Bitalsudan

The inclusion of the island of Meroe in the UNESCO World Heritage half of the Sudanese civilization

2011-07-02T21:27:00.000-07:00

A cultural history of the Sudan group of cultures do not limit the phase of one civilization, The entry of the Neolithic and through the civilizations vine, plant, Meroe, Nubadia approved Alwa, Oman Fung Alsnaria, frying, Almspat and ending the state of Mahdia descended to us the heritage Ckm not received attention is worth it only in recent decades after independence, when embarking on the establishment of the High Dam in 1960 and required a concerted effort to do as a rescue operation for the effects in the history of the region stretching from the First Cataract and even Kush south, during which rescue twenty-two ancient sites, this phase beginning knowledge of the history of ancient civilization Sudan adopted during the UNESCO World Heritage List and the pyramids of Gebel Barkal Nuri and Abu Kru and fetish Dom Northern State
Continued efforts of archaeological research by scientists and scholars of the effects of history and anthropology for the success of its success Alaonkso adoption by the Commission last June the island of Meroe, capital of the Kingdom of Kush in the list of world heritage fair, Sudan and the Nubian civilization, the oldest civilizations in the presenceAnd has made a proposal to include the island of Meroe in the list of World Heritage Arab Republic of Egypt has been promoting the proposal from the countries of Brazil, Ethiopia, China, Bahrain, Mali, United Arab Emirates also found support for the proposal of Switzerland and SwedenAnd confirms the representative of the Sudan, UNESCO Ambassador Hafiz Awad to win the proposal unanimously came to these countries to stand with Sudan, without reservation, especially in cultural issues, pointing out that the steps to the inclusion of the island of Meroe began in 2004 when you visit the UNESCO Director-General of the regionSaid Mahjoub Mohamed Othman, a member of the Delegation of Sudan, said the adoption of the island of Meroe in the World Heritage List of UNESCO was unanimously despite the objections of one of the evaluation committees to include the island of Meroe pretext to penetrate through the challenge of this region and the presence of power lines carrier in addition to the need for region-specific criteria for maintenance and safety, pointing out to the delegation of Sudan strong arguments resulted in consensus on the resolution
The island of Meroe River Nile State is made up of landfills kings of the Kingdom of Kush Abajrawih and Naqaa and drawings, the royal city has archaeologists have unearthed many interesting details from civilization irrigated but the Meroitic and stood in front of discovering more about where it remained texts Meroitic talismans not loosen its code until the moment Archaeologists and likely start to write the Meroitic since 750 BC. mThe religion of irrigated has reached archaeologists across the reality of cultural behavior to that Almrroyon they are very interested in life after death is shown as successors of the landfills and literature funeral and purposes annexed their graves and contain the temples attached to the pyramids on the reliefs represent eternal life, and according to their beliefs estimated to rise to heaven

إدراج جزيرة مروي ضمن التراث العالمي لليونسكو انصاف للحضارة السودانية

يشكل التاريخ الحضاري للسودان مجموعة من الثقافات لاتحدد بمرحلة حضارة واحدة ، فبدء من العصر الحجري الحديث ومرورا بحضارات كرمة ، نبتة ، مروي ، نوباديا المقرة علوة ، سلطنة الفونج السنارية ، تقلي ، المسبعات وانتهاءا بالدولة المهدية ينحدر الينا تراث صخم لم يلق الاهتمام الجدير به الا في العقود الآخيرة عقب الاستقلال وعند الشروع في انشاء السد العالي عام 1960م وما تطلبه من تضافر الجهود للقيام بأكبر عملية انقاذ للآثار في تاريخ الإنسانية بالمنطقة الممتدة من الشلال الاول وحتي كوش جنوبا والتي تم خلالها انقاذ اثنين وعشرين موقعاً اثرياً ، تعد هذه المرحلة البداية المعرفية للتاريخ القديم لحضارة السودان إعتمدت خلالها لجنة اليونسكو ضمن قائمة التراث العالمي جبل البركل واهرامات نوري والكرو وصنم ابو دوم بالولاية الشمالية
وتواصلت جهود البحث الآثاري من قبل العلماء والدارسين للآثار والتاريخ والانثربولوجيا ليكلل نجاحها باعتماد لجنة اليونكسو في يونيو الماضي جزيرة مروي عاصمة مملكة كوش ضمن قائمة التراث العالمي انصافا للحضارة السودانية والنوبية اقدم الحضارات في الوجود
و قد تقدم باقتراح ادراج جزيرة مروي ضمن قائمة التراث العالمي جمهورية مصر العربية وتم تعزيز الاقتراح من دول البرازيل واثيوبيا والصين والبحرين ومالي والامارات كما وجد الاقتراح مساندة سويسرا والسويد
ويؤكد مندوب السودان باليونسكو السفير عبدالحفيظ العوض ان فوز الاقتراح بالاجماع جاء لوقوف هذه الدول مع السودان بلا تحفظ خاصة في المسائل الثقافية مشيرا الي ان خطوات ادراج جزيرة مروي بدأت في العام 2004م عند زيارة مدير عام اليونسكو للمنطقة
ويقول محجوب محمد عثمان عضو وفد السودان ان اعتماد جزيرة مروي ضمن قائمة التراث العالمي لليونسكو تم بالاجماع رغم اعتراض احدي لجان التقييم علي ادراج جزيرة مروي بحجة اختراق طريق التحدي لهذه المنطقة ووجود خطوط الكهرباء الناقلة بالاضافة الي احتياج المنطقة للمعايير الخاصة للصيانة والسلامة مشيرا الي تقديم وفد السودان حججا قوية اسفرت عن الاجماع حول القرار
يذكر ان جزيرة مروي بولاية نهر النيل تتكون من مدافن ملوك مملكة كوش في البجراوية والنقعة والمصورات والمدينة الملكية وقد اكتشف علماء الأثار العديد من التفاصيل المثيرة عن الحضارة المروية إلا ان اللغة المروية وقفت امام اكتشاف المزيد عنها حيث ظلت نصوص اللغة المروية طلاسم لم تفك شفرتها حتي اللحظة ويرجح الآثاريون بدء كتابة اللغة المروية منذ سنة 750ق.م
اما الديانة المروية فقد توصل علماء الآثار عبر واقع السلوك الثقافي الي ان المرويون كانوا شديدو الاهتمام بحياة ما بعد الممات يظهر ذلك فيما خلفوه من مدافن ومن الأدب الجنائزي واغراض ضمتها قبورهم واحتواء معابدهم الملحقة بالاهرامات علي نقوش بارزة تمثل الحياة الابدية وحسب معتقداتهم المقدرة علي الصعود الي السماء

National Day of Canada

2011-06-30T23:32:00.000-07:00

Will be celebrating National Day of Canada No. 144 in all Mqataat Canada Home and usually marks the celebration of the first day of the month of July every year, a celebration of the establishment of Canada as an independentIt is noticeable is the history and life of the state is not far away Establishing a federal official state Alamralgosairaattabr this amazing thing for those who entered Canada and lived there compared Bamrha and achievements and their development and sits on the tables of meetings the major industrialized countries.In this day be an official holiday for government institutions and non-governmental organizations and some sectors of private business.
United Canada on July 1, 1867, and the system of government by the confederation and a parliamentary democracy, and Canada is a Member State of the Commonwealth, a constitutional monarchy and Queen Elizabeth II of Britain is, who heads the state since February 1952, represented by Governor-General who is appointed to a term of five years by a decision of the Queen.Canada was in 1982 so can not make any changes in its constitution or political system without the consent of the British Government, and was amended in 1982. In the same year, he was a law "freedoms and duties," which celebrates Canada each yearThere are parties, 5 parties in Canada are the head of the ruling Liberal Party, Union Party of Canada, the Quebec Federation Party, Conservative Party, the Party of Democrats.Subject to English law with the exception of Quebec, where the subject of French civil law.

It is believed that the name "Canada" is derived from the word "Kanata" which means in the language of the people of the country's indigenous Indian population of Canada and the top Qubilh Alrqua specifically, it means a "village" or "community" or "meeting place". Canada is the second largest country in the world in terms of area. It contains great natural sources of oil and natural gas, minerals and fish. It is also a manufacturer and an important member of the Group of Eight major G8.Part of the territory and most of the Canadian Arctic archipelago is located within the frozen region; rest of the country lies within the northern half of the northern temperate zone. As a result, the general climatic conditions ranging from extreme cold characteristic of the polar regions to the mild temperatures for the southern latitudes. The Canadian climate is characterized by wide regional diversity.Canada is rich in precious natural resources that are essential for the economy it commercially. The country has enormous areas of fertile lowlands in the provinces Almarjah (such as Alberta, Manitoba, Saskatchewan). And on the borders of the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River in southern Quebec and Ontario. Forests cover about 49% of the country and is rich in precious wood Bhamlat commercially. Commercial fishing in Canada is due to the almost 500 years ago, and still waters of the ocean, and inland lakes, and rivers continue to support the industry. The mining industry in Canada has a long history of exploration and development dates back to before the establishment of the Canadian federation in 1867. Canadian Shield and contains mineral wealth but more importantly is that the country is also rich in reserves of crude oil and natural gas. System of lakes and rivers and mountainous topography combine to make hydropower a permanent natural assets in Canada.

Administrative divisions:Canada is divided into ten provinces:Alberta and British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, and Labrador, and Nova Scotia, and Ontario, and Prince Edward Island, Quebec, and SaskatchewanAnd three territories or regions:Northwest Territories and the Yukon territory, and Nonavc created from a section of the Northwest Territory, came into existence in 1999

The major cities of Canada:Toronto, the capital of the province of Ontario, a port and industrial city (population 4,444,700). Montreal, the capital of the province of Quebec, a port and major commercial center (population 3.359 million); Vancouver, the provincial capital of British Columbia is an industrial center and the axis is important for the railways, shipping and forest products (1891400) Ottawa, a city in Ontario is the political capital of Canada and the city commercial and industrial (the structure of the Ottawa urban, and Winnipeg (1030500) capital of the province of Manitoba and is a key market for wheat and the meeting rail (676 700). Edmonton, the provincial capital of Alberta and is an important center for agriculture and oil (891 500), Quebec City, capital of the province of Quebec and is a center for tourism, shipping and manufacturing (697 600)
Population:The population of Canada (31,002.200) (census 2001), male (15,348.800) and the number of females (15,653.400) and a population density of about 3 persons per square kilometer. Three-quarters of the people of Canada about living in a relatively narrow strip along the U.S. border, while centered about 62% of the population in Quebec and Ontario. About 17% live in the provinces Almarjah Prairie Provinces such as Alberta and Manitoba and Saskatchewan. Also live about 8% in the provinces on the Atlantic Ocean, which include Newfoundland and Labrador and the Maritime provinces of Prince Edward Island and Nova Scotia, New Brunswick. And 13% live in British Columbia. The scattered about 0.3% in each of the territory of Yukon and Northwest Territories, and Nonavc.
Canada Day is celebrated all over the country with a variety of events, and national general and in most cases, following the celebration in July. In Ottawa, the capital, the ceremony will be the largest and usually attend the Queen (Queen Elizabeth II) is either the celebration in the capital or in one of the states.
On this day prevail for many manifestations of delight and joy of all States, Canada, and be and there are parades, concerts, dance and Tarab, and festivals, free concerts and carnivals and Akotai flags Alkndaa aspects of the celebration in all the states, and seeking a rich national "Oh, Canada"

O Canada! Our home and native land!
True patriot love in all thy sons command.
With glowing hearts we see thee rise,
The True North strong and free!
From far and wide, O Canada,
We stand on guard for thee.
God keep our land glorious and free!
O Canada, we stand on guard for thee!
O Canada, we stand on guard for thee!

In Franch

Ô Canada! Terre de nos aïeux
Ton front est ceint de fleurons glorieux
Car ton bras sait porter l'épée
Il sait porter la croix
Ton histoire est une épopée
Des plus brillants exploits
Et ta valeur, de foi trempée
Protégera nos foyers et nos droits
Protégera nos foyers et nos droits

Can be heard everywhere, as well as in the evening there would be plenty of fireworks and the Canadian media coverage of this national holiday and love the children draw a Canadian flag on the face

And we usually are given and the granting of Canadian citizenship at a ceremony in a large sports stadium and sing the national song

(Oh Canada! Our home and the land of our forefathers!) And be given citizenship and be sworn in and recognition of Canadian law and loyalty to the queen and to obey the laws of Canada.

I hope to be a national holiday to Canada, my second, who am proud of it is fine and that everyone enjoys security and peace

سيتم الاحتفال بالعيد القومي لكندا رقم 144 في جميع مقاطاعت كندا الرئيسيه وعادة ما يصادف الاحتفال اليوم الاول من شهر يوليو من كل عام وهو احتفال بتأسيس كندا كدوله مستقله

ومن الملاحظ يعتبر تاريخ وعمر الدولة ليس ببعيد فتأسيس دولة رسمية فيدرالية بهذا العمرالقصيريعتبر شيء مذهل لمن دخل كندا وعاش فيها مقارنةً بعمرها و إنجازاتها و تطورها وجلوسها على طاولات اجتماعات الدول الصناعية الكبرى .

ففي هذا اليوم تكون إجازة رسمية للمؤسسات الحكومية وغير الحكوميه و بعض قطاعات الاعمال الخاصه .

توحدت كندا في 1 يوليو عام 1867م، و نظام الحكم بها اتحاد كونفدرالي وديمقراطية برلمانية، وتعتبر كندا دولة عضو في رابطة الكومنولث، وهي ملكية دستورية والملكة إليزابيث الثانية ملكة بريطانيا هي التي تترأس الدولة منذ فبراير عام 1952م، ويمثلها الحاكم العام والذي يتم تعيينه لمدة خمس سنوات بقرار من الملكة.
كانت كندا حتى عام 1982 لا تستطيع إجراء أي تعديل في دستورها أو نظامها السياسي بدون موافقة الحكومة البريطانية، و قد تم تعديل ذلك في عام 1982. و في نفس العام تم إقرار قانون " الحريات والواجبات"والذي تحتفل كندا به سنوياً
ويوجد بكندا 5 أحزاب رئيسة هم حزب الأحرار الحاكم، حزب الاتحاد الكندي، حزب إتحاد كيبك، حزب المحافظين، وحزب الديمقراطيين.
تخضع للقانون الإنجليزي فيما عدا كيبيك حيث تخضع للقانون المدني الفرنسي.

ومن المعتقد أنّ اسمَ "كندا" مشْتق مِنْ كلمة "Kanata" التي تعني في لغة أهل البلاد الأصليين الهنود الحمر السكان الاوائل لكند وبالتحديد قبئلة الركوا ا فهي تعني "قرية" أَو "جالية" أو" مكان الاجتماع". وكندا هي ثاني أكبرُ دولة في العالم من حيث المساحة. وتحتوي على مصادر طبيعية عظيمة من النفط والغاز الطبيعي والمعادن والأسماك. وهي أيضاً دولة مصنعة مهمة وعضو في مجموعة الدول الثمانية الكبار G8.
جزء من الأراضي الكنديةِ وأغلب الأرخبيلِ القطبيِ يَقِعُ ضمن المنطقةِ المتجمدة؛ بقيّة البلادِ تَقع ضمن في النِصْفِ الشماليِ للمنطقةِ المعتدلةِ الشماليةِ. كنتيجة لذلك، تَتراوحُ الأحوال المناخيةَ العامّةَ مِنْ الخاصيةِ الباردةِ المتطرّفةِ للمناطقِ القطبيةِ إلى درجاتِ الحرارة المعتدلةِ لخطوطِ العرض الأكثرِ جنوبيةً. إنّ المناخَ الكنديَ يتميز بالتنوع الإقليمي الواسع.
كندا غنية بالمصادرِ الطبيعيةِ الثمينةِ التي لا غنى للاقتصاد عنها بشكل تجاريِ. البلاد تتمتع بمناطق هائلة مِنْ الأراضي المنخفضة الخصبةِ في المقاطعات المرجيةِ مثل (ألبيرتا، مانيتوبا، ساسكاتشوان). وعلى حدود البحيرات الكبرى ونهر سانت لورانس في جنوب كيبيك وأونتاريو. تَغطّي الغاباتُ حوالي 49% مِن البلاد وتزخر بحاملات الأخشاب الثمينةِ تجاريا. صيد السمك التجاري في كندا يرجع إلى قبل 500 سنة تقريباً، ولا تزال مياه المحيطِ، والبحيرات الداخلية، والأنهار تُواصلُ دَعْمها لهذه الصناعةِ. صناعة التعدين في كندا لَها تاريخ طويل من الاستكشاف والتطويرِ يعود إلى ما قَبْلَ قيام الاتحاد الفيدرالي الكندي في عام 1867م. ويَحتوي الدرع الكندي ثروة معدنية إلا أن الأهم هو أن البلاد غنيةُ أيضاً في احتياطيات النفطِ الخامِّ والغاز الطبيعي. منظومة البحيرات والأنهار تتآلف والطوبوغرافيا الجبلية لجَعْل الطاقة الكهرومائيةِ إحدى الأصولِ الطبيعية الدائمة في كندا.

التقسيم الإداري:
تقسم كندا إلى عشْرة مقاطعات هي:
ألبيرتا، و كولومبيا البريطانية، و مانيتوبا، ونيوبرونسويك، ونيوفاوندلاند، ولابرادور، و نوفا اسكوتشيا، و أونتاريو، و جزيرة الأمير إدوارد، وكيبيك، و ساسكاتشوان
وثلاثة أقاليم أو مناطق هي:
الأراضي الشمالية الغربية، وأراضي يوكون، ونونافت التي أنشئت مِنْ قسم من الأراضي الشمالية الغربية، وجاءَت إلى الوجود في عام 1999م

المُدنِ الرئيسية لكندا:
تورنتو عاصمة مقاطعة أونتاريو, وهي ميناء ومدينة صناعية (عدد سكانها4,444,700). مونتريال عاصمة مقاطعة كيبيك, وهي ميناء ومركز تجاري رئيسي (سكانها3,359,000)؛ فانكوفر عاصمة مقاطعة كولومبيا البريطانية وهي مركز صناعي ومحور مهم لخطوط السكك الحديدية والشحن ومنتجات الغابات (1,891,400)أوتاوا إحدى مدن أونتاريو وهي العاصمة السياسية لكندا ومدينة تجارية وصناعية (منطقة هيكلِ أوتاوا الحضرية، ,وينيبيج (1030500) عاصمة مقاطعة مانيتوبا وتعتبر سوقا رئيسيا للقمح وملتقى السككِ الحديدية (676,700). إدمنتون عاصمة مقاطعة ألبيرتا وتعد مركزا مهما للزراعة والنفط (891,500)مدينة كيبيك عاصمة مقاطعة كويبيك وتعد مركزا للسياحة والشحن والتصنيع (697,600)

السكان:
يبلغ سكانَ كندا ( 31,002.200) (إحصاء عام 2001)، الذكور منهم (15,348.800) وعدد الإناث (15,653.400) وتبلغ كثافةَ السكان حوالي 3 أشخاصِ لكلّ كيلومتر مربّعِ . ثلاثة أرباع شعبِ كندا تقريباً يَسْكنون في شريط ضيق نسبياً على طول الحدود الأمريكيةِ، بينما يتركز حوالي 62% من السكان في كيبيك وأونتاريو. يعيش حوالي 17% في المقاطعات المرجيةِ Prairie Provinces مثل ألبيرتا و مانيتوبا و ساسكاتشوان. كما يعيش حوالي 8% في المحافظات الواقعة على المحيط الأطلنطي التي تَتضمّنُ نيوفاوندلاند و لابرادور والمحافظات البحرية لجزيرة الأمير إدوارد و نوفا اسكوتشيا، ونيو برونسويك. ويعيش 13% في كولومبيا البريطانية. فيما يتناثر حوالي 0.3% في كل من أراضي يوكون و الأراضي الشمالية الغربية، ونونافت.

يتم الاحتفال بيوم كندا في جميع أنحاء البلاد مع مجموعة متنوعة من الأحداث ، وطنية عامة وفي معظم الاحيان تتوالي الاحتفال في كل شهر يوليو . وفي أوتاوا العاصمة يكون الاحتفال الأكبر وعادة ما تحضر الملكه (الملكة إليزابيث الثانية) الاحتفال إما في العاصمة او في احدي الولايات.

وفي هذا اليوم تعم لعديد من مظاهر البهجه والفرح كل الولايات بكندا وتكون وهنالك عروض عسكرية وحفلات ورقص وطرب ، ومهرجانات، وحفلات موسيقية مجانية وكرنفالات ويقطي الأعلام الكنديي مظاهر الحتفال في كافة الولايات ، وتنشد الغنيه الوطنيه "أوه ، كندا "

النشيد الوطني الكندي بالعربية

آه يا كندا! وطننا وارض الاجداد!
بصدق وحقيقه أحب وطني واحب صدق ولاء ابائك
بقلوب متوهجة نراك مرتفعه ،
الشمال صحيح قوية وحرة!
من وعلي ابعد نطاق واسع ، يا كندا ،
نحن نقف على أهبة الاستعداد لأجلك.
ليحفظ الله أرضنا مجيدة وحرة!
آه كندا، نقف على أهبة الاستعداد لأجلك!
آه كندا، نقف على أهبة الاستعداد لأجلك!

هذا النشيد بالانجليزية
O Canada! Our home and native land!
True patriot love in all thy sons command.
With glowing hearts we see thee rise,
The True North strong and free!
From far and wide, O Canada,
We stand on guard for thee.
God keep our land glorious and free!
O Canada, we stand on guard for thee!
O Canada, we stand on guard for thee!

وهذا بالفرنسية

يمكن سماعها في كل مكان وكذلك في المساء تكون هنالك الكثير من الألعاب النارية والاعلام الكنديه يقوم بتغطيه هذا العيد القومي ويحب الاطفال رسم العلم الكندي علي الوجه

ونجد عادة ما يتم إعطاء ومنح الجنسية الكنديه في احتفاليه كبيره في الاستاد الرياضي وتغني الاغنيه الوطنيه

(آه يا كندا! وطننا وارض الاجداد!)و يتم اعطاء الجنسيه ويتم اداء القسم واعتراف بالقانون الكندي والولاء للملكة واطاعة القوانين الكنديه .

وكـــل عــام وكـــندا الـــوطن الثاني بالف خـــير والجمــيع ينــعــــم بالأمــن والســلام

Sudanese Drink (Tea /Coffee/Juices) المشروبات السودانيه

2011-06-28T16:00:00.000-07:00

Tea and coffee are both popular drinks. Coffee beans are fried, then ground with cloves and spices. The liquid is strained through a grass sieve and served in tiny cups.

Coffee Ceremony in Sudan

There is a beautiful ritual associated with the coffee industry of Sudan
Also called (coffee or cheese)
Start a fire on the stove of charcoal stoves (stove)
Coffee is then fried until it becomes brown or black in color with some songs, singing and traditional incense
And then placed the so-called coffee Alphendk
And with him a machine to grind the coffee is called (by Alphendk)
And then are placed in the fireplace Achargrg coal and cups to be found in table sugar and with a spoon to dissolve sugar
After the upheaval in the coffee Achargrg is cast into the cheese, including
The cups
And drink a thousand health and well-being

Harvest and preparation of Coffee beansطرق حصاد وتجيهز حبوب البن عالميا

Sudaese grinding Coffee beans Explore Sudan

سوي الجبنه Sudanese coffee song

تعليم عمل الجبنه في هولنداSudanese coffee in Holland

طريقة عمل القهوة السودانية

اتفضلوا نشرب قهوة
هناك طقوس جميلة تصاحب صناعة القهوة السودانية
وهي تسمي ايضا ( البن او الجبنة )
تشعل النار علي موقد من مواقد الفحم ( الكانون )
ثم يتم قلي البن حتي يصير بني أو أسود اللون مع بعض الاهازيج والغناء التراثي والبخور
ومن ثم يوضع البن فيما يسمي الفندك
ومعه آله لطحن البن تسمي ( يد الفندك)
وبعد ذلك يتم وضع الشرغرغ في الموقد الفحمي وتكون الفناجين موجودة في مائدة والسكر ومعها ملعقة لتذويب السكر
وبعد فوران البن في الشرغرغ يتم صبها في الجبنة ومنها علي الفناجين

بالف صحة وعافية

Sudanese coffee القهوه او الجبنه

سوي الجبنه Sudanese coffee song

Tea Add

Selling tea and coffee comedy

We share came coffee ceremony as Ethiopian Culture and traditions

History of tea

Tea is the agricultural product of the leaves, leaf buds, and internodes of various cultivars and sub-varieties^[2] of the Camellia sinensis plant, processed and cured using various methods. "Tea" also refers to the aromatic beverage prepared from the cured leaves by combination with hot or boiling water, and is the common name for the Camellia sinensis plant itself. After water, tea is the most widely consumed beverage in the world. It has a cooling, slightly bitter, astringent flavour which many enjoy.
There are at least six varieties of tea: white, yellow, green, oolong, black, and post-fermented teas of which the most commonly found on the market are white, green, oolong, and black. Some varieties, such as traditional oolong tea and Pu-erh tea, a post-fermented tea, can be used medicinally.
The term "tea" is sometimes loosely used to refer to "herbal teas", which are an infusion or tisane of leaves, flowers, fruit, herbs, or other plant material that contains no Camellia sinensis. In East Asian culture, the term "red tea" has always been used to represent what the West understands as "black tea". This can be confusing in the English speaking world because the same term is now also used to represent the drink made with the South African rooibos plant which contains n

Tea weighing station north of Batumi, Russian Empire before1915

Tea plants are native to East and South Asia and probably originated around the point of confluence of the lands of northeast India, north Burma, southwest China, and Tibet. Although tales exist in regards to the beginnings of tea being used as a beverage, no one is sure of its exact origins. The usage of tea as a beverage was first recorded in China, with the earliest records of tea consumption with records dating back to the 10th century BC.^[1]^[31] It was already a common drink during Qin Dynasty (around 200 BC) and became widely popular during Tang Dynasty, when it was spread to Korea and Japan. Trade of tea by the Chinese to Western nations in the 19th century spread tea and the tea plant to numerous locations around the world.

Tea was imported to Europe during the Portuguese expansion of the 16th century, at which time it was termed chá. In 1750, tea experts traveled from China to the Azores Islands, and planted tea, along with jasmines and mallows, to give the tea aroma and distinction. Both green tea and black tea continue to grow in the islands, that are the main supplier to continental Portugal. Catherine of Braganza, wife of Charles II, took the tea habit to Great Britain around 1660, but it was not until the 19th century Britain that tea became as widely consumed as it is today. In Ireland, tea had become an everyday beverage for all levels of society by the late 19th century, but it was first consumed as a luxury item on special occasion such as religious festivals, wakes, and domestic work gatherings such as quiltings.^[32]

Masala Chai Tea among other culture

In many cultures, tea is often had at high class social events, such as afternoon tea and the tea party. It may be consumed early in the day to heighten alertness; it contains theophylline and bound caffeine (sometimes called "theine"), although there are also decaffeinated teas.

Tea is prevalent in most cultures in the Middle East. In Arab culture, tea is a focal point for social gatherings. In Iranian (Persian) culture, tea is so widely consumed that it is generally the first thing offered to a household guest^.

There are tea ceremonies which have arisen in different cultures, Japan's complex, formal and serene one being one of the most well known. Other examples are the Chinese tea ceremony which uses some traditional ways of brewing tea. One form of Chinese tea ceremony is the Gongfu tea ceremony, which typically uses small Yixing clay teapots and oolong tea.

The American poet Wallace Stevens, a tea-fancier, is credited by Eleanor Cook with a "delicately implicit trope of drinking tea as a metaphor for reading (ingesting a drink from leaves)^. See for instance his "Tea".

In the United States, 80% of tea is consumed cold, as iced tea.

Preparation

Korean tea kettle
over hot coal

The traditional method of making a cup of tea is to place loose tea leaves, either directly or in a tea infuser, into a tea pot or teacup and pour hot water over the leaves. After a couple of minutes the leaves are usually removed again, either by removing the infuser, or by straining the tea while serving.

Most green teas should be allowed to steep for about two minutes, although some types of tea require as much as ten minutes, and others as little as thirty seconds. The strength of the tea should be varied by changing the amount of tea leaves used, not by changing the steeping time. The amount of tea to be used per amount of water differs from tea to tea but one basic recipe may be one slightly heaped teaspoon of tea (about 5 ml) for each teacup of water (200–240 ml) (7–8 oz) prepared as above. Stronger teas, such as Assam, to be drunk with milk are often prepared with more leaves, and more delicate high grown teas such as a Darjeeling are prepared with a little less (as the stronger mid-flavors can overwhelm the champagne notes).

The best temperature for brewing tea depends on its type. Teas that have little or no oxidation period, such as a green or white tea, are best brewed at lower temperatures, between 65 and 85 °C (149 and 185 °F), while teas with longer oxidation periods should be brewed at higher temperatures around 100 °C (212 °F). The higher temperatures are required to extract the large, complex, flavorful phenolic molecules found in fermented tea, although boiling the water reduces the amount of dissolved oxygen in the water.

Type	Water Temp.	Steep Time	Infusions
White Tea	65 to 70 °C (149 to 158 °F)	1–2 minutes	3
Yellow Tea	70 to 75 °C (158 to 167 °F)	1–2 minutes	3
Green Tea	75 to 80 °C (167 to 176 °F)	1–2 minutes	4-6
Oolong Tea	80 to 85 °C (176 to 185 °F)	2–3 minutes	4-6
Black Tea	99 °C (210 °F)	2–3 minutes	2-3
Pu'er Tea	95 to 100 °C (203 to 212 °F)	Limitless	Several
Herbal Tea	99 °C (210 °F)	6 minutes	Varied

Some tea sorts are often brewed several times using the same tea leaves. Historically, in China, tea is divided into a number of infusions. The first infusion is immediately poured out to wash the tea, and then the second and further infusions are drunk. The third through fifth are nearly always considered the best infusions of tea, although different teas open up differently and may require more infusions of hot water to produce the best flavor.

One way to taste a tea, throughout its entire process, is to add hot water to a cup containing the leaves and after about 30 seconds to taste the tea. As the tea leaves unfold (known as "The Agony of the Leaves") they give up various parts of themselves to the water and thus the taste evolves. Continuing this from the very first flavors to the time beyond which the tea is quite stewed will allow an appreciation of the tea throughout its entire length

Back tea infusion

In the West, water for black tea is usually added near boiling point 99 °C (210 °F). Many of the active substances in black tea do not develop at temperatures lower than 90 °C (194 °F). Lower temperatures are used for some more delicate teas. The temperature will have as large an effect on the final flavor as the type of tea used. The most common fault when making black tea is to use water at too low a temperature. Since boiling point drops with increasing altitude, it is difficult to brew black tea properly in mountainous areas. It is also recommended that the teapot be warmed before preparing tea, easily done by adding a small amount of boiling water to the pot, swirling briefly, before discarding. In the West, black teas are usually brewed for about 4 minutes and are usually not allowed to steep for less than 30 seconds or more than about five minutes (a process known as brewing or mashing in Britain). In many regions of the world, however, boiling water is used and the tea is often stewed. For example, in India black tea is often boiled for fifteen minutes or longer as a strong brew is preferred for making Masala chai. When the tea has brewed long enough to suit the tastes of the drinker, it should be strained while serving. The popular varieties of black (red) tea include Assam tea, Nepal tea, Darjeeling tea, Nilgiri tea, Turkish tea and Ceylon tea as well Sudanese tea

يقال إن أول كوب من الشاي شربه إنسان هو الذي شربه الإمبراطور شي نبغ في عام2737 قبل الميلاد أيضا إن الإمبراطور كان جالسا تحت شجرة يشرب الماء الدافئ ـ وهي عادة صينية لتهدئة الأعصاب ولا تزال ـ عندما سقطت ورقة من الشجرة التي كان يجلس تحتها فاتخذ الماء لونا أحمر قانيا.. هذه هي بداية الشاي

الكلسترول، الكثير من الناس يجهل هذه الفوائد، ومن فوائد الشاي الأخضر مُذهلة فهي مفيده في تهدئة المعدة و إذابة الدهون وخفض الوزن وإلى تهدئة الأعصاب والمساعدة على فوائدها كذلك المساعده علي النوم العميق . وهناك حقائق مدهشة عن قدرة هذة النبتة الزكية في السكر وضبط ضغط الدم، ومحاربة الخرف أو الزهايمر

وفي السودان اعتاد الناس على شرب الشاي ثلاثة مرات تقريبا

شاي الصباح

شاي الضهر

وشاي المغربية

ومن المعروف أن البرامكة في السودان لديهم طقوس خاصة لشرب الشاي
ولقد صدر كتاب للشاعر عبد الله الكاظم بعنوان (كبايات الشاي في دولة البرامكة) والكتاب عبارة عن دراسة تراثية تاريخية لأدب الشاي عند البرامكة
كذلك( اهلنا) قبيلة الشايقية عرفوابولعهم الشديد للشاي

عادة ما يتناول الشاي الاحمر مع اللقيمات او الكيك او التمروكذلك شاي البن

Shiyشاي بلبن

Sudanese Donat (لقيمات )

Karkadyالكركدي

Hibiscus tea is the infusion made from the calyces (sepals) of the Hibiscus sabdariffa flower, an herbal tea drink consumed both hot and cold by people around the world. It is also referred to as roselle (another common name for the hibiscus flower), flor de Jamaica in Latin America, karkadé in Egypt and Sudan, bissap in West Africa, sorrel in Jamaica, and red sorrel in the wider Caribbean, and other names in other regions. Hibiscus tea has a tart, cranberry-like flavor, and sugar is often added to sweeten the beverage. The tea contains vitamin C and minerals and is used traditionally as a mild medicine.

Hibiscus tea contains 15-30% organic acids, including citric acid, maleic acid, and tartaric acid. It also contains acidic polysaccharides and flavonoid glycosides, such as cyanidin and delphinidin, that give it its characteristic deep red colour.

They drink it cold as juice and hot as tea plus is traditional
drink is very reach of vitamin C they used during cold time as help them relief from cold symptoms.

As well during hot time make them feel cool with ice.

Holomour Sudanese Traditional Drink During Ramadan

Will be continuous

International Day Against Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking 26 June 2011

2011-06-25T17:21:00.000-07:00

"Unless we reduce demand for illicit drugs, we can never fully tackle cultivation, production or trafficking. Governments have a responsibility to counteract both drug trafficking and drug abuse, but communities can also make a major contribution. Families, schools, civil society and religious organizations can do their part to rid their communities of drugs. Businesses can help provide legitimate livelihoods. The media can raise awareness about the dangers of narcotics."

Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon
Message for the International Day Against

Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking 26 June 2011 The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) leads the international campaign aimed at raising awareness of the major problem that illicit drugs represent to society and especially to young people. The goal of the campaign, which runs from 2007 to 2009, is to inspire people and mobilize support for drug control.

Campaign Website World Drug Report 2009 (interactive Presentation)
Executive Summary (Interactive Presentation)
The international campaign "Do drugs control your life? Your life. Your community. No place for drugs" communicates that the destructive effects of illicit drugs concern us all. Their use harms individuals, families and society at large. Drugs control the body and mind of individual consumers, the drug crop and drug cartels control farmers, trafficking and crime control communities.
Teenagers and young adults are particularly vulnerable to using illicit drugs. The prevalence of drug use among young people is more than twice as high as that among the general population. At this age, peer pressure to experiment with illicit drugs can be strong and self-esteem is often low. Also, those who take drugs tend to be either misinformed or insufficiently aware of the health risks involved.

Health comes first

The UNODC campaign reaches out to young people, who often talk about the "highs" induced by illicit drugs but may not be aware of the many "lows". Illicit drug use is a concern because it poses a threat to their health. Negative effects vary depending on the type of drug consumed, the doses taken and the frequency of use. All illicit drugs have immediate physical effects, but they can also severely hinder psychological and emotional development, especially among young people.
Leading a healthy lifestyle requires making choices that are respectful of body and mind. To make these choices, young people need guidance from role models and need to get the facts about drug use. The international campaign provides young people and others with tools to educate themselves about the health risks associated with illicit drug use.

Get the facts about drugs

The UNODC campaign focuses only on drugs under international control. These are drugs Member States have decided to limit exclusively to medical and scientific purposes, given the adverse effects their abuse and trafficking have on health and society. These illicit drugs include amphetamine-type stimulants (ATS), coca/cocaine, cannabis, hallucinogens, opiates, and sedative hypnotics.

Drugs and crime threaten global peace, warrant action, Security Council told

Executive Director of the UN Office on Drugs and Crime Yury Fedotov

24 June 2011 – Illicit drugs and transnational organized crime can undercut security and development in countries and across regions, a top United Nations official told the Security Council today, stressing the need for concerted action to tackle these growing threats.
“The time has come for urgent action. We need to take practical and pragmatic responses to these problems,” Yury Fedotov, Executive Director of the UN Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), told a meeting of the Security Council.
The Council’s meeting on the impact of transnational organized crime and trafficking on global peace, security and development comes a day after the launch of the 2011 World Drug Report, which highlighted the fact that the global drug threat has not diminished.
The report, produced by the Vienna-based UNODC, found that while global markets for cocaine, heroin and cannabis declined or remained stable, the production and abuse of prescription opioid drugs and new synthetic drugs rose.
“Illicit drugs continue to undermine stability, security and health in many parts of the world today. Millions over the globe are suffering and dying from using illicit drugs,” said Mr. Fedotov.
Meanwhile, drug trafficking is fuelling a global criminal enterprise worth hundreds of billions of dollars that seriously impact on development and security, he added. “We are witnessing more and more acts of violence, conflicts and terrorist activities fuelled by drug lords.
“Confronting the global drug problem is a shared responsibility. Our response at the national, regional and international levels must be comprehensive, balanced and targeted,” Mr. Fedotov told the 15-member body.
“Supply reduction measures must go hand in hand with efforts to reduce demand; neither will be effective without the other,” he added.
The UNODC chief noted that many crisis situations on the Council’s agenda, such as recent events in the Middle East, the Somali piracy threat and Afghanistan, “starkly demonstrate the ability of transnational organized crime and its proceeds to destabilize transitions, disrupt political processes and obstruct development.

“These cases also show how one fragile State beset by drugs and crime can hold hostage the stability and progress of an entire region,” he stated.
He informed the Council that the UN System Task Force dealing with transnational organized crime and drug trafficking has started to work, and met yesterday to try to foster more meaningful coordination within the UN system in dealing with these problems.
http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=38837&Cr=illicit+drugs&Cr

http://sudanpolice.gov.sd/wahdat-11.php

دعا وزير الداخلية السوداني المهندس إبراهيم محمود لتضافر الجهود الرسمية والشعبية لمكافحة المخدرات والحد من انتشارها وسط الشباب باعتبارها داء العصر.

وأشاد الوزير خلال مخاطبته الاحتفال باليوم العالمي لمكافحة المخدرات الذي نظمته اللجنة القومية لمكافحة المخدرات بالتعاون مع الادارة العامة لمكافحة المخدرات بالداخلية السودانية تحت شعار " المخدرات نهاية لا تجعلها بداية " الذي انعقد بدار الشرطة بالعاصمة السودانية الخرطوم ، أشاد بالجهود المبذولة من اللجنة القومية والإدارة العامة للمخدرات ، مستعرضا الانجازات التي حققتها ادار مكافحة المخدرات في العام 2008م بابادة 64 مزرعة حشيش في مساحة تقدر بـ 3 الاف فدان بولاية جنوب دارفور إضافة لإبادة عدد من المزارع بالنيل الأزرق والقضارف كما نظمت الادارة حملات لقطع الطرق أمام تجار المخدرات والقبض عليهم وفتح بلاغات في مواجهتهم وصلت الي 1315 بلاغا عدد المتهمين فيها 7876 متهماً وبلغت المعروضات 808ر63 طن حشيش محملة في عشرة لواري تم القبض عليهم قبل وصولها العاصمة .
وقال الوزير ان المخدرات أصبحت مهدداً عالمياً وتشير تقارير الأمم المتحدة الي ان هنالك 200 مليون متعاطي عالمياً منهم عشرة ملايين في الوطن العربي اي بنسبة 20% من المتعاطين عالمياً كاشفاً عن القرار الذي اتخذته هيئة قيادة الشرطة مؤخرا بتدريب معظم قوات الشرطة لتشارك في المكافحة.
وأعلن وزير الداخلية السوداني عن دعمه بـ 100 مليون جنيه اللجنة القومية لمكافحة المخدرات ، وثمن جهود العاملين في المجال الطبي في علاج وتأهيل المدمنين ، مناشداً النائب الأول للرئيس السوداني الفريق سلفاكير ميارديت بتكوين لجنة لمكافحة المخدرات بجنوب السودان حتي تتكامل الجهود في المكافحة بين شمال وجنوب السودان

من جانبه دعا رئيس اللجنة العليا لمكافحة المخدرات البروفيسور الجزولي دفع الله لتضافر كل الجهود السياسية والمعلمين وأساتذة الجامعات ومنظمات المجتمع المدني لمجابهة تحدي المخدرات الذي اصبح جريمة العصر ، وأعرب عن أمله ان لا يكون الاحتفال نمطياً ويجب ان يعبر عن قلق واهتمام المجتمع السوداني بمكافحة المخدرات ، كما دعا الأسر الي الانتباه الي أبنائهم ومراقبتهم والتأكد من عدم وقوعهم في تعاطي المخدرات كاشفاً عن تبني اللجنة القومية لمشروع بحث في عشرة من الجامعات السودانية للوقوف علي حقيقة الظاهرة والعمل علي معالجتها

عطبرة/ الخرطوم: مي علي آدم

تمكنت شر طة الولاية الشمالية من إحباط محاولة ترويج عدد 602 حبة مخدرة بمناطق الذهب، وألقت القبض على المتهم وبحوزته الحبوب «المعروضات» التي كان يخبئها داخل علبة مكيف العربة اللاندكروزر التي كان يقودها من الخرطوم للولاية الشمالية.. وأوقفت الشرطة المتهم بعد أن اشتبهت فيه بنقطة تفتيش عند مداخل الولاية، ودونت الشرطة بلاغاً تحت المادة 15/أ من قانون المخدرات والمؤثرات العقلية، وأحالت ملف القضية لمحكمة جنايات شندي العامة، وتم وضع ملف الدعوى أمام مولانا حاتم عثمان الطيب الذي حدد جلسة نهاية الشهر الحالي موعداً لبدء إجراءات المحاكمة.

Sudanese high school Certification 2011الشهادة السودانيه

2011-06-24T16:47:00.000-07:00

الف الف مبروك النجاح لكل الناجحون في امتحان الشهادة السودانيه

نهدي هذا الموضوع لكل ناجح ولك ام واب سهرا علي نجاح اباؤهم ولكل معلم ومعلمه اخلصا في تدريسهم للطلاب بتفاني

كما اهداء خاص للمتفوقون في هذا العام2011 في كل انحاء السودان وبالمهجر

Khartoum: Sami Abdul Rahman
Success rate to public exams Sudanese «71.3%» in the course is academic, where the total number of students sitting for the exam «382.345», students, spread over «2.634» center at home and abroad, including «371.880» students in the course is academic, succeeded them «265.087» students, and select the Examinations Council Sudan, on Monday, March 19, 2012 AD, the date for the start of the next exams.
And scored student Taha Jacob Ibrahim Mirghani, from the School of the sit-model Boys in Kassala first place, success rate was «98.3%», while scoring student Ali Saif Al-Din Ibrahim Mohammed, from the School of Sheikh Mustafa, the secretary, in the state of Khartoum second rate of «98% »and engaged the Taliban Osman Ibrahim Osman Yussef al-typical school boys in Khartoum and JR Mudassir Ahmed Hassan Mohammed Bashir Mohammed Said School of typical boys in third place in Khartoum, the success rate of 97.7%
Progress has been ranked first technical section of trade for the first time a student from the U.S. Civil friend Mohammed Hamdan, from the School of the White Boys North Kordofan commercial success rate of 87.4%.
And entered a «85» students, within the top percent of schools in Khartoum State, while absent three states of Darfur, Kordofan, Blue Nile, Northern, and Sennar, competition from the list of top percent.
And parts and Minister of Education, Dr. Farah Mustafa Abdallah, told a news conference premises communications tower sacrificed yesterday, that the outcome of this year, better than the results of past years, and pointed to the progress of success rates of government schools at the expense of private schools and schools of teachers, said the success rate of government schools was «76%».
The minister said more than boys 'schools at the expense of girls' schools in the result, along with improved success rates in the core subjects of Arabic, English, mathematics after it was deteriorating in the past years, but hid the outcome success rates in the rest of the subjects.
He Mustafa to improve levels of attainment in the states, especially Northern State, River Nile, Gezira, Kassala, White Nile, Khartoum, Sinnar, and hinted that progress in collection in the southern states, and said that the Eastern Equatoria State has made the collection rate stood at «100%» next states of the unit, Lakes, Warrap that have achieved high success rates.
For its part, U.S. Secretary of State, Ministry of Education Soad Abdel-Razek, the Sudan Council of examinations set on Monday, March 19, 2012 AD date for the start of exams coming Sudanese.
He described the director of examinations and evaluation in the ministry Acanutorawwad Alno's «press» the outcome as better off than previous years in the academic level and the level of achievement, and pointed to the existence of great interest from the U.S. commitment to education, said that the U.S. began advancing on Khartoum, which won the sixth place in the result
Kassala: Hassan jaws
Kassala (Hassan Ibocalabih) and Taka, and (recuperator net color), and Gash lived yesterday Zgrudh mothers of their loved ones, boys and girls are back to the level of academic excellence, after an absence of years, and winning first place in the certification exam of the Sudan in 2011 to come joy of making her son Taha Jacob first place by (98.3%) .. (Public opinion) was among the first well-wishers, where she visited his family in their home district, Amer Extension in Kassala and met his family .. Taha and his mother, who was one of the organizations working on a business trip and received the congratulations of Foreign Affairs on the plane my ankle a story I heard in her life.
Taha said Jacob Abraham, who received the congratulations of the family of his school (sit) Model: I did not expect to get first place if you expect between the seventh and eighth .. He added in the test base you are the first state, and Taha, who was a joy unspeakable shared with the people of Kassala, who are endowed with individual and groups, women, and his peers at school he did not adhere to a time certain to remember the lessons but had to continue studying throughout the day after the expiration of school hours which is found in the that help parents and encourage them permanent and Hamad and his father, God is blessing them and said: We were expecting a good result has been that we had hoped.
Taha and his father worked as director of the Development Fund for the state of society, the family thanked the school sit-model for his effort from the teachers and the cooperation of the families of the students was the fruit of this superiority Kabarellmadrsh. Taha genius, and wished to study medicine, said although he loves sports but he does not encourage any team or whether in the Kassala Khartoum.

النجاح شعور جميل وهو نعم المكافأة للمعلمين حين يتوفق طالبهم ومن ثم الوالدين

Success is a beautiful feeling Yes reward for teachers Atovq while and then asked them to parents

الخرطوم: سامي عبد الرحمن

بلغت نسبة النجاح العامة فى امتحانات الشهادة السودانية «71.3%» فى المساق الاكاديمي، حيث بلغ العدد الكلي للطلاب الجالسين للامتحان «382.345»، طالباً وطالبة، موزعين على «2.634» مركزاً بالداخل والخارج، من بينهم «371.880» طالباً وطالبة فى المساق الاكاديمى، نجح منهم «265.087» طالباً وطالبة، وحدد مجلس امتحانات السودان، يوم الاثنين 19 مارس 2012م، موعداً لبدء امتحانات الشهادة المقبلة.
واحرز الطالب طه يعقوب ابراهيم ميرغني، من مدرسة الاعتصام النموذجية بنين بولاية كسلا المركز الاول، بنسبة نجاح بلغت «98.3%»، بينما احرز الطالب علي سيف الدين ابراهيم محمد، من مدرسة الشيخ مصطفى الامين، في ولاية الخرطوم المركز الثاني بنسبة بلغت «98%»، واشترك الطالبان عثمان ابراهيم عثمان من مدرسة يوسف الدقير النموذجية بنين بالخرطوم واحمد مدثر حسن محمد من مدرسة بشير محمد سعيد النموذجية بنين في المرتبة الثالثة بالخرطوم بنسبة نجاح 97.7%
وأحرز المرتبة الاولى من القسم الفني التجاري لاول مرة من الولايات الطالب محمد المدني الصديق حمدان من مدرسة الابيض التجارية بنين شمال كردفان بنسبة نجاح 87.4% .
ودخل نحو «85» طالباً وطالبة، ضمن المائة الاوائل من مدارس ولاية الخرطوم، بينما غابت ولايات دارفور الثلاث، كردفان، النيل الازرق، الشمالية، وسنار، من منافسة قائمة المائة الاوائل.
وقطع وزير التربية والتعليم الدكتور فرح مصطفى عبد الله، في مؤتمر صحفي بمباني برج الاتصالات ضحى امس، بان نتيجة العام الحالي، افضل من نتائج الاعوام الماضية، واشار الى تقدم نسب نجاح المدارس الحكومية على حساب المدارس الخاصة ومدارس المعلمين، وقال ان نسبة نجاح المدارس الحكومية بلغت «76%».
واشار الوزير الى تفوق مدارس البنين على حساب مدارس البنات في النتيجة، بجانب تحسن نسب النجاح في المواد الاساسية ـ اللغة العربية، اللغة الانجليزية، والرياضيات ـ بعد ان كانت متدهورة في الاعوام الماضية، لكن اخفت النتيجة نسب النجاح في بقية المواد الدراسية.
ولفت مصطفى الى تحسن مستوى تحصيل الولايات، خاصة الولاية الشمالية، نهر النيل، الجزيرة، كسلا، النيل الابيض، الخرطوم، وسنار، والمح الى احراز تقدم في التحصيل في الولايات الجنوبية، وقال ان ولاية شرق الاستوائية حققت نسبة تحصيل بلغت «100%» بجانب ولايات الوحدة، البحيرات، وواراب التي حققت نسب نجاح عالية.
من ناحيتها، اعلنت وزيرة الدولة بوزارة التربية سعاد عبد الرازق، ان مجلس امتحانات السودان حدد يوم الاثنين 19 مارس 2012م موعداً لبدء امتحانات الشهادة السودانية المقبلة.
ووصف مدير ادارة الامتحانات والتقويم بالوزارة الدكتورعوض النو لـ«الصحافة» النتيجة بانها افضل حالاً من الاعوام السابقة في المستوى الاكاديمي ومستوى التحصيل، واشار الى وجود اهتمام بالغ من الولايات تجاه التعليم، وقال ان الولايات بدأت تتقدم على الخرطوم التي احرزت المرتبة السادسة في النتيجة

كسلا: حسن فكي

كسلا (الحسن أبوجلابية) والتاكا، و(المنقة الصافي لونه)، والقاش عاشت يوم أمس على زغرودة أمهات فلذات أكبادها بنين وبنات وهي تعود إلى مصاف التفوق الأكاديمي، بعد غياب سنوات وتحوز على المركز الاول في إمتحان الشهادة السودانية للعام 2011 ليأتي فرحها بإحراز إبنها طه يعقوب المركز الأول بنسبة (98,3%).. (الرأي العام) كانت من بين أوائل المهنئين حيث زارت أسرته في منزلهم العامر بحي الإمتداد بمدينة كسلا وإلتقت أسرته.. طه والدته التي تعمل بإحدى المنظمات كانت في رحلة عمل خارجية وتلقت التهاني وهي على الطائرة كأحلى خبر سمعته في حياتها.
يقول طه يعقوب إبراهيم والذي تلقى تهاني اسرة مدرسته (الإعتصام) النموذجية: لم أتوقع أن أحصل على المركز الأول وإن كنت أتوقعه بين السابع والثامن.. وأضاف: في إمتحان الأساس كنت الأول على الولاية، وطه الذي كانت فرحته لا توصف شاركه فيها أهل كسلا الذين هبوا فرادى وجماعات ونساء وأقرانه في المدرسة أنه لم يكن يتقيد بزمن معين لاستذكار دروسه وإنما كان يواصل المذاكرة طوال اليوم بعد إنقضاء ساعات الدوام المدرسي وهو يجد في ذلك معاونة والديه وتشجيعهما الدائم وحمد والده الله على ما أنعم به عليهم وقال: كنا نتوقع له نتيجة جيدة وقد تحقق ما تمنيناه.
طه والده يعمل مديراً لصندوق تنمية المجتمع بالولاية، وقد شكر أسرة مدرسة الاعتصام النموذجية على ما قدمه أساتذتها من جهد وتعاون مع اسر الطلاب كان ثمرته هذا التفوق الكبيرللمدرسة. وتمنى النابغة طه أن يدرس الطب وقال رغم أنه يعشق الرياضة إلا انه لا يشجع أي فريق سواء في كسلا أو الخرطوم.

الرأي العام

http://www.alrakoba.net/news-action-show-id-23729.htm

في جمعة الشهادة..زغاريد وحلوى وقبلات وصلاة

الأوائل أصدقاء في (الفيسبوك ) ويحلمون بالتغيير

الخرطوم :هند رمضان- هويدا المكي

زغاريد .. ودموع .. قبلات على الجبين ، أحاسيس مختلفة جمعها طعم النجاح .. فرحة تبعثر الدواخل وتجمعها مرة اخرى ، مزيج من الدهشة والفرح بدت امامه الدنيا صغيرة لاتسع هؤلاء الطلاب اليافعين الذين يحملون كل ماهو جميل لوطن واعد ، فالنجاح لايأتي صدفة ولكل مجتهد نصيب ، بدوا وكأنهم يحصدون ثمار ماغرسوه قبل اعوام كثيرة ، وجاءت نتيجة هذا العام مختلفة عن سابقاتها فالاول من شرق السودان فضلا عن انتزاعه اللقب من البنات بعد سيطرتهن على المركز الاول لاعوام متتالية ، وللمرة الاولى تعلن النتيجه في يوم الجمعه الذي اخذ نصيبه من التسميات اثناء الثورات العربية ، ولكن في السودان كانت جمعة الفرح ،والنجاح ، والانجاز، والحصاد بعيدا عن العنف والموت، دخل الفرح الى البيوت السودانية التي فتحت ابوابها مشرعة لاستقبال التهاني والتبريكات من الاهل والاحباب والجيران بعد ان زينتها ابتسامات وزغاريد رنانة ، وما لاحظناه ان لا احد من المتفوقين كان قادراً على التجاوب مع الآخرين بشكل كامل ، حالة من الذهول والخوف والفرح فمنهم من كان يدرك انه في مقدمة المتفوقين ، ومنهم من لم يتوقع .
وفي اعقاب اعلان وزارة التربية والتعليم العام نتائج الشهادة السودانية للعام 2011م وبنسبة نجاح بلغت 71.3 % ، وبعد نهاية المؤتمر الصحفي توجه الجميع الى المدارس لمعرفة التفاصيل وليس النتيجة فقد عرفوها من خلال الهواتف النقالة التي حملت اليهم النتيجة في لمح البصر بمجرد تزويدها بارقام الجلوس تأتي الرسالة بالتهنئة والنتيجة معاً.. وعلى الرغم من اعلان النتائج وتوضيحها من خلال خدمة شركات الاتصال الا ان هذه الخدمات السريعة لم تلغ لهفة الانتظار التي اعتاد عليها الناس في الشهادة السودانية ، فقد ازدحمت المدارس والمتفوقة بالطلاب واسرهم وشكل الاساتذة حضورا في لحظة الحصاد بعد ان كانوا حضورا دائما في كافة ايام العام الدراسي .
كعادتنا نشارك الطلاب فرحتهم ، توجهنا الى مدارس الخرطوم وعند وصولنا الى مدرسة الشيخ مصطفى الامين ، فهي من المدارس التي لاتعرف التراجع تسير على خط النجاح ونصيبها من المائة الاوائل 18 طالباً ، فصاحب المرتبة الثانية قوميا والاول على مستوى ولاية الخرطوم الطالب علي سيف الدين وراق خرج من رحمها ، تحدث الينا بعناء شديد لم يكن لديه جدول مذاكرة ثابت ، وتوقعاته انحصرت في التفوق وليس المركز الاول ، وكان يدرس الاحياء بشكل مكثف ، قال انه سيدرس الطب ليصبح جراحاً ، هواياته متعددة يحب القراءة ومشاهدة التلفاز بجانب الرياضة ، وهو هلالابي متعصب ، وعلى عكس عادة الآباء كان والده في قمة الهدوء والثقة وتحدث عن نجاح ابنه واصفا اياه بالعادي فالنجاح بالنسبة للاسرة ليس شيئا جديدا ، وامتدح ابنه بانه مسئول وجاد ومهتم ، وعند سماعنا الى نتيجه الاول فوجئت الاسرة بعدم احرازه المرتبه الاولى ، ورغبته ان يدرس الطب ولكني ارى دون ان افرضه عليه الا يدرس الطب ، لأنها مهنه انسانية وتسلب الانسان الاستمتاع بحياته الخاصه ، فأنا طبيب نفسي ووالدته طبيبه وكذلك اشقاؤه كلهم اطباء .
دخل محمد ياسر عباس الذي احرز المركز العاشر بنسبة 97.3 % الى مدرسة الشيخ مصطفى وسط زفه وزغاريد ، قال لنا ان والده الغائب عن البلاد توقع له هذه النتيجه وانه لم يأتِ بهذا النجاح من بعيد فوالده خبير مياه عالمي بهولندا ووالدته مهندسه زراعية واخته كانت ثالثة الولاية العام الماضي ، يمارس الرياضه وهو هلالابي ، لم تسع عمته التي حضرت معه الفرحه وقالت انهم كانوا جاهزين ومتوقعين ان يكون محمد من ضمن العشرة الاوائل ، وخرجنا من المدرسة قاصدين منزل الطالب همام نجيب الخير بضاحية المعمورة ، والذي احرز المركز الحادي عشر من مدرسة الشيخ مصطفى الامين بنسبة 97% ، فهمام بحسب ماقالته والدته منى احمد سيد احمد انه رفض الدراسه في هولندا وعاد الى السودان ليكمل تعليمه توقعت ان تكون نسبته عاليه فهو منظم ومجتهد وليدرس المجال الذي يريده ، كان هذا حديثها قبل ان ينطق همام بحروف مبعثره قال انه لم يتوقع احرازه لهذه المرتبه وسألناه عن جدول مذاكرته اجابنا بانه يدرس درس اليوم باليوم ومن المواد التي كانت تشكل له هاجسا الرياضيات والكيمياء والفيزياء ولكن تجاوزها بفضل المجموعات ، ومن هوايات همام السباحه وقال ان علاقته بالفيسبوك قوية ، ويهدي نجاحه الى جميع الاهل خاصه شقيقته هيام التي ساعدته كثيراً ويرغب في الالتحاق بكلية الهندسة ، امتدحه والده بالمسئول وانه كان يتوقع له هذا النجاح وان التنظيم هو العامل الاساسي في احرازه هذه المرتبه ، يعجبه ابنه لانه وديع ومطيع ومنظم ومتدين ، ولم استغرب نجاح همام فاخوه الاكبر تخرج في كلية الصيدلة ، واخته مهندسة بترول وهو درس العلوم السياسية واللغة الفرنسية وعمل بالسلك الدبلوماسي لفترة ليست بالقصيرة ، واخته قالت ان مقومات النجاح كانت متوفرة لدى اخيها ولم يأتِ من فراغ احساسه بالمسئولية هو الذي قاده الى هذا الطريق وتمنت الا يتراجع وان يستمر في التقدم الى الامام .
وبدت علامات الفخر على وجه مدير مدرسة الشيخ مصطفي الامين محمد عبد الرحمن الميرغني ، فسعادته لاتوصف فكل ماذكر النجاح الا وكان اسم مدرسته حاضراً ، ترى ماسر تلك الوصفه السحرية التي جعلت المدرسة في مصاف الاوائل ، اجابنا وكله فرح ان هذا نتاج جهد متواصل وفي عباره موجزه وبليغه « لقد هرمنا من اجل ان نحقق هذا النجاح « هكذا وصف احساسه بتفوف ابنائه ، وكانت هناك خطه واضحه منذ بدايه العام الدراسي ونراجع اخفاقات العام السابق حتى لاتتكرر ولتصحيح مسار العام الجديد ، والفضل في هذا النجاح يعود الى الاسر والبيئة المدرسية والاساتذة من دون شك ، وفي ذات الاتجاه يمضي راعي المدرسة الامين الشيخ مصطفى الامين ، بان النجاح يعود الى المعلمين واسر الطلاب وهم يوفرون الدعم اللازم للمدرسة ويساندهم مجلس الآباء . ويقول وكيل مدرسة الشيخ مصطفى الامين ياسر محمد صالح لبيبي ان التفوق شئ درجت عليه المدرسة ، ونحن نعتمد على المعالجه الفردية للطلاب بالاضافه الى توفير بيئة تعليمية جيده من قاعات الدرس والانضباط من قبل الطلاب والمعلمين بجانب دور الاسر الكبير .
توجهنا فورا الى مدرسة المعالي لم نجد الطالبه المتفوقه وجدنا اساتذتها ينوون الذهاب اليها في منزلها ورافقنا استاذها محمد سليمان الى هناك بضاحية اركويت ، وفي وسط الاهل والاحباب والجيران التقينا الطالبه صفاء ناظم التي احرزت المرتبه الرابعه على مستوى السودان بنسبة 97.4% ، تحدثت صفاء بكل ثقة وثبات على عكس اقرانها وقالت انها وضعت جدولاً منذ بدايه العام لتنظيم مذاكرتها ومن المواد التي تفضلها بشكل كبير اللغه العربية ، وتهوى القراءة والاطلاع وتكتب الشعر، وترغب في دراسة الطب بجانب التخصص في الباطنية وتهدي نجاحها الى جميع افراد الاسرة والى جميع اصدقائها بالفيسبوك الذين ساندوها حتى احرزت هذه المرتبه المشرفه ، وصفاء تشجع الهلال وليس لديها البال الكافي لمتابعة المسلسلات التركية وصفت صفاء جيلها بالمتميز ولو اتحيت له الفرصه الكافية والثقة سيغير الواقع ، والدها افتخر بها كثيرا وامتدحها بإعجاب شديد وصفها بانها فاعله وحيوية ومطيعه وتهوى الرقص معبرا عن سعادته بانها لاتوصف ، والدتها اسماء ساتي توقعت هذا النجاح وتمنت لها ان تدرس الطب .
شددنا رحالنا اليى مدرسة القبس لنلتقي الطالبه ايثار النور التي احرزت المركز السابع بنسبة 97.3 الا انها لم تحضر الى المدرسة لتواجدها خارج السودان ، تحدث اساتذتها عنها بروح جميله وقال عنها استاذها محمد عمر انها متفوقه من يومها فهي حازت على افضل تصميم موقع انترنت بالسودان وهي في السنه الاولى ، بالاضافه الى انها رئيسة برلمان المدرسه ، واضاف ان المدرسة لديها برمجه واضحه للعام الدراسي ورصد نتائج الامتحانات الشهريه هي المقياس لمستوى الطلاب المتفوقين الذين كانت توليهم المدرسه عناية خاصه، وتقول وكيلة مدرسة القبس الثانوية نورالبقيع عبدالحليم ان العام منذ بدايته يبدأ بخطة خاصة بالمذاكرة لمراجعة دروس اليوم بالاضافه الى المعسكرات المقفولة التي تتراوح مابين 10 الى 17 يوماً ، مع الانضباط والمتابعة الفردية والاهتمام من الادارة العامة وقالت ان ا لادارة حريصة على خلق جو اسري داخل المدرسة حتى يشعر الطالب بالطمأني

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وللحديث بقيه وارجو الاستمتاع بالنجاح

BITMAKALY

Tursim in Sudan

2011-06-22T16:47:00.000-07:00

Kassala

The city of Kassala, the most famous cities in eastern Sudan, where the signals according to the Meteorology between latitudes 28-15 degrees north and longitudes 36-24 degrees east longitude and height, which distinguishes the city of 3960 feet above the earth's surface.Bounded on the south side of East Mountain, while Taka is bounded by the north-east of Mount Mkram.Divides the city of Kassala (Creek) Gash River to the east of the Gash and the West Gash and the western section of the River Gash is one of the largest areas of Sudan use of groundwater and control of agriculture on the largest area, with an estimated stock of this river from its waters, groundwater, which Arsabha six hundred million cubic meters per year and perhaps this explains the quote: Kassala gift Gash.
Socio-historical background:Branched out views on the name of the city of Kassala, stated Mr. / Mohamed Lamine Sheriff (by God's mercy) (1996 m (2-22) in his History of Kassala town, "that the installer according to reliable sources validity is introducing the label, it is stated the name in the document, which inflicted Dr. Mustafa Massad his book (Islam in exile) and tells the document that contained the name of the mountain (lazy), and perhaps this suggests the existence of roots beyond the meaning of this label, which are derived from the languages of groups that previously lived in the region such as: Baza and Albaraa and Alelit and others. The There is a saying the other mentioned Osman Ahmed Issa (1986: 7-8) in his book (the history of the Emirate of Lhalangh) in the title, which noted that the first to launch on the region name Kassala, they Lhalangh and the name (Kassala) is derived from the word (Casa ALWIL) which is the name for the prince of princes of Abyssinia, was killed by Lhalangh in a place called (Riba - CASA) in the valley of the northern city of Kassala current. This was confirmed by the Mayor of the city of Kassala, Dean Corner (m) Mutasim Babiker Ahmed Jaafar, citing what he heard from his ancestors and which were inclined to the view of Muhammad Secretary of Sharif gave the label "

Upbringing and development of the city of Kassala:Said Muhammad al-Amin Sharif (1996: 22-23) that there were not any city or village with the appearance of civilization prior to the date, 1821, which charted the Imam Mohammed Osman Mirghani seal his village (Sunni), which later became known as district Khatmiyya - a stronghold of the way Khatmiyya - and that developing the first basis of civilization which built his mosque, the famous, the largest mosque in the time in Sudan as a whole, which was opened - the most likely novels - in 1883 AD and its impacts located now near the foot of Jebel Taka make sure the magnitude and greatness of this mosque masterpiece The beginning of the growth of the city of Kassala was in 1841, during the Turkish rule of Egypt, where the city attracted large numbers of people from areas neighboring Sudan and outside Sudan, either to serve in the work of the State, or in commerce, or horticulture became includes elements of various tribes of the Sudan and other migrants from other countries , especially now that the capital of the Directorate of Taka in addition to the tribes of the main local and Hdndoh Mlehtknab and Hnakh and Beni Amer and Hamran and Alkadin and some of the Nilotic tribes (Baza, Parrilla, Elite).And civic education was stated d. Omar Bashir (1970: 44) that the opening of the school princely mother was in the year 1863, which is one of five schools the first formal education in the capitals of districts of Sudan at the time (Khartoum, Berber, Dongola, white) in addition to the capital of the Directorate of Taka Kassala town.Among the most important events that passed the city of Kassala has reported Muhammad al-Amin (1996: 215) that was occupied by the Italians in 1894 and continued this occupation for three years and a half, and then subjected to the rule of the bilateral Anglo-Egyptian until independence in 1956, in which Navarre cream of the sons of the city of Kassala Kjabbarh Awad and others.The city of Kassala from the tourist cities in the Sudan, for the majesty of its mountains branches and greenery Soaekayaa succulent, and sand blamed her seasonal genius of the place that inspired poets of her children, expatriates, and the creations of poetry in local languages (Tbdawi - REPORT) and the Arabic language, Vhaho Dr. Jafar Mirghani in his poem magic in Kassala saysWhat seeks Qarb of hair in Zahle ** ** I have seen into magic in his lazinessHe says at the beginning of another poem:

And the tomb of the Hashemite ** taken captive doves eyes Hawwaim competing
And the distinguished Ozlna mountain towering sky ** ** without baffles Alabsara
Here is Tawfik Saleh Braúath Jibril (the lovers) says:
Kassala, brightened by the sun and serious
They are right in the sunshine
The poet says Salah Abu al-Qasim:
If the poplar in the world
This Gash Kalcauthr
Jinan beauty of the mole

Kassala is the capital of the state of Kassala in northeastern Sudan. Its 2008 population was recorded to be 419,030.[1] It is a market town and is famous for its fruit gardens. It was formerly a railroad hub, however, as of 2006 there was no operational railway station in Kassala and much of the track leading to and from the town has been salvaged or fallen into disrepair. Kassala's location along the main Khartoum-Port Sudan highway makes it an important trade center.

In July 1940, during the East African Campaign, Italian forces advancing from Italian East Africa forced a small British garrison to withdraw from Kassala. The Italians then occupied the city with a brigade-sized unit. In mid-January 1941, the Italians withdrew from the city and a British garrison returned.

Mukram suburbIn 1956, the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan became the Republic of the Sudan. Since the 1960s, the city has been the destination of large numbers of Ethiopian and Eritrean refugees fleeing conflict and war. Since the beginning of the Second Sudanese Civil War in the 1980s, it has also been refuge of internally displaced Sudanese fleeing conflicts in the Nuba Mountains, and south and west of the country. About 160,000 of these IDPs settled on the outskirts of the town.[citation needed]

The population of the state 000.468.1 population annual growth rate of 5.2% and the state enjoys a distinguished geographical location has helped to grow and make them Alladid center of trade and investment activities and provides the basic services and all the factors on investment, on top of- Connects the state port of Port Sudan and the way the national capital Khartoum Port Sudan National- The presence of road transport and air transport and communications, and internal and international available at any time- The existence of the centers and scientific institutions, and arts and crafts that provide skills and competencies- The presence of banks and investment banks- Provides hotel services and tourist sites, recreational- The presence of areas of investment planned and equipped for the establishment of industrial projects and servicesThe state has huge natural resources, including:- Sources of water from rivers and rain and underground water- Agricultural land and vast fertile and that cover more than 40% of the territory of the state- Livestock and the enormous variety, which is estimated at 3.4 million head of poultry and fish next to- Wealth of forest and rangeland- The presence of Mahajraghannah different metals and materials limestone and granite rocks of high quality and are the basis of the construction industryEnabling environment for investmentThe state sought a serious effort to improve the investment environment and create the appropriate environment where it has adopted:- Policies and state legislation to ensure that the investor access to the facilities and guarantees for investment- Simplification of administrative procedures for Ballastosmar- Develop an investment map reflects the effort expended state investment and the investor knows the nature of the available resources, opportunities and areas of investment availableInvestment in Amajalalzerai - part of plantTattabralzraah main activity of the state's population with an estimated area of arable land by about 8.2 million acres exploiter of which are currently 2.1 million acres in cultivation of cash crops of Alzerh, sesame, wheat, peanuts and cotton in addition to horticultural crops unique to the state and of its production in the year 300 000 acres of vegetables and fruitIn spite of the huge agricultural potential and available state, it is not to take advantage of its features and potentialFactors that attract agricultural investment mandate- The state's unique location and proximity to main roads and export outlets that help in internal marketing and export- Availability of agricultural land with high fertility and proximity to the diverse Massadralra- Low cost irrigation and agricultural operations- High productivity of agricultural crops- The existence of consumer markets, domestic and foreignOpportunities Alastosmaralzerai- Investment in Agricultural Projects list - Gash - Hlvaaljdidh --- and rehabilitated to achieve Altusaalrasa which provide funding and technical packagesGeneration Zraaahjdidh projects for the production of various field crops, fruits and vegetables and green fodder without identification of the areasProjects a high priority for investment in agriculture and irrigation prepared and ready- Upper Reservoir Setit Nehratbrh- Production of vegetables and other cash crops Gash Delta Project- Processing and packaging of vegetables and fruits for exportInvestment in livestockTattabrolaah Kassala states rich in livestock and is estimated at four million three hundred thousand head of cattle and depend mainly on natural pastures either in terms of the Fisheries Lake is a reservoir Khashm Bagpipes plenty of room to catch 800 tons of Alasma XnuyaCensus Iirohalehioanah stateSheep 000 140.1Apple 700.651.1Goats 600.948Cows 000.490Investment opportunities in the field of livestock- Fattening livestock and poultry production broiler and white for local consumption and export- Fish farming and fish farming and development and means of fishing- Anchaoualskhanat modern- Draft of new Bhlva fattening sheepInvestment in the industrial field.Kassala State have natural resources and agricultural products represent a huge variety of raw materials for most of the food and manufacturing industries and the argument with Godalkhaddmat investment opportunities and wide range of investmentOpportunities and areas Alastosmaralsnaaa- Assembling tractors and farm equipment and combines- Manufacture of spare parts and main parts of the equipment and machines- Manufacture of fertilizers and pesticides- Manufacture of jars, packagingBuilding materials industry and construction- Manufacture of clay brick and limestone, mosaic and ceramic tiles and porcelain- Production of quicklime and hydrated- Snaahalkhhb ROM and the plywood panels and chips- Paper-making and production of AlvhmalinbatiFood Industries- Manufacture and drying of vegetables and fruit- Production of honey derivatives Alskero industrial and glucose- Production of oils and fodder- Manufacture of dairy and MstkhrjathaAnimal products- Tanning leather and modern slaughterhouses- Production of leather goodsTextile and garment- Production of textiles and garments and knitwear, blankets and tentsProjects of high priority in the industry prepared and ready- Tannery tanning processes Haddathtqom each city Khashm Bagpipes- Skhanat modern city of Kassala to Agradalsader and local market- Plant and intravenous injection solutions ready in Kassala- Vegetable and fruit canning in KassalaInvestment in servicesChhadalolaah huge demand for agricultural activity and industrial which in addition to the prosperity of trade as evidenced by a steady growth in population and a rise in living standards and require increased services as and type in the fields of transport and storage, housing, tourism and construction, telecommunications and health services and education, culture and media, which offers great opportunities for investment in this vital area

تعتبر مدينة كسلا من أشهر مدن شرق السودان حيث تقع حسب إشارات هيئة الإرصاد الجوي بين خطي عرض 28 – 15 درجة شمالاً وخطي طول 36 – 24 درجة شرقاً ويميز المدينة ارتفاعها الذي يبلغ 3960 قدم فوق سطح الأرض

يحدها من الجهة الجنوبية الشرقية جبال التاكا بينما يحدها من الجهة الشمالية الشرقية جبل مكرام .يقسم مدينة كسلا (خور) نهر القاش إلى شرق القاش وغرب القاش وهذا القسم الغربي لنهر القاش يعد من أكبر مناطق السودان استخداماً للمياه الجوفية وتسيطر الزراعة على أكبر مساحته ، ويقدر مخزون هذا النهر من مياهه الجوفية التي يرسبها بستمائة مليون متر مكعب سنوياً ولعل هذا ما يفسر المقولة : كسلا هبة القاش

خلفية تاريخية اجتماعية
تشعبت الآراء حول مسمى مدينة كسلا فقد ذكر الأستاذ / محمد الأمين شريف (عليه رحمة الله) (1996م (2 - 22) في كتابه تاريخ مدينة كسلا "أن المثبت بحسب المصادر الموثوق بصحتها هو : قدم التسمية ، فقد ورد الاسم في الوثيقة ، التي ألحقها الدكتور مصطفى مسعد بكتابه (الإسلام في الغربة) وتحكي الوثيقة التي ورد فيها اسم الجبل (كسلان) ولعل ذلك يوحي بوجود جذور أبعد لمعاني هذه التسمية ، التي تكون مستمدة من لغات المجموعات التي سبق أن سكنت في المنطقة مثل : البازا والباريا والإيليت وغيرهم . كما أن هناك مقوله أخرى ذكرها عثمان أحمد عيسى (1986م : 7 – 8 ) في كتابه (عن تاريخ إمارة الحلانقة) في المسمى ، أشار فيه إلى أن أول من أطلق على المنطقة اسم كسلا ، هم الحلانقة واسم (كسلا) مشتق من كلمة (كاسا الول) وهو اسم لأمير من أمراء الحبشة قتل على يد الحلانقة في مكان يسمى (ربا - كاسا) في وادي بشمال مدينة كسلا الحالية . وقد أكد ذلك عمدة مدينة كسلا العميد ركن (م) معتصم بابكر أحمد جعفر نقلاً عما سمعه من أجداده وأي كان نميل لرأي محمد الأمين شريف المتمثل في قدم التسمية "

النشأة والتطور لمدينة كسلا
أشار محمد الأمين شريف (1996م : 22 - 23) أنه لم تكن توجد أي مدينة أو قرية ذات مظهر حضاري قبل تاريخ 1821م ، الذي اختط فيه الإمام محمد عثمان الميرغني الختم قريته (السنية) والتي عرفت فيما بعد بحي الختمية – معقل الطريقة الختمية – وذلك بوضع أول أساس حضاري فيها ببناء مسجده المشهور الذي يعتبر أكبر مسجد في ذلك الوقت في السودان قاطبة ، والذي تم افتتاحه – على أرجح الروايات – في عام 1883م وأثاره الكائنة الآن بالقرب من سفح جبل التاكا تأكد ضخامة وعظمة هذا المسجد التحفة أما عن بداية نمو مدينة كسلا كان في عام 1841م أثناء الحكم التركي المصري ، حيث جذبت المدينة أعداداً كبيرة من الناس من مناطق السودان المجاورة ومن خارج السودان ، إما للخدمة في أعمال الدولة ، أو في التجارة ، أو الزراعة البستانية فأصبحت تضم عناصر شتى من قبائل السودان وغيرهم من المهاجرين من دول أخرى ، وخاصة بعد أن صارت عاصمة لمديرية التاكا بالإضافة للقبائل المحلية الرئيسية من هدندوة وملهتكناب وحلنقة وبني عامر وحمران والقدين وبعض القبائل النيلية (بازا ، باريا ، إيليت) .وعن التعليم المدني فقد ذكر د. محمد عمر بشير (1970م : 44) بأن افتتاح مدرسة الأميرية الأم كان في العام 1863م والتي تعتبر من المدارس الخمس الأول للتعليم النظامي في عواصم مديريات السودان آنذاك (الخرطوم ، بربر ، دنقلا ، الأبيض) بالإضافة لعاصمة مديرية التاكا مدينة كسلا .ومن أهم الأحداث التي مرت على مدينة كسلا فقد أورد محمد الأمين (1996م : 215) أنه قد تم احتلالها من قبل الطليان في عام 1894م واستمر هذا الاحتلال ثلاث سنوات ونصف السنة ، ثم بعد ذلك خضعت للحكم الثنائي الإنجليزي المصري حتى الاستقلال 1956م ، الذي شارك فيه نفر كريم من أبناء مدينة كسلا كجبارة العوض وغيره
تعتبر مدينة كسلا من المدن السياحية في السودان ، وذلك لروعة جبالها الشماء وخضرة سواقيها النضرة ، ورمال نهرها الموسمي ، عبقرية المكان التي الهمت الشعراء من أبنائها والوافدين ، وكانت إبداعاتهم الشعرية باللغات المحلية (تبداوي – تقري) واللغة العربية ، فهاهو الدكتور جعفر ميرغني في قصيدته السحر في كسلا يقول

ما ابتغى من قريض الشعر في زحلة   ** **   وقد رأيت بعين السحر في كسله
ويقول في مطلع قصيدة أخرى :
وعلى ضريح الهاشمي حمائم   ** **   تسبى العيون حوائم تتباري
وأظلنا الجبل الموقـر شامخاً   ** **   دون السماء يحير الأبصارا
وهاهو توفيق صالح جبريل برائعته (جنة العشاق) يقول :
كسلا أشرقت بها شمس وجدي
فهي في الحق جنة الإشراق
ويقول الشاعر صلاح أبو القاسم :
كأن الحور في الدنيا
وهذا القاش كالكوثر
جمالك من جنان الخلد

قبل البعث والمحشر

يبلغ تعداد سكان الولاية 000ر468ر1 نسمة بمعدل نمو سنوي 5ر2% و تتمتع الولاية بموقع جغرافي متميز ساعد على نموها وجعل منها مركز اًللعديد من الأنشطة التجارية والاستثمارية وتتوفر فيها الخدمات الأساسية وكل العوامل المساعدة على الاستثمار,وفى مقدمتها
- يربط الولاية بميناء بور تسودان والعاصمة القومية الطريق القومي الخرطوم بور تسودان
-وجود وسائل النقل البري و الجوي و المواصلات و الاتصالات الداخلية والعالمية المتيسرة في أي وقت
-وجود المراكز والمؤسسات العلمية و الفنية والحرفية التي توفر المهارات و الكفاءات
-وجود المصارف والبنوك الاستثمارية
-توفر الخدمات الفندقية و المواقع السياحية والترفيهية
-وجود مناطق استثمارية مخططة و مجهزة لاقامة المشروعات الصناعية و الخدمية
تتمتع الولاية بموارد طبيعية ضخمة اهمها :
- مصادر المياه من انهار و امطار ومياه جوفية
- الاراضي الزراعية الشاسعة و الخصبة و التي تغطي اكثر من 40% من اراضي الولاية
-الثروة الحيوانية الهائلة و المتنوعة و التي تقدر بنحو 3ر4 مليون راس بجانب الدواجن و الاسماك
- الثروة الغابية و المراعي الطبيعية
- وجود المحاجرالغنية بالمعادن المختلفة و المواد الجيرية و صخور الجرانيت ذات الجودة العالية وتعتبر اساس صناعة البناء
بيئة مواتية للاستثمار
سعت الولاية سعيا جادا في تحسين بيئة الاستثمار وتهيئة المناخ الملائم له حيث تبنت :
- السياسات و التشريعات الولائية التي تكفل للمستثمر الحصول علي التسهيلات والضمانات اللازمة لاستثماره
-تبسيط الاجراءات الادارية الخاصة باللاستثمار
- وضع خريطة استثمارية تعكس الجهد الاستثماري المبذول بالولاية وتعرف المستثمر بطبيعة الموارد المتوفرة و الفرص و المجالات الاستثمارية المتاحة
الاستثمار في المجالالزراعي - الشق النباتي
تعتبرالزراعة النشاط الرئيسي لسكان الولاية حيث تقدر المساحة الصالحة للزراعة بنحو 8ر2مليون فدان مستغل منها حاليا 2ر1 مليون فدان في زراعة المحاصيل النقدية المتمثلة في الزرة و السمسم و القمح و الفول السوداني و القطن الي جانب المحاصيل البستانية التي تتفرد بها الولاية و البالغ انتاجها في العام 300 الف فدان من الخضر والفاكهة
وبالرغم من الامكانيات الزراعية الضخمة و المتوفرة بالولاية فانه لم يتم الاستفادة من ميزاته وامكانياته
العوامل الجاذبة للاستثمار الزراعي بالولاية
-الموقع المميز للولاية و قربه من الطرق الرئيسية و منافذ التصدير التي تساعد في التسويق الداخلي والتصدير
-توفر الاراضي الزراعية ذات الخصوبة العالية وقربها من مصادرالري المتنوعة
-انخفاض تكلفة الري و العمليات الفلاحية
-الانتاجية العالية للمحاصيل الزراعية
-وجود الاسواق الاستهلاكية المحلية والخارجية
فرص الاستثمارالزراعي
-الاستثمار في المشروعات الزراعية القائمة - القاش - حلفاالجديدة ---و تاهيلها تحقيق التوسعالراسي فيها بتوفير التمويل و الحزم التقنية
انشاء مشروعات زراعيةجديدة لانتاج مختلف المحاصيل الحقلية و الخضر والفاكهة و الاعلاف الخضراء بدون تحديد للمساحات
مشروعات ذات اسبقية عالية للاستثمار في مجال الزراعة و الري معدة و جاهزة
- خزان سيتيت باعالي نهرعطبرة
-انتاج الخضروات و المحاصيل النقدية الاخري بمشروع دلتا القاش
-تجهيز وتعبئة الخضروات و الفاكهة للتصدير
الاستثمار في مجال الثروة الحيوانية
تعتبرولاية كسلا من الولايات الغنية بالثروة الحيوانية و يبلغ حجمها اربعة مليون وثلثمائة الف راس من الانعام و تعتمد بصورة رئيسية علي المراعي الطبيعية اما من حيث الثروة السمكية تعتبر بحيرة خزان خشم القربة مجالا رحبا لصيد 800 طن من الاسما كسنويا
تعداد الثروةالحيوانية بالولاية
ضان 000ر140ر1
ابل 700ر651ر1
ماعز 600ر948
ابقار 000ر490
فرص الاستثمار في مجال الثروة الحيوانية
- تسمين الماشية و انتاج الدواجن اللاحم و البياض للاستهلاك المحلي والتصدير
-تربية الاسماك والاستزراع السمكي و تطوير وسائل الصيد
- انشاءالسلخانات الحديثة
-مشروع تسمين الضان بحلفا الجديدة
الاستثمار في المجال الصناعي
تتمتع ولاية كسلا بموارد طبيعية و منتجات زراعية هائلة و متنوعة تمثل المواد الاولية لمعظم الصناعات الغذائية و التحويلية و الوسيطة مع وجودالخدمات الاستثمارية تتيح فرصا واسعة للاستثمار
فرص و مجالات الاستثمارالصناعي
- تجميع الجرارات و المعدات و الحاصدات الزراعية
-تصنيع قطع الغيار و الاجزاء الرئيسية للمعدات و الاليات
-تصنيع الاسمدة والمبيدات
-تصنيع مواعين التعبئة و التغليف
صناعة مواد البناء والتشييد
- تصنيع الطوب الطفلي و الجيري والبلاط الموزايكو و السيراميك والبورسلين
-انتاج الجير الحي و المطفي
-صناعةالخشب المضغوط و الواح الابلكاش والرقائق
- صناعة الورق و انتاج الفحمالنباتي
الصناعات الغذائية
- تصنيع و تجفيف الخضر والفاكهة
-انتاج السكرو مشتقات من العسل الصناعي و الجلكوز
-انتاج الزيوت و الاعلاف
-تصنيع الالبان و مستخرجاتها
المنتجات الحيوانية
-دباغة الجلود والسلخانات الحديثة
-انتاج المصنوعات الجلدية
الغزل و النسيج والملابس الجاهزة
-انتاج المنسوجات و الملابس الجاهزة و التريكو و البطاطين والخيام
مشروعات ذات اسبقية عالية في مجال الصناعة معدة وجاهزة
-مدبغة حديثةتقوم بكل عمليات الدباغة بمدينة خشم القربة
-سلخانات حديثة بمدينة كسلا لاغراضالصادر و السوق المحلي
- مصنع للمحاليل الوريدية و الحقن الجاهزة بمدينة كسلا
- تعليب الخضر و الفاكهة بمدينة كسلا
الاستثمار في مجال الخدمات
تشهدالولاية اقبالا كبيرا علي النشاط الزراعي و الصناعي فيها الي جانب ازدهار التجارة كما تشهد نموا مطردا في عدد سكانها و ارتفاعا في مستوي المعيشة و يتطلب ذلك ازدياد الخدمات كما و نوعا في مجالات النقل و التخزين و الاسكان و السياحة و البناء والاتصالات و في خدمات الصحة و التعليم و الثقافة و الاعلام مما يتيح فرصا كبيرة للاستثمار في هذا المجال الحيوي

http://www.sudan-tourism.gov.sd/

PART 2

Natural Reserves and Wildlife:

Dinder Natural Park

Several natural reserves are found in Sudan, the most famous of which is El-Dinder Natural Park, the largest in the region.

he park has an area of 3500 square miles located at the southern part of Sinar State and was established as a natural reserve in 1935. It is rich in diverse natural environment, wildlife, birds and creepers ...

Al-Radom Reserve
Lies in Western Sudan, with many kinds and varieties of wildlife living in this plant rich area.

National Parks

Began since 1992 with the authorization of establishment of parks for wildlife husbandry. Currently there are some 30 farm distributed over Khartoum, Gezira, Red Sea, White Nile, South Kordofan states with the aim of preserving natural environments, species and to supply museums and zoo keepers.

Sudanese Red Sea

Red Sea Coast

In this region one can enjoy the beautiful scene of Sanganaib Island, Aroussa tourist village, coral reefs, and diving in the Red Sea coast which is considered to be one of the most beautiful places world wide. Other tourist areas include Jebel Marra in western Darfur region with its fine moderate climate and fascinating nature, Erkawait resort on the Red Sea Plateau west of Port Sudan and the Sabloqa cataract north of Khartoum.

The Geological characteristics of the Red Sea
The Red Sea is a long, narrow marine basin, with a total length of about 1900- km it extends northwards from the strait of Baab El Mandab in Yemen to the southern tip of the Sinai Peninsula in Egypt. Its maximum width is 306 km. The Red Sea has three distinct zones of depth; the shallow reef- studded shelves of less than 50m, the deep shelves of 500- 1000 m. and the central trench of more than 1000 m. The maximum depth of the Red Sea is 3040 m. off Port Sudan. The Red Sea is unique in the several aspects; among them is its uniform temperature distribution at the surface and at the different depths. At the surface near Port Sudan the temperature range is 26.2-30. 5 degrees Celsius; at a depth of 150 m. the range is still 23. 9-25. 0 degrees. Moreover, its high degree of transparency reaches up to 46 m. These characteristics have made the Red Sea an ideal place for snorkels, divers and photographers; it is comfortably warm, one could float nicely and the visibility is better than in most other places. The Sudanese coast is 650 km long as the crow flies; numerous embayments and gulfs make it 750 km long. It has two prominent features; coastal lagoons, locally called marsas, and reefs, called shia"ab in Arabic.
The marsas may be protected embayment of the sea, or may be cut into the coastal plain, well beyond the general coastline. In marsas, despite the heavy fresh water influx during the short rainy season, corals grow and build coral knobs (tens of centimeters to meters in size) and the patch reefs (meters to tens of meters in size). As for the reefs, they are distinguished according to their shapes and positioning. There are the fringing reefs, which are immediately at the cost. They line the entire Sudanese coast, with the exception of the marsas and the Tokar Delta in the south. The fringing reefs are usually 1000 m wide and could extend up to 3000 m. Then there are the barrier reefs, which are generally separated from the coast and the fringing reefs by a ship channel. The barriers range from narrow discontinuous reef walls, only several tens to a few hundred meters wide, to platforms of up to 14- km in width. Finally there are the atolls, which are reef platforms located furthest offshore, several hundreds of meters to a few kilometers in width and surrounded by waters. Examples of these are the Senganeeb Island and Shia 'ab Rumi. All these types of reef provide shelter to a diversity of marine life. They also offer protected areas for snorkels and shallow-water divers.
Coral reefs
One of the most magnificent features of the Red Sea, are its beautiful coral reefs. Corals, or more precisely, their skeletons, are the main components of which reefs are built. Coral is an animal, individually called a polyp, which is generally one to a few millimeters in diameter. It looks like a bag with six arms (or multiples of six), for its protections and support, it forms a skeleton of a kind of limestone, or correlates, as they are called, are cub or tube shaped. Usually, they live in coral colonies, which may be centimeters to several meters in size. Different kinds of corals occur in different areas of the reef, factors such as waves and light determine the nature of the coral, whether of delicate or solid structure. Thus, the distribution of coral reflects their respective adaptation to the prevailing environment conditions in various parts of the reef. Aside from corals, other elements are also instrumental in the structure of reefs, for example, worms and calcareous red algae, a form of marine plants.
Marine life
Surrounding the reefs and complimenting them in creating a breath- taking sight, is the wide spectrum of marine life. The Red Sea is famous for its plants and animals; many of which are related to those of the Indian Ocean, but some of which are exclusively found in the Red Sea. Among the common fish in the Red Sea are the Tarpon, Giant Herring, Salmon Herring or milkfish, Soldier fish, Goggle Eye and Rock Cod. There are also more than 320 species of sharks, among them such veracious predators as the Tiger Shark and Hammer Shark. It should be noted, however, that unless irritated or attracted by blood, sharks are peaceful animals and, generally speaking shark attacks along the Red Sea coast are very rare. In addition, several species of whales also find home in the Red Sea, namely the Blue Whale, a 15 m-long giant which feeds on plankton, and the killer Whale, which poses no threat to humans, but scares off sharks. The Whale Shark, 8 to 10m in length, is a jolly, plankton- eating whale that befriends fishermen.
Recreational Activities
All these characteristics and many they make the Red Sea an attractive location for vacations and relaxation. This is especially true for those who love the Sea and enjoy its offerings. Fans of scuba diving, snorkeling, yachting and various water sports will find the necessary conditions on the Sudanese Red Sea to pursue these activities to their ultimate satisfaction.

Revenue from Tourism mounted to from $27,258,000 in 1989, to $73,892,000 in 2004

Part 1

Tourism

Sudan has an enormous potential for tourism. It could very easily become one of the world’s top destinations for people who appreciate ancient Relics and folklores that constitute the very cradle of civilization. Whether it be archaeological finds, the surpassing natural scenery, arts or rich folklore, Sudan is undoubtedly amongst the leaders in the world.
The overriding impulse behind the tourism sector of the Sudanese economy is the need for the world to behold the splendor that is Sudan; it’s glorious past and contributions to the progress of Humankind. Promotion for tourism began at the dawn of independence, at a time when the country barely had any resources at its disposal. Yet because the potential for enormous return is great, it was a winning priority.

Relics of Ancient kingdoms:
Old civilizations in Sudan date back to the year 3000 BC when several kingdoms were founded, the mightiest of which was Napata kingdom during the eight century BC. It was followed by Merowe Kingdom, which faded in 350 AD. Then came the Nubian Christian states in the sixth century AD along with the Islamic Kingdoms: the Black Sultanate (1505-1821), Fur Sultanate, Tagali Kingdom and the Mahdist state (1885-1898). Relics of these kingdoms and states exist until today.

mong the most important archaeological sites lying between the North and the South of the country:

Sai—Sai island lies to the south of the second cataract. It contains many anitiquities including temples, monuments and cemeteries which almost represent all the cultural periods of the first stone age. They also represent the Pharaohnic period to the advent of the Ottoman empire.

Sadinga—It’s host to a number of temples which also capture the pharohnic history in addition to that of the Meroetic and Napatan.

Soleb—One will also find wonders of the ancient civilizations that arguably inspired the Egyptian. The pharoic and Meroetic is here found.

Tumbus—Egyptian inscriptions have been discovered in this area engraved on rocks lying near the third cataract and on a statue that has been determined to date back to the meroetic period.

Karma—It is one of the most important archaelogical sites in Sudan. It enjoys enormous buildings made of unbaked bricks and is known as “Al-Duafoofah”, which dates back to the 3rd century B.C.

Tabo—This site is found on Argo Island, south of the third cataract and contains a kushite temple and antiquities that date back to the Meroetic and Christian periods.

Kawa— Mirroring Egyptian architecture , numerous temples representing the Kush era have been found here.

Old Dongola—This is the capital of the lower Christian Nubia Kingdom (Mayuria). It was a church which has now been changed into a mosque. There are also houses, palaces and cemeteries in this area.

Jebel Al-Barka—It is regarded as the religious capital of Napata Kingdom. It lies near the Fourth Cataract and contains some antiquities including temples, palaces, pyramids and cemeteries which date back to different periods spanning the pharaohnic, Napatan and Meroetic era.

Nuri—This site contains pyramids and royal cemeteries as a number of members of the ruling dynasty had been buried there during Napatan era.

Al-Kuru—This location is famous for a group of cemeteries inscribed on rocks with ornaments that date back to the era of Napata’s first kings.

New Meroe—The new town of Merowe now lies near the Fourth Cataract and enshrines cemeteries which date back to the Napatan era and still no excavation has been done there.

Al-Ghazali—This site is an oasis in Bayoudah desert, a few kilometers away from Merowe town. Al-Ghazali contains relics of the Christian era.

Merowe—This is the capital of Kush Kingdom. It enshrines some pyramids, temples and relics of a royal town.

Yellow Musawarat—This area represents a religious center that dates back to the meroetic period. It contains temples with remarkable inscriptions and a great building made of sand stones called the great yard.

Al-Nagaa—This site is similar to yellow Musawarat; it represents a religious center lying in Al-Butana region (in the central part of the country). It houses many ornamented and inscribed temples, cemeteries and ancient towns.

Wadi Nagaa—Here is preserved the remains of Meroe town and contains relics of a royal palace amongst others.

East Soba—Here is to be found relics of ancient churches, palaces, homesteads and cemeteries

Sawakin—This site comprises of relics, beautiful buildings made of coral rocks in an architecture that is entirely Islamic.

Sennar—One finds an antiquated Islamic town though work to determine the size of these relics is still ongoing.

A number of archaeological missions in Wadi Hor area, Jabal Marrah and Kordofan are in process. Sheikan Museum has been rehabilitated. In Khartoum State, there are investment projects intended to rehabilitate Sudan National Museum to enhance its appeal as a tourist site.

Will be continuous

Education in Sudan التعليم في السودان

2011-06-14T04:45:00.000-07:00

Education in Sudan is free and compulsory for children aged 6 to 13 years. Primary education consists of eight years, followed by three years of secondary education. The former educational ladder 6 + 3 + 3 was changed in 1990. The primary language at all levels is Arabic. Schools are concentrated in urban areas; many in the South and West have been damaged or destroyed by years of civil war. In 2001 the World Bank estimated that primary enrollment was 46 percent of eligible pupils and 21 percent of secondary students. Enrollment varies widely, falling below 20 percent in some provinces. Sudan has 19 universities; instruction is primarily in Arabic. Education at the secondary and university levels has been seriously hampered by the requirement that most males perform military service before completing their education.^[1]
According to World Bank estimates for 2002, the literacy rate in adults aged 15 years and older was 60 percent. In 2000 the comparable figure was almost 58 percent (69 percent for males, 46 percent for females); youth illiteracy (ages 15–24) was estimated at 23 percent.^[1]

History

The public and private education systems inherited by the government of Sudan after independence were designed to provide civil servants and professionals to serve the colonial administration, rather than to educate the Sudanese. Moreover, the distribution of facilities, staff, and enrollment was biased in favor of the needs of the administration and a Western curriculum.
Schools tended to be clustered in the vicinity of Khartoum and to a lesser extent in other urban areas, while the population was predominantly rural. This concentration was most marked beyond the four-year primary schools, where instruction was in the vernacular.
The north suffered from shortages of teachers and buildings, but education in the south was even more inadequate. During the condominium, education in the south was left largely to the mission schools, where the level of instruction proved so poor that as early as the mid-1930s the government imposed provincial education supervisors upon the missionaries, in return for the government subsidies that they sorely needed. The civil war and the ejection of all foreign missionaries in February 1964 further diminished education opportunities for southern Sudanese.
Since World War II the demand for education had exceeded Sudan's education resources. At independence in 1956, education accounted for only 15.5% of the Sudanese budget, or £Sd45 million (Sudanese pounds), to support 1,778 primary schools (enrollment 208,688), 108 intermediate schools (enrollment 14,632), and 49 government secondary schools (enrollment 5,423). Higher education was limited to the University of Khartoum, except for fewer than 1,000 students sent abroad by wealthy parents or on government scholarships. The adult literacy rate in 1956 was 22.9%, and, despite the efforts of successive governments, by 1990 it had risen only to about 30% in the face of a rapidly expanding population.
When the Nimeiri-led government took power in 1969, it considered the education system inadequate for the needs of social and economic development. Accordingly, an extensive reorganization was proposed, which would eventually make the new six-year elementary education program compulsory and would pay much more attention to technical and vocational education at all levels. Previously, primary and intermediate schools had been preludes to secondary training, and secondary schools prepared students for the university. The system produced some well- trained university graduates, but little was done to prepare for technical work or skilled labor the great bulk of students who did not go as far as the university or even secondary school.
By the late 1970s, the government's education system had been largely reorganized. There were some pre-primary schools, mainly in urban areas. The basic system consisted of a six-year curriculum in primary schools and three-year curriculum in junior secondary schools. From that point, qualified students could go on to one of three kinds of schools: the three-year upper secondary, which prepared students for higher education; commercial and agricultural technical schools; and teacher-training secondary schools designed to prepare primary-school teachers. The latter two institutions offered four-year programs. Postsecondary schools included universities, higher technical schools, intermediate teacher-training schools for junior secondary teachers, and higher teacher-training schools for upper-secondary teachers.
Of the more than 5,400 primary schools in 1980, less than 14% were located in southern Sudan, which had between 20 and 33 percent of the country's population. Many of these southern schools were established during the Southern Regional administration (1972–1981). The renewal of the civil war in mid- 1983 destroyed many schools, although the SPLA operated schools in areas under its control. Nevertheless, many teachers and students were among the refugees fleeing the ravages of war in the south.
In the early 1980s, the number of junior (also called general) secondary schools was a little more than one-fifth the number of primary schools, a proportion roughly consistent with that of general secondary to primary-school population (260,000 to 1,334,000). About 6.5 percent of all general secondary schools were in the south until 1983.
There were only 190 upper-secondary schools in the public system in 1980, but it was at this level that private schools of varying quality proliferated, particularly in the three cities of the capital area. Elite schools could recruit students who had selected them as a first choice, but the others took students whose examination results at the end of junior secondary school did not gain them entry to the government's upper secondary schools.

The hope for universal and compulsory education had not been realized by the early 1980s, but as a goal it led to a more equitable distribution of facilities and teachers in rural areas and in the south. During the 1980s, the government established more schools at all levels and with them, more teacher-training schools, although these were never sufficient to provide adequate staff. But the process was inherently slow and was made slower by limited funds and by the inadequate compensation for staff; teachers who could find a market for their skills elsewhere, including places outside Sudan, did not remain teachers within the Sudanese system.
The proliferation of upper-level technical schools has not dealt with what most experts saw as Sudan's basic education problem: providing a primary education to as many Sudanese children as possible. Establishing more primary schools was, in this view, more important that achieving equity in the distribution of secondary schools. Even more important was the development of a primary-school curriculum that was geared to Sudanese experience and took into account that most of those who completed six years of schooling did not go further. The realistic assumption was that Sudan's resources were limited and that expenditures on the postprimary level limited expenditures on the primary level, leaving most Sudanese children with an inadequate education. In the early 1990s this situation had not significantly changed.
In the mid-1970s, there were four universities, eleven colleges, and twenty-three institutes in Sudan. The universities were in the capital area, and all of the institutions of higher learning were in the northern provinces. Colleges were specialized degree-granting institutions. Institutes granted diplomas and certificates for periods of specialized study shorter than those commonly demanded at universities and colleges. These postsecondary institutions and universities had provided Sudan with a substantial number of well-educated persons in some fields but left it short of technical personnel and specialists in sciences relevant to the country's largely rural character.
By 1980 two new universities had opened, one in Al Awsat Province at Wad Madani, the other in Juba in Al Istiwai Province, and in 1981 there was talk of opening a university in Darfur, which was nearly as deprived of educational facilities as the south. By 1990 some institutes had been upgraded to colleges, and many had become part of an autonomous body called the Khartoum Institute of Technical Colleges (also referred to as Khartoum Polytechnic). Some of its affiliates were outside the capital area, for example, the College of Mechanical Engineering at Atbarah, northeast of Khartoum, and Al Jazirah College of Agriculture and Natural Resources at Abu Naamah in Al Awsat.
The oldest university was the University of Khartoum, which was established as a university in 1956. In 1990 it enrolled about 12,000 students in degree programs ranging from four to six years in length. Larger but less prestigious was the Khartoum branch of the University of Cairo with 13,000 students. The size of the latter and perhaps its lack of prestige reflected the fact that many if not most of its students worked to support themselves and attended classes in the afternoon and at night, although some day classes were introduced in 1980. Tuition only at the Khartoum branch was free, whereas all costs at the fully residential University of Khartoum were paid for by the government. At the Institute of Higher Technical Studies, which had 4,000 students in 1990, tuition was free, and a monthly grant helped to defray but did not fully cover other expenses. The smallest of the universities in the capital area was the specialized Islamic University of Omdurman, which existed chiefly to train Muslim religious judges and scholars.
The {Juba University], established in 1977, graduated its first class in 1981. It was intended to provide education for development and for the civil service for southern Sudan, although it was open to students from the whole country. In its first years, it enrolled a substantial number of civil servants from the south for further training, clearly needed in an area where many in the civil service had little educational opportunity in their youth. After the outbreak of hostilities in the south in 1983, the university was moved to Khartoum, a move that had severely curtailed its instructional programs, but the university continued to operate again in Juba in the late 1980s. Al Jazirah College of Agriculture and Natural Resources was also intended to serve the country as a whole, but its focus was consistent with its location in the most significant agricultural area in Sudan.
Of particular interest was the dynamic growth[3[1]2] and expansion of Omdurman Ahlia University. It was established by academics, professionals, and businesspeople in 1982 upon the hundredth anniversary of the founding of the city of Omdurman and was intended to meet the ever-growing demand for higher education and training. The university was to be nongovernmental, job oriented, and self-supporting. Support came mainly from private donations, foreign foundations, and the government, which approved the allotment of 30 acres (120,000 m²) of prime land on the western outskirts of Omdurman for the campus. Its curriculum, taught in English and oriented to job training pertinent to the needs of Sudan, had attracted more than 1,800 students by 1990. Its emphasis on training in administration, environmental studies, physics and mathematics, and library science had proven popular.
≥==Levels of Education== In Khartoum, the capital of Sudan, there are four main levels of education.
First: kindergarten and day-care. It begins in the age of 3-4, consists of 1-2 grades, (depending on the parents).
Second: elementary school. the first grade pupils enter at the age of 6-7 .and It consists of 8 grades , each year there is more academic efforts and main subjects added plus more school methods improvements. By the 8'th grade a student is 13–14 years old ready to take the certificate exam's and entering high school.
Third: upper second school and high school. At this level the school methods add some main academic subjects such as chemistry, biology, physics, geography, etc... there are three grades in this level. The students ages are about 14-15 to 17-18.
Higher Education: there are many universities in Sudan such as the university of Khartoum, even foreigners attend universities here, because the reputation of the universities are very good and the life expenses are low compared to other countries.
After all, the education system in Sudan went through many changes in the late 1980s and early 1990s.

Education reform

The revolutionary government of General Bashir announced sweeping reforms in Sudanese education in September 1990. In consultation with leaders of the Muslim Brotherhood and Islamic teachers and administrators, who were the strongest supporters of his regime, Bashir proclaimed a new philosophy of education. He allocated £Sd400 million for the academic year 1990-91 to carry out these reforms and promised to double the sum if the current education system could be changed to meet the needs of Sudan.
The new education philosophy was to provide a frame of reference for the reforms. Education was to be based on the permanence of human nature, religious values, and physical nature. This was to be accomplished by a Muslim curriculum, which in all schools, colleges, and universities would consist of two parts: an obligatory and an optional course of study. The obligatory course to be studied by every student was to be based on revealed knowledge concerning all disciplines. All the essential elements of the obligatory course would be drawn from the Quran and the recognized books of the hadith. The optional course of study would permit the student to select certain specializations according to individual aptitudes and inclinations. Whether the government could carry out such sweeping reforms throughout the country in the face of opposition from within the Sudanese education establishment and the dearth of resources for implementing such an ambitious project remained to be seen. Membership in the Popular Defence Forces, a paramilitary body allied to the National Islamic Front, became a requirement for university admission. By early 1991, General Bashir had decreed that the number of university students be doubled and that Arabic replace English as the language of instruction in universities. He dismissed about seventy faculty members at the University of Khartoum who opposed his reforms.yet

Girls' education

Traditionally, girls' education was of the most rudimentary kind, frequently provided by a khalwa, or religious school, in which Quranic studies were taught. Such schools did not prepare girls for the secular learning mainstream, from which they were virtually excluded.

Babiker Badri - leading the education of girls in Sudan

Sheikh Babiker Badri, Sudan has had personal and unique fingerprint record the date in the field of education and women's education .. Horeb at a time when women go out for education have been rejected by society, parents and the tribe, but he fought the midst of all this and succeeded, and without it the woman was suffering from even the covenants that followed the al-Badri, or even today in the darkness of ignorance and Giahph, and stretched his hands to include Al-Badri linesmen after him still contributions are not fresh and unmistakable evidence of the beneficial educational legacy, and the family told us d. Qasim Badri this was the Heseltna.
The emergence of Al-Badri
* Family of the late Sheikh Babiker Badri's originally from the area were displaced to Rubatab Refaa area about 1964.
In Refaa Babiker Badri raised and studied alone and after the Mahdia engaged in the army of Imam Mahdi, Mohammed Ahmed and pledged allegiance in the white.
After you open and edit the Khartoum-Badri settled in Omdurman and then move with the army of Prince Dr. Alnujomi of Northern Sudan to Egypt is open, his family and his sons were captured and released him when he returned to Omdurman, and then to Refaa.
The work of trade between Suakin and Omdurman and the Berbers and Omdurman and after the incident repeat the work of trade in maize.
Access to the area of teaching
* Trade Leads and entered the field of education after he announced the Director of the Blue Nile England for a job teaching and founded a school Refaa in 1903 and then asked to open a school for girls in 1905 only that his application was rejected and the new demand in 1907 and allowed him to establish the first school for girls in Sudan, provided that The name and is funded under any responsibility, and the work after the inspector education across the Sudan, despite the different fatigue and hardship to the lack of means of travel remained in education until he was brought for a pension in 1920.
1930 decided to open a school for boys called School grandchildren because after that he worked for (25) years old generation knows his sons are now aware generation grandchildren. He then moved the school to Refaa Omdurman in 1932 in homes Sheikh Abdel Nour Obeid and then to the house next to the school and then to the princely existing buildings are supplied Street Neighborhood House Nation Party.
Babiker Badri, the first foundations of an intermediate stage in 1943 and the first high school eligibility after Gordon then was followed by schools and Hantoub Tguet Creek Valley and the Prophet.
In the forties was the book mixed schools, boys and girls and the foundations of Al-Badri and middle school girls in 1950 and a secondary school for girls in 1955.
Late Youssef Badri
* Family of Badri - well - all good family Mirghani skeptical, and every owner, and worked in the field of education Abdul Kareem Badri, and good Mirghani skeptical, Mohamed Badri. And 1966 established Yousif Badri grandchildren University College for Girls and Joseph Gordon Badri later studied at the American University of Beirut and graduated from the College of Pharmacy and was the Wad. Ibrahim Kassem of the first pharmacists in the Sudan and the work of hospital civil and Pharmacy Omdurman after he resigned and worked grandchildren since the year 1943 until 1995, a scroll at the University College neighborhood vulnerability of its buildings current late eighties and started the Faculty of Sciences and family psychology and kindergartens, and then joined the school administrative management and rural development Finally, medicine and pharmacy.
D. Kassem Youssef Badri
* Is the current Dean of the Faculty of undergraduate grandchildren grandchildren all stages studied and studied literature at the American University in Beirut and earned a doctorate from the University of California, USA.
Al-Badri What is the solution
* Members of the family-Badri in teaching professor Malik Babiker Badri, studying psychology, Malaysia, and Mr. Abdel Moneim Badri, University of Mohammed bin Saud University in Riyadh, and Girls Al Badri Sarah Babiker Badri, Umm Salma Babiker Badri, and deprived the Babiker Badri, Zeinab and worked Faculty of parameters, and parameters also denied the Secretary and precious civil .. D and grandchildren now. Balqees Yusuf Badri, Wed. Safe sincere Badri, Wed. Princess Badri, and taught Fatima Abdul Kareem Badri, Babiker Badri, Stena and safe Ibrahim Malik - Central headmistress grandchildren and Ms. Fatima Badri taught at the University of Khartoum, econometrics, and also d. Sulafa Khaled Moussa al-Badri granddaughter works at the Food Research Dr. Nada Abdullah specialist underground.
Other area
* Late Badri Engineer vegetables in the field of engineering, education, and Dr.. Ali Badri, the first director of medical interest and the Minister of Health, Dr.. Ahmed Badry judge of the Supreme Court, and Farouk good Mirghani director of the Post and Telegraph, Wed. Ahmed Abdul Kareem Badri, the first director of the interest of horticulture and received a doctorate in agriculture, and Moses, Babiker Badri, the first pilot Sudan

بابكر بدري - رائد تعليم البنات فى السودان

الشيخ بابكر بدري شخصية سودانية لها سبق متفرِّد وبصمة سجلها التاريخ في مجال التعليم وتعليم المرأة.. حورب في زمن كان فيه خروج المرأة للتعليم مرفوضاً من قبل المجتمع والأهل والقبيلة، ولكنه خاض غمار كل ذلك ونجح، ولولاه لكانت المرأة ترزح حتى العهود التي أعقبت البدري أو حتى اليوم في ظلام الجهل وغياهبه، وامتدت أياديه لتشمل آل البدري حاملي الراية من بعده فلا تزال مساهماتهم لا تخطئها العين ماثلة ودليلا على النفع التعليمي المتوارث، وعن الأسرة حدثنا د. قاسم بدري فكانت هذه هي حصيلتنا
نشأة آل بدري
* أسرة المرحوم الشيخ بابكر بدري تنحدر أصلاً من منطقة الرباطاب نزحوا منها إلى منطقة رفاعة حوالى العام 1964
في رفاعة تربى بابكر البدري ودرس الخلوة وبعد أن قامت المهدية انخرط في جيش الإمام محمد أحمد المهدي وبايعه في منطقة الأبيض
بعد فتح وتحرير الخرطوم استقر البدري في ام درمان وتحرَّك بعدها مع جيش الأمير ود النجومي لشمال السودان لفتح مصر هو واسرته وابناؤه، وتم أسره وعندما اطلقوا سراحه رجع لامدرمان وبعدها إلى رفاعة
عمل بالتجارة بين سواكن وام درمان وبين بربر وام درمان وبعد واقعة كرري عمل بتجارة الذرة
الدخول لمجال التدريس
* ترك التجارة ودخل مجال التعليم بعد أن أعلن مدير مديرية النيل الأزرق الانجليزي عن وجود فرص للعمل بالتدريس وأسس مدرسة رفاعة عام 1903 وبعدها طلب فتح مدرسة للبنات عام 1905 إلا أن طلبه رفض وجدد الطلب عام 1907 وسمح له بإنشاء أول مدرسة للبنات في السودان بشرط أن تكون باسمه ويقوم هو بتمويلها أي تحت مسؤوليته، وعمل بعدها مفتش تعليم بأنحاء السودان المختلفة رغم التعب والمشقة لقلة وسائل السفر وظل بالتعليم حتى أحيل للمعاش عام 1920
عام 1930 قرر فتح مدرسة للبنين سماها مدرسة الأحفاد لأنه بعد أن عمل لمدة (25) سنة يعلم جيل ابنائه أصبح الآن يعلِّم جيل أحفاده. ثم انتقل بالمدرسة من رفاعة إلى ام درمان عام 1932 في بيوت شيخ عبيد عبد النور ثم إلى منزل جوار المدرسة الأميرية ثم إلى المباني الحالية الموجودة بشارع الموردة جوار دار حزب الأمة
اسس بابكر البدري أول مرحلة متوسطة سنة 1943 وأول مدرسة ثانوية أهلية بعد غردون ثم جاءت بعدها مدارس حنتوب وخور طقت ووادي سيدنا
في الأربعينيات كانت مدارس الكُتّاب مختلطة بنين وبنات وأسس البدري مدرسة بنات وسطى عام 1950 ومدرسة ثانوية للبنات عام 1955
المرحوم يوسف بدري
* أسرة بدري تضم - أيضاً- آل الطيب أسرة ميرغني شكاك، وآل مالك، وعمل في مجال التعليم عبد الكريم بدري والطيب ميرغني شكاك ومحمد بدري. وعام 1966 انشأ يوسف بدري كلية الأحفاد الجامعية للبنات ويوسف بدري درس بعد غردون بالجامعة الأميركية ببيروت وتخرج في كلية الصيدلة وكان هو ود. ابراهيم قاسم من أوائل الصيادلة في السودان وعمل بمستشفى مدني وصيدلية ام درمان بعدها استقال وعمل بالأحفاد منذ العام 1943 حتى العام 1995، وهو من انتقل بالكلية الجامعية لحي العرضة بمبانيها الحالية أواخر الثمانينيات وبدأت بكلية العلوم الأسرية وعلم النفس ورياض الأطفال ثم انضمت مدرسة التنظيم الإداري والتنمية الريفية وأخيراً
الطب والصيدلة
د. قاسم يوسف بدري
* هو العميد الحالي لكلية الأحفاد الجامعية درس جميع المراحل بالأحفاد ودرس الآداب بالجامعة الأميركية ببيروت ونال درجة الدكتوراة من جامعة كاليفورنيا بالولايات المتحدة الأميركية.

آل البدري ابن الوز عوام

* من أفراد أسرة البدري في مجال التدريس بروفيسور مالك بابكر بدري يدرس علم النفس بماليزيا، والاستاذ عبد المنعم بدري بجامعة محمد بن سعود بالرياض، ومن بنات آل بدري سارة بابكر بدري، وام سلمى بابكر بدري، وحرم بابكر بدري وزينب وعملاتا بكلية المعلمات، ومن المعلمات أيضاً حرم الأمين ونفيسة المدني.. وبالأحفاد الآن د. بلقيس يوسف بدري، ود. آمنة الصادق بدري، ود. اميرة بدري، وبالتدريس الأستاذة فاطمة عبد الكريم بدري، وستنا بابكر بدري وآمنة ابراهيم مالك- ناظرة الأحفاد الوسطى والأستاذة فاطمة بدري تدرس بجامعة الخرطوم الاقتصاد القياسي، وأيضاً د. سلافة خالد موسى حفيدة البدري تعمل بمركز أبحاث الأغذية ود. ندى عبد الله اختصاصية باطنية
مجالات أخرى يعمل بها ىل البدري
* المرحوم المهندس خضر بدري في مجال الهندسة والتعليم، ود. علي بدري أول مدير للمصلحة الطبية ووزير للصحة
ود. أحمد بدري قاضي المحكمة العليا، وفاروق الطيب ميرغني مدير مصلحة البريد والبرق، ود. أحمد عبد الكريم بدري أول مدير لمصلحة البساتين ونال دكتوراة في الزراعة، وموسى بابكر بدري أول طيار سوداني

Women education

Adult Education for womenتعليم الكبار تجربه جيده ببوتسودان

Amnia Atiyahالأستاذه /آمنه عطيه

Women education Will be Contentious

Sudanese Food الطعام السوداني

2011-06-13T16:55:00.000-07:00

Sudan is the widest African state, situated in the North-East Africa. The natural space of Sudan is characterized by tropical forests, steppes and savannas, but there are also a lot of lakes and rivers in the Southern areas; in this region, the fish is the most frequent meal.
Sudanese cuisine has been changing and evolving gradually, but most of the dishes remain simple and natural. The most common elements are Wheat, Beef and sheep meat, tomatoes, sesame seeds (Sudan is a great exporter of sesame) and rice.
An important evolution is spices. The basic spices, like the peppers or garlic were brought in Sudan by the Arab and Syrian traders and settlers who established in Sudan during the Turkish rule. Besides the spices, the Arabians also introduced some of the veggies and fruits that are used today in Sudan, but unknown in this country before these influences.
Sudanese cuisine has various influences, but none of them is dominating the regional culinary cultures. Among these, there is the Egyptian cuisine, the Ethiopian and the Turkish one (meatballs, pastries and spices), but there are also numerous dishes that are specific to all Arabian nations.

Sudanese Food and Drink

Eating in Sudan is an exciting and rich experience. Food in Sudan has many different styles with thousands of great restaurants in all the major cities and towns of Sudan. All of them seem to boast about one chef or another, which is good, but for most of us we want to get down to eating.
In addition, food in Khartoum and other Sudanese tourist resorts is not restricted to traditional Sudanese delights. Cuisine from all over the world can be found in Sudan, including Asian, Indian, Middle Eastern, and other international tastes. Fast food chains are rising in popularity due to convenience and their family oriented style.

Food in Daily Life;-

The day usually begins with a cup of tea. Breakfast is eaten in the mid- to late morning, generally consisting of beans, salad, liver, and bread. Millet is the staple food, and is prepared as a porridge called asida or a flat bread called kisra. Vegetables are prepared in stews or salads. Ful, a dish of broad beans cooked in oil, is common, as are cassavas and sweet potatoes. Nomads in the north rely on dairy products and meat from camels. In general, meat is expensive and not often consumed. Sheep are killed for feasts or to honor a special guest. The intestines, lungs, and liver of the animal are prepared with chili pepper in a special dish called marara.

Cooking is done in the courtyards outside the house on a tin grill called a kanoon, which uses charcoal as fuel.

Food Customs at Ceremonial Occasions:-
At the Eid al-Adha, the Feast of the Great Sacrifice, it is customary to kill a sheep, and to give part of the meat to people who cannot afford it themselves. The Eid al-Fitr, or Breaking of the Ramadan Fast, is another joyous occasion, and involves a large family meal. The birthday of the Prophet Muhammad is primarily a children's holiday, celebrated with special desserts: pink sugar dolls and sticky sweets made from nuts and sesame seeds.

Molah Roab

Asidah

Kessra (Traditional beard)

Zeer Sudanese traditional freeze

Falafel طعميه

How to make Falafel طريقة عمل الطعميه

Sudanese Soup and Mahshy

Religion is a very important part of their life and culture. There are a number of important religious celebrations in Sudan: the Ramadan, Eid al-fitr, Eid-al Adha, and Christmas. Ramadan is a long period of fasting (30 days), when people don’t eat or drink anything between sunrise and sunset. That is why, when Ramadan ends, Sudanese people refer to the following period as Eid al-Fitr, colloquially known as Eid al-sag'eer (the small Eid). Still, at nighttime, there are generous feasts and meals during the Ramadan, which include sah'ur, a meal taken in the late night.

Alhomoer

On the other major religious holiday, Eid al-Adha (known as Eid al-kabir, or the big Eid), which takes place during Hajj, all the families sacrifice a sheep. Other calibrations in Sudan include Moulid Al Nabi or The Prophet’s Birthday and it is mainly celebrated with a lot of sweets and refreshments in the central town areas. The Spring Holiday, locally known as Sham Al Nassim is connected to the Egyptian culture and celebrates the spring. On this occasion, picnics are very frequent on the river coasts. Christmas is celebrated on the 25th of December each year, the majority of Christians are from the southern regions of the country.

Eid Prayers

Women prayer

Hospitality

Sudanese people are very hospitable people, who like a lot having and serving guests. When a guest arrives for dinner, the host offers him a small glass of orange or grapefruit juice, to start the appetite and to welcome him to the family, after his long and exhausting journey. Also, if someone is considered a very important guest, a sheep will be sacrificed in his honor and then many delicious dishes will be prepared. The Sudanese people are gifted with creativity, cooking skills and with a range of culinary possibilities that includes rice, sesame, sheep and Beef. The Sudanese people carried on the traditions through their cooking and all participated to the cultural Sudanese cuisine. Sudanese people are in touch with the nature and all its elements. They take all the elements that the nature has shown them and prepare innovating mixes, special dips, creative meat dishes and spiced garnishes.

Appetize

The Sudanese appetizers can’t all fit in the same category, as they differ in aliments and preparation methods. Still, breads with dips, rice and soups are the main Sudanese starters. Shorba is a specialty made of lamb soup, puree and peanut butter. The meal is also served with rice, but this is not a custom when serving it as an appetizer. There are many meals and breads (like Pita bread) which are served with traditional dips. Among these, there is the Sudanese yoghurt and tahini dip. This special dish, served with all kinds of veggies and meats as an appetizer is made with sesame seed and paste (locally known as tahini), plain non-fat yoghurt, minced garlic, lemon juice and chopped fresh parsley, all these spiced up with fresh black pepper. Other appetizer consists of drinks, especially herbal tea and all kinds of fruit juices (orange, grapefruit, lime) – these are served to the guests before the meal, because they are considered healthy after a journey.

Will be continuous

Toiletry Alshigiyah and cultural assets

2011-06-08T21:40:00.000-07:00

Toiletry among Alshigiyah Tribe and cultural assets .. «1-2» Events and the reasons for the use of cosmetics

(Alshigiyah Tribe big Sudanese tribe in upper North Sudan ).There are of course many of the events involving the use of cosmetics and ornaments such as weddings and weddings in general and religious holidays and family visits and the end of the period of childbirth and the end of the mourning period for relatives or saints or the arrival of guests from relatives or travel .. Etc. However, there are certain occasions characterized by a special status, and range from the use of ornaments in performance between the ceremonial hard and overwhelming sense of joy and celebration of painting .. We will start here by talking about Jertq considering its importance and its specificity in terms of content and form.

When our discussion of the historical and cultural ornaments that Jertq Old Nubian tradition and profound, and the weather is usually required in a number of occasions, they reflect the practice in the essential content of the vision of this man and the popular interpretation of the world and Stupid accidents. There are basic jewelry consists of Jertq repeated in all the occasions, although we note some variations and additions, especially in the later stages. Jertq and ornaments in a simplified form and quantity, limited crudes in semi-precious stones, silver, gold and iron in addition to those practices associated with the moment of his work. These ornaments are:

1 - Bead
The most important elements Jertq at all and without it does not state Jertq - and are also mentioned due to the value of a stone being a valuable visual and tactile, physical particular. Although now replaced by the tradition of stained glass. Also be used to part octagon silver bead, although they do not sing it. Bead connecting thread of red silk in the right hand and wrist hanging down strands of red silk called «Calorie» Bead and referred to the same word as evidenced Alhriuep this word also Jertq the same .. Bead and comprehensive boy and boys are circumcised and the newlyweds and women bleeding following childbirth and in some cases Zar.
2 - Hammered
A decade of beads Alcolq must include a large bead or beads of beads worn by the couple and Alsomit Almokhtunan and bleeding following childbirth .. And have sometimes wrought as in the figure «63 a» a huge grain of Alsomit beads hanging on the chest with calories.
3 - Almhaherp
They all wore amulets of silver. In the case of Jertq used Alhvidp and splint wearing the double-headed appraisers in females and males without them.
4 - Crescent
An ornament for the front and the boy circumcised CHOOSE only.
5 - rosary Alser:
A large rosary hanging to below the waist and often from black coral.
6 - wearing the ring the pound and was hanging over the boy and boys are circumcised.
7 - attached the groom and the boy circumcised over Ktefehma sword is a symbol of masculinity and

protection at the same time.

8- Omen «blind», henna «Henna»
Make a paste of powder smells of India «Pink and Custard» mixed with the odor Mahlbip liquid, and other odors, covers the surface of the head of this dough, then add the above fine powder of the promises of sandalwood and surrounded by the head of the then handkerchief red «for the groom and the boy only» installed on it at the front OrnamentAlso put henna on the day before the circumcision and before the marriage for the newlyweds

Sudanese Henna Design

Henna For Bride

This is the most important jewelry Jertq which is a required element in the events childbirth, circumcision and marriage. In both cases, the first and second takes Jertq character ritually purely in the case of marriage, it, in addition to this side, take the celebratory and aesthetically pleasing secured Tndhav some of its elements to the masses of other special ornaments for the bride. We will discuss the features of these events to the extent consistent with the need for our jewelry and other ornaments, as well as our approach to other appropriate for the use of jewelry is the case of Zar

Jartig

First: childbirth:
There is a saying among the people that the rest of «neonatal death». The situation devolves means exposure to a pregnant woman because of the imminent dangers of purity because of the Pharaonic and primitive means that prevailed in obstetrics is what is known as «the birth cord». These dangers as well as a multitude of deep-rooted metaphysical concepts make it devolves appropriate mix of joy and fear, and add to the rituals and Gaara fraught with tension and dread, despite the attempts of behavioral and verbal formulas for optimism and hope.

In the previous period of Odua With the advent of the ninth month put henna on the hands and feet of a pregnant woman, and connects Mnzawma beads and shells in the form of a belt under the belly of a pregnant woman and along with Fashion Rabat, which are placed in the hair above the ear, one of silver, and hanging down, calories Jertq and a series Berugaha called Alchocao, must be caused by the swish of a particular function may be related to the terrorism of lives and driven out, and wear the ring (AP Rakuba) The stone called the stone of blood and belief that he stop the bleeding.

After childbirth linking Bead and placed Omen also burn incense component of alum «as an amulet fir protection» beads and the loan from the plant called a gumma and frankincense, and the group is considered an amulet fir protection and Talsma .. As well as poking circuit ligament in the wall opposite the bed bleeding following childbirth, or bleeding following childbirth do not leave alone especially at sunset as you shall not leave the place of darkness.

The newborn child links the string around his waist by six of the skin and is believed to be called «prevents Anbhal insisting the child» and shells is the same amulet fir protection against the kinds of evil. As well as the link in the child's hands and feet yarn, cotton is one of «the righteous» or religious «Senate or the poor» may «intention» of any read is being held offshore spells and verses from the Koran, and after forty days, remove the strings and attached veil of a small child's neck when the verses and spells, and when infancy of the child placed a splint and sometimes Alhvidp and remain in his wrist or hung over his chest «Alhvidp» At the time of circumcision are not worn after that .. After forty days out of her house bleeding following childbirth and a shower, wearing jewelry in full.

Second: Circumcision
Before circumcision one day be held banquets and celebration is being put henna «celebration for the circumcised male and female is not only the female moved with compassion, non-noise» .. After circumcision possess the boy or boys jewelery Jertq with Omen. It may be the difference between these ornaments and private counterparts Baerocn limited in the type of decoration and the degree of perfection. These ornaments for the boys circumcised much simpler and less expensive. It is noticeable that the boy next to Imithq Jertq carries a sword and a whip of the skin, as well as boys wear ring (AP Rakuba) mentioned a particular course, only females in the case of female genital mutilation and childbirth. The mother of the boy or boys, or one of the women relatives of the same status and child, jewelry Bibashma Jertq Fal, and the work associated with this process and mumbles continuum of invitations

Henna Cermoney for Groom

HennaFilm

For More Info:-

http://www.rayaam.info/News_view.aspx?pid=998&id=81373

نفس الموضوع بالعربية :أدوات الزينة عندقبيلة الشايقية وأصولها الثقافية.. «1-2» مناسبات ودواعي استعمال أدوات الزينة

هناك بالطبع العديد من المناسبات التي تستخدم فيها أدوات الزينة والحلى مثل مناسبات الزواج والأفراح بصورة عامة والأعياد الدينية وزيارات الأهل وانتهاء فترة الوضوع وانتهاء فترة الحداد علي الأقارب أو الأولياء الصالحين أو قدوم ضيوف من الأقارب أو السفر.. إلخ إلاَّ ان هنالك مناسبات معينة تتميز بوضع خاص، ويتراوح استعمال الحلى فيها بين الأداء الطقسي الجاد والشعور الغامر بفرح الاحتفال والتزين.. وسنبدأ هنا بالحديث عن الجرتق بإعتبار أهميته وخصوصيته من حيث المحتوى ومن حيث الشكل.

عند مناقشتنا للأصول التاريخية والثقافية لأدوات الزينة أن الجرتق تقليد نوبي قديم ومتأصل، وعادة طقسية لازمة في عدد من المناسبات، فهي ممارسة تعكس في مضمونها الأساسي رؤية هذا الانسان الشعبي وتفسيره للعالم وحوادثه. وهناك حلى أساسية يتكون منها الجرتق تتكرر في كل مناسباته، وإن كنا نلاحظ بعض التنويعات والاضافات خاصة في المراحل المتأخرة. وحلى الجرتق مبسطة في شكلها وكمها، وتنحصر خاماتها في الأحجار شبه الكريمة والفضة والذهب والحديد إلى جانب تلك الممارسات الخاصة المرتبطة به لحظة عمله. هذه الحلى هي:

1- الخرزة

وهي أهم عناصر الجرتق على الاطلاق ومن دونها لا تقوم حالة الجرتق- و هي كما ذكرنا ترجع قيمتها إلى كونها حجراً ذا قيمة بصرية ولمسية وفيزيقية خاصة. وإن كان يستعاض عنها الآن بتقليدها من الزجاج الملون. كذلك تستعمل إلى جانبها خرزة المثمن الفضية وإن كانت لا تغني عنها. تربط الخرزة بخيط من الحرير الأحمر في معصم اليد اليمنى وتتدلى منها خصلات من الحرير الأحمر تسمى «حريرة» ويشار إلى الخرزة نفسها بلفظة الحريوية هذه كما تدل اللفظة أيضاً على الجرتق نفسه.. والخرزة شاملة للصبي والصبية المختونين وللعروسين والمرأة النفساء وفي بعض حالات الزار.

2- المطرق

وهو عقد من حبات الشولق يجب ان يشتمل على حبة كبيرة أو حبات من خرز السوميت ويلبسه العروسان والمختونان والنفساء.. ويكون المطرق أحياناً كما في الشكل «63أ» حبة ضخمة من خرز السوميت تتدلى فوق الصدر مع الحريرة.

3- المشاهرة

وهي كل ما يلبس من تمائم الفضة. وفي حالة الجرتق تستعمل الحفيضة والجبيرة التي تلبس برأسين مثمنين عند الآناث ومن دونهما عند الذكور.

4- الهلال

وهي حلية الجبهة الخاصة بالعريس والصبي المختون فقط.

5- سبحة اللسر:

وهي سبحة ضخمة تتدلى إلى ما تحت الخصر وهي غالباً من المرجان الأسود.

6- يلبس خاتم الجنيه ويعلق فوق صدر الصبي و الصبية المختونين.

7- يعلق العريس والصبي المختون سيفاً فوق كتفيهما فهو رمز للرجولة وحماية في نفس الوقت.

8- الفال «الضريرة» والحناء «الحنة»

تصنع عجينة من مسحوق من الروائح الهندية «القرنفل والمحلب» الممزوجة بريحة المحلبية السائلة، وروائح أخرى، يُغطى سطح الرأس بهذه العجينة ثم يضاف من فوقها مسحوق ناعم من عود الصندل ويحاط الرأس من ثم بمنديل أحمر «بالنسبة للعريس والصبي فقط» مثبت فيه عند الجبهة حلية الهلال المذكورة وهذا بالنسبة للذكور فقط. كذلك توضع الحناء في اليوم السابق للختان وقبل الزواج بالنسبة للعروسين.

هذه هي أهم حلى الجرتق التي تعتبر عنصراً لازماً في مناسبات الوضوع والختان والزواج. وفي الحالتين الأولى والثانية يأخذ الجرتق طابعاً طقسياً بحتاً أما في حالة الزواج فإنه، إضافة لهذا الجانب، يتخذ مضموناً جمالياً احتفالياً وتنضاف بعض عناصره إلى جموع الحلى الأخرى خاصة بالنسبة للعروس. وسنتناول ملامح من هذه المناسبات بالقدر الذي يتوافق مع ضرورة عرضنا للحلى وأدوات الزينة الأخرى، وذلك إلى جانب تناولنا لمناسبة أخرى لاستعمال الحلى هي حالة الزار.

أولاً: الوضوع:

هناك قول سائر بين الناس بأن «الولادي موت». فحالة الوضوع تعني تعرض الحامل لاخطار ماحقة بسبب الطهارة الفرعونية وبسبب الوسيلة البدائية التي كانت سائدة في التوليد وهي ما يعرف «بولادة الحبل». هذه الاخطار إلى جانب كثرة من المفاهيم الغيبية العميقة الجذور تجعل من مناسبة الوضوع مزيجاً من الفرح والخوف، وتضفى على طقوسها وقاراً مشوباً بالتوتر والرهبة، رغم المحاولات السلوكية والصيغ القولية الداعية للتفاؤل والأمل.

في الفترة السابقة للوضوع ومع حلول الشهر التاسع توضع الحناء على يدى وقدمي المرأة الحامل، ويربط منظوماً بالخرز والودع في شكل حزام تحت بطن الحامل وذلك إلى جانب حلية الرباط التي توضع في الشعر أعلى الأذن وهي من الفضة وتتدلى منها حريرة الجرتق ومجموعة سلاسل ببروقها تسمى الشوشاو، لا بد وأن يكون للحفيف الذي تحدثه وظيفة معينة ربما تتعلق بارهاب الأرواح وطردها، كما تلبس خاتم (اب راكوبة) ذا الحجر المسمى حجر الدم والمعتقد بأنه يوقف النزيف.

بعد الوضوع تربط الخرزة ويوضع الفال كما يحرق البخور المكون من الشب «باعتباره حرزاً» وحبات من نبات القرض وصمغه ويسمى باللبان، وتعتبر هذه المجموعة حرزاً وطلسماً.. كذلك تغرز حلبة الرباط في الحائط قبالة سرير النفساء، ولا تترك النفساء وحدها خاصة وقت الغروب كما يراعى عدم ترك المكان مظلماً.

أما الطفل الوليد فيربط حول خصره خيط من الجلد به ست ودعات يعتقد بأنه «يمنع انبهال مصران الطفل» والودع نفسه يعتبر حرزاً ضد أنواع الشر. كذلك تربط في يدى الطفل ورجليه خيوط قطنية يكون أحد «الصالحين» أو المتدينين «الشيوخ أو الفقراء» قد «عزم» عليها أي قرأ قبالتها تعاويذ وآيات من القرآن، وبعد أربعين يوماً تنزع هذه الخيوط ويعلق حجاب صغير في رقبة الطفل فيه آىات وتعاويذ، وعندما يحبو الطفل توضع له الجبيرة وأحياناً الحفيضة وتظل في معصمه أو معلقة فوق صدره «الحفيضة» حتى وقت ختانة فلا يلبسها بعد ذلك.. وبعد الأربعين يوماً تخرج النفساء من بيتها وتستحم وترتدى حليها كاملة.

ثانياً: الختان

قبل الختان بيوم واحد تقام الولائم ويجري احتفال بوضع الحناء «الاحتفال بالنسبة للذكر والمختون فقط من غير الأنثى أما الأنثى فتحنن من غير ضوضاء».. بعد الختان يتحلى الصبي أو الصبية بحلى الجرتق مع الفال. وربما يكون الاختلاف بين هذه الحلى ورصيفاتها الخاصة بالعروسين محصوراً في نوع الزخرف ودرجة الاتقان. فهذه الحلى الخاصة بالصبية المختونين أكثر بساطة واقل تكلفة. والملاحظ ان الصبي يمتشق بجانب الجرتق سيفاً ويحمل سوطاً من الجلد، كذلك تلبس الصبية خاتم (اب راكوبة) المذكور وهو بالطبع خاص بالاناث فقط في حالة الختان والوضوع. وتقوم والدة الصبي أو الصبية، أو إحدى النسوة من الاقارب من ذات المكانة والولد، بإلباسهما حلى الجرتق وعمل الفال وترافق هذه العملية تمتمات متصلة من الدعوات

يوبيل الذهبي لزواج دام50سنه

Will be continue-

By: Bitalsudan June2011

Sudanese Civlization

2011-05-27T01:35:00.000-07:00

History of Sudan (Part 1)

History Background of old Sudan

What is now northern Sudan was in ancient times the kingdom of Nubia, which came under Egyptian rule after 2600 B.C. An Egyptian and Nubian civilization called Kush flourished until A.D. 350. Missionaries converted the region to Christianity in the 6th century, but an influx of Muslim Arabs, who had already conquered Egypt, eventually controlled the area and replaced Christianity with Islam. During the 1500s a people called the Funj conquered much of Sudan, and several other black African groups settled in the south, including the Dinka, Shilluk, Nuer, and Azande. Egyptians again conquered Sudan in 1874, and after Britain occupied Egypt in 1882, it took over Sudan in 1898, ruling the country in conjunction with Egypt. It was known as the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan between 1898 and 1955.

Nubin4

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The 20th century saw the growth of Sudanese nationalism, and in 1953 Egypt and Britain granted Sudan self-government. Independence was proclaimed on Jan. 1, 1956. Since independence, Sudan has been ruled by a series of unstable parliamentary governments and military regimes. Under Maj. Gen. Gaafar Mohamed Nimeiri, Sudan instituted fundamentalist Islamic law in 1983. This exacerbated the rift between the Arab north, the seat of the government, and the black African animists and Christians in the south. Differences in language, religion, ethnicity, and political power erupted in an unending civil war between government forces, strongly influenced by the National Islamic Front (NIF) and the southern rebels, whose most influential faction is the Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA). Human rights violations, religious persecution, and allegations that Sudan had been a safe haven for terrorists isolated the country from most of the international community. In 1995, the UN imposed sanctions against it.

On Aug. 20, 1998, the United States launched cruise missiles that destroyed a pharmaceutical manufacturing facility in Khartoum which allegedly manufactured chemical weapons. The U.S. contended that the Sudanese factory was financed by Islamic militant Osama bin Laden.

Sufia in Sudan

Read more: Sudan: History, Geography, Government, and Culture — Infoplease.com http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0107996.html#ixzz1NccXic2B

http://wysinger.homestead.com/kerma.html

http://www.sudanforum.net/showthread.php?t=39770

http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0107996.html

Sudanese Wedding2

2011-05-06T02:39:00.000-07:00

Sudanese Wedding Part 2

Blue Nile Chanle show abou Wedding Cermoney and tradition

Aljazera Arabic Chanale Report abou Sudanese Wedding Cermoney and tradition

Marriage between two people of different cultures and religions

•Ceremony respects the cultural and religious differences

•Wedding is major social event to be covered by local media

•Must groom must pay Durry (Money and gold to his Bride and buy clothes and other staff as well spend at laest $ 3000 party prepration
wedding is big event in sudan like Festivities are spread over several days or weeks

•Each cultureamong Sudanese Regions South /Notrth /East /West/Center has specific traditions, ceremonies, activities, clothing, food and music but magaorty shere some of all this process .

Music and dancing

Bride dance

Bride Dance Dress up

•Bride’s clothes are made: a red and gold dress and a garmasees

•Bride’s jewelry is gold

•Bride practices dances

Bride’s mother invites female relatives and friends and a few men to a party
•Bride dances while a woman drums on a daloka
•Women sing and clap and have fuce

Guests eat, dance and have a good time

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=joGlmmz5MQ0
http://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=sudanese+wedding&aq=8&oq=sudanese+
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S1lw7lh_GNQ
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kC1beegwBBI&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PRKuUoXUriU&feature=related

Algartig

Groom sprays the audience with perfume
•Elderly women give the Bride and Groom a cup of milk, which they both drink as a sign of love, peace and a pure life

Sudanese Wedding Tradition 1

2011-04-24T23:29:00.000-07:00

There are three parts to a Sudanese Muslim wedding:-

•Agged ceremony

•Henna parties

•Wedding day: Al Subhia, Jirtig, and party
Agged ceremony

Elder Advice For Sudanese traditional Ceremony

Bride’s female relatives make perfumes(Dag alariyha)

Sudanese Traditional Perfume(Khomrah)

•Bride’s clothes are made: a red and gold dress and a garmasees

•Bride’s jewelry is gold

•Bride practices dances

Marriage, Family, and Kinship in Sudan

Marriage. Marriages are traditionally arranged by the parents of the couple. This is still the case today, even among wealthier and more educated Sudanese. Matches are often made between cousins, second cousins, or other family members, or if not, at least between members of the same tribe and social class. Parents conduct the negotiations, and it is common for a bride and groom not to have seen each other before the wedding. There is generally a significant age difference between husband and wife. A man must be economically self-sufficient and able to provide for a family before he can marry. He has to be able to furnish an acceptable bride-price of jewelry, clothes, furniture, and among some tribes, cattle. Among the middle class, women usually are married after they finish school, at age nineteen or twenty; in poorer families or in rural areas, the age is younger. Polygyny was a common practice in the past. Divorce, although still considered shameful, is more common today than it once was. Upon dissolution of a marriage, the bride-price is returned to the husband.
(Read more: Culture of Sudan - traditional, history, people, clothing, traditions, women, beliefs, food, customs http://www.everyculture.com/Sa-Th/Sudan.html#ixzz1LXwgMp8g

Henna

A Sudanese woman doesn't regularly wear henna until she gets married. Before the wedding day, the bride's female family members hold a party called a "Henna".

This is when they decorate her hands and feet with henna for the first time, sing, dance and have alot of fun! But, it's an all-girls party- no boys allowed!

How do they use it?

The paste is put into a cone that can be made of a sturdy plastic bag, and then it is used like a pen to draw beautiful drawings on the hands or feet.

It is left to dry, then washed off.

If you are careful, your henna can last for over a month before fading away!

Several days before the wedding, the Bride invites her female relatives and friends to an evening party called El Henna

•Hanana paints designs on the Bride’s hands and feet in henna

Men use Henna too !

You think henna is only for women? Men have it put on their hands and feet for their weddings!
In the groom's "Henna party" right before the wedding, his mother, sisters, and aunts get together, sit him on a decorated bed, and put henna on his feet and the palms of his hands (not drawing).

Meanwhile, all his female relatives are singing and dancing, and his brothers and guy friends all get one hand "hennaed"!
Groom also has a Henna night with his femaily and relatives and male friends
Female relatives paint henna on his hands and feet

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=joGlmmz5MQ0

Dalka

Dalka is famous Sudanese music Instrument during wedding (Henna cermoney)

Will be cautious