube and observe the reaction.

Industrial Biotechnology

2010-09-07T17:41:00.000+05:30

This book give info about industrial biotechnology.

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Biochemical Calculations

2010-09-07T17:34:00.000+05:30

This book give you complete information about how to solve mathematical problems in biochemistry.

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Cells, Gels and the Engines of Life

2010-05-01T11:17:00.001+05:30

Pages:320

This book describes how cells work. It challenges the current wisdom of cell function, and presents a new, simpler approach to fundamental processes such as movement, transport, division, and communication, based on sound physical principles. The book is profusely illustrated with many color figures. It is written for the non-expert in an accessible, often humorous style.

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Blogger Buzz: Blogger integrates with Amazon Associates

2010-04-21T16:42:00.000+05:30

Blogger Buzz: Blogger integrates with Amazon Associates

Britannica Guide to Genetics

2010-01-05T17:51:00.004+05:30

The Britannica Guide to Genetics is the ideal companion for students or general popular science readers who wish to know the facts behind the latest research and discoveries. After the Introduction from bestselling science writer and geneticist Steve Jones the book covers the entire history of genetics from Gregor Mendel’s first experiments with peas at the end of the nineteenth century to the announcement of the Human Genome Project in 1998.

Price	$16.95
ISBN	1593398514
Published Date	1/1/2009

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2010-01-04T18:47:00.002+05:30

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TWO NEW BIOTECHNOLOGY BOOKS RELEASED

2008-12-13T08:07:00.003+05:30

Best Practices in Biotechnology Education22 International Best Practices in K-12, College, Certificate, Master’s, Doctoral, MBA, Distance Education Programs and Student Groups

I’m proud to announce two new books featuring international best practices in biotechnology business development and biotechnology education. These new books respectively empower industry leaders operating in the dynamic biotechnology industry, and help address the global shortage of skilled biotechnology workers.

This international compilation is directed at faculty and program directors seeking to start or expand biotechnology education programs; policy makers and economic developers seeking to meet workforce needs; and, students, scientists, and business professionals looking to enter the biotechnology industry or upgrade their existing skills. The included cases describe a wide variety of international programs from high-school through Ph.D. levels, and student clubs. Some programs are in their first years whereas others are quite mature and have diversified to offer myriad degree and certificate programs.
First Edition, March 2008Perfect Bound, 342 pages, US$74.95ISBN: 978-09734676-7-3

Best Practices in Biotechnology Business DevelopmentValuation, Licensing, Cash Flow, Pharmacoeconomics, Market Selection, Communication, and Intellectual PropertyBest Practices in Biotechnology Business Development provides a framework to understand critical issues in biotechnology business development. Experts from a wide range of disciplines have contributed best practices based on their experiences and expertise, enabling biotechnology entrepreneurs, senior managers, directors, and officers to develop a better understanding of the key elements in these operations, empowering them to better manage their implementation.

First Edition, March 2008Perfect Bound, 186 pages, US$67.95ISBN: 978-09734676-0-4

MIRACLE FOR ANTIPEPTIDES FROM MILLIPEDES

2008-12-07T19:01:00.003+05:30

Millipedes are small invertebrates that mostly feed on dead or decaying plant material. They have a tough and firm exoskeleton but have virtually no other defense against larger aggressive carnivores. As a result, many millipedes have adapted sophisticated chemical defenses and are able to produce chemicals such as quinones, cresols, phenols and hydrogen cyanide. In flat-backed millipedes cyanide is produced in double-chambered segmented glands that initially produce a cyanophore (a harmless organic cyanide compound) in one chamber. When needed the cyanophore is secreted into the other chamber which produces an enzyme that breaks the cyanophore into hydrogen cyanide, which escapes through a pore and can kill an attacking insect or sicken a toad or frog. Millipedes survive their own toxins by closing off their breathing pores until the danger passes. If a human handles the millipedes the release of the odourless cyanide can be detected as a result of the simultaneous release of a benzaldehyde, which has a strong smell of crushed almonds.A European species of millipede, Glomeris marginata produces a powerful sedative belonging to a chemical group called quinazolinones (includes the commercial sedative Quaalude). As a result, attacking wolf spiders simply go to sleep, sometimes for days. An additional component released with it contains powerful anti-feedant chemicals, which initially stop the spider from biting and feeding until the sedative takes effect. To let would-be predators know they are lethal the millipedes exhibit aposematic colouration (bright colours, such as reds and yellows to advertise their toxicity or distastefulness).

THE FORGOTTEN HERO IN HISTORY

2008-12-04T15:54:00.004+05:30

Nostradamus, (December 14, 1503 – July 1, 1566) born Michel de Nostredame, is one of the world's most famous authors of prophecies. He is most famous for his book Les Propheties, which consists of rhymed quatrains (4-line poems) grouped into sets of 100, called Centuries.

Nostradamus enthusiasts have credited him with predicting a copious number of events in world history, including the French Revolution, the atom bomb, the rise of Adolf Hitler and the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center. Detractors, however, see such predictions as examples of vaticinium ex eventu, retroactive clairvoyance and selective thinking, which find non-existent patterns in ambiguous statements. Because of this, it has been claimed that Nostradamus is "100% accurate at predicting events after they happen".

Dogs can read emotion in human faces

2008-10-31T23:00:00.000+05:30

Dogs are the only animals that can read emotion in faces much like humans, cementing their position as man's best friend, claim scientists.

Research findings suggest that, like an understanding best friend, they can see at a glance if we are happy, sad, pleased or angry.When humans look at a new face their eyes tend to wander left, falling on the right hand side of the person's face first.This "left gaze bias" only occurs when we encounter faces and does not apply any other time, such as when inspecting animals or inanimate objects.A possible reason for the tendency is that the right side of the human face is better at expressing emotional state.

Chandrayaan-1’s Orbit Closer to Moon

2008-10-31T18:04:00.003+05:30

The fourth orbit raising manoeuvre of Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft was carried out today (October 29, 2008) morning at 07:38 am IST. During this manoeuvre, the spacecraft’s 440 Newton liquid engine was fired for about three minutes. With this, Chandrayaan-1 entered into a more elliptical orbit whose apogee (farthest point to Earth) lies at 267,000 km (two lakh sixty seven thousand km) while the perigee (nearest point to Earth) lies at 465 km. Thus, Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft’s present orbit extends more than half the way to moon. In this orbit, the spacecraft takes about six days to go round the Earth once.
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NEW ANTIBIOTIC TARGET FOR DRUG RESISTANT TUBERCULOSIS

2008-10-28T21:45:00.005+05:30

A team of Rutgers University scientists led by Richard H. Ebright and Eddy Arnold has identified a new antibiotic target and a new antibiotic mechanism that may enable the development of broad-spectrum antibacterial agents effective against bacterial pathogens resistant to current antibiotics. In particular, the results could lead the way to new treatments for tuberculosis (TB) that involve shorter courses of therapy and are effective against drug-resistant TB.

Biotechnology in Flavor Production

2008-10-28T00:28:00.001+05:30

Biotechnology can deliver complex flavors both as fermentation products and single constituents. Recent developments in transgenic research have spawned numerous studies in the use of metabolic engineering of biosynthetic pathways to produce high-value secondary metabolites that can enhance the flavors of food products. Biotechnology is also playing an increasingly important role in the breeding of food crops for enhanced flavor.
This book provides a unique overview of the current state of the art of flavor production through biotechnology, examining the principles and current methods of producing flavors from plants and other organisms. Chapters are included on plant tissue culture, genetic engineering of plants for flavor improvement and genetic engineering of bacteria and fungi for flavor improvement of fermented beverages and dairy products. The book is directed at food scientists and technologists in the food and flavour industries as well as academics and ingredients suppliers.

NEW BOOK RELEASED ''SEAFOOD Ecolabelling"

2008-10-28T00:23:00.001+05:30

In recent years there have been some major developments and a greatly increased recognition of the importance of more sustainable and environmentally-friendly fishing and fish-farming methods. Various types of seafood eco-endorsements have been introduced, and these initiatives have now blossomed into an extensive range of types of product endorsement labels and systems.
This volume comprehensively reviews the current eco-endorsement systems for seafood products, described in four main sections with contributions by leading experts from around the globe

ISBN: 9781405162661ISBN10: 140516266X

A SIMPLE INVASIVE EYE TEST FOR ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE

2008-10-25T15:17:00.002+05:30

A recent discovery say's that the same Alzheimer's disease process that goes on in the brain also occurs in the eye, researchers have developed a pair of optical tests that can determine the presence of amyloid beta proteins -- found in all Alzheimer's patients -- in the lens of the eye. A device called an interior laser ophthalmoscope can pick up the presence of the amyloid protein.

Insect warning colors aid cancer drug discovery

2008-10-24T11:59:00.001+05:30

Brightly colored beetles or butterfly larvae nibbling on a plant may signal the presence of chemical compounds active against cancer cell lines and tropical parasitic diseases, according to researchers at Smithsonian's Tropical Research Institute in Panama. Such clues could speed drug discovery and provide insight into the ecological relationships between tropical-forest plants and insects that feed on them.

Genes hold secret of survival of Antarctic 'antifreeze fish'

2008-10-24T11:53:00.001+05:30

A genetic study of a fish that lives in the icy waters off Antarctica sheds light on the adaptations that enable it to survive in one of the harshest environments on the planet. (To see an audio slide show on the fish, please go to: http://publicaffairs.illinois.edu/slideshows/Antarctic%5FNotothenioids/). The study, in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, is the first to search the genome of an Antarctic notothenioid fish for clues to its astounding hardiness. There are eight families of notothenioid fish, and five of them inhabit the Southern Ocean, the frigid sea that encircles the Antarctic continent. These fish can withstand temperatures that would turn most fish to ice. Their ability to live in the cold and. oxygen-rich extremes is so extraordinary that they make up more than 90 percent of the fish biomass of the Southern Ocean.

Crossing Blood-Brain Barrier: Scientists Develop Drug Delivery System For Brain Cancers, Other Diseases

2008-10-23T15:40:00.002+05:30

Scientists have developed a new drug delivery system that is capable of crossing the blood-brain barrier to reach and kill cancer cells in the brain, according to research presented at the 20th EORTC-NCI-AACR [1] Symposium on Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics in Geneva on 22 October.

Less than five per cent of drugs (made up of very small molecules) are able to cross the barrier. But a new drug delivery system has now been developed that is capable of crossing the blood-brain barrier to reach and kill cancer cells in the brain.

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Darwin's Black Box: The Biochemical Challenge to Evolution

2008-10-23T01:03:00.002+05:30

Product Description
The groundbreaking, "seminal work" (Time) on intelligent design that dares to ask, was Darwin wrong?
In 1996, Darwin's Black Box helped to launch the intelligent design movement: the argument that nature exhibits evidence of design, beyond Darwinian randomness. It sparked a national debate on evolution, which continues to intensify across the country. From one end of the spectrum to the other, Darwin's Black Box has established itself as the key intelligent design text -- the one argument that must be addressed in order to determine whether Darwinian evolution is sufficient to explain life as we know it.
In a major new Afterword for this edition, Behe explains that the complexity discovered by microbiologists has dramatically increased since the book was first published. That complexity is a continuing challenge to Darwinism, and evolutionists have had no success at explaining it. Darwin's Black Box is more important today than ever.

The Selfish Gene: 30th Anniversary Edition--with a new Introduction by the Author

2008-10-23T00:57:00.001+05:30

Product Description

Richard Dawkins' brilliant reformulation of the theory of natural selection has the rare distinction of having provoked as much excitement and interest outside the scientific community as within it. His theories have helped change the whole nature of the study of social biology, and have forced thousands of readers to rethink their beliefs about life.In his internationally bestselling, now classic volume, The Selfish Gene, Dawkins explains how the selfish gene can also be a subtle gene. The world of the selfish gene revolves around savage competition, ruthless exploitation, and deceit, and yet, Dawkins argues, acts of apparent altruism do exist in nature. Bees, for example, will commit suicide when they sting to protect the hive, and birds will risk their lives to warn the flock of an approaching hawk.This 30th anniversary edition of Dawkins' fascinating book retains all original material, including the two enlightening chapters added in the second edition. In a new Introduction the author presents his thoughts thirty years after the publication of his first and most famous book, while the inclusion of the two-page original Foreword by brilliant American scientist Robert Trivers shows the enthusiastic reaction of the scientific community at that time. This edition is a celebration of a remarkable exposition of evolutionary thought, a work that has been widely hailed for its stylistic brilliance and deep scientific insights, and that continues to stimulate whole new areas of research today.

http://www.biologybookworld.com/index.php?c=c101&n=1000&i=0199291152&x=The_Selfish_Gene_30th_Anniversary_Edition_with_a_new_Introduction_by_the_Author

distribution of genomic dna's

2008-10-23T00:46:00.002+05:30

http://www.nbrc.nite.go.jp/e/gdna-e.html

The microbial genomic DNA supplied by NBRC is checked by the following quality verification procedure.
i)
Quantity
The quantity (over 1µg) is checked by spectrophotometry.
ii)
Suitability for enzyme reaction
The suitability for enzyme reaction is checked by the PCR.
iii)
Sequencing of the 16S rDNA
The full-region of 16S rDNA is sequenced.
iv)
DNA Length
The average length (over 20kbp) is checked by pulse field gel electrophoresis (PFGE).

Forgotten Experiment May Explain Origins of Life

2008-10-17T23:03:00.002+05:30

Originally considered a dud, an old volcano-in-a-bottle experiment designed to mimic conditions that may have brewed the components of life might have been right on target.
After reanalyzing the results of unpublished research conducted by Stanley Miller in 1953, chemists realized that his experiment had actually produced a wealth of amino acids — the protein foundation of life.
Miller is famed for the results of experiments on amino acid formation in a jar filled with methane, hydrogen and ammonia — his version of the primordial soup. However, his estimates of atmospheric composition were eventually considered inaccurate. The experiment became regarded as a general rather than useful example of how the first organic molecules may have assembled.
But the latest results, derived from samples found in an old box by one of Miller's former graduate students, come from a device that mimicked volcanic conditions now believed to have existed three billion years ago. The findings suggest that amino acids could have formed when lightning struck pools of gas on the flanks of volcanoes, and are a fitting coda for the late father of prebiotic chemistry.
"What's amazing is that he did it," said study co-author Jeffrey Bada, a Scripps Institute of Oceanography biochemist and Miller's former student. "All I did is have access to his extracts."
Bada stumbled across the original experiment by accident when a colleague of Miller's mentioned having seen a box of experimental samples in Miller's office. Bada, who inherited Miller's scientific possessions after his death in 2007, found the box — literally labeled "1953-1954 experiments" — in his own office.
Inside it were samples taken by Miller from a device that spewed a concentrated stream of primordial gases over an electrical spark. It was a high-powered variation on the steady-steam apparatus that earned him fame — but unlike that device, it appeared to have produced few amino acids, and was unmentioned in his landmark 1953 Science study, "A Production of Amino Acids Under Possible Primitive Earth Conditions."
But Miller didn't have access to high-performance liquid chromatography, which lets chemists break down and classify samples with once-unthinkable levels of precision. And when Bada's team reanalyzed the disregarded samples, they found no fewer than 22 amino acids, several of which were never seen by Miller in a lifetime of primordial modeling.
Perhaps amino acids first formed when the gases in Miller's device accumulated around active volcanoes, said Bada. "Instead of having global synthesis of organic molecules, you had a lot of little localized factories in the form of these volcanic islands," he said.

MICROSCOPIC TECHNIQUES

2008-09-13T20:36:00.002+05:30

PAGES: 244

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RNA METHODOLOGIES

2008-09-13T16:44:00.002+05:30

PAGES: 770

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