Toads serve as a vital part of the food web. They are a food source for snakes, hawks, owls, and small mammals. As environmental indicators alert us to pollution. They absorb water and oxygen directly through their skin and cannot survive in heavily polluted or chemically treated areas.

This article covers all about what makes a toad a toad and some of the toad species that live in North America.

What Is a Toad?

Frogs and toads are both amphibians in the family Anura which means without a tail. Other amphibians such as salamanders have tails. Frogs live part of their life in water and part on land. Frogs typically lay eggs in bodies of water.

Frogs and toads are kinda like fingers and thumbs. All toads are frogs but not all frogs are toads. Basically, toad is a classification of frog.

Characteristics of Toads

• Toads have dry, bumpy skin and shorter legs.

• Parotoid Glands

• They walk or hop instead of making long jumps.

• Most toads also spend more time on land than frogs.

• Toads have shorter chunkier legs and toes with claws so they can dig.

• Stout, squat, bodies with shorter back legs compared to frogs.

• Many species dig into the soil to escape dry weather or brumate underground during the winter.

The Life Cycle of a Toad

Toads go through a process called metamorphosis. They change form as they grow.

In early spring, adult toads travel to shallow water such as ponds, ditches, or slow-moving streams. Males call to attract females, making a long musical trill that can last up to 30 seconds.

Females lay long strings of eggs in the water. A single female can lay thousands of eggs at once. The eggs then hatch into fully aquatic larvae called tadpoles. Tadpoles have tails for swimming and internal gills to receive oxygen.

Over several weeks, the tadpoles grow legs, develop lungs, and begin to look more like tiny toads. This stage is called a toadlet. Once they leave the water, they start life on land. Young toads are very small, often about the size of a fingernail, and many do not survive due to predators and drying conditions.

Most American toads reach adulthood in two to three years.

Where Toads Live

Toads need both water and land to survive, but they spend most of their time on land after they become adults.

During the day, toads hide in cool, moist places. This includes leaf litter, under logs, in garden mulch, or shallow burrows in the soil. Their skin must stay damp, so they avoid dry, hot conditions.

At night, toads come out to hunt. They are most active in warm, humid weather, especially after rain.

In winter, American toads survive by burrowing below the frost line. They enter a state called brumation, which is similar to hibernation. Their bodies slow down, allowing them to survive freezing temperatures.

Aestivation

Toads that live in arid areas often practice aestivation. Aestivation is considered the summer equivalent or opposite of hibernation. While underground during summer, they enter a deep sleep-like state, lowering their metabolism to save energy and water.

Read my article Nighty Night, Sleep Tight! Hibernation, Brumation and Torpor Explained

What do Toads Eat?

Toads are carnivores. They eat a wide range of small animals, most of which are considered pests in gardens.

Their diet includes beetles, ants, flies, moths, slugs, snails, and worms. A single toad can eat hundreds of insects in a week. They hunt by sitting still and waiting for prey to move close enough. Then they quickly flick out their sticky tongue to catch it.

Because they eat so many insects, toads help reduce the need for pesticides. This makes them valuable partners in organic gardening.

Toads in the Garden

Toads are one of the best natural pest control animals you can attract to your yard. They work at night when many insect pests are active.

If you want to support toads in your garden, focus on three basic needs, shelter, moisture, and safety.

• Provide shelter by leaving areas of leaf litter, mulch, or logs. You can also create a simple toad house using an overturned clay pot with a small opening.

• Keep a shallow water source nearby. A dish with clean water, changed often, can help toads stay hydrated.

• Avoid using chemical pesticides. These can poison toads directly or reduce the insects they rely on for food.

• Outdoor lighting can also attract insects, which in turn attracts toads. This creates a natural feeding area.

• If you find a toad, observe it but avoid handling it unless necessary. Their skin is delicate and can absorb chemicals such as lotion from our hands.

Toads in North America

There are many toad species that live across North America. All of these species share similar roles in their ecosystems. They control insects, serve as prey for larger animals, and connect aquatic and land habitats.

Paratoid

Parotoid Glands. serve as a defense mechanism. When the toad is stressed, squeezed, or bitten by a predator, the glands secrete a thick, milky-white neurotoxin called bufotoxin. Bufotoxins can cause severe illness, heart irregularities, or death if swallowed by pets (like dogs and cats) or wild animals. For humans, contact usually results in skin or mucous membrane irritation rather than warts (which are caused by a virus, not toads).

Warts

Handling an American toad will not give you warts. However, their skin secretions can irritate human eyes or mucous membranes and can make pets like dogs very sick if chewed or swallowed.

American Toad

The American toad (Anaxyrus americanus) is usually brown, gray, or reddish. It has dark spots on its back, and each spot often contains one or two warts.

Unlike many aquatic frogs, American toads spend most of their time on land in forests, grasslands, and backyard lawns. They are primarily active at night or during damp, rainy days. They like to hide under logs, rocks, or leaf litter. In the winter, they dig backward into the soil to brumate below the frost line.

In early spring (March through May), adults migrate to shallow, fish-free ponds or vernal pools to breed. Studies have documented that American toads travel up to a mile from their home ranges to find suitable shallow pools or ponds.

Males produce a long, musical trill that sounds like a high-pitched whistle. Females lay thousands of eggs encased in long, double-stranded gelatinous "ropes".

Fowler’s Toad

The Fowler's toad (Anaxyrus fowleri) is found in sandy soils and coastal areas throughout eastern North America. It looks similar to the American toad but often has more warts in each dark spot.

Fowler's toad is usually brown, grey, olive green and rust red in color with darkened warty spots. Adults have a pale stripe on their back.

Fowler's toad breeds in open, shallow waters such as ponds and marshes. The males mating calls are affected by their body size and temperature. Females can discriminate between calls and select the largest available males. The females lays 7,000 to 10,000 eggs which hatch in 2 to 7 days.

They eat velvet ants, a type of wasp, that gives a very painful sting to humans, but does nothing to the toad.

Fowler’s Toad populations are struggling in some areas due to habitat loss and agricultural chemicals. In New Hampshire and Vermont they are endangered species and in New Jersey they are a species of special concern.

Great Plains Toads

The Great Plains toad (Anaxyrus cognatus) is adapted to dry grasslands. Its primary diet is various species of cutworms. It also eats ants, and termites.

It can survive long dry periods by burrowing underground and only emerge from its burrow for a few weeks when conditions are right, and usually at night, but in areas with permanent water bodies and abundant rain it may be active all.

They have a unique defense system. They use chemoreceptors to sense cues left by the the plains garter snake, their primary predator.

SpadeFoot Toads

Though commonly referred to as toads, spadefoots (Scaphiopodidae) are not considered “true toads” since they lack parotoid glands behind their eyes. There are 11 subspecies living throughout North America even in very arid areas. The Couch's Spadefoot lives in the southwest Sonoran desert.

Many desert toads shed their skin multiple times or secrete hardened mucus and layers of dead skin to form a waterproof "cocoon" around themselves, cutting way down on water loss.

Spadefoot gets their name because they have a keratinous sickle-shaped appendage in their hind feet that allow them to burrow into the soil. So like the keratin in your hair and nails.

Most toads have horizontal pupils, spadefoot toads have vertical pupils.

The eastern spadefoot is the only species found east of the Mississippi River, ranging from New England to southern Florida. They are endangered or threatened in 7 states.

Woodhouse’s Toad

The Woodhouse’s toad (Anaxyrus woodhousii) is common in the central United States and is often found near rivers and floodplains. Considered a true toad with three recognized subspecies they hybridize with American toads where their ranges overlap.

They appear grayish or yellowish-brown and are speckled with small dark spots with a narrow pale line running along the spine.

Frog and Toad populations are declining fast. You can provide food, shelter, and water to make your backyard a frog-friendly habitat. I give you several ideas for creating frog habitats in you yard.

Create Frog and Toad Friendly Habitat

The population of frogs and toads is declining rapidly due to habitat loss, pollution, and climate change. But there are things you can do to help provide food, shelter, and water for the frogs in your neighborhood.

All frogs (including toads) need water to drink and as part of their reproductive cycle. Even a small shallow water feature is great for frogs and will serve butterflies and small birds as well. Just sink a small bird bathe or a terra cotta pot into the soil so the lip is just above the soil line. Ad a couple of stones to make sure they can climb out easily.

A broken terra cotta pot makes a great hidey spot for toads. Have you heard of a toad abode? They have some cute ones on Amazon!

Author, Ame Vanorio, is the founder of Fox Run EEC .

Predators

Scorpions are stealthy predators, waiting in the shadows or under rocks for their prey to pass by. With their pincers raised and stinger ready, they can strike in the blink of an eye.

They feed primarily on insects, spiders, and other small invertebrates. The majority of species are opportunistic feeders.

Interested in animals that strike? Check out my article Copperheads: Facts and Myths

Arizona Bark Scorpion

The Arizona bark scorpion is the most venomous scorpion in the United States and its venom can cause severe pain but rarely death. There is an anti venom since there sting does carry risks.

A scorpion sting is caused by the stinger in a scorpion's tail. When a scorpion stings, its stinger can release venom. The venom contains a complex mix of toxins that affect the nervous system.

Adults usually experience numbness, tingling, and vomiting typically lasting between 24 and 72 hours. More sever symptoms that necessitate a doctor include trouble breathing or slurred speech. An Antivenom is available that reduces symptoms. See below for first aid tips.

Arizona bark scorpions are quite small and are commonly found in homes, requiring a gap of only 1/16 of an inch wide for entry.

They live in the Sonoran Desert in the southwestern US which is home to over 30 scorpion species. If you have young children I have an activity book on deserts which talks about the Sonoran desert and the critters that live there.

The Scorpion’s Armored body

Their tough, armored exoskeleton makes scorpions look like tiny, invincible warriors. This natural armor helps them survive harsh environments, including deserts, which adds to their “survivor” image—like something that could crawl out of a horror movie scene.

Scorpions have eight legs and a pair of lobster-like pinchers and a tail that curves up. The largest scorpion in North America is the Giant Desert Hairy Scorpion which reaches up to 5.5 inches or 14 centimeters in length. They have fine hairs that detect movement and vibrations. They can give you a painful sting similar to a bee sting, which is generally not considered medically dangerous to healthy adults.

Glow in the dark

One of the spookiest things about scorpions is that they glow under ultraviolet light! This eerie blue-green glow comes from a substance in their exoskeleton, and it's still not fully understood why they have this ability. Imagine stumbling across one of these glowing creatures at night!

They don't glow in the dark per se but will fluoresce when exposed to a blacklight. This is particularly useful in scorpion detection, since many scorpions are active during the night, and can be easily spotted using this method.

If you go camping in the desert carry a blacklight. Scorpions tend to avoid contact. If you are camping in an area where scorpions are common, wear shoes during the day and shake out articles of clothing before dressing. Scorpions like to hide.

Reproduction Dance

Mating is unique among scorpions. The male is quite romantic and will woo his intended mate. Facing the female, the smaller male will do a dance called a promenade à deux! He grasps her large pincers and leads her in a back-and-forth dance that can last several hours.

The male searches the ground for a solid surface and deposits a sperm packet called a spermatophore. Then he maneuvers the female over the sperm so she can take it up into her reproductive opening located on the underside of her body.

Once fertilization is complete, the pair quickly part ways to lower the risk of cannibalism, because the female might attack and eat the male.

Raising Children

After mating, the female carries the developing embryos inside her body for a period that can range from a couple of months up to a year depending on environmental cues. The young are born live to the female.

Baby scorpions ride on their mother's back after they are born. This protects them as they are born with soft exoskeletons. They will ride 10-20 days. Occasionally they piss off their mother and she eats one.

Ways To Prevent Conflict

• Remove piles of rocks or lumber from around your house, and don't store firewood against the house or inside.

• Keep grass closely mowed, and prune bushes and overhanging tree branches that can provide scorpions with a path to your roof.

• Caulk cracks, install weatherstripping around doors and windows, and repair torn screens.

• Inspect and shake out gardening gloves, clothing and boots that haven't been used for a while.

• Befriend grasshopper mice, shrews, elf owls, and pallid bats, all of them eat scorpions.

• If you find one inside, gently sweep them into a cup or container with a piece of paper, cover the cup, and release them outside.

Scorpions are known for their venomous sting, which they use to paralyze or kill their prey. While most scorpions are not deadly to humans, a few species have venom potent enough to cause serious harm. The fear of their sting adds to their frightening reputation.

First Aid for Scorpion Stings

Follow these steps from the Mayo Clinic

• Basic first aid measures can be used to help mediate Arizona bark scorpion stings and other scorpion stings in the US.

• Clean sting site with soap and water

• Apply a cool compress

• Take acetaminophen (paracetamol) or ibuprofen for local pain and swelling

Arizona poison control centers suggest immediate medical attention if severe symptoms occur, particularly in young children.

If you enjoy looking at the stars Scorpius is the zodiac constellation in the southern celestial hemisphere that straddles the Milky Way between Libra and Sagittarius. Its brightest star is Antares which is a cool reddish color. For me in Wisconsin the best time to view it is in July around 9:00 PM to 10:00 PM.

Looking for another scary and fascinating animal to learn about? Check out my video on vampire bats.

Author, Ame Vanorio, loves scary animals! She is the founder of Fox Run EEC, science teacher, and author.

We think of them as a Great Plains animal and associated them with tribes like the Lakota. Prehistorically the bison had a much larger range, encompassing much of the eastern USA and northern Mexico in addition the central and western United states.

During the 1800s it became popular for settlers to hunt bison with groups of men killing entire herds. After being nearly exterminated by overhunting they have made a heroic comeback.

Bison or Buffalo

American bison are large, even-toed ungulates in the Bovidae family. This mammal's name is American bison but they're more commonly known as buffalo.

However, the term buffalo actually belongs to Water Buffalo and Cape Buffalo that are native to Asia and Africa. They are all in the Bovidae family, as are cows, but not closely related.

American bison are unique to North America. Europe has its own species of bison which were also hunted to extinction in the wild but made a comeback through captive breeding programs.

American bison have light brown fur with a darker shaggy mane that extends from its neck to its mid-back. Their head has a distinctive hump and they have short black horns.

American bison are the largest land mammals in North America. They typically weigh between 1,000 and 2,000 pounds and stand 5 to 6.5 feet tall at the shoulder.

Check out my Short Video for a glimpse of the difference between bison and buffalo.

Species Variation

Did you know there are two species of bison in North America? The Plains Bison and the Woods bison.

Plains Bison

The American plains bison are the iconic beasts we associate with. They are smaller and have shorter hair than the American woods bison. American plains bison typically live in open prairies.

Woods Bison

The American woods bison is darker in color than the American plains bison. These bison lived in northern forests from Alaska down through the Rockies and as well as some in the Appalachian Mountains.

Today’s wood bison is not a true phenotype as they became hybridized in the 1920s in a conservation effort to save the species from extinction. However, some near true species exist in conservation parks in Canada.

Extermination of the American Bison

The bison had been a sustainable food source for Native Americans for many thousands of years. American bison once roamed the Great Plains of North America in massive herds.

They became a vital part of the Native American Plains cultures who depended on them as a source of food, clothing, and tools. In fact, they made over 200 different articles from the bison.

The wood and plains bison population was decimated by habitat loss, hunting, and diseases brought by cattle. However, the real tragedy is that the government simply slaughtered hundreds of thousands in an organized effort to destroy the livelihood of Native Americans.

The Inter-Tribal Buffalo Council was founded in 1992 and is formed with a collection of 69 federally recognized Tribes from 19 different states. The Ho-Chunk Nation in Wisconsin is one of the participants.

Their mission is to develop bison herds on Native lands to restore historical, cultural, traditional, and spiritual relationships for future generations. They work closely with the National Park Service.

Read our article What Native Americans Teach Us About Sustainability.

Do Bison Live in Herds?

American bison live in herds. Herds can consist of anywhere from a few dozen to a few hundred American Bison. The National Park Service estimates that herds in the hundreds of thousands roamed the continent prehistorically. Bison are very social creatures and spend most of their lives grazing together.

American Bison bulls tend to live alone or in bachelor herds. The cows live in groups of females and young called 'crèches'. The herds mix together during the breeding season and late summer.

Because American Bison are so social, they are very susceptible to herd dynamics. If one American Bison gets sick or injured, the whole herd can be affected.

Fun Facts

• Heavy weights: Bison calves weigh 30–70 pounds at birth. Adult males up to 2000 pounds .

• Surprising Speed: Despite their large size, bison can sprint up to 35 to 40 miles per hour.

• Their scientific name is Bison bison bison. Say that three times fast! (genus: Bison, species: bison, subspecies: bison)

• Tail Signals: Like your housecat you can interpret a bison's mood by watching their tail. A relaxed tail means a calm animal, while a tail sticking straight up means watch out, I’m angry.

• Baby bison have the nickname “Red Dog” because when they are born they are a reddish-orange color.

Diet

Bison are herbivores and eat predominantly grasses and sedges. However, they also consume leaves and brushes. In winter they will browse on willow and cottonwood trees.

Like cows and goats, they are ruminants and have a specialized stomach. The act of fermenting and rechewing their food allows them to digest tough plants and get the most nutrients from them.

Predators

Being humongous does not stop predators from coming after you. Besides man, the bison’s predators include wolves, grizzly bears, and mountain lions. Calves are particularly vulnerable to predators.

Reproduction

Females don’t mature and breed till they are three years old.

American bison typically mate from July through September and give birth nine months later. American bison can live for about 20 years.

During mating season, American Bison are very aggressive. They have even been known to charge at each other at speeds of up to 35 miles per hour.

Bison in Kentucky

Bison were originally native to Kentucky. Early explorers such as Daniel Boone and Christopher Gist recorded seeing bison herds in their travels. They were also eaten at Fort Boonesborough.

In fact, the early explorers and before them, the Native tribes who hunted here used the bison trails to navigate around the woods and fields. Some even ended up becoming state roads.

Today bison can be observed at many of Kentucky’s parks including Big Bone Lick and Land Between the Lakes.

Bison in Wisconsin

Before white settlers arrived bison flourished across Wiscon predominantly in the southern and western areas of the state. They were quickly hunted to extinction although in the 1920 several people began to cultivate herds which were later used to help repopulate.

Today bison live on several state and federal properties in Wisconsin.

At the Sandhill Wildlife area has a 260-acre enclosure with 15 bison. The Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources is managing the bison to restore native prairie and oak savanna habitats. Oak savanna is a natural open landscape that is dominated by prairie plants with scattered oak trees.

100% Bison

Bison have been hybridizing with cattle for hundreds of years. This has created health issues and less natural resistance among bison.

Yellowstone National Park is the only known place in the U.S. where bison have continuously lived since prehistoric times. These bison are considered genetically pure descendants (free of cattle genes) of early bison that roamed the Great Plains.

Yellowstone has one of the largest bison herds on public lands. As of 2025 Yellowstone's bison population was estimated at 5300. The National Park system states the park carrying capacity or optimum population range between 3,500 and 6,000.

Many zoos including the Henry Vilas Zoo in Madison, Wisconsin participate in a bison breeding program to ensure a pure line. I took a close encounters class at the zoo and was able to bond with Wilma. See the video below.

Bison and the Environment

Bison are important for the health of America's prairies. By grazing on grasses and removing invasive plants, buffalo help keep the prairie ecosystem healthy.

They also spread seeds from one location to another, helping new grasses grow and allowing other plants to take hold. Without the American Bison, our prairies would not be as healthy or as biodiverse.

Bison Safety

We’ve all seen videos of people who don’t abide by common sense or park rules and get too close to a bison in the wild. They are then attacked and sometimes severely injured.

Bison are wild animals and even though they often live in parks and see numerous people they still follow their instincts. These instincts are what keep them safe from predators.

Bison show that they are agitated and feel threatened by pawing the ground, shaking their head, snorting, and/or raising their tail. Humans are instructed to stay 75 feet away from bison.

How are Bison Restoring the Prairie?

The American Bison has played a vital role in the restoration of America's prairies. . In many areas, bison are being reintroduced to help recreate the lost biodiversity of the prairie. Thanks to the buffalo, our prairies are coming back to life.

What Is Being Done to Improve American Bison's Habitat?

There are a number of things that are being done to improve American bison habitat. For example, The Nature Conservancy is working to create corridors of land that will allow American bison to move between different areas.

American Rivers is working to improve the quality of American bison habitat by removing invasive species and restoring river systems in certain American bison ranges.

The American Bison Society, for its part, organizes American bison conservation efforts through educational outreach programs. Their “Save the American Bison” campaign encourages American citizens to help American bison by planting American bison food, taking American bison educational tours, and donating American bison products.

One place that bison are successfully being used to restore prairies is the American Prairie Reserve. They want to create one of the largest nature reserves in North America. The American Prairie Reserve has created a system where ranchers can lease their land for bison conservation while continuing to run their cattle. This is a win-win situation for both the ranchers and the environment.

How Can We Improve Habitat for American Bison? 

There are several ways that we can improve habitat for American bison.

First, we can work to create corridors of land that will allow American bison to travel between different areas. This is important because American bison need a lot of space to roam, and they need access to a variety of different habitats in order to survive.

Read our article on Wildlife Corridors.

Second, we can work to improve the quality of habitat on American bison ranges. This includes things like planting more grasses and other plants that American bison like to eat, removing invasive species, and managing water resources in a way that benefits American bison.

Finally, we can promote American bison conservation through education and outreach efforts. By raising awareness about American bison and their conservation, we can build support for American bison conservation within the American population.

The American Bison is an important part of our natural heritage. By restoring America's prairies, buffalo are helping to keep our ecosystem healthy and vibrant. Let's give thanks to these amazing animals for all they do for us.

Bison as Livestock

American bison have been used for a wide variety of purposes throughout American history. Bison meat has grown in popularity because it is considered healthier than beef.

American bison meat is often called 'bacon of the prairie' because it tastes like beef but has less fat. The meat is also very high in protein and iron. It has become a popular snack food in jerky and sausages.

Most of the bison sold in stores is from hybrid bison with considerable cattle genes. This also moderates their behavior somewhat although bison can be quite dangerous to work with on the farm.

Pure bison are allocated for conservation programs.

Take Away

Thanks to conservation efforts, American bison populations have rebounded in recent years, and there are now estimated to be around 300,000 American bison in the United States. However, only about 30,000 of those are in conservation programs. The rest are for agricultural use.

Author, Ame Vanorio, is the founder of Fox Run Environmental Education Center, a science teacher, and author.

What Do Vampire Bats Eat?

Their native food includes wildlife. Larger animals such as peccaries, capybaras, and deer. They even prey on Humboldt penguin chicks along the coast of Peru.

The rise of agriculture and the destruction of forests has reduced wildlife populations. Vampire bats have adapted to feeding on domestic animals such as cows, pigs, and horses.

Vampire bats are nocturnal and hunt at night using echolocation and their sense of smell. They may land on the animal or on the ground next to them. They pierce the animal's skin with their sharp teeth, biting away a small wound, and then laps up the blood with its grooved tongue.

They have razor-sharp front incisors for slicing skin and specialized heat-sensing nose pits to locate blood vessels. They often bite their prey in places where the blood is near the surface such as the head especially the ears and also the ankles. When feeding on sleeping humans, they tend to feed on their toes, nose and earlobes. Places that may not be covered!

Vampire bats are native to the Americas from northern Mexico southwards to central Chile and Argentina. Currently there are just a few random appearances in the united states but a permanent colony lives about 30 miles south of Texas. You can see on the maps I have arrows pointing to southern Texas. The red dots on the map are from a research study that tracked known colonies.

Their saliva contains special anticoagulants, including one called draculin, that prevents blood from clotting while they feed. Similar to a mosquito.

The common Vampire Bat is considered a pest primarily since it is a rabies vector species. One bat we do have in the United States that is very beneficial is the Little Brown Bat. They eat a lot of insects! You can learn more about them in my video.

Bats have a bad reputation as evil creatures of the night. Let's talk about Little Brown bats, learn to identify them, and debunk some bat myths. We will also focus on ways to humanly evict them from your home and why you should put up a bat house.

Expansion

Vampire bats are not strong flyers and dont migrate. They range 3.0 to 5.0 miles from their roosts to feed. However, they are making slow and continuous expansions northward and are expected in the United states in the next several years.

One reason they can feed undetected on larger animals is that they are not very big. They are about 3.5 inches long with a wingspan of 7 inches.

A scientist can safely hold them wearing leather gloves.

Giulia Rossi @giuliasrossi is an Animal physiologist. Her experiments have shown that vampire bats use amino acids to fuel RUNNING - a rare mode of locomotion in vampire bats ideal for stalking prey.

How cool is this. Vampire bats are the only bats that use there limbs for locomotion. This allows them to sneak up on sleeping animals.

Vampire bat running. From Giulia Rossi experiments as posted on X Nov 6 2024

Senses

Vampire bats have excellent hearing and smell which they use to locate sleeping animals.

They have good eyesight and are able to distinguish between different contrast shapes and may use vision for long-range orientation.

Rabies

One concern is the transfer of pathogens. Vampire bats can carry rabies. Rabies in cattle in the United States is uncommon but not unheard of. In 2024 38 cows and steers died or were euthanized due to rabies.

In Brazil the vampire bat is the leading cause of rabies transmitted to humans. It used to be domestic dogs but vaccination programs have reduced that significantly. This can be hard for persons who live far from medical care. In 2004 there was a bad outbreak and 21 people living in the Amazon basin died from rabies.

USGS is developing and testing a safe rabies vaccine for vampire bats. Vaccinating vampire bats to prevent rabies virus transmission could significantly cut livestock losses from rabies and lower the risk to humans. Culling bats is not really an option because it often results in further spread of the rabies virus. Bats disperse when their colony is disrupted and may not return to that location.

Social

They roost in trees, caves, abandoned buildings, and old mines. Vampire bats live in social colonies and exhibit advanced social bonds. They share food with other bats who communicate hunger. They do this by regurgitating blood for other bats who failed to hunt, making sure the group survives.

Preparing For Vampire Bats in the USA

One study I read in the Journal Nature said "Some areas in the Americas may benefit from an assessment of their preparedness to deal with an expected D. rotundus range expansion." Climate change is happening and many species are expanding their ranges to survive or because they have new opportunities.

Climate models show potential suitable habitat in south Texas and southern Arizona. The primary concern is not blood-feeding itself, but the transmission of specialized rabies strains to livestock and humans.

The USDA states that an estimate for annual potential losses to the agriculture industry ranges between $7 million and $9 million, primarily tied to livestock loss from rabies and secondary infections.

The USDA National Rabies Management Program conducts surveillance, examining thousands of cattle in border states like Texas, Arizona, and Florida for bite wounds and provides farmer training to identify bite marks.

Bram Stoker

Out of roughly 1,400 bat species worldwide, only three feed on blood. And they are native to the Americas not Transylvania. Bram Stoker read about explorers who went to Central and South America and told about the blood drinkers. Traditional Eastern European folklore viewed vampires as reanimated corpses or spirits. They were rarely associated with bats.

He combined that information with many famous myths from Eastern Europe and created his fabulous 1897 novel Dracula. In Stoker's novel, Count Dracula has the ability to transform into a bat or command them to slip through windows to haunt his victims such as Lucy Westenra.

Camazotz

The most prominent bat deity in pagan tradition comes from the Mesoamerican religion. Camazotz, whose name translates roughly to "death bat", was a Mayan bat god associated with death, sacrifice, night, and the underworld. He looked terrifying but was not evil, rather a powerful force tied to transformation, sacrifice, and the cycles of life and death.

Author, Ame Vanorio, is the founder of Fox Run EEC, Environmental Educator, and Author. She writes books on wildlife rehabilitation and gardening.

Rest and Relaxation. Catching some ZZZ’s. Hibernation, Brumation, and Torpor are all animal responses to dealing with the need to conserve energy and slow down. I explain what they are and how wildlife gets through the cold months every year.

Hibernation, Brumation, and Torpor are biological reactions to the environment. By slowing down their metabolic rate animals can conserve energy, have less need for food, and gain the ability to survive lower temperatures.

Producing Energy

Animals use energy all day. Things like walking, digestion, heating and cooling their bodies, all of these things use energy. Even thinking uses energy.

Energy is produced when animals eat. Just like putting gas in a car to make it go. However, food sources aren't necessarily available all year long.

Animals slow down their body’s need to produce energy and they become inactive. But their level of inactivity goes much deeper than you slumping out on the couch binge-watching Grey’s Anatomy.

Grab a warm blanket and curl up by the wood stove. Let’s break it all down and look at each one.

Hibernation

Many of us think of bears when we hear the word hibernation. but scientists now say that bears experience torpor.

Hibernation is a state of dormancy where an animal's metabolic rate, heart rate, and body temperature drop significantly, conserving energy and reducing the need for food. During this period, animals rely on stored fat reserves accumulated during the warmer months.

Unlike regular sleep, hibernation involves dramatic physiological changes. In mammals, body temperature may drop to near freezing, and heart rates slow to just a few beats per minute. Hibernation is a voluntary state that animals enter based on environmental factors like shorter days.

Depending on the animal, and the climate they may hibernate for weeks or months. This depends on the severity of the climate and the local food supply.

Fun Fact: Hibernation is the winter term for lowering metabolism. The opposite, aestivation, is what animals do in summer when they slow down their body functions.  

Heterothermy

Heterothermy is the term scientists use to describe an animal’s ability to lower its body temperature to match the surrounding air temperature. This is an active metabolic response which means the animal can control when it happens.

So a bear will receive clues from the surrounding environment and have the urge to store up fat (eat lots) and find an area of the shelter.

Learn more about grizzlies: The Epic Grizzly and What We Learn From Grizzly 399

True Hibernators

For an animal to be considered a true hibernator, its body must undergo three main physiological changes to conserve energy:

• Lowered body temperature

• Slower Heart Rate and

• Reduced metabolism

Groundhogs/Woodchucks

Groundhogs are true hibernators, dropping their body temperature from a normal 99°F (37°C) down to as low as 37°F ( 3°C) during their winter sleep. Their heart rate drops dramatically from a normal 80 beats per minute down to just 5 beats per minute.

Even though they are true hibernators whose heart rates and body temperatures drop drastically, they do not sleep continuously for months without interruption. Depending on the species and the climate they may hibernate for weeks or months.

Some animals like the groundhog, cycle through sleep and wakefulness.

Read The Dynamic Digger - The Groundhog

Artic Ground Squirrel

Arctic ground squirrels are the champion sleepers and spend 7 to 8 months in hibernation. Researchers at the University of Alaska at Fairbanks have shown that during hibernation, arctic ground squirrels adopt the lowest body temperature ever measured in a mammal. 27 F (−3 °C). They wake up every few weeks and spend a couple of days warming their bodies before going back to sleep.

Hibernation is triggered by decreasing day length and hormonal changes.

Bats

Many bat species around the USA eat insects. In the winter insects are not an available food source so bats either migrate south or hibernate during cold months.

Bats that hibernate include the Little and Big Brown bat, Eastern Pipistrelle, and the Northern long eared bat.

A bat's heart rate drops from hundreds of beats per minute while flying to as low as 20 beats per minute. Their body temperature drops close to freezing and they slow down their breathing rate. Hibernating bats rely on stored body fat, and lose up to a quarter their weight.

Bats gather in safe, cool underground locations called hibernacula, such as caves and abandoned mines. Some species choose rock crevices, hollow trees, or human spaces like attics and crawl spaces.

Some bats like hoary bats migrate south for winter when insects become scarce.

Read my article: Kentucky Bats

This video is all about hibernation, brumation, and torpor. What they are and how does wildlife get through the cold months every year. Dormancy is the biological reactions to the environment. By slowing down their metabolic rate animals can conserve energy, have less need for food, and survive lower temperatures.

Hormones

Hibernation is not as easy as just going off to a nice warm cave. It is directed by the endocrine system. Glands in the body regulate hormones that are released at key times. They control the physiological reactions of hibernation.

• The thyroid gland controls metabolism and activity levels.

• The pineal gland secretes melatonin the hormone that controls growing winter coats

• Pituitary gland that regulates metabolic functions, storing fat, heart, and breathing rate

• The pancreas produces insulin the hormone that regulates glucose and energy levels

Some animals hibernate through gestation and give birth. I wish I had known about that when I had my children!

There are actually several different types of hibernation.

Obligate Hibernation

These are animals that hibernate seasonally. Ground squirrels hibernate every winter and are obligate hibernators.

Facultative hibernation

Some animals hibernate in response to environmental stressors such as lack of food or draught. This may often overlap with what we call torpor because these animals may wake up during winter and go look for food.

Difference Between Sleep and Hibernation

Hibernation is much more than sleep. In fact, animals who come out of hibernation may be tired and cranky and need more sleep.

In hibernation, the animal undergoes physiological changes that can be quite dramatic. Temperatures may drop sixty degrees. A hibernating animal does not awaken easily and loses consciousness. Waking up a hibernating animal may actually harm it and cause death.

Sleeping is a period of rest that has a slower heart and breathing rate but nothing drastic. The brain is quite busy when we sleep. Not only does it continue to give commands to our bodies such as “repair these tissues” and “we need to grow” it is also very active dreaming.

Torpor

Instead of storing fat in their bodies, animals like squirrels and chipmunks store food. They generally sleep for short periods, waking up every few days to eat from stored food rather than staying deeply asleep all winter.

Torpor can be a confusing term because it can refer to a short or long period and can happen at any time of year. Torpor is a period of “decreased physiological activity” such as reducing their body temperature and metabolism.

Sometimes torpor occurs at night after a day of looking for food. This nighttime rest allows the animal to conserve energy and deal with the colder weather.

Torpor has been observed in hummingbirds as they migrate. The hummingbird needs immense amounts of energy to reach the southern climates. They depend on the fat they have stored from summer pollen. During migration, the hummingbird flies during the day and enters torpor during the night. This allows them to conserve energy needed for flight.

Torpor is not just for winter. The Rufous hummingbird who lives up in the Rocky mountains may enter torpor every night because even in summer temps can go below freezing at higher elevations.

There are several species of chickadees that overwinter. These high energy little birds are fun to watch during the cold winter months. They are also a good example of a bird that practices torpor.

Read my article: How Do Birds Survive In The Winter

Chickadees feed on dormant insects, berries and cone seeds of evergreens during the cold winter months. A study in the Journal of Comparative Physiology showed that the Black-capped Chickadee, Parus atricapillus, was able to lower their body temperature by about ten degrees below normal. This saved them up to twenty-three percent of their metabolic expenditure.

Another bird that uses torpor but does not migrate is the common poorwill, a nocturnal bird that survives on insects and lives throughout western America. During winter they can sleep or enter torpor up to five months.

The common poorwill can lower its body heat to 41° Fahrenheit. That pretty low considering humans run at 98.6 pretty consistently. So when there food source is scarce they go into torpor. Pretty clever really.

Brumation

Reptiles brumate. The difference in brumation and hibernation is simple. Reptiles can not control their metabolic response. As an ectotherm, their body temperature is based on the environment.

When the nights get colder and the days shorter it lets our reptile friends know that it is time to get underground. Turtles and snakes typically go underground where the temperatures are more stable. Our friends the box turtles typically go down about twelve inches.

Reptiles often brumate together. In fact, some cohabitate. In the south gopher tortoises dig holes to brumate and are often joined by the Eastern diamondback rattler who cant dig very well.

Gardner snakes often brumate in groups. On warm days they may come out to sun themselves and get a drink. Read our article on Kentucky snakes.

There is a pond near me full of these guys. Painted turtles. I love watching then come out and sun themselves in spring. but during the winter the pond freezes over and the turtles go into brumation.

Brumation allows painted turtles to conserve energy and reduce their need for oxygen. They dig down in the mud at the bottom of the pond. They can survive without food or much oxygen for up to 100 days.

During brumation, turtles don't require much oxygen but what they do get comes in there butt! The turtles rectum or cloacal to be specific is the part of their body where they expel waste. Also where eggs come out on females. It has a lot of blood vessels that can absorb oxygen from the water.

The scientific term for butt-breathing is cloacal respiration.

Author, Ame Vanorio has 29+ years of experience living off-grid and as an organic farmer. She is the director of Fox Run Environmental Education Center and a licensed wildlife rehabilitator. Ame is an author and you can check out her books on Amazon.

Raccoons are adorable, smart, and precocious, and sometimes these attributes get them into trouble. Not that raccoons think “I am going to get in this trash can just to be bad.” They are looking for an easy meal but we may think that’s bad behavior!

This article will tell you everything you need to know about raccoons including how smart they are and how to humanely keep them out of your attic, away from your birdfeeders, and out of your chicken house.

What Are Raccoons?

Raccoons go by many nicknames including trash pandas, coons, and ringtails. They are small mammals.

They have a very distinctive look. The mask on their face makes them look like little bandits. The mask helps to deflect light and allows them to see better in the dark. Just like when football players put black under their eyes in a game.

They also have very dexterous paws that they use in all the same ways you use your hands. The raccoon also has a fluffy tail with black rings on it.

Environmental Impact

Raccoons are considered nuisance wildlife in Kentucky, Wisconsin, and many other states by the Department of Fish and Wildlife. However, raccoons play an important role in the ecosystem.

Raccoons Help Their Ecosystem

Raccoons distribute seeds from the fruit and nuts they eat. They also eat smaller animals that are pests such as mice and even cockroaches. They will dig in the dirt looking for food helping to regenerate plants and aerate the soil.

Raccoons love wasp larvae and are valuable for controlling invasive wasp species.

Species Variation and World Domination

We all know that raccoons want to dominate the world! Raccoons are native to the North and Central America and found in a variety of ecosystems. They are part of the Procyonidae family. Other animals in this family are coatis, kinkajous, and ringtails. These animals all live farther south in Central and South America.

Initially, raccoons were thought to be related to bears or possibly dogs and cats. Raccoon remains date back 6 million years to the Miocene Era where they do share a common ancestor with the bear.

Interestingly raccoons get both dog and cat diseases. For example, they can get both cat and dog strains of distemper or parvo.

Raccoons have spread throughout Europe and Asia through the pet trade where they have escaped or have been released when they made an unsuitable member of the household.

SubSpecies

There are 22 subspecies of raccoons some living only on remote islands in the Caribbean Sea.

Many like the Bahamian Raccoon were isolated on islands and developed unique characteristics. This raccoon population is isolated to New Providence Island in the Bahamas. The smaller size, which is believed to be insular dwarfism, a more delicate skull, and smaller dentition make these animals unique.

Size and Habitat

Raccoons grow up to two feet long, not including the tail and weigh and average of anywhere between ten and sixty pounds.

The size of the raccoon varies by where they live. They are the most diverse mammal in terms of size.

Bergmann’s Rule

Have you heard of Bergmann’s Rule? Carl Bergmann was a German biologist who said that within a large population the smallest animals will live in southern regions and the largest where it is cold.

This applies to the raccoon. In sunny Florida, the average raccoon size is twelve pounds, about the size of a cat. In Michigan, the average is twenty-three pounds, about the size of a small dog.

In the upper midwest, the raccoon needs to be bigger so that it can withstand the harsher weather and survive during a long winter with less food.

Coons are not very fast runners. They have a stocky body with comparably short legs. They can run at about 15 mph but only for short stretches. They are good swimmers and can swim long distances but only at about three miles per hour.

Senses

You have probably observed how tactile raccoons are. They love to touch things and explore with their hands. In fact, their hands are very important in their perceiving information. The section of the raccoon’s brain called the cerebral cortex is very specialized in order to interpret tactile (touch) information.

Raccoons see well but are mostly color blind. Studies show that they see green light but not other colors in the spectrum.  They do not see well far away.

They have a good sense of smell. They are known to mark territory using urine and feces. They also have anal glands which secret odors. In the wild, raccoons often have community bathrooms. This is where the “get to know one another” in person and by scent.

Hearing is a well-developed sense and raccoons can hear the movement of earthworms underground.

Check out my video on raccoons.

Intelligence

Raccoons are incredibly smart and rival small primates and outperform common pets like cats and dogs in problem-solving. Raccoons are capable of remembering solutions to problems they’ve solved in the past for at least three years, demonstrating that they have an excellent memory.

In scientific tests, they have demonstrated problem-solving skills.

In April 2026 a study published in Animal Behavior Journal presented raccoons with a multiaccess puzzle box with three possible solutions at Easy, Medium, and Hard levels. Raccoons progressed through the difficulty levels as they successfully solved the solution types at each easier level. Snaps and hook and eye latches are easy peasy for raccoons.

• Raccoons can open a variety of locks. Furthermore, they remember how they did so and can complete the task faster the next time.

• They have a high density of neurons in the cerebral cortex which is similar to primates.

• French neuroscientist, Stanislas Dehaene, found that raccoons can sort numbers up to four and distinguish closed boxes with between 1 – 4 grapes inside.

• Raccoons have a very high IQ and test just below monkeys in intelligence.

One fun experiment was done to compare city raccoons to country coons. The psychologist and biologist, Suzanne MacDonald, used radio collars on raccoons and charted their behavior under different circumstances.

She found that the raccoons in Toronto better-navigated streets and intersections and were more skilled at opening trash cans than their rural counterparts.

Living Habitat

Raccoons traditionally have lived in forested areas throughout the country. They are very adaptable and now live in a range of areas including both urban and rural. Raccoons like to be in areas where there are trees to climb.

Raccoons will often gravitate to areas they perceive as safe and sheltered such as barns and attics of houses.

Raccoons’ territory is dependent on where they live. In a city, the territory may cover three or four acres. In a rural area, the territory may cover seven or eight acres. This equates to less than half a mile to a ten-mile range.

The size of the territory will vary based on the amount of food and competition with other animals.

What Do Raccoons Eat?

Raccoons are omnivores and eat both plants and animals. They love fruit and will eat a variety of fruits available in their habitat including wild raspberries and blackberries, cherries, apples, persimmons, plums, and wild grapes.

They eat nuts including acorns, beech, and walnuts.

Raccoons especially like to eat water animals such as minnows, frogs, and crawdads and can frequently be seen “fishing” in creeks and small ponds. They will also eat insects, worms, and bird eggs as well as reptile eggs.

In addition, today’s coons have acquired quite the taste for garden vegetables such as watermelons and corn where they can be a nuisance to farmers.

More on keeping coons out of your garden and chicken coop below.

Wash Your Hands Before Dinner Sonny!

We all know that raccoons appear to be washing their hands – or their food before they eat it. In fact, their Latin name, Procyon lotor, means washer. Many theories have come from this behavior including thinking the raccoon needs water in which to swallow because they don’t produce enough salvia.

The real reason gets back to the sense of touch we just talked about. Coons learn information by touching things. They also use their paws to break apart their food so they can eat it.

Captive raccoons douse their food more often because they have greater access to the water dish. A raccoon in the wild, who has filched an egg from a nest, does not go find water in which to feel or play with the egg. They simply find a safe place and eat the egg.

Raccoons do love water and enjoy playing in a creek, pond or water dish. They do this for fun not necessarily because they want to clean themselves or their food.

Top Dog In Their Niche

Humans have exterminated or reduced many of the top carnivores in their ecosystems. Animals such as cougars and wolves have been reduced and foxes, bobcats, and coyotes are much less common. In some areas, the Great Horned Owl preys on babies.  

This has allowed the raccoon to dominate in their niche as the largest predator and have an increase in population.

Whenever humans reduce a predator population through hunting or habitat loss the ecosystem becomes unbalanced. Predators and prey are both important in the habitat and both perform an important role.

Socialization

Raccoons are social animals. Some live in family groups. It is common for related females to live in the same area and meet up at feeding or nesting locations.

Often young males will stay together. Sometimes a few males will band together to keep unwanted males out of their breeding territory.

In winter raccoons will often share dens to cuddle and keep warm.

Reproduction and Lifespan

Raccoon mothers are some of the most attentive mothers in the animal kingdom. They spend a lot of time teaching their youngster’s survival skills. In addition, studies have shown that a mother raccoon will teach her baby skills that pertain to their area.

For example, in urban areas, she may show her children how to safely cross the street or climb on slippery gutters.

Raccoons mate in the winter months of January, February and March and have a gestation period of 65 days. The babies are called kits and are born in the spring. Liters are typically two to four kits. Larger litter will occur in areas where the weather is harsher or hunting has taken a toll on the population.

Babies are born deaf and blind and totally dependent on mom. They are about four inches long and only weigh a couple of ounces. They are light brown and have the tell tale mask already. At about three weeks the ears and eyes open.

By six or seven weeks the kits weigh two or three pounds. At this age, they begin to explore outside the den.

Kits stay with their mother the first six months of their lives. In some instances, they do not leave the mother until the following spring and young females may stay in the family unit.  

In the wild raccoons only live about three years. The two biggest causes of death are predation and being hit by a car. In captivity, they may live up to twenty years.

Rescue and Rehabilitation

Some people love to hate raccoons. Others can’t resist those adorable faces. I received more phone calls about raccoons than any other wildlife.

Sadly baby raccoons are common in wildlife rehabilitation because the mother has been killed by a car or trapped and killed by humans.

This poor baby (below) was hit on the road. We took him to our vet, Dr. Glaza, who determined he had a broken foot. His foot was splinted and he had to wear the “cone of shame” to make sure he did not take the splint off.

Happy ending. Splinter, as we called him, made a full recovery and was released on my farm in Kentucky.

Many raccoon kits are orphaned due to humans trapping the mom and killing her before they realize that she has kits. Often this is because she has decided the attic or shed looked like a nice dry place to give birth.

Check out the section below on keeping your property raccoon free.

Sometimes mom is hit on the road and killed and you may see kits running around the body or over the road.

Sometimes you go to the trouble to call a rehabber only to be told they are full. Please remember that rehabbers are volunteers and are on a budget. Also in many states raccoon rehabilitation is regulated due to them being a rabies vector species.

It costs about $350 - $450 PER Raccoon and yes those expenses add up fast. That just covers food and vaccines. When babies have medical problems the costs escalate with paying the veterinarian and the cost of medicine.  Please see our Donate Page to learn how you can “Help Us Help Them” . We send funds (when available ) to rehabilitators around the USA.
Raccoons are one of the longer rehabs that rehabilitators take in. Raccoons easily take five or six months of work. This is because in the wild the mother raccoon takes so much time teaching them survival skills.

We cant replace mom but we still make an effort to teach skills so that our raccoons are ready to survive and be healthy. Climbing trees and looking for minnows are activities that we do with our kits.

Diseases/Zoonoses

Raccoons do carry a lot of diseases. Some of which can be transmitted to humans.

Raccoon Rabies

The most formidable disease is rabies. Rabies is a virus for which there is no cure.

Any mammal can get rabies but raccoons were the second most documented animal in the US. In 2024 we had 180 cases of raccoon rabies. That's across all states with Virginia and Pennsylvania having the most. So do call a rehabilitator or the local wildlife authority if you see a raccoon acting strangely.

Does this mean we should run under the covers or kill all rabies vector species? NO!

Most of the reported animals have not bitten a human. Often they were found dead from the disease and lab tested to see if it was rabies that killed them.

Just like we prevent rabies from happening in our dogs and cats we can prevent it in wild animals. Read my article “Why We Vaccinate Wildlife” to learn more.

Raccoon Roundworm

Most mammals get roundworms. You have probably treated your family pets for them. Raccoon roundworm which is the species (Baylisascaris) is particularly bad. This variety of roundworm can affect your dog and you.

Human infections are not common but they can be life-threatening as the parasite can invade the eyes and the brain of humans.

Make sure you wear gloves if you are cleaning out a raccoon infested area and disinfect thoroughly. If the area if fireproof the only sure way to kill the worms is with a torch.

Threats to Chickens

So if you are trying to protect your chickens keep in mind an advanced complex lock is necessary. As we discussed in the intelligence section raccoons are very good at manipulating objects with their paws. An actual padlock or the locking-Sleeve carabiner with the screw-collar twist-not the regular spring-gate one is needed.

Outside you need to keep your chickens safe by using a secure welded wire fence or electric fence. Although I always zapped myself. Chicken wire is useless!

I’m a big fan of Premier 1 PoultryNet® Plus, Electric Fence for Chickens

Relocation

Quite frankly, killing a raccoon will not solve your problem. A new raccoon will step into the “territory” and you will not have resolved your issue. In fact you may have made it worse.

It is illegal and inhumane to relocate wild animals. Many states have fines if you are caught. Taking them off to the woods is not solving the problem.

Secondly, raccoons are territorial and will not accept a new raccoon into their midst. In addition, the relocated raccoon does not know where food sources are in the new area and may become a nuisance to other people.

Homeowners need to be proactive so that raccoons do not destroy their property. It is not the raccoon’s fault that it uses its brain to basically steal from you. The raccoon has lost its habitat and is just trying to adjust to the human population. Check out the video below to learn how to prevent wildlife from getting in your home.

As temperatures drop this fall wildlife starts looking for places to spend the winter. This video shares home maintenance tips to exclude wildlife from entering your home. Humane pest prevention.

Preventing Raccoon Conflict

Raccoons have a bad reputation for getting into garbage cans, attics, and barn lofts. They also can do damage in the garden. There are many things you can do to prevent conflicts with raccoons.

Garbage Cans

Garbage cans need to be securely fastened. Raccoons can undo most snap lids, and bungee cords and otherwise destroy cheap plastic cans. You can build a secure box around your garbage cans.

Stainless steel cans are much more secure than plastic cans and easier to clean. However, cities often have specific cans residents must use. If needed you can buy a secure lid brace.

You can also purchase a wildlife-proof garbage can. These are becoming mandatory in many areas.

Compost can also attract wildlife. If you are in an urban area place food compost in sealed compost containers.

Attics and Crawlspaces

As our homes age and weather, they invariably develop structural cracks or separations. Every fall you should check your home for ways that wildlife may enter. Check under and around gutters, eves, soffits, and fascia where separations often occur.

Before you block off holes you should verify that no animals are living there. Take some wadded-up newspaper and place it in holes or separations. If the newspaper gets knocked out you know that you have an animal that needs to be humanely evicted first.

There are many exclusion devices to help keep wildlife out of your home.

Chimney Caps

Chimneys are a popular place for both mammals and birds to take up residence. Installing a chimney cap will keep wildlife out.

If you do discover wildlife in your chimney do not try to smoke them out. This will just kill any babies who can not escape the smoke. And not to be gross but then you will have decaying animals in your chimney.

Before installing a chimney cap please verify that no animals are in the chimney. Favorite spots are on the damper and smoke shelf or in the venting.

Before exclusion, use a flashlight from the bottom and top to check for animals. If this is not an easy DIY project call a chimney sweep to help you check, clean, and install a chimney cap.

Getting Rid of a Mom and Babies During Spring 

So it’s spring and you have discovered you have a family living in your attic. Please be considerate of those young lives. If you wait a few weeks the kits will mature and mom will start taking them out to find food.

At that time you can go seal up her entrance. You may want to use a low-cost game camera to verify when they are coming and going. If you seal off the entrance from mom and leave the kits inside she will go ballistic and tear up your house trying to get to her babies.

Make your home an unpleasant place to live. Use noise such as a radio tuned to a talk show or rags soaked in ammonia. Then give the mom several days to relocate the babies. After the family is gone you can seal up the place where they enter your house.

Nuisance wildlife control organizations make a lot of money off people who do not take basic precautions. Take the time to secure your property and avoid unwanted conflicts.

Many wildlife removal services will tell you they are humane. This is often a lie. In fact, some states require that they euthanize rabies vector species such as raccoons and bats found in people’s homes. Look into your state’s laws.

Raiding Gardens

Raccoons do love fresh vegetables and fruits, especially corn and watermelons.

I used to recommend a radio on a talk show but with raccoons becoming more urbanized this does not work as well. Raccoons have become desensitized to human voices.

Wire fencing works well if it has a top. I have successfully used a six-foot tall wire fence with 2x2 openings, around my garden areas since I also want to keep out my goats and white-tailed deer. In garden areas with melons, I run heavy-duty deer netting across the top to keep out birds and climbing animals such as coons.

Obviously, that works in smaller garden areas. What if you are trying to keep raccoons out of a larger cornfield?

Electric fencing will deter raccoons. Use two strands around the perimeter. One strand needs to be six inches from the ground and one strand needs to be twelve inches from the ground. Remember to weed eat along the ground since weeds will short out the lower strand.

Interested in growing corn. Read my article Growing the Best Corn in Zone 6B or check out my video!

Subscribe to my YouTube channel for organic gardening and wildlife videos!

Keeping Raccoons Away From Birdfeeders

Don’t hang bird feeders from trees.

Use a pole-mounted birdfeeder stand that is at least 8 feet from any branches or overhangs. Coons can climb from a tree or building onto the feeder.

Read my article My Favorite Bird Feeders In My Backyard to see my favorites.

They will try to climb up the pole. You can purchase a raccoon baffle to add greater security against raccoons and squirrels.

You can also easily make a baffle. Use at least a 1-inch black steel pipe for the pole so that it is very sturdy. Then place a 4-inch pole over your pole so that it covers the lower half. The outer pole can be a lightweight dryer venting or aluminum.  

This pole will be loose and shaky and make it hard for the coons to get a grasp and climb up it. Mount that pole about 6 inches off the ground and use wire to “hang” it so that it will move. This will also deter squirrels.

Some people recommend either greasing the pole with oil or wrapping it with barb wire. Neither works. The grease can harm the birds and the raccoons learn to navigate the barbed wire.

Putting your bird feeders away at night in a secure location since the raccoons are primarily nocturnal ( not always!) will also protect your bird feed.

Improve Habitat For Wildlife

There are many things you can do to develop a natural habitat for wildlife. By offering them the things they need – water, food, and shelter – you can encourage them to live naturally in your yard or farm.

Pets

Raccoons do not make good pets. They are smart and mischievous. In addition, when they become sexually mature they often become like the stereotypical teenager and are very cranky. Raccoons do bite and lash out when they feel cornered or threatened.

A raccoon is not a domesticated animal. They are always going to want to be free and live the way their instincts are telling them. In addition, in many states including Kentucky, it is against the law to keep raccoons as pets. Sadly, if you get caught having a raccoon without a license the Department of Fish and Wildlife will often kill the raccoon.

There are some famous pet raccoons. President Calvin Coolidge had a pet raccoon named Rebecca. She was actually sent to the White House in 1926 to be dinner for the president. Gracie Coolidge rescued her from that fate and she lived in the White House. Apparently she loved the annual Easter Egg Roll. That sounds like a raccoon, doesn’t it!

As First Lady Grace wrote:

"We had a house made for her in one of the large trees, with a wire fence built around it for protection. We kept her chained when out of doors, but in the house, she had her liberty. She was a mischievous, inquisitive party and we had to keep watch of her when she was in the house. She enjoyed nothing better than being placed in a bathtub with a little water in it and given a cake of soap with which to play. In this fashion, she would amuse herself for an hour or more. 

Literature/Folklore

The word raccoon came from the Powhatan Native American term aroughcun and was recorded by John Smith of the Virginia Colony. Symbols of the raccoon are found in the Mississippian culture of the Mound Builders

The raccoon is a representative of secrecy and disguise. The mask is believed to allow him to transform.

There are many Native American stories about the raccoon who is often justifiably seen as a trickster. Azeban is a benign trickster Raccoon from Abenaki mythology who is always looking for food.

Contemporary pagans consider the raccoon to be a positive spirit animal that symbolizes curiosity, intelligence, courage, resourcefulness, assertiveness, and questioning.

The National Wildlife Federation has Ranger Rick, a raccoon that teaches children about wildlife. They have a great kids magazine called Ranger Rick for children ages 7 – 12.

Author, Ame Vanorio is an author and director of Fox Run Environmental Education. She teaches classes locally and online about organic gardening, nature education, and wildlife conservation. Ame moved from Kentucky to Wisconsin a few years ago and is busy exploring all the new wild areas, volunteering, and writing books.

Copperheads are common in the eastern and central US. They are state-endangered in Iowa and Massachusetts. While they typically live in deciduous forests they have adapted to more urban suburbs and developed areas. One reason they have the highest bite averages - they live more commonly among people.

What Do Copperheads Look Like?

Copperheads are pit vipers and can be identified by the triangular head and vertical pupils. As pit vipers, they have facial pits that sense heat. They use these to locate prey as well as predators.

They have distinctive, dark brown, hourglass-shaped markings, overlaid on a light reddish brown or brown/gray background. Male copperheads are larger than females and average three feet long. They are often described as stout. Adults grow to a typical length of 20–37 in or 50–95 cm.

In the winter, they brumate in dens or crevices. They often den with timber rattlesnakes and black rat snakes. In cold regions brumating in large numbers helps snakes conserve heat during freezing months.

Read my article Nighty Night, Sleep Tight! Hibernation, Brumation and Torpor Explained

Copperhead venom

Copperhead venom is not that potent and rarely causes fatalities. The venom is hemolytic, which means it breaks down blood cells. Which results in swelling and some nasty bruising. You can see the puncture marks. Obviously, any snake bite needs medical care.

Here's a fun fact - copperheads can have a dry bite which is a bite without using their fangs or venom. They would do this as a warning bite and to conserve venom.

Copperheads may go through several sets of fangs in their lifetime. Each snake has a series of five to seven replacement fangs. These are located in their gums right behind their current fangs. Once the copperhead injects their venom they need one to two weeks to replace it.

Diet

Copperheads are opportunistic and ambush predators. They eat a variety of amphibians, lizards, other snakes, small mammals, and birds. In a minute we'll talk about how they swallow their prey whole. They are good swimmers and will catch fish.

Copperhead Reproduction

They mate in spring and females give live birth in late summer and early fall. About 5-9 babies are born each within its own membrane. The young are born with fangs that have venom. Juveniles look just like adults except for the tail.

The best way to identify a young copperhead is by its yellow tail. They keep this yellow tail for the first two or three years of their life. It serves an important purpose in that it helps to lure prey close to their body.

Babies are born about 8 inches long and about the thickness of a marker. They eat mostly insects in the first year.

Opossums have a natural immunity to snake venom and will hunt and eat copperheads. Other predators are hawks, owls, and bigger snakes.

I would never tell anyone to not go hiking. The chances of you seeing a copperhead are slim. Keep your eyes open and pay attention.

Stay on the trails. Supervise children. Keep dogs on a leash. Don't approach a snake and give them wide room if they are sunning themselves on the trail. A tip I have is to wear sturdy hiking boots. That way you have some protection if you accidentally step on a snake.

Copperheads are not aggressive and typically only strike if touched or harassed. They rely on their superb camouflage to keep themselves safe. They may vibrate their tail in excess of 40 times per second as a warning.

There are 5 subspecies although scientists are thinking maybe more with ongoing testing. Broad-banded, Eastern, Northern, Osage, and Southern typically named for the region they live in.

Other non-venomous snake species are often mistaken and sometimes killed because people think they are a copperhead. First, there is no reason to kill a snake. All snakes have value to the ecosystem. Second, learn to identify the snakes in your area.

You may find a snake skin while hiking. Their skin does not grow with them so they shed it to keep growing. Also shedding helps them to get rid of bacteria and parasites.

Check out my videos on snakes and other wildlife.

Author, Ame Vanorio, is the founder of Fox Run EEC, science teacher. I write books on wildlife rehabilitation and science activity books for kids.

The main cause is human feeding of foods that lack needed nutrients. Feeding waterbirds processed human food, like white bread and crackers is the leading trigger. Let's face it white bread is just not good for anybody!

The reason is that those processed carbs do not contain nutrients critical to their development. Adult birds with angel wing syndrome are unable to fly and are less capable of avoiding predators, forage for food, and cannot migrate. Almost every bird that develops angel wing syndrome will die from the disorder.

You are most likely to see it in species that are common around humans. Mallard ducks, Canada Geese, seagulls and pigeons. But it has also been found in herons, pelicans, cormorants, and boobies.

Wild birds in natural ecosystems rarely contract angel wing because they consume a balanced diet. Wild ducks and geese feed on a variety of grains and grasses, aquatic plants, small fish, and invertebrates, all naturally found in the wild.

What Causes Angel Wing?

Angel wing does not just appear. It starts with chicks and is a lack of nutrient at stages of development. And there maybe some genetic predisposition. But basically its not enough vitamin E, D3, calcium and manganese. Ducks are most at risk for angel wing deformity when they are 8 to 12 weeks of age.

In addition, bread products expand in the stomach when they soak up other fluids. This gives ducks and geese an artificial feeling that they are full. As a result, these birds may not feel motivated to forage on natural healthy foods.

I did read an interesting study with swans in a public park who were fed a mix of bread (from the public) and commercial pellets (from the park rangers) where 6 developed angel wing. I think this may be similar to when domestic fowl gets angel wing where the chicks have unhealthy-high protein and/or carbohydrate-based diets. One study showed a 32% protein ration made birds susceptible. Another study stated that feeding ‘high-protein diets (32% protein) to greater sandhill cranes (Grus Canadensis tabida) has been shown to lead to a wing deformity rate of 25% during the period of rapid growth (7 to 28 days after hatching).”

So if you have chickens or ducks make sure they get quality food and time to scratch around outside. I have always used chicken tractors so I could move my chickens around while keeping them safe.

Exercise

I've seen lack of exercise cited as a contributing factor which would make sense for birds that live in city ponds and are not actively foraging because the nice humans bring their food.

Disease

Feeding the ducks bread also causes water quality issues in urban parks and can spread diseases. Urban ponds have outbreaks of botulism, avian cholera, duck plague (duck enteritis virus), and aspergillosis (fungal infection) because the population of animals is high and the nutrition level is low. Stressed bodies get sick easier.

Treating Angel Wing

When the bird is young it is treatable. A wildlife rehabilitator or veterinarian can wrap the wing in the correct position for a week or so to encourage normal growth. young birds have soften bones which respond to adjustment. Adult bird whose bones have finished growing and hardened are not treatable and are not able to fly so that is a serious problem.

Children and Feeding Ducks

So the question is what to do. We do want our children to experience and enjoy nature. I personally feel that wildlife conservation is dependent on humans feeling connected to and caring about wildlife species.

So one thing that many parks are doing is putting in vending style machines that are filled with appropriate foods.

If your park doesnt have vending machines and you feel strongly about feeding local wild ducks or geese some good options are thawed frozen peas, leaf lettuce, sliced grapes and dried mealworms. Feed small amounts so food does not go bad on the ground. Don't throw food in the water.

Buy yourself, your kids or grandchildren an inexpensive pair of binoculars. Or a pirate style spyglass. Take some time to observe birds in nature. Typically water birds are pretty easy to watch and don't fly away since they feel safe on the water.

tips For Helping urban ducks and geese:

• Organize a trash pick-up at your local park.

• Collect stray fishing hooks, lines, and sinkers.

• Learn more about native ducks and geese and their natural history. (I have several videos and articles on ducks and geese!)

• Leave nests alone. Ducks and geese often choose strange urban spots like parking medians or mulched flower beds to nest.

• Spread the word! Encourage friends and family to leave the bread at home.

Feathers

Feathers are a bird’s first defense against cold. Winter feathers are not just for flight or color. They trap air, which acts as insulation. Many birds grow extra body feathers in fall, increasing their insulation without adding much weight.

Birds also fluff their feathers in cold weather. This creates air pockets that hold heat close to the body. You’ll often see a bird look “round” on a cold day. That is not fat, it is trapped warm air.

Under the outer feathers is a layer of down. Down feathers are soft and excellent at holding heat. This system works so well that birds can maintain body temperatures around 104–108°F even when air temperatures are below zero.

Fat And Heat

Many birds increase their body fat in fall. Fat serves two purposes. First, it stores energy for long, cold nights when birds cannot feed. They use up those fat reserves shivering to stay warm. Second, fat adds a small amount of insulation.

Small birds like chickadees and nuthatches may lose up to 10 percent of their body weight just in one night. During the day, they must eat constantly to rebuild those energy reserves. This is where winter feeding of seeds can help birds who may have fewer native plants.

Some species can adjust their metabolism at night, lowering body temperature slightly to save energy. This controlled energy reduction is called torpor and is common in small birds during extreme cold. Read my article Nighty Night, Sleep Tight! Hibernation, Brumation and Torpor Explained

Birds may roost together at night to share body heat. Tree cavities, dense evergreens, brush piles, and even snowbanks provide shelter from wind and predators. I have a big white pine behind my house and the chickadees, finches, and cardinals are all up in it.

If you want to see the products I use and recommend check out my Amazon Storefront.

What Do Birds Eat In Winter?

Winter changes what and how birds eat. Insects are scarce, so many species shift to seeds, nuts, berries, and even stored food.

Some birds cache food in fall. Chickadees, jays, and nuthatches hide seeds in bark crevices, soil, and leaf litter. They rely on strong spatial memory to find these caches months later, even under snow.

Birds also reduce movement during extreme cold. Flying burns energy, so winter birds often stay close to reliable food and shelter. One reason backyard feeders become high-traffic areas in winter.

Timing matters too. Birds feed heavily in the morning and late afternoon, building energy reserves before nightfall. During storms, they may stay hidden for hours or even days.

Bird Legs

Bird legs look vulnerable, but they are well adapted to cold. Most heat loss happens from areas with high blood flow. Birds use a system called countercurrent heat exchange. Warm blood flowing down the legs transfers heat to cold blood moving back toward the body. This reduces heat loss at the feet.

Scales on legs and feet also lack muscles, which reduces the need for blood flow. This allows birds to stand on ice or snow without freezing, as long as their core temperature stays stable.

Stay Home - Don’t Migrate

Species that live in cold climates year-round, like grouse, ravens, and owls, show extreme cold adaptations. Some grow feathers on their legs and feet. Others have dense plumage or large body size, which reduces heat loss.

Some owls and hawks stay because they can still hunt or forage in winter. For these birds, migration offers little advantage.

Migration is not about cold - it is about food. When food stays, birds stay.

Migration is risky. It requires huge amounts of energy and exposes birds to predators, storms, habitat loss, and human hazards. If a bird can survive winter where it is, staying put is often safer.

Not all birds follow strict rules. Some species like the common blackbird are partial migrants. Things like weather, food supply, age, and competition all play a role. This flexibility helps species survive unpredictable conditions.

Plant these native bushes for wildlife to provide essential food and shelter in your winter garden all season long. This guide highlights five specific native bushes for wildlife that support birds and small mammals like possums during the colder months.

Feeding Birds

So lets talk about helping birds with supplemental feeding and creating backyard habitat. Birds eat a variety of foods according to their species. So a variety of foods and feeders will attract many different species of birds.

Energy is important in winter and many birds will enjoy having suet. Always feed natural whole foods to birds. Clean, raw seeds and nuts that are unsalted and not roasted.

Keeping your bird feeders clean is very important. Think of your bird feeder like a busy restaurant. How would you like to be seated at a table that had not been bused or cleaned before you sat down?

Cleaning your bird feeders weekly will help prevent bird diseases. Food can quickly get moldy in wet weather and fungi and bacteria will grow even in low temperatures.

Clean with warm water and just a tad of dish soap. Make sure to take the feeder apart and scrub in all the crevices. Rinse thoroughly. A metal bird feeder does have the advantage of being easy to clean.

This article tells you about the bird feeders I have in my yard! My Favorite Bird Feeders In My Backyard

The best support we can offer is habitat. My next book will be coming out soon on creating backyard habitat. If you have a yard, planting native trees, seed-bearing plants help birds in winter. Not cutting down a dead tree can help provide shelter for birds and insects. Trees and bushes offer natural shelter that help birds survive winter on their own terms.

Watching birds in winter will bring joy to your heart. And one advantage is they are often easier to see with no leaves.

Check out my article Birding For Families: Simple Ways To Connect With Nature

Author, Ame Vanorio, is the founder of Fox Run EEC, a Master Gardener, and wildlife rehabilitator advocate, and environmental educator. And she loves her backyard birds!!

Where Do spring Peepers Live?

They are common in forests, wetlands, and even suburban areas with small ponds or vernal pools. They breed in freshwater pools, ditches, and fish-free vernal ponds with standing plants or debris. They spend most of their time on the forest floor hiding under leaf litter, logs, rocks, or moss.

Because they are sensitive to environmental change, they are also important indicators of ecosystem health.

Like other amphibians, they absorb water and oxygen which means they need to stay in moist environments. It also means they are sensitive to pollution and chemicals.

Interesting Bodies

They are quite small, usually about 1 to 1.5 inches long. Their skin plays a key role in survival.

Peepers have great toe pads. These pads allow them to climb plants, shrubs, and low trees. However, they aren't considered treefrogs. There main abode is on the ground in leaf litter.

Sounds

On warm evenings in late winter and early spring, wetlands come alive with a high-pitched chorus that can carry for long distances. These small treefrogs are easy to hear but hard to see.

In males, a sac inflates like a balloon when they call. It amplifies the sound. He calls to the ladies to let them know he's found a desirable place. Studies have shown that females often prefer males with faster or more frequent calls, which may signal better health or fitness.

Making all that noise can come at a cost. Predators may follow the sound looking for a frog snack.

Frog populations are declining fast. You can provide food, shelter, and water to make your backyard a frog-friendly habitat. I give you several ideas for creating frog habitats in you yard.

Life cycle

The life cycle of the spring peeper follows a typical amphibian pattern, but timing is closely tied to temperature and moisture. In many areas, activity begins when nighttime temperatures rise above freezing.

Males gather in shallow wetlands such as vernal pools, marsh edges, and temporary ponds. These habitats are important because they often lack fish, which would eat eggs and tadpoles.

Females lay eggs in small clusters attached to submerged vegetation. The female lays 750 to 1,200 eggs individually or in small clusters. They attach to underwater vegetation and debris. The eggs hatch in a few days to a few weeks, depending on water temperature.

Because many of these wetlands dry up in summer, development must happen fast. Once hatched, the tadpoles feed on algae and organic matter. Tadpoles usually transform into froglets within 6 to 10 weeks.

During metamorphosis, the tadpole develops legs, lungs, and a more defined head and body. The tail is absorbed as the frog transitions to life on land. Young frogs leave the water and move into nearby forests, fields, or gardens.

Diet

Outside of breeding season, spring peepers are quiet and hard to find. They are nocturnal and spend much of their time hidden. Their diet includes small insects, spiders, and other invertebrates. This makes them beneficial in gardens and natural areas because they help control insect populations.

Winter

In fall, spring peepers prepare for winter. They move into protected areas such as under logs or buried in leaf litter. Their ability to survive freezing temperatures is a key adaptation. Ice can form in parts of their body, but vital organs are protected.

This adaptation is supported by glucose and other compounds that act as cryoprotectants. These substances reduce damage to cells during freezing. The National Park Service explains that this process allows certain frogs to survive conditions that would be fatal to most animals.

The spring peeper a tiny chorus frog that lives throughout the eastern United States and Canada is one of the first signs that winter is ending. On warm evenings in late winter and early spring, wetlands come alive with their high-pitched peeping that can carry for long distances.

Sensitive Skin

If you must pick one up handle with care as they are easily squishable. If you have insect repellent, sunscreen, or lotion on your hands, do not handle frogs or other amphibians. They can be harmed or killed by chemicals we consider safe due to their sensitive skin. It’s best to look at them and admire their beauty from afar.

Observing spring peepers in the wild

Spring peepers are best observed by listening. Visit a wetland or pond on a warm evening in early spring. Stay still and let your eyes adjust. You may hear the chorus long before you see a frog.

If you want to look for them, move slowly and use a flashlight with a soft beam. Look for movement near the water’s edge or on low plants. Avoid handling them. Their skin is sensitive, and oils from human hands can cause harm.

Their skin plays a key role in survival. Like other amphibians, they can absorb water and oxygen through their skin. This means they must stay in moist environments. It also means they are sensitive to pollution and chemicals. According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency, amphibians are often used as indicators of environmental health because their skin readily absorbs contaminants.

Drive carefully on rainy nights. Amphibians often cross roadways on rainy evenings to reach wetlands for breeding. You can even join a volunteer group to help move them safely across roads—called amphibian crossing brigades.

Author, Ame Vanorio is the founder of Fox Run EEC, a Master Gardener, and science teacher. You can find her books on her Amazon Storefront.

Saw-whet owls are curious birds, allowing humans to come quite close before flying away. Today we are talking all about the saw whet owl, tips for finding them in nature and ways you can help them.

How To Identify Them

Northern saw whet Owls also have unique feet relative to most other birds. Most owls stand with three toes pointing forward and one pointing backward. Saw whets stand two toes forward and two backward.

They have a round head with no ear tufts. Their face is pale with dark streaks, and their large yellow eyes give them a wide-eyed appearance. The body is brown or reddish brown with white spots on the back and streaks on the chest.

They are the second smallest owl in North America. Adults are usually about 7–8 inches (18–20 cm) long, with a wingspan of about 16–19 inches. Most individuals weigh only 3–4 ounces, about the same as a small apple or an American robin.

Despite its small size, the saw-whet owl is an efficient predator and an important part of forest ecosystems across the continent.

Where Do They Live?

Many northern saw whet owl populations migrate south in fall, especially those that breed in the far north. However, migration patterns vary from year to year depending on food supply.

These owls prefer forested habitats. Dense vegetation is important because it provides safe daytime roosting sites. The birds hide quietly in thick conifers or shrubs during the day, remaining almost invisible to predators.

During winter migration, saw-whet owls may also appear in suburban woodlots, orchards, or hedgerows as long as there are trees and dense cover available.

Diet & Senses

The Northern Saw-whet Owl is primarily nocturnal. They hunt from a perch sitting quietly on a branch and listening for movement below. When they hear prey, they glide silently down and capture it with their sharp talons.

Their excellent hearing allows them to locate animals even when they cannot see them. This ability is especially useful in dense forests or during dark nights.

The species gets its unusual name from its call. Early naturalists thought the repeated “toot-toot-toot” sound reminded them of the noise made when sharpening a saw on a whetstone.

Small mammals make up the majority of the saw-whet owl’s diet. In many studies, rodents make up 85–99% of their prey. Common prey includes: Deer mice, Voles, and Chipmunks. They may also eat, bats, frogs & large insects.

Saw whets can be easy to spot IF you know where to look. They are often on a branch close to the tree trunk. About 10 - 15 feet off the ground. Be persistent. All of your detective work will pay off with the thrill of seeing the tiny Saw-whet Owl up close!

How To find Northern Saw-Whet Owls

Look for the poop! Especially at the base of coniferous trees. Saw-whet owls leave lots of evidence beneath their favorite perching trees.

Owls regurgitate pellets of non digestible material. Northern Saw-whet owl pellets are small, compact, gray-to-brown capsules (about 1–2 inches). Find them just like poop under coniferous trees. They often contain vole or deer mice skeletons and are dropped daily at favorite roosts.

Migration

During winter migration, saw-whet owls may also appear in suburban woodlots, orchards, or hedgerows as long as there are trees and dense cover available.

Many populations migrate south in fall, especially those that breed in the far north. However, migration patterns vary from year to year depending on food supply.

Put Up A Nest Box

Northern Saw-whet Owls are cavity nesters, meaning they rely on holes in trees rather than building their own nests. Most nests are located in abandoned woodpecker holes, natural cavities in trees, or sometimes nest boxes placed by people. So don't cut down a tree that has a natural cavity!

This wooden owl nesting box is perfect for Screech and Saw-whet Owls and adds beauty to your backyard. Attach your nest box to a live tree about 12 - 15 feet off the ground. Ideally in a conifer tree. Add 2–3" of wood chips to the bottom of the box.

Breeding season usually begins in late winter or early spring. Males attract females by calling repeatedly and by bringing food to potential nesting sites. The male may store prey near the nest cavity to show he can provide food for the female and young.

Once a pair forms, the female lays about four to six white eggs inside the cavity. The female stays at the nest to incubate the eggs while the male hunts and brings food. After about a month, the eggs hatch. The chicks are covered in soft down feathers and depend entirely on their parents for food.

Are you handy? Nest boxes are easy to build. Plans to Build from Cornell Nest Watch.

Both parents feed the young owls. As the chicks grow, they develop feathers and begin exercising their wings inside the nest cavity.

One unusual behavior of this species is sequential polyandry. In some cases, after the first chicks grow older, the female may leave the male to care for them while she mates with another male and raises a second brood.

Young owls often perch quietly in dense conifer branches during the day, and their dark brown feathers blend in with tree bark and shadows. As the owl matures through its first molt, the plumage gradually changes to the familiar reddish-brown and white-spotted pattern of adult.

Nature Activity

I mentioned that owls create a waste product called owl pellets. Dissecting owl pellets provides kids or homeschooling families with a highly interactive, tactile way to study ecosystems, food webs, and skeletal anatomy. Kids discover exactly what an owl ate. Uncovering real fur and bones brings predator-prey relationships to life. It’s a fun "nature detective" mystery.

You can purchase owl pellets online. I have purchased from this brand several times for my classes and been very happy with the quality.

Owl Rehabilitation

One of the most common reasons saw-whet owls are admitted to a wildlife rehabilitation center is window collisions. These owls hunt at night and often fly through wooded suburban areas where reflective glass can appear like open habitat.

Found a baby bird out of its nest? You need to know if its a nestling or a fledgling.

• Nestlings may be naked or have fluffy down feathers. Their eyes are closed, and can not move. It is quite obvious that this little bird belongs in his nest, where the parents can take care of them. Think of nestlings as infants.

• Fledglings have feathers and are about the size of an adult. However, they still may have soft downy feathers. Fledglings are still cared for by their parents. Apart from that they will hop around and try to fly. They are gaining independence skills. Think of fledglings as Kindergarteners.

If you find an injured or orphaned bird please call a wildlife rehabilitator. You can go to the app at Animal Help Now and put in your zip code.

Check out my article: Found A Baby Bird? Here's What To Do

Because this species is very small and sensitive to stress, rehabilitation requires careful handling, proper nutrition, and minimizing human interaction so the bird can be released successfully.

The northern saw whet owl is a tiny bird that ranges over much of North America, so your chances are good that one might live near you. Saw-whet owls are curious birds, allowing humans to come quite close before flying away. Today we are talking all about the saw whet owl, tips for finding them in nature and ways you can help them.

Lifespan

Many saw-whet owls live only a few years in the wild because of predators and environmental challenges. Average wild lifespan is about four years, though some individuals live longer.

Predators and Threats

Even though they are predators, saw-whet owls are small and vulnerable to many larger animals.

Predators include:

• Larger owls such as Great Horned Owls

• Hawks such as Cooper’s Hawks

• Martens and other forest mammals

• Crows and jays that raid nests

Because they rely on tree cavities, they also compete with animals like squirrels, starlings, and other birds for nesting sites.

Ecological Importance

Northern Saw-whet Owls play an important role in forest ecosystems. As predators, they help regulate populations of small mammals such as mice and voles.

This natural rodent control benefits forests and agricultural areas. When rodent populations grow too large, they can damage plants, seeds, and tree seedlings. Owls help maintain balance in these ecosystems.

These birds are also part of the food web. Larger raptors and mammals depend on them as prey, linking many species together in the forest environment.

Because they are sensitive to habitat changes, saw-whet owls can also serve as indicator species. If populations decline, it may signal problems with forest health.

Ways People Can Help Northern Saw-whet Owls

In addition to putting up nest boxes which I discussed above there are several ways you can help support saw-whet owl populations in several practical ways.

Protect Forest Habitat

The most important step is protecting forests. Saw-whet owls depend on mature forests with dense vegetation and tree cavities. Protecting woodlands and minimizing unnecessary logging helps maintain suitable habitat.

Leave Standing Dead Trees

Dead trees, often called snags, are essential wildlife habitat. Woodpeckers create holes in these trees, which later become nesting sites for saw-whet owls and many other species.

When safe to do so, leaving dead trees standing in forests or large yards can benefit wildlife.

Reduce Rodent Poison Use

Rodenticides can harm owls indirectly. When owls eat poisoned rodents, they may become sick or die from secondary poisoning. Using non-toxic pest control methods helps protect raptors.

Support Bird Conservation Programs

Many organizations monitor owl populations through banding programs and research. Supporting conservation groups or participating in citizen science projects such as owl surveys helps scientists track population trends.

Protect Nighttime Habitat

Artificial lights can disrupt nocturnal animals. Reducing unnecessary outdoor lighting near forests can help maintain natural nighttime environments for owls and other wildlife.

Author, Ame Vanorio, writes about organic gardening, wildlife conservation, and nature education. Find her books on Amazon. She is the founder of Fox Run Environmental Education, Master Gardener, and a certified science teacher.

The Wood Duck is one of the most beautiful native ducks in North America. They can be easy to spot in spring because they prefer smaller shallow ponds. In this article we will talk about their behavior, how to spot them , and what you can do to encourage their nesting.

Male and Female Difference

The male has bold colors; green and purple on the head, red around the eyes, and white markings. Their scientific name, Aix sponsa, means “water bird in wedding dress,” a good description of the drake in spring.

The female wood duck is a small, grayish-brown bird with a crest on her boxy shaped head. She is easily identified by a prominent white, teardrop-shaped patch around her eye, a white throat, and a speckled breast.

Both have a boxy crest on the back of the head. But the Wood Duck is more than just good looks. It plays an important role in forested wetlands across the continent.

Where Wood Ducks Live

In the eastern United States, they are common in forested swamps and river floodplains. In the West, they live along wooded streams and wetlands, especially in California and the Pacific Northwest.

Wood Ducks breed across much of the eastern U.S., parts of the Midwest, and along the West Coast. Northern populations migrate south in fall. In the Southeast and parts of the Pacific Coast, some stay year-round if water stays open.

You will find them in:

• Swamps

• Marshes with trees

• Beaver ponds

• Slow streams

• Bottomland hardwood forests

They need water and trees together. The trees provide nesting cavities. The water provides food and cover. Unlike diving ducks that prefer large lakes, Wood Ducks like smaller, sheltered water. They avoid big open areas where they are exposed to predators.

Behavior

Wood Ducks are strong fliers. They can move quickly through trees. Their broad, rounded wings allow them to lift straight up from the water. If you have ever flushed one from a creek, you know how fast they can disappear into the woods.

They often perch in trees. This surprises people who think of ducks as strictly water birds. Wood Ducks will sit on branches overhanging water, sometimes 20 feet up.

They are generally shy and cautious. Early morning and evening are the best times to see them feeding. Sit quietly near the edge of the pond. They like to hide in tall water grasses or under overhanging branches.

Nesting and Life Cycle

During courtship in late winter and early spring, males perform displays. They raise their crests, bob their heads, and whistle softly. Their call is a clear, rising whistle. Females make a sharp “oo-eek” call.

Wood Ducks are social outside of breeding season. In fall and winter, they may gather in small flocks. During nesting, pairs separate and defend their area around the nest cavity.

Wood Ducks begin breeding in early spring. The female chooses a nest site, usually in a natural tree cavity near water. They also use old woodpecker holes and nest boxes placed by people.

The nest cavity can be 2 to 60 feet above ground. Inside, the female lines the nest with down feathers she pulls from her chest.

She lays about 6 to 15 eggs. The eggs are creamy white. Incubation lasts about 28 to 30 days. The female does all the incubating. The male may stay nearby at first but often leaves before the eggs hatch.

Here is where Wood Ducks do something amazing.

Within 24 hours of hatching, the ducklings leave the nest. The mother calls from below. The ducklings climb to the opening and jump. They can leap from high tree cavities and land safely because they are light and covered in soft down. This behavior is instinctive and critical to their survival.

Once on the ground, the hen leads them to water. The ducklings feed themselves right away. Like other ducks, they are precocial—born with open eyes, down feathers, and the ability to walk and swim.

The mother protects them but does not feed them directly.

Ducklings grow quickly. They fledge, or gain the ability to fly, at about 8 to 10 weeks old. By late summer, young birds are mostly independent.

Wood Ducks usually raise one brood per year, though in southern areas some may attempt a second brood if the first fails.

Conservation History

Wood Ducks were once in serious trouble. In the late 1800s and early 1900s, they were heavily hunted for meat and feathers. At the same time, widespread logging removed old trees with cavities. Wetlands were drained for agriculture.

By the early 1900s, Wood Duck numbers had dropped sharply. In some areas, they nearly disappeared. Protection under the Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918 was a turning point. Regulated hunting seasons and habitat protection helped populations recover.

One of the most successful conservation tools has been the nest box program. Because Wood Ducks use cavities, people can provide artificial nest boxes. When placed correctly near water, these boxes are readily used.

Are you handy and like woodworking? Build a wood duck nest box with these free plans from Cornell University.

Today, Wood Ducks are considered a conservation success story. According to long-term surveys, populations are stable or increasing in many areas.

However, they still depend on healthy wetlands and forests. So preserving habitat is important to.

Wood Ducks are unique because they nest in trees. They are one of the most beautiful native ducks in North America. Learn more about them and how humans can support Wood Duck populations with nest boxes.

Current Threats

Even though Wood Ducks have recovered, they face ongoing challenges. Wetland loss continues in many parts of North America. Development, drainage, and pollution reduce habitat quality.

Loss of mature trees limits natural nesting cavities.

Water pollution affects insect populations and plant growth. If wetlands are contaminated, food supply drops.

Climate change may alter wetland hydrology. Drought reduces available breeding sites. Strong storms can flood nests.

Predation from overabundant raccoon populations in suburban areas can also impact nest success.

How to Help Wood Ducks

If you care about wildlife in your backyard and local wetlands, there are practical steps you can take.

1. Protect Wetlands

Support wetland conservation in your community. Avoid draining wet areas on your property. Even small wooded ponds matter.

2. Plant Native Trees

Oak trees are especially important. They provide acorns and potential nesting cavities in the future. Bottomland hardwood species such as swamp white oak and pin oak support both food and habitat.

3. Install a Wood Duck Nest Box

Nest boxes work when done correctly. They should:

• Be placed near water

• Be mounted 6–30 feet high

• Include predator guards

• Be cleaned each year

Proper design matters. Entrance holes should be about 3 inches wide and 4 inches tall (oval shape) to reduce raccoon access.

4. Limit Pesticide Use

Organic land management protects insects that ducklings depend on. Healthy aquatic insect populations mean stronger broods.

5. Support Responsible Hunting Regulations

Regulated hunting based on science supports sustainable populations and funds conservation through license fees and excise taxes.

What Wood Ducks Eat

Wood Ducks are omnivores. Their diet changes with the seasons.

In fall and winter, they eat mostly plant material. This includes:

• Acorns (especially from oak trees)

• Seeds of wetland plants

• Grains

• Fruits and berries

Acorns are especially important. Bottomland oak forests support strong Wood Duck populations because acorns provide high energy during colder months.

In spring and summer, they eat more animal protein. Ducklings need insects to grow. Their diet may include:

• Aquatic insects

• Beetles

• Dragonfly larvae

• Snails

• Small crustaceans

They feed by dabbling. They tip forward in shallow water to reach food. They also pick seeds and insects from the surface or along muddy edges.

Healthy wetlands support this diverse food supply. When wetlands are drained or polluted, Wood Ducks lose both nesting sites and feeding areas.

Predators: Who Eats Wood Ducks?

Wood Ducks face predators at every stage of life.

Eggs and ducklings are vulnerable to:

• Raccoons

• Snakes

• Crows

• Opossums

Adults may be taken by:

• Hawks

• Owls

• Foxes

• Bobcats

In water, snapping turtles and large fish may eat young ducklings.

Read my article: Snapping Turtles: King Of The Pond

Nest cavities protect eggs from some predators, but not all. Raccoons are skilled climbers and can raid nests if the entrance hole is large enough.

Because of these risks, Wood Ducks produce multiple eggs. High reproduction helps balance natural losses.

I have 6 feeders and use different mixes to appeal to different species. I also have a pretty high tolerance for chipmunks and squirrels but have recently acquired a squirrel proof feeder.

So here are the feeders currently in my yard and a couple that didn’t make the cut. Reviews are my honest opinions and I will let you know if I purchased the feeder or if it was a donation.

Clear Window Bird Feeder

This is one of my favorite bird feeders because it brings the birds so close to us. This window is about four feet from my desk so it gives me great joy as I am working. It also gives my cats an unending source of pleasure (and mental stimulation)!

I purchased this Clear Window Bird Feeder on Amazon. Its the second one I’ve had and I like it because it has five suction cups (many only have three) and holds really well. Mine holds seed plus an adult squirrel. In addition, its super easy to clean. It slides off the cups and I bring it in and give it a good scrubbing. Also the seed tray lifts out for cleaning and refilling.

This feeder attracts a variety of birds but the smaller species come more often. The mourning doves occasionally try it but they are a tad to big and cant really fit.

Species it attracts:

American goldfinch, Black-capped Chickadee, Dark-eyed Junco, House Finch, House Sparrow, Northern Cardinal, and Pine Siskin.

I saw a post one time where the person asked if these clear bird feeders were ethical, I assume since the birds are most likely becoming more habituated due to proximity. I think these bird feeders are just fine for several reasons. 1. The birds in my yard have lots of options so they can choose another feeder. 2. I spend a lot of time in the yard so any bird in the area is already used to my smell and voice. 3. I do provide natural plant foods as well such as sunflowers, echinacea, and rudbeckia which provide seeds in fall in addition to insect host plants for when they have babies.

Read my article: Starting a Medicinal Herb Garden these herbs do double duty as medicinal herbs and are fabulous for birds and pollinators.

Harymor Bird Feeder with Camera

My new toy is a bird feeder with a camera. I received this Harymor Bird Feeder With Camera for free to try it out. Its been a lot of fun spying on my bird friends. It’s solar powered and made with eco-friendly materials which makes me happy. It comes with a metal mounting bracket and a strap if you want to attach it on a tree.

The housing for the camera offers good protection. I had a severe thunderstorm the day after I put it up and the the bird feeder weathered the storm very well.

The camera works well. I get about 120 videos a day because I have so many birds. It also sometimes picks up our dog and me moving about the yard. There are several settings to adjust the camera speed and video length and I honestly haven’t figured it all out yet. I purchased a memory card to store photos as well.

Video from the Harymor Bird Feeder

It’s a great budget friendly model.

Kingsyard Squirrel Proof Bird Feeder

Speaking of squirrels, Kingsyard sent me this bird feeder for free to put to the test. This is the Kingsyard Squirrel Proof Feeder It’s only been up a week but so far the squirrels have not gained access and they have tried. There is an open feeder next to it so my hope is the squirrels are happy with that and leave the Kingsyard for the smaller song birds.

I like that this feeder is metal so easy to clean. Both the top and bottom come off so you can run water through getting out debris. Also metal is nice since the squirrels cant chew on it. Kingsyard has a website with some good information.

I was happy to see they referenced Cornell University All About Birds which is a leader in bird research and bird watching information and one of my GoTo websites.

Basic Hopper Feeder

I bought this hopper feeder at Blains (local feed store) a couple years ago but I dont see it on their website. It’s very basic, easy to clean, and holds lots of food. Although I only fill my feeders about 1/4 of the way because then their is less waste. It has a wider platform so easily holds the bigger birds.

In addition to the smaller birds I mentioned above it has attracted:

Brown-headed cowbirds, Blue Jay, European Starling, Grackles, Mourning doves, Red wing blackbirds.

Ive put mealworms in it as well. I have lots of robins, two nests this spring, and I was trying to attract them but they weren’t interested.

If you want to introduce you family to birding check out my article: Birding For Families: Simple Ways To Connect With Nature

Suet Feeder

In the front yard I have another pole station with a suet feeder which I purchased at my local feed store and a finch feeder. I typically don’t feed suet in July and August due to the heat. The downy woodpeckers and the smaller songbirds feed on the suet and its a great energy source in winter.

Bird Bath

A water source is important not just in the hot days of summer but during winter freezes. Water is a fluid for drinking but also important for preening and keeping feathers clean.

I have a very inexpensive, low tech hanging bird bath which I got on Amazon. It hangs in the crab apple tree and we often see the birds using it although I haven’t gotten a good picture.

You can see behind it on the back fence is an insect hibernaculum. I made these several years ago with a girl scout troop.

Winter Feeding

Winter feeding can be very beneficial to birds. Native plants have been destroyed in the building of roads and houses leaving the birds less natural food options. Two things you can do: offer supplemental foods and if you have a yard, patio, or a balcony plant native flowers and bushes.

Birds eat a variety of foods according to their species. So a variety of foods and feeders will attract the largest variety of birds in your area. Look up what birds are in your area during different seasons.

Read my article: Feeding Wildlife in Winter: How To do It Right!

common backyard Birds in winter:

• Woodpeckers such as pileated, downy, and hairy

• Bluejays, Ravens, Magpies

• Chickadees and titmice

• Finches

• Ground dwelling birds such as wild turkey, pheasants, and bobwhites

• Cardinals, Juncos

• Morning Doves and Pidgeons

The Bad!

I love a sale and I purchased this metal tube feeder because it was 25% off. Always make sure the bird feeder you purchase is easy to take apart both for easy cleaning and releasing stuck animals. I did not do this.

The feeder was hard to clean and a little feed mouse got stuck inside. Their leg was caught and I had to take wire snips to cut the feeder and free their leg. The mouse was ok and ran away giving me hate looks.

Author, Ame Vanorio, is the founder of Fox Run EEC, an environmental educator and Master Gardener. She loves watching birds, both at her bird feeders and bird friendly yard.

Your state Department of Fish and Wildlife may tell you to do one thing and your veterinarian or board members another. To complicate matters, we give wildlife vaccines off-label, meaning they are not legally cleared for use on wild animals.

This is an important conversation to have.  In this blog, we will discuss the pros and cons of vaccinating wildlife in the rehabilitation setting, and look at ways governments in the USA and Europe have approached disease control in nature.

Why Vaccinate the Wildlife in Your Center?

1. Outbreak protection for all animals in your center

2. Provides our patients better chances for survival in the wild

3. Protects domestic animals, humans, and supports public health.

Outbreak Protection

The sad truth is anywhere we place animals or humans in close proximity to one another there is a chance for disease spread. We saw this happen during 2020 and the COVID pandemic.

Similarly, some species such as raccoons and deer may have large populations in your area. Wildlife biologists often use this reasoning to dissuade rehabilitation practice for “common” animals. However, the root problem is often a lack of or extinction of large predators. By killing off predators humans have adversely affected natural balance.

Centers have had highly contagious diseases such as distemper and parvo spread rapidly among young animals. Knowing what diseases are in your local wildlife populations is critical to developing a plan to support health.

Provides Your Patients with Immunity

Wildlife rehabilitation is all about saving an animal’s life so that they may be released back into the wild.

The goal of immunization is to increase the animal’s ability to fight the disease and to slow disease transmission among a population. They keep the animal from suffering and increase their quality of life.

As wildlife rehabilitators, we have a lot invested in these animals. Time, energy, and money – often money from our own pockets. Not to mention sweat and tears. Many people state that Animals Shelters vaccinate. We should be no different.

Read my article Feeding Expenses in Wildlife Rehabilitation

Community and Public Health

There is a lot to be said about the importance of public health. The act of wildlife rehab brings populations of animals and humans together. My veterinarian feels very strongly that vaccinating wildlife keeps domestic animals and humans safer.

Wildlife in today’s world lives in close proximity to humans. Urban wildlife is on the rise. Vaccines have proven to be a way to manage and control many zoonotic diseases. (I will talk about Europe’s progressive policies further in the article)

There is no magic cure for many of these virus’s including rabies. Protection and stopping the spread are important ways of reducing incidents.

Vaccinating wildlife in nature and in wildlife rehabilitation can be controversial. What is our responsibility to the animal and to the human community?

Disadvantages Of Vaccines

Cost

To be fair, some rehabbers do not vaccinate the wildlife in their programs.

Probably the most cited disadvantage is the cost. Vaccines are expensive. In some states, including Kentucky, only a licensed veterinarian can administer the rabies vaccine. These costs can add up quickly.

In addition, juveniles can be hard to catch and handle to administer a vaccine. We do raise them to not want human contact!

Also, it should be noted, not all wildlife receive immunizations. Commonly rabies vector species, deer, and groundhogs, are most likely to receive them. Many people who rehab squirrels, opossums, and/or bunnies do not vaccinate those species because they are not a high risk. However, that would geographically vary.

Off Label

Most vaccines are developed for domestic animals, not wildlife. This means safety and effectiveness data are limited. Use in wildlife is considered off label.

The sad thing about vaccine development is that it is driven by money. Funds are simply not deemed important for wild animal disease research.

What Are Zoonotic Diseases?

Zoonotic diseases are those diseases that can be passed from animals to humans. Diseases passed from humans to animals are called reverse zoonoses or anthroponosis. Humans have transmitted COVID-19, H1N1 human influenza, swine flu, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and tuberculosis (TB) to animals. In 2020 coronavirus was passed from zookeepers to animals in their charge most notable tigers at the Bronx Zoo.

Rabies is probably the most famous zoonotic disease. The Bubonic Plague was given stardom during the Middle Ages and is still with us today. Others include Salmonella, Leptospirosis, and Roundworms. These conditions come in the form of bacteria, parasites, and viruses. 

Are you interested in becoming a Licensed Wildlife Rehabilitator? This video will tell you how.

Europe and Rabies

Zoonotic diseases are a public health concern that affects everyone in the community. European countries have been much more proactive in this area than we have been here in the USA. In part possibly because their communities are much older and established with a high incidence of urban wildlife.

Vaccination of wildlife in rehabilitation centers, as well as vaccination programs aimed towards wildlife in public parks and urban areas, has helped to reduce the occurrence of many zoonotic diseases.

In fact, rabies among foxes has been nearly eliminated in thirteen European countries In Europe, it is not unusual to have foxes living in urban areas.

In fact, fox rabies in 13 European countries has been virtually eliminated. An aggressive program using trap/vaccinate/release and oral rabies vaccination (ORV) over the past twenty years has been very successful. In Europe, it is very common to have foxes living in urban areas where the disease was considered a public health threat.

Rabies used to be considered a public health threat in countries such as Germany and England. An aggressive program using trap/vaccinate/release and oral rabies vaccination (ORV) over the past twenty years has been very successful in lowering cases.

Check out my article The Fantastic Fox

Rabies in US Wildlife

According to the CDC, 92% of rabies cases came from wild animals. Specifically, bats, raccoons, skunks, and foxes, in descending order. The USDA is increasing their distribution of rabies vaccines and confirms that the Oral Rabies Vaccine (ORV) is the central strategy they are using to stop the spread of rabies and move toward elimination.

The USDA works with the US Department of Fish and Wildlife to distribute rabies vaccines among wildlife populations in high-risk areas. In 2025, bait distribution occurred across large regions of the Northeast and Southeast using airplanes, helicopters, and ground placement.

One key issue is bait uptake. Not all animals consume the vaccine. Studies show that habitat type and bait placement affect how often raccoons find and eat vaccine baits. Vaccination is also species specific. Raccoons respond well to finding and eating vaccines. However, skunks are harder to vaccinate effectively due to feeding behavior and bait design challenges. They are less willing to eat unusual foods.

Another focus is animal movement. Research shows that wildlife movement patterns affect how well vaccination zones work. Adjusting bait placement based on movement improves disease control

Some US states or countries use hunting or trapping to purposefully decrease population and therefore reduce transmission. There is no scientific evidence that this strategy is effective. These methods used indiscriminately are often ecologically unsound and can promote public outcry.

There are actually several virus variants so you may hear the terms raccoon rabies or skunk rabies. Within bats there are several bat rabies virus variants. This is because viruses (like the flu) often mutate and change to become stronger.

While Kentucky has not been considered a high-risk area, Oral Rabies Vaccination (OTR) has been dropped along the Virginia border to stop the spread of the raccoon variant more prevalent in the Appalachian Mountain region. Dr. Joanne Maki stated the goal is to “establish herd immunity within a rabies reservoir species. Doing so reduces virus transmission in wild animals, while also reducing the risk of rabies virus exposure in domestic species and humans”.

Check out my PDF books and Free Downloads on my Store Page

Your Local Fish an Wildlife Agency

Many Government wildlife agencies are anti vaccine. This was the official viewpoint of the Kentucky Department of Fish and Wildlife in 2019.

“Vaccines are often unnecessary and expensive. Follow-up vaccinations are often required a year after the initial dose. Wildlife must be released immediately after recovery. It is illegal to keep a rehabilitated animal simply to administer follow-up vaccinations” (Letter to Wildlife rehabilitators, 2019. )

What Can Wildlife Rehabilitators Do to Prevent Disease in Their Centers?

Vaccines are used as one way to prevent diseases and their spread among populations. Young humans and domesticated animals get vaccinations on a regular basis. They are one tool we can use to prevent the spread of many diseases.

Invariably, we bring in animals that carry diseases. Wildlife rehabilitation is about caring for sick, injured, and orphaned animals. Not the healthy one who is doing well.

If we look at the big picture, however, there are many things we can do to keep our animals healthy. Here is a list of non-vaccine things you should be doing to prevent disease.

• Work with your vet to develop an intake and treatment protocol. 

• Keep wildlife separate from domestic animals. 

• Have a quarantine area for incoming animals. 

• Keep areas clean and sanitized. 

• Always wear gloves and other PPE.  

• Keep good records.  

• Try to lower stress to improve health. (Yours and the animals!)

Vaccination Schedules

Controversy also exists on how often and with what variant to vaccinate with.  Raccoons and foxes can be tricky because both the canine and feline variants may be necessary.

What diseases you vaccinate for may also reflect your geographic location and what is present in your environment. For example. distemper in wildlife is a big problem in my area. So we feel distemper and rabies are the most important vaccines to give. To be clear we use the 5 way shot so Canine Distemper, Adenovirus Type 2 (CAV-2 cross protection CAV-1), Parainfluenza, and Parvovirus Vaccine (MLV) are all covered.

Vaccination schedules are somewhat arbitrary and often reflect older laws meant to contain diseases. There is no evidence that animals including our beloved cats and dogs need annual boosters throughout their lives. Studies have suggested that two shots lead to adequate antibodies. We give them boosters to make sure they are protected and to adhere to state regulations. The rabies vaccine is legally required in the state of Kentucky for dogs, cats, and ferrets.

According to Merck’s Veterinary Manual “Individual animal and vaccine variability make it difficult to estimate the duration of protective immunity”

Vaccines are not licensed for wildlife and there are few established administration schedules. Sadly wildlife does not meet the need for funding for these studies. So when we administer inoculations it is with the understanding that it is “off label”. More research is certainly needed in this area, not only for wildlife but as an assurance for quality public health.

Talk with your vet about what vaccine schedule to use. There are several good resources.

When vaccination is commonly used

• Vaccination is most often used in specific, higher risk situations.

• Rehabilitators may vaccinate rabies vector species such as raccoons and skunks to protect staff. This is usually done under veterinary guidance.

• Animals housed in groups, such as litters of raccoons, may be vaccinated against diseases like distemper to prevent outbreaks.

• Animals kept long term for education programs are also more likely to be vaccinated because they will remain in human care.

The Rabies Virus and Humans

Rabies is perhaps the most well known zoonotic disease. It affects the central nervous system and is almost always fatal. Rabies is a virus which is spread by saliva which is transmitted when the animal bites or scratches you.

Rabies deaths are extremely rare now in the United States and the Center for Disease Control (CDC) states that only 3 or 4 deaths occur per year. However, about 40,000 people are treated each year for exposure to rabies. This post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) is necessary to keep them from developing the virus and dying. Any person who has been bitten by a wild animal should seek medical attention immediately.

The rabies vaccination was developed by the famous French biologist and chemist, Louis Pasteur, (1822-1895) who is considered the Father of Microbiology. Pasteur is famous for developing the concept of germ theory, which led to pasteurization and developing rabies and anthrax vaccines.

While several protocols have been developed to treat rabies victims they are still considered experimental and are not always successful. Read our opossum blog to see how these fascinating animals have played a role in rabies research.

Vaccines Have Been Critical in Saving Endangered Species

Another advantage to vaccinations is it helps species who are at risk due to low populations. Endangered animals have been saved by populations receiving immunizations. The Black-Footed Ferret is an example of an endangered species that recovered successfully in part due to a vaccination program.  

The Black-Footed Ferret is susceptible to a variety of the plague they got from eating prairie dogs. In addition, distemper had lowered the population which was close to extinction. A controlled breeding program and vaccination schedule allowed the successful reintroduction of thousands of healthy ferrets in native prairie ecosystems.

In addition, due to the risk of mustelids to their population, the Black-Footed ferret has also been given the COVID vaccine.

Take Away

As wildlife rehabilitators, we make life and death assessments every day as we work to rescue and rehabilitate. Take the time to make a plan for disease control to protect the animals in your care.

Author Ame Vanorio is the founder and director of Fox Run Environmental Education Center and was a licensed wildlife rehabilitator in Kentucky for twelve years. She is now living in Wisconsin where she continues to work with wildlife and teach environmental education.

Twice a year, these tiny birds—weighing less than two ounces—embark on an impressive journey. There 4,000-mile migrations to join us in the summer brings joy every spring. They spend winter in the deep south and central America and summers in the eastern us and Canada.

A Bird of Many Names and One Amazing Journey

Before we dive into their captivating world, let's clear up some confusion. The Baltimore Oriole (Icterus galbula) is actually a member of the blackbird family, not a true oriole at all. Real orioles live in the Old World, while our North American "orioles" are more closely related to meadowlarks and red-winged blackbirds.

Migration

What makes Baltimore Orioles truly extraordinary is their incredible migration. Come fall, they leave their breeding grounds across eastern North America and fly thousands of miles to spend winter in Central America, from Mexico down to Colombia. Some individuals travel as far as 4,500 miles each way, navigating by stars, magnetic fields, and geographical landmarks with a precision that would make any GPS jealous.

But here's the kicker: many of these birds return to the exact same neighborhood, sometimes even the same tree, where they nested the previous year. Scientists have documented orioles returning to within a few hundred yards of their previous nesting sites after spending months in tropical forests thousands of miles away.

Types of Orioles

The Baltimore is the most common oriole, but we also have Bullock’s, Hooded, and Orchard oriole. The species of oriole that you will see in your backyard depends on where you live.

The orchard oriole (Icterus spurius) is the smallest oriole species and semi-open lives in field with deciduous trees near lakes and streams. Males are more of a burnt rust or chestnut color that the Baltimore with a black head and back.

Bullock's Orioles (Icterus bullockii) are more yellow with less black on the head.

Oriole Nest Building

Baltimore orioles are basically solitary outside their mating season. The species is generally considered monogamous. They do not mate for life, often finding new mates each breeding season. Males establish their territory and attract the female by singing and chattering while hopping from perch to perch in front of her.

The female chooses a nest site within the territory defended by her mate. Baltimore Orioles often nest in American elms, maples and cottonwoods.

The female spends about a week weaving an intricate hanging pouch from plant fibers, grass, hair, and increasingly, human-made materials like string and yarn. She starts by securing long fibers to the fork of a branch, usually 20 to 30 feet high in a tall deciduous tree.

Each nest is custom-built for its location. Orioles nesting in windier areas tend to build deeper, more flexible nests, while those in more protected spots might create shallower pouches.

The finished nest is typically 4 to 5 inches deep and about 3 inches wide at the opening which helps protect the chicks from predators and weather.

From Egg to Fledgling

After the female completes her architectural masterpiece, she lays 3 to 7 pale blue or grayish eggs marked with dark scribbles and spots. These eggs are roughly the size of a grape and absolutely gorgeous.

For the next 12 to 14 days, the female does almost all the incubating, sitting patiently on her eggs while the male brings her food and stands guard nearby. Male Baltimore Orioles are devoted partners, though they don't help with nest-building or incubation. Instead, they patrol their territory, chase away intruders, and ensure their mate has a steady supply of insects and nectar.

When the chicks finally hatch, they're tiny, helpless, and completely dependent on their parents. Born naked and blind, baby orioles don't look like much at first—just pink, gaping mouths attached to fragile bodies. But they grow with astonishing speed. Both parents work tirelessly to feed the hungry brood, making dozens of trips per day to deliver caterpillars, beetles, spiders, and other protein-rich insects.

Within just 12 to 14 days, these helpless hatchlings develop their flight feathers and are ready to leave the nest. Young orioles don't look like their parents initially—juveniles and females are yellow-orange with grayish wings. Males don't develop their full adult colors until their second year, a common pattern among many songbird species.

What Do Orioles eat?

Want to turn your backyard into an oriole paradise? The good news is that Baltimore Orioles are surprisingly willing to visit well-designed feeding stations, especially during migration periods in spring and fall. Planting a variety of native species will also attract them to your yard.

The key is understanding what these birds need and when they need it. So lets talk about how to encourage them.

While many people think of them as nectar-sippers (and they do love sugar), orioles are actually accomplished insect hunters for much of the year. During breeding season, their diet consists of roughly 80% insects and only 20% fruit and nectar.

These birds are particularly fond of caterpillars, including many species that other birds won't touch. Orioles have a special technique for dealing with fuzzy caterpillars, they beat them against branches to remove the irritating hairs before swallowing them. They're also skilled at finding tent caterpillars, gypsy moth larvae, and other pest insects, making them valuable allies for gardeners and farmers.

Plants that support orioles

If you have the space for trees oaks, birch, and willows support caterpillars and provide nesting sites. Trees and shrubs with dark-colored fruits, like black cherry, red mulberry, serviceberry, raspberries, and blackberries, are particularly attractive.

Nectar-rich flowers such as trumpet vine, bee balm, blazing star, Columbine and cardinal flowers. Orioles have specially adapted tongues with brushy tips that help them lap up nectar more efficiently. Also, consider native vines and flowers that provide nectar and a place to perch.

The Baltimore Oriole transforms your backyard into a beautiful tropical scene. Learn all about orioles and how to attract them to your yard.

Providing Feeders

Timing is everything with orioles. In most areas, they arrive in late April or early May, just as trees are leafing out and flowering. This is when you want to have your oriole buffet ready and waiting.

My favorite feeder is the Kettle Moraine Recycled Oriole Fruit Feeder

The classic oriole feeder is designed for nectar, similar to hummingbird feeders but with larger perches and orange coloring. You can make your own nectar by mixing one part white sugar with four parts water—do not use artificial coloring. You can also buy nectar. Ill have links below. Make sure you clean nectar feeders on a regular basis.

Fresh or dried fruits are oriole magnets—try orange halves stuck on spikes or apple slices. Stay away from grape jelly!

Don't forget about protein, especially during breeding season. Mealworms, either live or dried, can be irresistible to orioles feeding growing chicks. Some people also offer small pieces of suet or even peanut butter, though these should be used sparingly in hot weather.

Location matters as much as menu. Orioles prefer feeding stations that are somewhat elevated and offer nearby perching spots. They're more cautious than many backyard birds and like to survey the area before committing to a landing. Placing feeders near trees or large shrubs gives them the security they crave.

Water features can be just as attractive as food. Orioles love to bathe and drink, and the sound of moving water often draws them in from considerable distances. A simple dripping water feature or shallow fountain can be incredibly effective at attracting not just orioles, but a whole host of other interesting birds.

Many of the feeders and flowers that attract orioles will also attract hummingbirds. So two for one deal!

Oriole conservation

Baltimore Orioles face challenges in our modern world, from habitat loss to climate change affecting their migration timing. But they've also shown remarkable adaptability, learning to use human-provided foods and nesting materials, and even adjusting their migration schedules in response to changing conditions.

By creating oriole-friendly spaces in our yards and communities, we're not just attracting beautiful birds—we're participating in a conservation effort that helps ensure these remarkable creatures will continue to grace our springs for generations to come.

Every backyard that offers suitable food, water, and nesting habitat becomes a small but vital part of the orioles' continental network of stopping points and safe havens.

Author, Ame Vanorio, has scaled down from being a certified organic gardener to creating a suburban backyard wildlife habitat complete with vegetable and herb gardens.

In this article we will explore their similarities and differences. I have complete articles on each species if you want a deep dive!

1. Size

• Deer: The smallest of the three. White-tailed deer and mule deer, which are the most common species in North America, typically weigh between 100 to 300 pounds and stand about 2.5 to 3.5 feet tall at the shoulder.

• Elk: Larger than deer but smaller than moose. Elk are much heavier, with males (bulls) weighing between 600 to 1,100 pounds and standing around 4.5 to 5 feet tall at the shoulder.

• Moose: The largest member of the deer family. Moose can weigh up to 1,500 pounds (with some bulls exceeding 1,800 pounds) and stand 5 to 7 feet tall at the shoulder, making them massive animals compared to elk and deer.

2. Antlers

• Deer: Deer antlers are relatively small and often branched, with a more compact and symmetrical appearance. They are shed and regrown annually by male deer.

• Elk: Elk antlers are larger than those of deer and branch out in a more vertical and sweeping pattern. They can grow up to 4 feet long in mature bulls and are used during the rut for fighting other males.

• Moose: Moose antlers are the most distinct, with a broad, palmate shape (like the shape of an open hand or fan). They can span up to 6 feet across and are much heavier and more solid than elk or deer antlers.

Moose are huge herbivores that live in cold climates. In this video I share 10+ fun facts and trivia about moose and what makes them cool!

3. Habitat

• Deer: Deer are incredibly adaptable and live in a variety of habitats across North America, including forests, grasslands, farmlands, and even suburban areas.

• Elk: Elk prefer more open habitats, such as grasslands, meadows, and mountainous regions. They are often found in forested areas at higher elevations in the summer and lower areas in the winter.

• Moose: Moose are primarily found in northern, colder climates, including the forests and wetlands of Canada, Alaska, northern Europe, and northern states like Maine, Minnesota, and Montana. They thrive in areas with abundant water, such as swamps, lakes, and rivers.

4. Coloration

• Deer: White-tailed deer have a reddish-brown coat in summer, which turns to grayish-brown in winter. Mule deer have a similar coloration but are generally a bit darker with a more grayish tone year-round.

• Elk: Elk have a tan to reddish-brown body with a darker brown mane around their neck and a light-colored rump. Their coat also becomes more subdued and grayish-brown in winter.

• Moose: Moose have dark brown or black coats year-round. They often appear almost black, especially in winter, which helps them blend into their forested, shadowy habitats.

5. Vocalizations

• Deer: Deer tend to be quieter, though they may make soft grunting sounds or snorts, particularly when alarmed.

• Elk: Elk are famous for their bugling during the rut, which is a loud, high-pitched call that can be heard over long distances.

• Moose: Moose are usually quiet but can make loud grunts during the rut, and cows may produce soft moans when calling to their calves.

Learn more about the bull elks quest to find a female, raising calves, and why antlers are so cool.

6. Social Behavior

• Deer: Deer are more solitary or form small family groups, particularly females with fawns. Bucks (males) are more solitary outside the mating season.

• Elk: Elk are social animals that live in herds, often in large groups during the winter. They exhibit strong social behavior, especially during the rut when bulls compete for dominance.

• Moose: Moose are typically solitary creatures, except for cows with calves. They are known to be more aggressive during the rut, and because of their size, they are not easily intimidated by predators.

Everything you want to know about white-tailed deer including how they raise their young, rehabilitation needs, what's the deal with antlers, population, and keeping them out of the garden.

7. Diet

• Deer: Deer are browsers, feeding on a variety of shrubs, leaves, grasses, and sometimes even crops.

• Elk: Elk are both grazers and browsers, feeding on grasses, forbs, shrubs, and tree bark, depending on the season.

• Moose: Moose are selective browsers, feeding heavily on aquatic vegetation, willow, and other woody plants. They are often seen wading in water to eat submerged plants.

8. Geographic Range

• Deer: Deer are widespread across North America, with white-tailed deer covering most of the U.S. and parts of Canada, and mule deer inhabiting western North America.

• Elk: Elk are mostly found in the western U.S. and Canada, with smaller populations in the eastern U.S. due to reintroduction efforts.

• Moose: Moose are found in northern regions, including Canada, Alaska, the northern U.S., Scandinavia, and Russia.

Comparison Chart of Key Differences

Author, Ame Vanorio, is the founder of Fox Run EEC, a Master Gardener, Environmental Educator, Wildlife Rehabilitator and Writer. You can check out my Amazon Storefront to see the products I personally use and recommend.

Are you interested in becoming a Licensed Wildlife Rehabilitator and want to know how to get started? Are you curious about what skills you need?

Keep reading as I am going to give you first-hand knowledge based on fifteen years of personal experience on what it takes to become a licensed wildlife rehabilitator.

WHAT IS WILDLIFE REHABILITATION?

Wildlife rehabilitation is the rescue and care of injured and orphaned wildlife. Primarily this focuses on neonates and baby wildlife but it may also include juveniles and adults. The goal of rehabilitation is to put the animal back into the wild when it’s ready to live on its own.

Wildlife Rehabilitators play an important role as conservationists and humanitarians. Rescued wildlife often have human inflicted injuries that may be caused by being hit by a car or lawnmower, the parents being trapped or shot, or habitat destruction. They may be displaced or injured due to floods and fires occurring in their habitat.

The rehabilitator provides medical care, feedings, as well as natural experiences so that animals can be returned to their native environment.

The National Wildlife Rehabilitation Association defines wildlife rehabilitation as the “professional care given to sick, injured, and orphaned wild animals with the ultimate goal of having them be returned to their natural habitat.”

Wildlife rehabilitators provide a lifeline for these animals. They arrange for veterinary care, feed them, and provide appropriate housing.

WHY DOES WILDLIFE NEED TO BE REHABILITATED?

Research shows that the majority of injured, ill, and orphaned wild animals handled by rehabilitators are suffering not because of "natural" occurrences, but because of human intervention -- some accidental, some intentional, many preventable. Injuries due to cars, mowers, firearms, traps, kids throwing stones, poisons, oil spills, domestic pets, can be life-threatening. Rehabilitators treat injuries in these animals by either caring for them until they can be released or having them humanely euthanized.

Well-meaning citizens often "kidnap" young animals, separating them from parents who might still be nearby. In some instances people kidnap baby wildlife with the intent to sell them in the illegal pet trade.

Read my article Kidnapping of Wild Animals for Pets to learn more on how both wildlife rehabilitators and people who care about wildlife can stop wildlife kidnapping and make good decisions to help wild babies.

Check out my wildlife rehabilitation book series! Available in paperback

and Kindle on Amazon and other book stores!

SKILLS YOU NEED

• Compassion

• Administer fluids

• Give injections

• Wound care

• Basic body evaluation with temperature, weight, and skin condition

• Humane restraint and capture strategies

• Knowledge of providing a safe and clean enclosure

• Knowledge of feeding and nutrition for the species under your care

• Ability to perform humane euthanasia

• Dealing with people on the phone

• Carpentry skills to build enclosures

  Keep reading to learn more about attaining these skills!

The video below will show you step by step how to put together a car kit in case you come along an injured or orphaned baby animal.

With a few inexpensive supplies, you can put together an emergency rescue kit in case you come across an animal that needs your help. Check out my video to learn more.

WHAT SKILLS DO WILDLIFE REHABILITATORS NEED?

In many ways, wildlife rehabilitators are like nurses. We provide medical care to distressed animals. Animals in need of rescue come to us with injuries, separation anxiety, and parasites.

For the most part, these animals are not happy or healthy. They are in crisis.

Training in First Aid and Common Treatments

Along with compassion, a good rehabber needs a working knowledge of first aid and triage. Wildlife Rehabbers work with a veterinarian to establish good medical practices. And most important for their safety and the animal's well-being rehabbers need to have an understanding of zoonoses - animal to people diseases. 

The IWRC offers an online course Zoonoses that “provides information on the risks, prevention, and management of zoonoses, including acting as a resource to the public for information on zoonotic diseases.” It’s very comprehensive and $55.00 for members.

The Red Cross offers Cat & Dog First Aid Online Training for $25.00. While this is geared towards domestic pets and is very basic it is a good place for beginners to start.

You will need to have basic medical supplies on hand. This is not a time you can quickly run to the store! I have a FREE DOWNLOAD on my store page that lists a basic medical supplies (below). This is not everything but is a great start!

In addition, like a nurse, you need to be able to think quickly and prioritize what you should do first. This is called triage when you decide what treatments or procedures need to be done first to help the animal.

In many instances the first thing we administer is fluids. To learn more read my article Fluids: Dehydration And Rehydration in Wildlife Rehabilitation.

wildlife rehabilitator requirements

Education

Wildlife rehabilitators do not have to have a college degree. A degree in biology, wildlife conservation, or even nursing may be helpful but it is not required. Training and acquiring skills is necessary to do the job but not a specific degree. Much of wildlife rehabilitation is practical so working with an experienced rehabber is valuable.

Some states require certain training courses (see below) or a number of hours volunteering with an established permitted rehabilitator.

Rehabbers come from all different walks of life. What brings us together is compassion for animals and a desire to help them.

There are a few certificates and degrees being offered:

Lees McRae, located in North Carolina, offers a minor in wildlife rehabilitation to complement their Wildlife Biology program.

The Animal Behavior Institute offers a professional certificate in Wildlife Rehabilitation and requires the completion of five online courses. Located in North Carolina they are an accredited Continuing Education & Training program.

Hear about my experiences and what skills you need.

How Do I GET LICENSED TO BECOME A WILDLIFE REHABILITATOR?

Each state has requirements for a wildlife rehabilitator license. These will be listed either under the state Department for Fish and Wildlife or the state’s Department for Natural Resources. Common procedures are taking a test, course, or getting a number of volunteer hours under a licensed rehabilitator. Typically states license for mammals and reptiles. Birds are a federal permit (more on them below).

In addition, some states have a sub-permittee license. This allows an individual to assist a licensed wildlife rehabilitator by transporting, caring for, or housing injured or orphaned wildlife. Check with your state.

Some states require the rehabber to take the class Foundations of Wildlife Rehabilitation (formerly Basic Wildlife Rehabilitation) from IWRC to become licensed.  This class is offered online and across the United States as well as select countries. The prices varies from $157.00 – $307.00 depending on membership, location, lab equipment, and text requirements.

The IWRC also administers the Certified Wildlife Rehabilitator evaluation and exam. “Certified Wildlife Rehabilitator (CWR) is a designation which recognizes current and prospective wildlife rehabilitators who achieve a higher standard of wildlife care through academic excellence. Completion of the CWR certificate is not equivalent to licensure as a wildlife rehabilitator.”

National Wildlife Rehabilitators Association (NWRA) has a variety of educational opportunities as well. They hold a annual conference each year which is very informative. NWRA has several online courses that qualify for CEU’s including Principles of Wildlife Rehabilitation: Basic Skills Online Course and Wildlife Medicine.

Can I just rescue animals?

Why bother to get a professional license or permit? I can take care of baby animals without it. Sadly I hear this a lot.

There are many people who rehab wildlife illegally. Depending on their states laws those people can receive fines. However, the real tragedy is that in many areas the FW officers will often kill the animals and not try to place them with a licensed professional.

I saw this happen several times in Kentucky. My local Fish and Wildlife officer would come tell me about the animals they found that were part of the illegal pet trade or being rehabbed. Instead of trying to place these animals they would just euthanize them all.

Wildlife Rehabilitation is a profession. Just like Nursing or Teaching (which we do) we need to maintain certain standards. Having a license not only helps you comply with the law but also shows people you take your job seriously.

WORK WITH A VET

It is very important to have a good working relationship with your veterinarian. Some states even require that your vet sign off on your paperwork in order to show medical commitment.

Finding a vet that will see wildlife can be tricky. Not all vets will see wildlife or exotic animals in their practice. Furthermore, while some vets will give a discount, vet care can easily be your highest expense.

Some medical procedures you can do yourself and your vet may be willing to give you some training to address common but minor conditions. However, such things as X-rays, setting a bone, repairing a severely crushed turtle shell, stitches, or performing an amputation requires a veterinarian.

Good Communication

An important part of your job is compassion for both the animal and the finder. Finders often make mistakes and need education and guidance. Wildlife rehabilitation is not a solitary job (sorry!). Working with the public and providing a calm resource when they are panicking or need some helpful advice due to a nuisance issue such as squirrels living in the attic or foxes killing chickens.

Wildlife rehabilitators seek to educate the public on how to prevent these problems and work with citizens having wildlife/human conflicts.  Some wildlife rehabilitators conduct education programs for the public.

How Much Do wildlife Rehabilitators Earn?

Most rehabbers are volunteers. A few persons may also be wildlife biologists or zoologists. They make work for the government in state parks or the Department of Fish and Wildlife. They may work in zoos or environmental education centers.

Many wildlife rehabilitators have part or full-time jobs to support their passion and/or their families. In addition, many rehabbers pay for their expenses out of their own pockets. You can ask for donations or do fundraisers as long as you are transparent.

You may decide to go through the process to become a non-profit which allows your donors to take a tax credit. It also lets you write grant applications, although there are not many grant opportunities for wildlife rescue compared to the rescue of domestic animals.

Read my blog Developing A Sustainable Business Model For Your Wildlife Rehab: AKA Love Doesn't Pay The Bills

Volunteering for a licensed wildlife rehabilitator is a good way to find out if you want to become a rehabber. Many wildlife rehabilitators accept volunteers. Finding a mentor is a good idea.

CAREER Requirements

Some persons are wildlife rehabilitators as part of their job. Jobs such as wildlife biologists, environmental educators, zookeepers, or park rangers may include an aspect of wildlife rehabilitation. These jobs require a college degree in biology, environmental science, or something similar.

Having a wildlife rehabilitation license or experience may help you get a job and set you apart. Some veterinary techs specialize in exotic animals including wildlife. In fact, many training programs for veterinarians and veterinary technicians are offering courses in Exotic Animals and/or Wildlife Rehabilitation.

A few people find work for larger non-profit wildlife sanctuaries or rehab centers that are able to offer paid positions.

Others may work for government or non-profits that assist during natural disasters such as oil spills, hurricanes, or wildfires.

Federal Licenses

In addition to getting a state license, there is also one federal license given through the USDA and one given through the USFW.

USDA Aphis

If you plan to have educational animals or do any type of outreach programs with animals then you need to obtain a USDA Class C license. This regulates cage size and care for wildlife on display or used in community outreach.

BIRD LICENSE

The Foundations class is for those that want to be licensed in mammals, reptiles, and/or birds. However, to receive a bird license you must go above and beyond the Foundations class in all states.

Migratory birds fall under the licensing of the US Dept of Fish and Wildlife and have further requirements.  This would include raptors and songbirds. For a bird license you need a state license plus “a minimum of100 hours of hands-on experience, gained over the course of at least 1 whole year, rehabilitating each type of migratory bird you intend to rehabilitate (e.g., water birds, songbirds, raptors). Up to 20 hours of the 100-hour time requirement may be fulfilled by participation in migratory bird rehabilitation seminars and courses.”

WORKING WITH WILDLIFE

Wild animal babies need very specific care. I work closely with our vet to provide proper treatment. Our overall goal is to release our animals back into an appropriate natural habitat. Rehabbers do not play with wildlife. They want them to be ready for freedom from humans :)

Wildlife rehabilitators often deal with the public. A big part of rehabilitation is education. I can not tell you how many calls I get every spring from people who pick up baby fawns. I work to educate the public on what to do if they find a baby animal.

One example is having a YouTube Channel. You can also have a blog or a podcast to help educate the public. Below is a video that was made by one of our college interns, Lauren who now has her own center.

THEY ARE NOT PETS

Wildlife rehabilitation is not an attempt to turn wild animals into pets. Animals remain in captivity only until they are able to live independently in the wild and then they are released. In fact, we have minimal contact with our babies. It’s important that they develop appropriate fear of humans, dogs, and cats in order for them to survive.

Wild animals do not make good pets. They have strong instincts and often bite or scratch. In addition, it is against the law to possess a wild animal in many states without a permit. Check your state regulations before rescuing.

Passion

My personal belief is along with skills you must have passion.

I have loved animals my whole life and was lucky enough to grow up on a farm where we had lots of pets, horses, and livestock. I grew up in the 1970s and early ’80s before wildlife rehabilitation laws existed.

People were always bringing me wild and domestic animals that had been hurt or orphaned. My parents had a wonderful vet who was always willing to give me guidance and help me with my “babies”.

I became a science and special education teacher and a passionate environmentalist. It was only a matter of time before that morphed into becoming a licensed wildlife rehabilitator.

Do you have a similar story to tell? Then you have a passion for helping animals.

Burn Out and Compassion Fatigue

Wildlife rehabilitation can be stressful, time-consuming, and emotionally taxing. Compassion fatigue is a term used in health care professions. It comes from being exposed to trauma that comes from others, in this case, injured or orphaned wildlife. It can often be an emotional roller coaster.

Before you even begin wildlife rehabilitation you need to understand the importance of priorities and making sure you take time for self-care.

WHAT HAPPENS FIRST?

Typically what happens is Joe Citizen finds an injured or presumed orphaned wild baby. They want to locate someone to help this baby. Often they will contact the local police or their local animal shelter who should direct them to a local rehabilitator.

In most states, wildlife rehabilitators are licensed under the direction of the Department of Fish and Wildlife or the Department of Natural Resources.

If you are trying to locate a licensed rehabber you can check out the map on the NWRA website for state resources.

You can also use the location APP by Animal Help Now anywhere in the USA. Download it to your phone so it’s available when you need it.

The rehabilitator will ask the finder questions to find out if the baby does need intervention. A quick note here if you are Joe Citizen! These questions are very important. They let the rehabber understand the circumstances and make a professional decision.

You may be asked to send a picture. You may be told to put the animal back. Please comply. Wildlife rehabilitators are giving you advice based on training and experience!

Take Away

We desperately need more wildlife rehabilitators across the United States! As a rehabber, you can take on as few or as many animals as you are able. You do not have to accept any animal you are not comfortable with taking on. Some people specialize in one or two species and some are open to many.

Understandable many people do not have the time and or money it takes to rehab. In that case, there are many other ways you can support your local rehabber. Volunteer, donate money or something from their need list, and share their posts on social media.

Author, Ame Vanorio is the director of Fox Run Environmental Education Center and a licensed wildlife rehabilitator. She does community education programs in wildlife conservation, building wildlife habitats, and rehabilitation for all ages. Check out My Amazon Storefront to what products I personally use and recommend.

Red-eared slider turtles are identified by a red line running from behind their eyes, along the side of their head. Their shell and bodies are quite dark in color with bright yellow lines on their neck, legs, and some of their scutes (shell plates). They are commonly found throughout the United States.

In this article we will look at the species, some fun facts, and why they are considered invasive.

Native Range?

Red-eared sliders are native to the southeastern and south-central United States, especially the Mississippi River basin. Their native range includes states such as Texas, Oklahoma, Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Tennessee, Missouri, and parts of Illinois and Kentucky.

What Do they Eat?

These habitats usually have abundant aquatic plants. They are omnivorous and feed on a wide range of plants and animals found in and the water. So, places that are abundant in fish, crayfish, snails, tadpoles, worms, aquatic insects and plants will likely be home to these turtles as well. Sliders have excellent vision and can see color, which helps them locate food.

This flexible diet allows sliders to thrive in many environments, including human-altered habitats. In urban ponds, they often eat discarded food, which can lead to poor nutrition and overcrowding, according to the USGS.

Why do Turtles Bask?

You can often spot them basking on logs or rocks sticking out from the water. Basking allows them to regulate body temperature, digest food, and reduce parasites and algae on their shells (Ernst & Lovich).

How big do red eared sliders get? 

Female red eared sliders are larger than males and can grow up to 12 inches long. Males normally measure 8-10 inches. They reach full size and sexual maturity at about 7 years old and, in captivity, they can live for up to 30 years. 

Not all turtles, grow at the same rate or to the same size. Many factors determine this. Diet, space and environmental conditions all play a role in the growth of these animals. During the first year of life, they can grow up to 3 inches and typically an inch per year after that. Adult females can weigh up to 1.2 pounds and males just over half a pound. 

Males can be identified by long front claws and a longer, thicker tail. Females have shorter claws and a broader shell to allow room for eggs.

Life Cycle and Reproduction

Red-eared sliders have a long life span, often living 20–30 years in the wild and sometimes over 40 years in captivity.

Breeding usually occurs in spring. Males perform a courtship display by fluttering their long claws near the female’s face. If the female is receptive, mating occurs in the water.

Females leave the water to nest on land, often traveling long distances to find suitable soil. They dig nests in sunny, well-drained areas and lay 5–20 eggs per clutch, with some females producing multiple clutches in one season. The eggs incubate for about 60–90 days.

Sex determination in red-eared sliders is temperature-dependent. Warmer nest temperatures produce more females, while cooler temperatures produce more males. Hatchlings usually emerge in late summer or early fall, although some overwinter in the nest and emerge in spring.

Juvenile mortality is high. Eggs and hatchlings are preyed upon by raccoons, skunks, foxes, birds, snakes, and fish. Adults have fewer predators but may be taken by large mammals or birds.

Red-eared sliders can absorb oxygen through their cloaca (butt) while underwater, allowing them to stay submerged for long periods during rest or winter dormancy. They brumate during cold weather, slowing their metabolism and becoming less active, often resting on pond bottoms or under debris.

 Are Red Eared Sliders an invasive species?

Red eared sliders are one of the world's most invasive species and are often considered a threat to biodiversity because they compete with native turtles for food, basking sites, and nesting areas. Studies show they can displace native species such as painted turtles.

Due to their popularity in the pet trade, however, they are found in all corners of the globe except for Antarctica. Typically, red eared sliders are illegally released into ponds and rivers by people who no longer want them as pets. In many states and countries, the sale or release of red-eared sliders is restricted or banned. Despite this, illegal releases continue, especially when pet turtles outgrow small tanks or become difficult to care for.

There are turtle rescues and some humane societies will take them. So don’t abandon a pet turtle!

Invasive species (those which are not native to an area) include all manner of plants and animals. They are often highly adaptable and can outcompete the existing wildlife in a region. The red eared sliders compete for food sources, habitat and can spread disease. They are known to carry and transmit Salmonella, respiratory disease and ranaviruses to other reptiles, amphibians and fish.

As with other turtles, the red eared slider plays an important role in the ecosystem. The adults, the hatchlings and the eggs provide food for a wide range of aquatic and land animals. They accumulate environmental pollutants in their bodies, removing them from the aquatic environment. They improve pH levels in the water, increase detritus decomposition and increase invertebrate numbers. Their populations could prove beneficial in some habitats.

 Wildlife Rehabilitation

Red-eared sliders are commonly admitted to wildlife rehabilitation centers, especially in their native range. Common reasons include vehicle strikes, fishing hook injuries, shell fractures, and cold-stunning during sudden temperature drops.

Rehabilitation focuses on stabilizing injuries, treating infections, and ensuring the turtle can swim, dive, bask, and forage normally before release. Shell injuries often heal slowly but can be successfully treated with proper care.

In states where red-eared sliders are native, healthy rehabilitated individuals are usually released back into suitable habitat near where they were found. In non-native or invasive regions, release may be prohibited by law. In those cases, turtles may be placed with permitted educational facilities or long-term captive care programs, depending on state regulations.

Rehabilitators also play a key role in public education, explaining why pet turtles should never be released and helping people understand native versus invasive species issues.

Can I pick up a wild turtle?

If you find a red eared slider, its best to leave it alone. Find a good spot and observe them in nature.

If you find a turtle in an urban area it is best not to relocate it. Read my article There Is No Place Like Home – Turtle Homing Instincts

Carefully move turtles if they are on the road as long as you can do so safely. Always take turtles in the direction they were going.

Intergradation

A closely related species the yellow-bellied slider (Trachemys scripta scripta) is native to the southeastern United States, from Florida to Virginia. They live in similar habitats and eat many of the same foods.

Intergradation refers to hybridization between closely related subspecies or species where their geographic ranges overlap. In slider turtles, this occurs between the red-eared slider (Trachemys scripta elegans) and the yellow-bellied slider (Trachemys scripta scripta).

These turtles are subspecies of the same species and can readily interbreed where their native ranges meet, particularly in parts of the southeastern United States. Offspring from these pairings often show mixed physical traits, such as reduced or broken red ear markings, yellow or orange patches behind the eye, and intermediate shell patterns that do not match either parent subspecies exactly.

Author, Ame Vanorio, is an environmental educator, and the founder of Fox Run EEC. She writes articles and books about her favorite topics - organic gardening and wildlife conservation.

Seeing a turtle out in the wild or even in your backyard is an exciting event. Turtles are easy to observe due to their slow-moving nature. They also tend to hang out in areas where people are also hanging out.

This article will specifically look at the Homing Instinct and Site fidelity of the Eastern Box Turtle. Removing any of them from their territory can cause confusion and even death. References and studies are listed at the end of the article and in text citations given.

What scientists mean by “home”

In wildlife biology, “home” usually means a home range: the area an animal routinely uses for feeding, resting, nesting, and overwintering. We may also refer to this as its territory.

In a classic long-term study (Stickel) from Maryland, Lucille Stickel tracked eastern box turtles for decades and found that individuals used modest, fairly stable home ranges, often revisiting the same micro-sites year after year (including familiar overwintering spots). Stickel was a fascinating woman and you can read more about her here.

Site Fidelity

Eastern Box turtles demonstrate high site fidelity, and it’s a hallmark of this species.

Site fidelity refers to the likelihood of an animal to return to a previous location or birthplace. This behavior can offer advantages like access to resources, shelter, or familiar breeding grounds. However, strong site fidelity can be a challenge when habitats change due to human activity or other factors.

In 2023 in a joint study (Erb), regional scientists put together the Status Assessment for the Eastern Box Turtle in the Northeastern United States. They found that eastern box turtles show strong fidelity to home ranges, with some year-to-year shifting but frequent reuse of the same areas, including repeated use of the same brumation (winter) sites.

Turtles seldom travel farther than 1.5 miles from their birthplace. It lives out its life, often 50 - 75 years, in the area it was born. (Erb & Cook)

According to the above study, reported straight-line “range lengths” (think: the longest dimension of the space a turtle uses) can vary widely—from as little as ~40 meters up to a couple of kilometers—depending on the landscape and individual. But across those settings, the pattern of returning to known places is consistent.

Habitat Change

You can imagine how a turtles territory may have changed over the years. Sometimes this is confusing to the turtle. They do not understand road construction and sports cars. But they continue to travel around that territory – they do not abandon ship.

Field studies spanning a half-century or more have found specific box turtles are still living in the same place. Studies show that they use the same places to nest, hibernate, find water and food.

Check out our video, staring Smash, on Turtle Homing Insticts

Subscribe to my YouTube channel @foxruneec

Turtle Homing Instinct

When removed from their territory turtles will try to find their way home. Studies (Sickel and Hays) have shown that when the turtle is moved more than a mile from their home territory that they become confused and often cannot find their way home.

Radio-tracking studies give us a real-world picture of homing. When researchers relocate wild eastern box turtles away from their home ranges, the turtles often respond by wandering more and by attempting to return—behaviors that expand their movements and can increase risk.

In a study from North Carolina that compared “resident” turtles to relocated ones, the relocated group had home ranges three to seven times larger (depending on how range size was calculated), moved farther per day, and suffered more mortality or disappearance during the tracking period. The authors explicitly questioned relocation as a management strategy for the species. (Hester)

Turtles are determined creatures and will continually try to find their way back home. Unfortunately, the stress of being in unfamiliar territory will cause them to stop eating. Moving them far from home can backfire. The North Carolina study mentioned earlier found that relocated turtles roamed more widely and had worse outcomes than residents. That extra movement isn’t aimless; it often looks like searching for home, but broader wandering puts turtles in harm’s way, from roads to predators to heat stress. (Hester)

One study done on Eastern Box Turtles found that only 47% of translocated turtles survived and established a new home range.

How do they do it? The turtle toolkit for navigation

No single “magic sense” explains box turtle homing; it’s likely a multi-cue process that changes with context. Here’s what the evidence suggests:

• Sun compass: Under clear skies, many turtles can use the sun’s position, compensated by their internal circadian clock, to maintain a heading. The 1957 (Gould) box turtle work is part of a broader literature showing sun-compass use across freshwater and terrestrial turtles.

• Magnetic compass (magnetoreception): The 1988 (Mathis) eastern box turtle experiments demonstrated that disturbing the magnetic field can disrupt orientation. Similar magnet experiments in sea turtles (hatchlings and juveniles) also disrupt normal bearings, bolstering the general principle that turtles can use Earth’s magnetic field as a compass. While sea turtles migrate vast distances and box turtles do not, the shared sensory mechanism is notable.

• Landmarks & memory: Long-lived animals with high site fidelity are excellent spatial learners. Once box turtles know a landscape, they can likely return using stored “cognitive maps” of landmarks, edges, and resource locations. Long-term telemetry shows they revisit the same overwintering, nesting, and foraging spots—behavior consistent with strong spatial memory. (Stickel, 1988)

• Other cues (context-dependent): In some turtles, researchers have proposed roles for olfactory gradients (smells), slope and topography, and even humidity patterns. For eastern box turtles specifically, direct experimental evidence beyond sun and magnet cues is thinner, but the broader turtle literature supports the idea that multiple senses are integrated. (Mathis)

Territory and Mating

You may wonder why box turtles have such a small range. Well, one reason is obvious. They are slow-moving animals who can not jump, climb or fly. Another important reason is that turtles depend on their vision to find a mate.

Many species use sound (birds) or smell (mammals) to find a pretty girl. The Eastern Box Turtle must be close enough to see his potential mate. In a smaller territory with several other turtles, this is more likely.

Several species of turtles exhibit nest site fidelity. This means they return to the same place every year to lay their eggs.

Picking Up Turtles Put ‘Em In Your Pocket – NOT!

I loved that old children’s song “Pickin up pawpaws put em in your pocket” when I was a child and would sing it to myself as I walked through the fields of our farm putting whatever struck my fancy in my pockets. Usually, it was rocks and field flowers, but my mother said she shook out my clothes with great caution as sometimes it included bugs or a toad.

It is a common occurrence for people to remove turtles from their environment and take them home. Sometimes they feel they are “helping”. Sometimes they may feel the wild turtle will make a good and cheap pet.

Don’t relocate healthy turtles far from where you found them. Help them across the road if they’re in danger, but keep them in the same area. Their homing instinct will likely drive them to search for familiar ground, which increases risk.

As humans, we naturally think we know what is best for the animal. But that is not always true. Seriously, would you want to go from being free to being entertainment and living in a 10 gallon (or smaller) tank? Furthermore, turtles are not “easy” pets. They have very specific temperature, light and humidity needs.

Turtle populations are in decline. They have relatively few young and often have delayed sexual maturity. When turtles are taken out of the wild they are not able to reproduce which adds to the population decline.

One study found that a minimum density of 12 box turtles per acre was necessary to maintain a viable population. Many areas of the country have populations far below that.

Read my article Kentucky Turtles: Slowly Walking Towards Extinction to learn more about turtle populations.

What To Do If You Find A Turtle

Crossing The Road

If you find a box turtle crossing the road pull over when you can do so safely. Use caution and look both ways before going on to the road. Carry the turtle to the other side of the road and place them in the direction they were going. Wish the turtle well, wash your hands and continue on your way.

Snapping turtles should be approached with caution. They have a long neck and can reach around and bite you. NEVER pick up a turtle by the tail. You can damage their spine.

Pick up the turtle by the back of its shell.

This is a great video on safely moving a snapping turtle.

How To Help A Snapping Turtle Cross The Road

Injured Turtles

If you come across a turtle that has been hit by a car. First, make a note of the location. Next contact your nearest rehabber. In many states, it is illegal to take the turtle home.

You can go to Animal Help Now to find a local rehabilitator. 

Place the turtle in a cardboard box and place it in a quiet location until you can transport it to a rehabilitator.

Turtles are actually very resilient animals and can heal with proper medical treatment and rehabilitation.

If a turtle needs rehabilitation, release near the capture site whenever possible. Releasing a recovered turtle back into its original home range gives it the best chance to re-establish normal movements and seasonal routines. (Wildlife rehabilitators and agencies increasingly take this approach because of the strong evidence for site fidelity.) (Erb)

The big picture

From a conservation perspective, the eastern box turtle’s homing instinct is both a marvel and a challenge. It’s marvelous because it reveals a sophisticated blend of senses and memory in an animal many of us meet at ankle height; it’s challenging because it means “well-meant moves” can do more harm than good.

If you’re a gardener or land steward, you can support homing and site fidelity by making your property turtle-friendly: keep some leaf litter, retain brushy edges, protect small wet patches, and mow a little less, a little later. Given a stable neighborhood of microhabitats—and the sun and Earth itself as guides—eastern box turtles will do the rest.

Author, Ame Vanorio, has 15+ years in wildlife rehabilitation, is a Master gardener, science teacher and an environmental educator. Check out My Amazon Storefront to check out which gardening and rehabilitation products I use and recommend.

References:

1. Cook, Robert P. 2015 Dispersal, home range establishment, survival, and reproduction of translocated eastern box turtles, Terrapene c. carolina. APPLIED HERPETOLOGY1:197-228 http://nsmn1.uh.edu/dgraur/popbio/Applied%20Herpetology%20article%20Box%20Turtle.pdf

2. Erb, L.A. and H.P. Roberts. 2023. Status assessment for the eastern box turtle in the northeastern United States. Final report to the Northeast Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies (NEAFWA) for a Regional Conservation Needs (RCN) award. https://www.northeastturtles.org/uploads/3/0/4/3/30433006/teca_status_assessment_030623.pdf

3. Gould, E. ORIENTATION IN BOX TURTLES, TERRAPENE c. CAROLINA (LINNAEUS) The Biological Bulletin 1957 112:3, 336-348 https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.2307/1539126

4. Hays, Elizabeth D. Ethan J. Royal, Ethan C. Hollender, and John D. Willson "Evaluating translocation strategies for box turtles in urbanising landscapes," Wildlife Research 51(4), (16 April 2024). https://doi.org/10.1071/WR23100

5. Hester, Joy, Price Steven J, and Michael E. Dorcas "Effects of Relocation on Movements and Home Ranges of Eastern Box Turtles," Journal of Wildlife Management 72(3), 772-777, (1 April 2008). https://doi.org/10.2193/2007-049

6. Mathis, Alicia & Moore, Frank. (2010). Geomagnetism and the Homeward Orientation of the Box Turtle, Terrapene Carolina. Ethology. 78. 265 - 274. 10.1111/j.1439-0310.1988.tb00238.x.

7. Stickel, L. F. (1989). Home Range Behavior among Box Turtles (Terrapene c. carolina) of a Bottomland Forest in Maryland. Journal of Herpetology, 23(1), 40–44. https://doi.org/10.2307/1564314

Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin, known as the Upper Midwest states and recognized for their diverse habitats, including lakes, forests, and prairies. All three states border the Great Lakes, plus have numerous smaller lakes and rivers. In addition, we have a variety of forest types including northern hardwoods, mixed forests, and coniferous forests.

This makes for fabulous owl habitat!

In our region we have 11 owls although they do not all live in the upper Midwest year round. Owls are listed in alphabetical order for your convenience.

🦉 1. Barn Owl (Tyto alba)

Barn owls are easy to distinguish with their wide dished face and creamy-colored chest and underwings. They have adapted to using many manmade structures - thus the name barn owl.

Barn owls are a smaller owl species and weigh an average of one and a half pounds. They are about 1 foot tall and have a wingspan of around 3 feet.

They live in open habitats across the upper Midwest including farmland, grasslands, deserts, marshes, suburban parks, and cities. Barn owls swallow their prey whole and then regurgitate the indigestible parts (bones, fur, teeth) in the form of pellets. 

The barn owl has an extremely good sense of hearing. It can catch mice in complete darkness in the lab. Their dished face allows the sound waves to concentrate and enter the ears which are directly behind the eyes.

Barn owls are usually monogamous, sticking with one partner for a lifetime. If one of the pair dies they will seek another widow to pair bond with. In the US nesting takes place in early spring between March and June. Depending on the availability of prey barn owls will often have two broods a year.

The female lays an average of 5 eggs and sets on them for a month. Chicks are born with a fluffy white down. They grow very quickly. By two weeks they are half their adult weight!

By nine weeks they are fully fledged and leaving the nest for short flights. Consider putting up a barn owl nesting box. This is an easy DIY project or you can purchase one.

Fun Facts:

• Has one of the most widespread distributions of any bird species.

• Barn owls are valuable in pest control

• Nicknamed ‘The ghost of the night’.

• The female barn owl uses her regurgitated pellets to line the nest

🦉 2. Barred Owl (Strix varia)

Description: A medium to large owl with brown and white striped plumage, dark eyes, and a rounded head without ear tufts. Barred owls are medium-to-large-sized owls, measuring about 16-25 inches tall, with a wingspan of 38-49 inches. Adults typically weigh between 1 to 2.5 pounds, with females being noticeably larger than males.

They make a variety of sounds including screams, hoots, barks, and even laughter-like calls. Barred owls are very territorial and aggressive to intruders on their territory, especially during nesting season. They may chase away intruders by aggressively hooting or attacking, using their talons.

They are opportunistic predators, primarily eating small mammals, but also consuming fish, snakes, crawfish, and frogs. Like the barn owl, as part of the owl's digestive process, the body forms a waste pellet. These pellets contain bones and fur. Look for them under trees.

Fun Facts:

• Famous for its call that sounds like "Who cooks for you? Who cooks for you all?"

• Often active during the day, especially on overcast days.

• Some barred owls have pink belly feathers, possibly due to a diet rich in crayfish. 

• Barred Owls prefer nesting in tree hollows

🦉 3. Boreal Owl (Aegolius funereus)

Description: A small owl with a large, square head, yellow eyes, and brown and white spotted plumage.​ It has a compact, rounded body about 9 to 11 inches long with a wingspan of approximately 21 to 24 inches.

The Boreal Owl is a small, elusive owl found primarily in dense, northern coniferous forests. Its plumage is brown above with numerous white spots, and whitish below with heavy brown streaking. The owl's distinctive square-shaped head, prominent facial disks outlined in black, and large yellow eyes give it a very expressive appearance.

Boreal Owls are considered rare visitors in the upper Midwest, typically found in the northernmost forests during the winter months or during periodic movements ("irruptions") related to prey availability.

Boreal Owls are generally uncommon throughout their range and can be sensitive indicators of environmental health, particularly due to their reliance on mature forests and cavity availability for nesting. Habitat loss, logging practices, and climate change could impact their distribution and population numbers.

Fun Facts:

• Primarily nocturnal and elusive, making sightings rare.

• Prefers dense coniferous forests in northern regions.

• Known for its haunting, whistled call during the breeding season.​

🦉 4. Eastern Screech Owl (Megascops asio)

Description: A small owl with either gray or reddish-brown plumage, featuring ear tufts and yellow eyes.​ Only 6 inches tall with a wingspan about 20 inches.

They like older hollowed-out trees and are often found in urban areas. One good reason not to cut down trees just because they don't look perfect.

From a distance (binoculars help) look for holes in trees that may be giving an owl a well-deserved sleep.

Eastern Screech Owls do not typically migrate; they are territorial birds that remain in the same general area year-round.

Nocturnal hunters, they wait on perches to swoop down on unsuspecting prey. They may also catch insects in flight. These owls are opportunistic carnivores. If they think they can eat it, they will try.

Fun Facts:

• Despite its name, its call is a soft, trilling sound rather than a screech. They “bark” when alarmed.

• Commonly found in urban and suburban areas, nesting in tree cavities.

• They can easily eat more than 1,000 mice in one year

🦉 5. Great Grey Owl (Strix nebulosa)

Description: One of the largest owls by length, with a large, round head, yellow eyes, and a distinctive white "bow tie" under the chin.​ Their size is deceptive since they are mostly fluff. Their fluffy feathers, large head, and long tail hide a relatively small body.

They are well adapted to live in their cold northern climates where they hunt for rodents under the snow. The great grey owl can hear a vole traveling two feet below the top of the snow.

Typically found in the far northern forests of Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin

Fun Facts:

• Their face acts like a satellite receiver and gives them that great hearing.

• Has exceptional hearing, allowing it to detect prey beneath deep snow.

• Nicknamed The Phantom of the North. The ghost owl.

🦉 6. Great Horned Owl (Bubo virginianus)

A large, powerful owl with prominent ear tufts ("horns"), yellow eyes, and a deep hooting voice.

Its plumage is mottled gray-brown with a white throat patch. Sometimes referred to as the tiger owl because of their striped feather pattern.

The great horned owl gets its name from its large ear tufts that funnel sound waves into the ears. Giving them exceptional hearing. Large cylindrical eyes help them see longer distances. Owls don't have eyeballs per se and can't move their eyes. They must move their head to see in another direction.

Similar to eagles great horned owls prefer more of an open nest such as a platform or area where tree trunks make a cavity. They have adapted to manmade structures as well and can be found nesting in large barns.

Great horned owls start looking for nest sites as early as January so fall is a great time to build a nest funnel or platform. Eggs are laid in February and March. Babies cant fly till 10 weeks and the parents take care of them for several months. Both parents help care for the young.

Fun Facts:

• Large talons can easily grab prey and can exert 28 pounds of pressure.

• Can take down prey larger than itself, including skunks and other raptors.

• Begins nesting as early as January in Wisconsin, enduring harsh winter conditions.

🦉 7. Long-eared Owl (Asio otus)

Description: A medium-sized owl with long ear tufts set close together, mottled brown and buff plumage, and orange facial disks.​

They are known for their large ear tufts, which are not actually ears but are used for camouflage and communication.

Found in dense forests and forest edges they often nest in abandoned crow, raven, or hawk nests. They don't build their own nests.

Watch for them early in breeding season, in late February and March, when the male puts on a show. He will perform an aerial display, flying in zigzags around nesting area with deep wingbeats and glides, occasionally clapping wings together loudly below body. This attracts the female’s attention.

Nest site is usually in tree, 4-30' above ground, usually at about mid-level in tree.

They are more social than most owls and often nest near each other. They can live a long time - over 30 years.

Wanting to spot an owl? Be stealth! When you spot an owl sit down and be very quiet. This makes you look like less of a threat and doesn't cause stress.

Fun Facts:

• Roosts communally in winter, sometimes in groups of a dozen or more.

• Uses old nests of other birds, like crows or hawks, for breeding.

• Highly secretive and well-camouflaged which makes them hard to spot.

• The long-eared owl is thin for an owl. When it perches on a branch it stretches up tall so it resembles a tree branch. This may help protect it from predators.

🦉 8. Northern Hawk Owl (Surnia ulula)

Description: A medium-sized owl with a long tail, yellow eyes, and a facial disk bordered by black. Resembles a hawk in appearance and behavior.

The Northern Hawk Owl behaves like a hawk but looks like an owl. They live in northern boreal forests spreading across Canada and into Alaska. While not a common owl in our northern states, Northern Hawk Owls are occasionally spotted.

In the continental United States, its southern limit occurs in northern Minnesota, northern Wisconsin, and northern Michigan, and occasionally in the Rocky Mountains.

Like the snowy owl they occasionally fly south in the winter from Canada in search of food.  Unlike many owls, Northern Hawk Owls are active during the day, making them easier to observe. 

According to the National Park Service, Northern hawk owls are one of the least studied birds in North America, making it difficult to fully understand their ecology and conservation needs. 

Fun Facts:

• Diurnal, hunting during the day, unlike most owls.

• Perches atop trees to survey for prey, then swoops down like a hawk.

• Occasionally seen in northern Wisconsin during winter months.​

🦉 9. Northern Saw-whet Owl (Aegolius acadicus)

Description: One of the smallest owls native to North America, with a round head, no ear tufts, and bright yellow eyes.​ They are the size of an American robin and have a distinct white, Y-shaped coloration between their eyes.

They live year round in Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin in coniferous or deciduous woods.

Northern saw-whet owls have porphyrin pigments in their flight feathers. When these feathers are under a UV light, they show a fluoresce a neon pink color.

Northern saw-whet owls lay four or six eggs in tree cavities or woodpecker holes. Males seek out a nesting site and then attract a female by singing. He does the hunting while the female watches and sits on the eggs. Females may have more than one clutch of eggs each breeding season with different males. Once the first group fledge and leave the nest, she will leave the male to care for them and go find another male to reproduce with. This type of mating is referred to as sequential polyandry.

Fun Facts:

• Named for its call, a tootling whistle, which resembles the sound of a saw being sharpened.

• Primarily feeds on small mammals like mice and voles.

• Often migrates at night and can be caught in mist nets during banding studies.​

🦉 10. Short-eared Owl (Asio flammeus)

Description: A medium-sized owl with short ear tufts (often not visible), yellow eyes, and a streaked brown and buff body.​

Short-eared Owls possess distinctive, buoyant flight patterns resembling that of moths or bats, characterized by slow, deep wingbeats interspersed with brief glides. They prefer open habitats such as grasslands, prairies, marshes, and agricultural fields where they have unobstructed views and ample hunting grounds. This habitat preference allows them to spot prey—primarily small mammals like voles, mice, and occasionally birds.

Short-eared Owls are ground-nesters. Breeding season typically begins in early spring, around late March to May in Wisconsin. Females construct simple nests directly on the ground, usually concealed within tall grasses, sedges, or vegetation, making the nests very difficult to locate. The nest itself is a shallow scrape lined sparingly with grasses and feathers.

The female is solely responsible for incubation, which lasts around 24–29 days. During this period, the male's primary role is hunting and providing food to the female. The female broods and protects the young, feeding them food brought by the male. Initially, chicks cannot thermoregulate effectively, so the mother must frequently brood them to keep them warm.

Young owls typically leave the nest at around 12–18 days old, long before they can fly proficiently. They scatter into surrounding vegetation, hiding and waiting for parents to bring food. True flight skills develop by about 24–27 days. Juveniles continue receiving parental care and supplementary feeding for several more weeks post-fledging, gradually gaining independence as they master hunting and survival skills.

The Short-eared Owl is considered a species of conservation concern in Minnesota and Wisconsin, primarily due to habitat loss, fragmentation of grassland habitats, and changes in agricultural practices. Conserving large, contiguous tracts of grasslands and marshes is critical to their continued survival and breeding success.

Fun Facts:

• Outside the breeding season, Short-eared Owls occasionally roost communally in groups, especially during winter months, on the ground in dense grass or shrubbery for warmth and protection.

• Males engage in spectacular aerial courtship displays, often called "sky dances,"

• Short-eared Owls follow prey availability, and may travel long distances, even migrating hundreds of miles, resulting in fluctuating populations year-to-year.

🦉 11. Snowy Owl (Bubo scandiacus)

Description: A large, white owl with varying amounts of black or brown markings; males tend to be whiter than females.​

These large owls are mostly found in the Arctic tundra. Small numbers fly south in the winter into the Northern US. When these birds fly south out of their normal range it is called an irruption. I was lucky enough to see one two years ago in Madison.

The snowy owl does not migrate on a regular basis. Its believed that irruption happens when a larger amount of chicks hatch and they seek out new territory.

They have excellent eyesight and hearing to locate prey. They eat a wide variety of prey including lemmings, voles, mice, shrews as well as ducks and other water birds. They will also eat rabbits, weasels, and fish.

The snowy owl flies low to the ground and often roosts on fence posts, dunes, or even round hay bales.

Snowy owls like open spaces such as lakes, beaches, grasslands, and agricultural fields, and have often been spotted at northern airports.

Fun Facts:

• Breeds in the Arctic tundra and migrates south in winter; some years see large numbers ("irruptions") in the northern Midwest states.

• Known for their striking appearance and association with the "Harry Potter" series.​

Author, Ame Vanorio, is the founder of Fox Run EEC and the author of books on wildlife rehabilitation, organic gardening and science activity books for kids. You can find my books and recommended products at my Amazon Storefront.